Yuvak Bharati Sindhi

Z{o R> {Zamg Wr, ehOµ mXrA gëw VmZ emnmao Im§ n{w N>`mo ZXr Amho {OVo gmdU _| VaU Oy§ _moOy§ dR>§Xm hþAmgy§
V Vw§qhOmo H${h‹S>mo BbmOw H$Oo, Omo dar Zm¡~Zmo {WE§? dµJ¡ah; E| OrA§ Agbr _mJš{Z Io doPmo nd§Xmo d|Xmo;
V§qh Vo Odm~ {Sš>ZmBª V OoH$Sš>qh qgKU dmñVo B©amZ VrA§ {hH$ {µH$ñ_ Or µ\$ahV ~™e ~oµH$amar Vmar
Or {_Q>r E| nrAU dmñVo B©amZ Omo nmUr {_b§Xw{_ V ah§Xog, OogVmBª H$mo K[a ago.
_w§qhOr AKmB© _mo{H$bmE d|Xr. Wmoa{Z Sš>th§{Z Im§
nmoB ehµOmXrA nmUr E| {_Q>r AmUo {Sš>Z{g E| _bra Oo OšmB`w{Z Io, Ira{Z E| Jmobm‹S>{Z Io,
M`mBª{g V hrC XObm ZXrA Omo nmUr Amho E| hrC A~mU{Z Or bgrA E| _hrA Io gmatXo E| gmUoh
CgV˜a (eha Omo Zmbmo) Or {_Q>r. OoVmoUrH$ gmUoh nwH$matXo, Sš>thþ§ amV {hHw$ H$ao N>{Sš>`mBª E| dVZ
ehµOmXrA Bhmo µ\$ao~ BÝhrA dmñVo ~šYmo hmmo V _Z Oo {dê§$h§, ß`ma E| _wh~V Vo H$mo {~ hµ\w©$$AMUw H$moZ
~mXemh Or {ghV _| H$mo µ\$µH©$ ndo; na V§qh hÿ§Xo {~ {S>šZmB.ª
gmUho Oo {gH$m`b Io \µ $Šµ V dh_ E| J_w mZ Oo ~Ýw `mX
Vo dVZ Or {_Q>r E| nmUr BñVo_mb H$aU gm§ eµ\$m nN>m‹S>rA _| C_a Io hrA§ {~ M`mBª V OoH$Sš>qh
{_br dBo .© {hVo H$moQ>{Z _| _ar d`{g E| _w§qhOmo bme _bra Or
nmHw$$ µO_rZ _| Xµ\$Zm`mo d|Xmo V OoSš>r _hb _y§ Vo Wa
Agm§ Oo qgYw Or _méB©A Or H$hmUr H§$qh Or WYr {_Q>r nd§Xr, VoSš>r _hb _wB© {~ OrAar Wr
H$m§ JšxPr H$mÝho. _mê$ _mÊhÿ Sšx>W Vo JwµOamZw H§$X‹S>, nd{§ X`{g.
noQ> ~w{I`m hþAm. V {~ OSš>qh _méB©A Io C_a
µOmoarA ZoB© H$moQ>{Z _| µH$m~y H$`mo, VSš>qh hÿA Io{g dmPmE dVZ Io, AmC§ Oo {h{V _w`mg,
BE§ noB© ME V Vw§qhO{Z nwbmA{Z Im§ _w§qhOr A~mUr Jmoa _w§qhOr gy_am, H${O n§dhma{Z nmg,
[a~š ML>r Amho; Vw§qhOo IImoarA Im§ gmUoh Or {S>š{O S>šmS>šmUo S>šho O,o _P§ m§ db{S‹ >`{w Z dmg,
Iwh gagw Wr ^m§B`m§; ~oeH$ hr Chmo Wëhmo Amho _w`mB© {O`mg, Oo dÄmo _‹Tx> _bra Sš>o.
{OVo n§Y Im§ W{H$Or gmhr nQ>tXm hþAmgy§; hÿA Chm
yyy

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

namo = g_mC Abrbw = ~r_mé {dah = {µ\$amµH$, {dN>mo‹S>mo µJdmg = Q>mo~šmo
eµ\$m = {ghV AmeZm = gwÄmmUn {O`mg = OrAamo {W`Uw
eJwµâVm = VmµOJr _w`mg = _ar dÄmUw Vr_maXmar H$aUw = g§^mb bhUw
db{‹S>`y§ = d{b`y§ _w`mB© = _ar H$ao ~™V`mdar {W`Uw = Zgr~ daUw
Hw$br = g^oB© dmT>mo{‹S>E = gVm`b

40

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {gQ> _| Odm~ {bImo :- (3) Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo :- 1. nrVmo
1. Am~w 2. X[a_bw
1) gmUoh Or {gH$ Omo H§$qh Io namo hÿ§Xmo? 2. ImYmo 3. Y_H$
2) _mÊhÿ OSš>qh Sš>oh Sš>moao dV{Z da§Xmo Amho V 3. Xdm 4. hdm
4. M_H$
CZ Io N>m _{hgyg WtXmo Amho?
3) dVZ Im§ nao WtXo H${h‹S>mo ZVrOmo {ZH$ao

