Science chapter 9

SCIENCE
Earth

Chapter 9

Amir Hamzah

9.1

Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the
only astronomical object known to harbor life.

While large volumes of water can be
found throughout the Solar System,
only Earth sustains liquid surface water.
About 71% of Earth's surface is made up of the ocean,
dwarfing Earth's polar ice, lakes, and rivers.
The remaining 29% of Earth's surface is land,
consisting of continents and islands.Earth's surface layer is
formed of several slowly moving tectonic plates,
interacting to produce mountain ranges,

volcanoes, and earthquakes.
Earth's liquid outer core generates the magnetic field

that shapes the magnetosphere of the Earth,
deflecting destructive solar winds.

Hydrosphere Atmosphere

Water zone that Air
includes rivers,lakes, covering

seas and water earth
trapeed as ice
Place where
Rock,stone and variety of life

Geosphere alps on earth's is living
surface
Biosphere

The Exosphere The exosphere is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding
The a planet or natural satellite where molecules are gravitationally

Thermosphere bound to that body, but where the density is so low
The Mesosphere that the molecules are essentially collisionless.

The Stratosphere Auroras display dynamic patterns of brilliant
The Troposphere lights that appear as curtains
, rays, spirals, or dynamic
flickers covering the entire sky.

The mesosphere
is where the

meteorites occurs.

The stratosphereis the second
layer of the atmosphere of the Earth, located above

the troposphere and below
the mesosphere.The stratosphere is an atmospheric

layer composed of stratified
temperature layers, with the warm layers of air high in
the sky and the cool layers of air in the low sky, close to

the planetary surface of the Earth.

The troposphere layer
extends for about
13 km above sea

level to the tropopause.

Surface Water is very shallow and light
zone can penetrate and suitable for

Midnight plant and living organism
zone
Has little light and
Dark difficult for plants to
zone
live

Very deep and no light can reach it,
there most animal in this zone

have shimmering bodies that can glow
in the dark

The Water Cycle

Crust Earth can be divided into three main
layers according to its

physical properties, namely crust, mantle and core.
The mantle consist of the lithosphere,
asthenosphere and mesosphere.

Mantle

Outer core

Inner core

E arth is the only home for living organism.One of the unique characteristics
of earth that makes it suitable for all life is the Earth's temperature,which
is not too hot or too cold compared to other planets.This is due to
the Earth's position in the solar system,which not too far from the sun.Besides, the

presence of water and oxygen on Earth also allows Earth to host all life.Therefore

, love our earth by taking good care of the environment!

9.2

CO M P O S I TI ON

OF

THE EARTH

Earth's crust is formed from various types
of stones, which is form in different
color, structure,texture and the
way it's form.The stone can be

categorised into 3 groups, mainly igneous rocks,
sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.
The rock takes thousand of years to form.

All rocks contain materials known as minerals.

Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Igneous rocks form when molten rock Sedimentary rocks originate when particles Metamorphic rocks result when existing rocks are
(magma or lava) cools and solidifies. settle out of water or air, or by changed by heat, pressure, or reactive
fluids, such as hot, mineral-laden water.
precipitation of minerals from water.

There are three kinds of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Most rocks are made of minerals containing silicon and oxygen, the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust.



9.3

MAIN PROCESSES

OF
THE EARTH

Weathering Erosion Mass and land Transport and
depletion sedimention

Exogenic
Process that occurs on earth surface

Endogenic process

Earth crust movement

Mantle convection process
Magma activity

Mantle convection process

The high temperature in the
mantle and the core

produces convection which
resulting moving the earth

crust.

Earth crust movement

The earth's crust is divided into many pieces
of plates. These plates

constantly moving which forms landforms on
earth.

Magma activity

Volcano is a vent on
earth crust that aloows
molten and magma to
flow out from a volcano

eruptions.

GEOHAZARD
P H E N OM E N A

9.4

Geohazard Phenomena

Geohazard occurrence are
earthquake, landslide, tsunami

and volcanism.

Science and technology used to
prepare for geohazard

Science and technology can
give us warnings
about an incoming
geohazard

The impact of geohazard

Geohazard can cause loss of life, diseases,

starvation and damage
Examples for geohazard:

9.5

AGE
OF

EARTH

Age of earth

The age of earth estimated to be 4.5
billion years based on meteorites
obtained. Earth has gone through

various stages of periods, which have
changed or shaped the earth's
landscape.

Fossil

The impotance of fossils

Fossils provide important evidence for evolution and the
adaptation of plants and animals to their environments.

Fossil evidence provides a record of how creatures
evolved and how this process can be represented by a
'tree of life', showing that all species are related to each

other.

9.6

E A R T H' S R E S O U R C E S

AND

A P P L I E D G E O LO G Y

Earth resources

Surface and underground
water

Surface water can be polluted by waste
minerals. Excessive fertilisers and pesticides

also pollute river water.

Leaching of chemical dertilisers and
pesticides in agriculture exposes
underground water to the risk

of pollution. Chemicals from industrials
and domestic waste carry the risk
of polluting underground water.

Economic minerals

Economic minerals consist of metallic, non-metalic and
rare earth minerals. Rare earth minerals consist one and
more than one of 17 rare earth elements found in the earth's
crust. However, it is not easy to separate them as they exist
together with other rare elements. They are also important
in modern technology and to the development of the economy

of the country and world in general.

Hydrothermal
process

Do you know why the water is hot? The

water is heated naturally by the heat from

the earth. This is know as hydrothermal
process. What are the advantages of the

hydrotthermal process in economic
prospects?

The negative effects of unplanned
human activities

Human activities that are not well-planned:

Deforestation, agriculture, industrialisation and open burning

This human activities can cause

Erosion, flash flood, extinction of flora and fauna, water, air, thermal and
sound pollution and global warming

The End


SCIE
NCE
Earth
Chapter 9