Wmo?

gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~ {bImo :- (4) ~oeH$ = ~o + eH$
A{h‹S>o Z_yZo "~o' A{Jš`m‹S>r {dPr bµâµO {bImo.
1) gmUoh Or {gH$ N>m Amho? {_gmb : ~odg, ~o hmoe
2) _moVrA _| dar gmJšr M_H$ E| Y_H$ H$sA§
(5) qSš>{J`w{Z _| {Sš>Zb {hXm`Vw{Z _yOw~ Ow_bm {bImo.
n¡Xm {WE Wr?
4) _méB©A n§qhOo dVZ Oo ß`ma Vo H$sA§ H$mo{~ (1) µHw$XaVr Vm¡a {Oñ_ bmB dVZ Or ha eB
_wµ\$sXw Amho.
hµ\w©$ AMUw Z {Sš>Zmo? (brH$ {S>šZb bâµ Oµ ~{Xam§ {~`š mo bâµ Oµ w H${_
Am{U`mo)
gwdmb 3. gmJšrA _mZm dma{Z bµâµO{Z Om Omo‹S>m
{_bm`mo :- (2) OrA§ Agbr _mJš{Z Io doPmo nd§Xmo d|Xmo,
VrA§ {hH$ {µH$ñ_ Or µ\$ahV ~™e ~oµH$amar
(A) (B) Vmar ah§X{g.
(Ow_bm {_bmE {hHw$ Ow_bmo {bImo)
1. _wµ\$sXw 1. gmWw
(6) {~š{Z XmoñV{Z Or JwµâVJy nyar H$[a`mo :-
2. _mJšx 2. gy{I‹S>r am_ : _y§Io V ~g, n§qhOmo B© dVZw dU§Xmo
Amho.
3. ZB_V 3. añVmo í`m_ : XmoñV gMw Wmo Mdt, n§qhOo Xoe Or
{_Q>rA _| Om Jšmpëh Amho, Chm {H$Wo
4. gwhþ~V 4. µ\$mBXo_§Xw {~ H$mÝho.
am_ : ...........
_íµJybr

g~µHw$ n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
(1) ho{R>`m§ Ow_bm nyam H$[a`mo :-

(1) dVZ Chmo Wëhmo Amho {OVo ..............
(2) dVZ {hH$ ZXr Amho {OVo ...............
(2) _moVrA ~m~{V Mma Mw_bm {bImo.

41

(7) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo :- J«wn "~' Io {hH$ {hH$ {gQ> {bIU bmB MAmo.
{_gmbw
{Oñ_ bmB dVZ Oy§
_wµ\$sX e`y§ 1) N>mH$mU V _m§ Xoe Or eodm H$aUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo.
2) N>mH$mU V _m§ n¡gm H$_mBUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo.
3) N>mH$mU V _m§ {dXoe dÄmUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo. dµJ¡ah.

nmoB J«wn "A' _m§ H$mo{~ em{JX© E| J«wn "~' _m§
H$mo{~ em{JX© KwamE {gQy>§ n‹T>U bmB Md§Xm. {Sš>g§Xm V
Šbmg _| g{^Zr Io Sš>mT>mo _µOmo BªXmo.

`m{X aImo {IbUw V_m_w µOê$ar Amho.

(8) dVZ gm§ hþ~ Omo H$mo {~ {_gmbw {Sš>`mo.
(9) _wgm{µ\$arA Im§ _moQ>U d{µŠV n§qhOo K[a BªXo Vìhm§

Io N>m _hgygw WtXmo Amho?

qdXwa

Šbmg Oo em{JX©{Z Io {~š{Z J«wn{Z "A' E| "~' _| 
{dahm`mo. "A' J«wn Io {hH$ {hH$ {gQ> _| {bIU
bmB MAmo.

{_gmbw

1) _m§ S>m°ŠQ>a {W`Uw Mm{h`m§ Wmo.

2) _m§ nmBbQ> {W`Uw Mm{h`m§ Wmo.

3) _m§ H$boŠQ>é {W`Uw Mm{h`m§ Wmo. dµJ¡ah.

42

u 10. Z I{g`mo _w§qhOmo ˜µOmZmo v
w x

AmV©dma Omo Sš>thþ§, {~bHw$b µ\w$g©V Omo {Sš>hm‹S>mo. {~š`mo g^w e`y§ {_Q>r E| XµO gm§ ^[a`b, AXm _w§qhOy§ V
^mD$ àrV_Xmg Io {~š`mo H$mo H$_w Z gw{P`mo V doR>mo "~š {~ d`y§ V N>h {~ d`y§' Hw$N>m§ V nd§Xmo Jm[a Omo
nwamUm nmoWm H$T>r dmMU. gmo{M`mBª H$h{‹S>`y§ H$_ Yy{‹S>`mo, gmo ~šobr {_R>r {~ _m{R> _wR>r {~ _m{R> IUr
Oy§ e`y§ aIm§ H$h{‹S>`y§ {\$Q>r H$[a`m§. OmoB Om amoµO H$n‹S>o Qw>H$é doRw>{g gµ\$mB© H$aU. n§qhOo gm_mZ Or
amoµO gw{h_m ~šxYr ^mD$ V§J Wr MwH$mo hmo. MdU bJšmo N>§S>N>mU H$ao {M_H$mE N>{Sš>`mo.
_mS´>Z gO gOmdQ> Oo MH$a _| Ka Oo ^m{V`w{Z Io
_w§qhOo nwam{U`w{Z na Ah_ MrµOw{Z bmB Ho$Var Z nh[a`mBª {hH$X_ µOê$ar H$mamB{V`w{Z E| µH$s_Vr
{M‹S> Amho! e`w{Z Io g§^mbo {hH$ ~¡J _| a{I`w{_ E| {~š`y§ OoHo$
EoV[a`y§ Sš>m§d Oy§ Z hþ`y§, H$T>r H$`{_ ~šm{ha. Mm{h`m§
"^ar ~šo‹S>rA _| dm{U`mo Jšm¡amo' gmo AXm g{^Zr V Cho e`y§ emo nrg H$ao {^{V`w{Z Vo `m ½bmg Oo
Oo bmB _w§qhOm {H$Vm~ _w§qhOy§ gyI{‹S>`y§, nmI{‹S>`y§, H$~šQ>{Z _| R>mho gtJmao aIm§ hm. na AXb CVo {Z{V
Q´>m{µ\$`y§, {JµâQ> AmQ>uH$ëg, AVwa \w$bob{Z Oy§ ˜mbr Zdm§ AOšxH$ëh Oo ñQ>mB©b dmam µH$s_Vr {JµâQ> nrg,
ere`y§, {~ñHy$Q>{Z Om Vah| Vah| dmam ˜mbr X~šm, {H$amH$ar E| JwSš>m Jw{Sš>`y§ AJšdmQ> B© n`m Am{h{Z. _m§
A{I`y§ M˜w© H§$X‹S> ~mb no{Z`w{Z, noÝg{b`w{Z Om OSš>mo OrC, _wXo ˜m[aOw nragZw, {hH$ Z§T>o {~ñVao Vo
~§S>b, nopÝQ>¨J H$ba{Z Om Q²>`y~ E| X{~š`y§, OwXm OwXm n`mo hÿ§Xmo Am{h`m§.
gmB©µO Om ~«we (N>mo Omo H§$qh µO_mZo _| {MÌH$marA
Omo emoµH$ hþC_²) 20 gmb PyZr dm`{bZ, grS>r - {_Q>r E| XµO Oo H$ao AMr I§{K Iwbr, X_ H$ao
S>rdrS>r Oy§ {S>ñHy§$, H¡$b|S>a{Z _m§ H${R>`y§ H$`b Ab{Jš ghH$mo {~ {W`mo na "Hw$N>m§ O{h‹S>r {^{V'. gXmoarA
Ab{Jš Vñdrê§$, ñH«y$ S´>mB©da, H$moH$m, {H${b`y§, Hw§$S>m Io _w§qhOo I§KH$ma Omo nabmC n`mo, _mB© a§^y§ H§$Xr
H${‹S>`y§ O{h{‹S>`y§ Abh{X`y§ e`y§ em{_b hþ`y§. AMr Sš>_ar. Mo, ""AÄmm Chmo {gëh Omo ˜µOmZmo gm§T>o
aImo, {\$Q>mo V Hw$Pw H§$XC H$moZ, _w[aJšmo _w§qhOo bmB
CZ Im§ gdmB nwam{U`y§ dmMy§, K{‹S>`y§ K{‹S>`mb, _Wo Omo gyé, hmUo CWmo ½b¡H$mo{S>Z Om ~š MåMm nr
Pm§P, I§O[a`y§ qgYw Oy§ H${R>`y§ H$`b ^aV ^[a`b dÄmr Amam_w H$[a`mo.'' Odm~w N>m {Sš>`m§, ~š ~wOm hUr
Q>mo{n`y§, gmh~byH$s Q>monbm (J§Oo Q>nU Io gtJmaU H$_©{Z Io n§qhOmo nmU Io Jm[a`w{Z Omo Yy{‹S>`mo
bmB) µOarA Oy§ n{Q>`y§, Mí_m, emby§, nIê§$, dgmBUw ewê$ H$`w{_, N>mo Wmo gm§{T>`m§ hrC gOšmo
{Sš>`marA Om {M{Q>`b {Sš>I`b Sš>r>`m _{Vb~w V ha ˜µOmZmo! O§qhOmo µH$Xwé B© H$moÝho CZIo N>mo aIr doR>mo
Chm eB Om Z {gµ\©$ {Sš>gU _| _mohtX‹S> hþB© na C_Xm Am{h`m!§
emo nrgw hþB©. Cho e`y§ _w§qhOo bmB gmh Im§ {~ dYrH$
ß`m[a`y§ hþ`y§. ~šxYm`mo V CZh{Z e`w{Z Io _m§ {H$Z AÄmm \$Q> VmµOm VmµOm B© hþAm V gXmoarA
H$Mao _| H$sA§ {\$Q>r H$[a`m§! {hH$ {hH$ eB _w§qhOr ~šxa{H$`mo byUw, M`mBª V ""H$~šQ> _| OoHo$ Vìhm§Oo _mC
`m{XJrarA gm§ Ow{‹S>`b Amho. Chmo _w§qhOo bmB Oy§ Py{Z`y§ e`y§ OJšh dmbmao do{R>`y§ Am{h{Z CZh{Z
A_wëhþ ˜µOmZmo Amho. {h{H$‹S>mo AJšoB© _m§ X_ Omo _arµOw, Omo N>m Wm H$[a`mo?'' Hw$Pw T>amo Wr {Z_mUmB©A gm§
M`mo_m§{g, ""^mJšZ ^ar, A_m Omo a{I`bw B©amZr

43

µJmbrMmo, A_«Vgar H$å~bw, emXrA Oo _§S>n _| H$n‹S>m nmE Am`mo, OrA§ VrA§ {dYD§$ H$ma _| E| dR>r
{M{Q>`b a§JrZ {X{b‹S>r, H$Z Oy§ Xw[a`y§ E| ZH$ Or Am`m "hmobr µ\¡${_br AñnVmb' _|, AmB.gr.`y. _|
`mµHy$Vr ZW Cho H$h{‹S>`y§ {W`y§ Vw§qhOr dSš>r OJšh ^Vu H$`mD§$, ~š Q>o Sš>th§ Chm Sš>{H$Ur ahr V AOšx Wmo
dmbm[a{Z! Bho A_m Or Amgrg Am{h{Z, ~[aH$V dÄmm `m g^w mU.o na H$w nS‹ >rA _| H$Um AÄmm H$o ~mHµ $s
Am{h{Z.'' dS>šdmVr _q§w hOr gXmao r ^bm N>mo Wr emÝV hþAm.
{WE, CëQ>mo ^‹S>H$mo Sš>oB© dam{U`mBª, ""_mC N>Sš>o {~
Bhmo B© H$~šm‹S> Omo ˜µOmZmo doB© AWd Z, Ho$ gmoZm gmBAª Or a{h_V Wr, gay rA _m§ H$§ S>mo Wr d`m,o
JšhUm, amoH${‹S> V N>{Sš>`m H$moZ AWmBª, Cho V Sš>oB© doB© gV Sš>th§ AñnVmb _| a{h`w{_, {hHw$ bIw drh hµOma
n§qhOo YrAé{Z Io, ~mµH$s gI{U`w{Z e`w{Z Or {~bw {ZH$Vm,o K[a Am`mgt, AMU gm§ n{w N>`m_o m{§ g,
g§^mb bmB ZmoH$é H$ao doB© Agm§Io.'' ""_w§qhOmo gm§{T>`bw gm_mZw ^{b {\$Q>mo H$ao N>{Sš>`mo,
gXmoarA hW ~šYr M`mo, ""_y§ V Vmo~h H$B© _w§qhO{Z
X_ Omo Xma¡ o AJBoš © hmo dVo a Omo {_b`m Bho S>šJ§ tXS‹ > dSš>{Z Or {~ Vmo~h Vìhm§Or ha eB g§^mbo aIr
_{hUm gmo _w§qhOmo V nmamo B© M‹T>r d`mo, Z H$`{_ h_ AWD$§ . dar Z H$S>šqh VìhmI§ o Q>mHo $sX¨ mgt, Bhmo ˜Oµ mZmo
Z V_, a{‹S> H$ao ~šxYm`mo_m§{g Cho gV gw[a`y§ Omo _aU a{I`mo B© n`mo hþOo.
VmBª `m{X aI§Xr. A§Xa Or ~m{h V H${T>`{_, _mB©
{~ {dgr Wr dBo © na _q§w hOmo AMr X_ Omo Xmao mo d{Y`m.o Vìhm§Oy§ `mX{Jar`y§ gXm Ow{‹S>`b hþO{Z, na
~g gmhþ Z hoSš>o Z hmoSš>o, gOšmo ~XZw n{K[aOr d`mo. {hZ A^mJšrA Io dar H$Sš>qh [aU _| amobo dÄmU Omo
{e{H${b nrbr O{h‹S>r h¡S> Wr doB©. hrA hmb{V Z gmMo Om.o ''
{Sš>gr, gXmoar V doB© {dgm_r, a{‹S> dmH$m H$ao amoAU
bJšr, nwQ> Io a{‹S> H$ao g{Sš>`mBª, N>moamo S>mo‹S>§Xmo Am`mo. (gÝV H§$daam_ hµâVodma AO_oa Vm§ daVb)
_w§qhOr hmb{V {Sš>gr hÿ {~ T>amo Wr d`mo. `{H$X_
yyy

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo Hw$n‹S>rA _| H$Um hþAUw = qµOXJr ~mµH$s hþAUw
gyarA _m§ H§$S>mo {W`Uw = VŠbrµ\$ Omo K{Q>OUw
{Sš>hm‹S>mo = Sš>thþ§ ~š {~ dÄmUw N>h {~ dÄmUw = hm{gbw H$`b eB
Sš>{_aOU = H$m{d‹S>OUw
gh_m = Q>moH$, PUHy§$ {dÄmmBUw
N>§S> N>mU H$aUw = OmM H$aUw
[aU _| amobUw = X[a~X[a H$aUw, {^{Q>H$mBUw

44

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ `m {~š{Z {gQw>{Z _| Odm~ {bImo :- gwdmb 5. AXXw ~Xbm`mo :-

1) àrV_Xmg H§$qh Om gw{h_m ~šxYr V§{J Wr er{e`§y .......................
MwH$mo hmo? X~mš o .......................
gy{I‹S>r .......................
2) àrV_Xmg Oy§ gm§{T>`b Mm[a e`y§ ~šxYm`mo. H$moH$m .......................
3) Ka dma{Z Io àrV_Xmg Oo nwam{U`w{Z e`w{Z Q>monr .......................

bmB {M‹S> N>mo hþB©?

gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~ {bImo :- gwdmb 6. BñVbmh{Z Or _mZm {bIr Ow_b{Z _| H${_
1) nwam{U`y§ e`y§ {\$Q>r H$aU Vo àrV_Xmg Or Am{U`mo :-
{Xb N>mo Z hþB©?
2) àrV_Xmg Or hmbV ZmµOwH$ N>mo Wr doB©? 1) gyarA _m§ H§$S>mo {W`Uw
3) Py{Z`y§ e`y§ gm§T>U ~m~{V n§qhOmo am`mo 2) Hw${n‹S>rA _| H$Um hþAUw
{bImo. 3) [aU _| amobUw
4) N>§S>N>mU H$aUw
gwdmb 3. _wZm{g~ ~`mZ {bImo :- 5) a§^y§ H$aUw
Ow_bmo 1 : ""AÄmm Bhmo {gëh Omo ˜µOmZmo gm§T>o
gwdmb 7. ho{R>`{Z Oy§ {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :-
aImo.'' gµ\$mB© .......................
H§$qh : ...................................... Amam_w .......................
H§$qh Io : ...................................... ~ohmoer .......................

Ow_bmo 2 : ""Bho A_m Oy§ Amgrgy§ Am{h{Z.'' _íµJybr
H§$qh : ......................................
H§$qh Io : ...................................... Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w H$[a`mo. CZ

Ow_bmo 3 : ""~mµH$s gI{U`w{Z e`w{Z Or g§^mb n{h[a`mBª {hH$ X_ µOê$ar .....................
bmB Zm¡H$a H$ao doB© Agm§ Io.'' Io N>mo aIr doR>mo Am{h`m§.
(1) Mm¡Hw§$S>{Z _| _wZm{g~w bµâµO {bImo :-
H§$qh : ......................................
H§$qh Io : ...................................... AOHxš $ëh
ñQ>mB©b
gwdmb 4. {OÝg ~Xbm`mo :- dm[a`y§
_mC ....................... e`y§
nwQw> .......................
^Uo .......................
µOmb .......................

45

(2) qSš>J`w{Z _| {Sš>Zb {hXm`V g_wPr Ow_bm R>mho 4) H§$qh M`mo : àrV_Xmg Or µOmb
H§$qhIo : ..............................
{bImo :- ~`mZ : _w§qhOo bmB _Wo Omo gyé

1) {_Q>r E| XµO H$ao AMr I§K Iwbr. (5) ho{R>`{Z Ow_b{Z Io hmH$mar, ZmH$mar, gdmbr E|
(µO_mZw _wñVµH$~b _| ~{Xbm`mo) AO~r Ow_b{Z _| {dahm`mo :-
1) µH$s_Vr e`w{Z Io g§^mbo {hH$ ~¡J _| a{I`w{_.
2) X_ H$ao g{hH$mo {~ {W`mo. .............................................
(µO_mZw hmb _| ~{Xbm`mo)
2) N>mo Wmo gm§{T>`m§ hrC gOšmo ˜µOmZmo!
3) gXmoarA Io _w§qhOr I§KH$ma Omo nabmC n`mo. .............................................
(brH$ {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z ~Xam§ _wZm{g~w
bµâµO H${_ AmUo Ow_bmo dar {bImo) 3) {_Q>r E| XµO Oo H$ao AMr I§K Wr.
.............................................
4) _w[aJšmo _w§qhOo bmB _Wo Omo gya .............
(Ow_bmo nyamo H$[a`mo) 4) CZ Io N>mo aIr doR>mo Am{h`m§?
.............................................
(3) {_gmbw g_Pr Jmob{Z _| _wZm{g~w bµâµO ^[a`mo.
5) {~š`y§ OoHo$ EVao Sš>m§d Oy§ Z hþ`y§.
{hHw$ nhmH$mo I§{K Omo {hH$ ~r_marA .............................................
½b¡H$mo{S>Z H$maUw Omo {µH$ñ_w

I§{K Or
Xdm

(6) ho{R> {Sš>Zbw ˜mH$mo ^[a`mo :- Ow_bmo
bµâµO _mZm

(4) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo :- 1) XµO ........... ....................
1) H§$qh M`mo : àrV_Xmg
Xé ........... ....................
H§$qhIo : nmU Io
~`mZw : ....................................... 2) gyé ........... ....................

2) H§$qh M`mo : àrV_Xmg Or µOmb gwé ........... ....................
H§$qhIo : àrV_Xmg Io
~`mZw : ................................ 3) µH$Xwé ........... ....................

3) H§$qh M`mo : ............................. µH$m{Xé ........... ....................
H§$qhIo : .............................
~`mZw : N>mo Wmo gm§{T>`m§ gOšmo hrC ˜µOmZmo. 4) na ........... ....................

nS‹w >x ........... ....................

46

(7) {Sš>Zb Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ ~šxYm`mo V H${h‹S>r eB Ka Oo dmb Agm§ B©-_ob H$sA§ _mo{H$bo gKy§ Wm? g^ Im§
`y{ZQ> _| Z a{I~r Amho? nh[a`mBª B-© _bo _mHo $btXS‹ > Io nq§ hOmo B-© _bo AmB.S>r.
(E-mail ID) R>m{hUr Amho. CZ bmB Ho${VamB© _mÜ`_
Xo{Jš {H$amH$ar Am{h{Z. {_gmb Or-_ob, `mhÿ, ao{S>µ\$, hm°Q>, àmoQ>mZ,
E.Amo.Eb, amohmo, dµJ¡ah. CÝh{Z _m§ H$mo {~ _mÜ`_
dmb `y{ZQ> My§S>o, n§qhOr B©-_ob AmB.S>r R>mho gKOo Wr. {_gmbw:

{_H$s _mD$g ~m~u S>m°b [email protected]

nmoB Chm gwÄmmUn H${_ AmUo B©-_ob Omo
BñVB_mbw H$ao g{KOo Wmo. `mX aImo V O§qh e™g
Sš>m§hþ§ Vìhm§ B©-_ob _moH$bU Mm{h`mo Wm CZ Or AmB-
S>r Vìhm§ Io hþAUw Kw[aOo.

B©-_ob Omo Z_yZmo :

(8) Ka Oo H${_a{Z Io WYmo aIU bmB H${h{‹S>`w{Z
e`w{Z Or KwaO hÿ§Xr Amho?

(9) Aìhm§ n§qhOo Ka _| a{I`b nwam{U`w{Z e`w{Z Or
{bñQ> R>m{h`mo.

B©-_ob

AOšx Oo BZ VH$ZrH$s µO_mZo _| B©-_ob (e-mail)
Or V_m_w KUr Ah{_`V Amho.

B©-_ob _{Vb~w BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ _ob. CZ añVo Vìhm§
H$mo {~ {Z`mnmo, {MÌw, JmZm, dr{S>`mo H${h‹S>o {~ Sšz>am§h|
h§Y Sš>m§hþ§ _moH$bo gKmo Wm. E| AO~ Or Jšmpëh Amho V
Cho g^w goH§$S>{Z _| nhþMr dÄm{Z Wm.



47

ZµÁ_

48

u 1. nrarA Omo ào_w v
w H$_bw "ß`mgr' x

H$_bw Ho$dbam_mUr "ß`mgr' (OÝ_ 1929 B©.) H${dVmD§$, H$hm{U`y§ E| _µO_yZ {bI§Xmo a{h`mo Amho. _w»`
Vmoa hÿ emBa H$ao OšmVmo gwÄmmVmo dÄmo Wmo. {hZ H${dVm _| nrarA Oo ào_ Omo ~`mZw H$`bw Amho.

_w§qhOr `mX gVm`mo hÿ§XwB,
Xya ahr n{N>Vm`mo hÿ§XwB,
{_ÝQ> {_ÝQ> Io g_Pr _hrZmo,
Sš>thþ§ gXrA Om§ Km[a`mo hÿ§XwB,
{ghV, C{_[a, garé {~ Am{˜a boImo n§qhOmo nwN>§Xmo,
dSš>r C_« _| ahUw Sšx>{I`mo Am {hH$ {~šE bmB AHo$bmo.

nrarA Omo Am ào_w gUmAmo,
ha {IZ ™`mb{Z Io _{Mbm`m,o
doPmo dohr {hH$ {~šE gmåhÿ§,
Vmo ^[a_m`mo, _y§ _wíH$m`mo,
d{Sš>‹S>{Z, ~šx{T>‹S>{Z BÝgmZ{Z _|, CY>_m E| A{hgmg KUm,
K{§w O`b M_S‹ >r nmBo {~ {X{b _| gm{§ T>`b W{Z {dídmg KUm.

d{ÄmUmo Amho, d{ÄmUmo nd§Xmo,
gSšx> g_mO Io {Sš>`Umo nd§Xmo,
[abr {_br g{^Zr gm§ h[aX_w,
JSšx> ahr JSšx> {W`Umo nd§Xmo,
hmbV Amhé {Xb dSš>rA gm§, H$Sš>qh AHo$bmo KmatXmgt,
~šma{Z Oo gwI gh§O Oo ˜m{Va {~š`mo Z Hw$Pw drMmatXmgt.

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

nrar = ~šxT>mnmo _{MbmBUw = \${WH$mBUw ^[a_mBUw = ^§^wbmBU, _w§PmBUw Amhé = _yOw~w

49

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ Ow_bo _| Odm~ {bImo :- _íµJybr - 1
1) Sš>th§ Or H§$qh gm§ ^oQ> H$`b Amho?
2) H${h‹S>mo à_w gUmAmo Amho? eBé ~§X n‹T>r A_br H$_w H$[a`mo.
3) emBa H§$qh Io gSšx> {Sš>Zmo Amho? _w§qhOr `mX ................ {hH$ {~šE bmB AHo$bmo
1) ho{R> {Sš>Zbw ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo :-
gwdmb 2. ˜mb ^[a`mo :-
1) _w§qhOr ............... gVm`mo hÿ§XwB.
2) Vmo ................. _y§ _wíH$m`mo.
3) .............. g_mO Io {Sš>`Umo nd§Xmo.

gwdmb 3. Wmoao _| Odm~ {bImo :- gara gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S>

1) emBa dSš>r C_« bmB N>m M`mo Amho?
2) A{hgmg E| {dídmg KUm H§$qh _| hÿ§Xm

Am{h{Z?
3) JSšx> {W`U _m§ H${h‹S>m µ\$m`Xm Am{h{Z?

gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- 2) dY§X‹S> {gb{gbo _| bµâµO R>mho {bImo :-

1) {ghV, C{_[a ...................... 1) gXr .............
2) dSš>‹S>{Z, ~šxT>‹S>{Z ......................
3) hmbV Amhé ...................... 2) {_ÝQw> .............

gwdmb 5. ~oV Or naI {Sš>Zb _wX{Z _yOw~w H$[a`mo. 3) S>šth§þ .............
(Ho$ {~ Mma _wXm {bImo).
4) _hrZmo .............

1) ~oV Omo Zmbmo .............

2) emBa Omo Zmbmo ............. 3) {hH$ {gQ> _| Odm~ {bImo :-
1. {_ÝQ> {_ÝQ> bmB N>m M`bw Amho?
3) {df` ............. 2. Ho$é n§qhOmo boImo nwN>§Xmo Amho?
3. {hHw$$ gC gmb{Z Oo Ag} Io N>m MB~mo Amho?
4) dU§X‹S> {gQy>§ ............. 4. emBa bmB dSš>r C{_[a _| ahUw Sšx>{I`mo N>mo Amho?

5) h_ AmdmµOr bµâµO{Z Om {_gmb .............

6) gX§ eo w ............. 4) dSš>r C{_[a _| _mÊhÿA Io H$sA§ OrAUw Kw[aOo?

7) emBa ~m~{V .............

50

5) "garé' bµâµO _| g, ar, é AIa g_m`b Am{h{Z. (2) Jmob{Z _| _wZm{g~ bµâµO ^[a`mo :-
{Sš>Zb AIa{Z Io H${h{‹S>`y§ {~ _mÌmD§$ bJšmE bµâµO
R>mho ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 1. Amg_mZr {Oñ_ -
1. _m§ H$mëh {hH$ ................ gyµ\$ Am§Xm.
2. {~š`{Z Or .............. Z H$[a`mo. 2. ~mµJmVr {Oñ_ -
3. _y§Io V A§~ Or ............... dU§Xr Amho.
4. d¡embr V gXm .............. Oo gya Omo ~hmZmo (3) qSš>{J`w{Z _m§ ghr Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo :-
H§$Xr Amho. 1. µH$mZyZw , µHw${XaV, ..............
(µH$b_w, H$gmamo)
6) AHo$bo ahU ~m~{V n§qhOm drMma {bImo. 2. _m{R>, _{h{µ\$b, ..............
(MwµJbr, _wíH$)
7) "n' gm§ ewê$ WtX‹S> Ho$ {~ Q>o bµâµO {bImo. 3. MdUr, MmoIr, ..............
(Mohamo, nhmH$mo)
8) AOšxH$ëh ~šxT>m Aml_ N>mo dYr a{h`m Am{h{Z? 4. hþbw, h§Jm_mo, ..............
(Jmo‹Sx>, hmoSš>)
_íµJybr - 2
(4) "_m{R>' _m§ H${h‹S>m µ\$mBXm Am{h{Z?

~oV Oy§ {gQy>§ n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo. (5) Jmob _m§ "_m{R>' gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> bµâµO Jšmopëh`mo.
1. _m{R> _| JwbeZ {Q>‹S>o E| _m{R> _| Jwbw \w$bw {Ibo,
Mwn, Jmo‹Sx>, AmdmµO, ~Io‹S>mo,
Am Bhm MdUr MmoIr Om _m{R> _| _h{µ\$b hbo. gm§V, Sš>mT>mo, ˜m_moer,

2. Wr _m{R> _| YaVr hbo, _m{R> _| {gOw M§Sw> {\$a{Z, R>mnwa, VoµOw, YraOw, h§Jm_mo,
Wm {~Zm AmdmµO Oo, µH$mZyZ µHw${XaV Om Mwa{Z. µJwñgmo, gZ²,, g~wé, gZmQ>mo,

3. Wmo _m{R> _| _m{bHw$$ hbo, _m{R> _| H$[a ~§XJr, ~šmEVmbw, Amam_w.
hþb h§Jm_o Im§ nao, H$m{Q> n§qhOr qµOXJr.

(1) {hH$ {gQ> _| Odm~ {bImo :-

1. ~oV bmB R>hH§$X‹S> {gamo {Sš>`mo.
2. N>m Im§ nao ahUw Kw[aOo?
3. ~§XJr H$sA§ H$aUw Ino?
4. H${h‹S>r MdUr MmoIr Amho?



51

u 2. gm_rA Om gbmoH$ v
w gm_r M¡ZamB bw§Sw> x

M¡ZamB bw§Sw> "gm_r' Omo OZ_w {eH$manwa (qgYw) _| gZ² 1843 B©. _| {W`mo E| 107 d[a{h`{Z _| gÝgmar Mmobmo
N>{Sš>`mBª. "gm_rA Om gbmoH$' nwñVH$ qg{Y`w{Z Omo A_wëhþ AmpË_H$ ˜µOmZmo Amho.

gmamo OJšx A§Ymo, {W`mo _m`m Oo _moh _|,
{dPr doR>m nmU Io, {~Zm g_wP g§Ymo,
H$mo AmpíHµ $w M{T‹ >`mo AN> V,o Omš Ur Y{y S‹ > YY§ m,o
dmao In{V I§Ymo, gm_r {_{b`mo gê$n gm§.

M[a`m go MBO{Z, Oo __w© Z aI{Z _Z _|,
Jšmpëh`y§ doX{Z Oy§ ~šxYr, X[a X[a ~H$ ~H${Z,
ZmZm Ow{JšVw{Z gm§ H$ao, {X~š ÑîQ>m§V {Sš>`{Z,
gm_r H$sZ {Sš>g{Z, OmJšr Omo{V gê$n Io.

nmao _| nmUr, VrA§ ì`mnHw$ dgo g^ _|,
gyI_ g§Y {à`w{Z Or, H§$qh OšmUmE OšmUr,
gm_r g_mUr, V§qhOr gw[a{V gê$n _|.

OmoJšr gÝ`mgr, ~¡amJšr, ~šm§^U KUm,
ZmZm ~oI OJšV _|, go{d‹S>m, CXmgr,
VZt _| H$mo {h{H$‹S>mo, Xg©Z Omo ß`mgr,
Oq§ hOmo \$§ Xw \$mgr, "gm_r' H${Q>`mo gËJêw $A.

yyy

52

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

g§Ymo = hX AN> = {Z_©bVm OšmUmE = OšmUy gwa{V = hmoe
In{V = KwaO I§Ymo = {hgm~w
__©w = XX© ZmZm = AZoH$$ ~oI = dogYmar
ÑîQ>m§V = {_gmbw ì`mnH$ = g_m`bw
god‹S>m = O¡Z _V Oo gmY{Z Omo {hHw$ {µH$ñ_

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ Ow_bo _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr
1) gmamo OJšx A§Ymo H$sA§ {W`mo?
2) emBa H§$qh Io M[a`mo M`mo Amho? eBé ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w H$[a`mo.
3) Ho$é hah§{Y ì`mnH$ aho Wmo? gmamo OJšx A§Ymo ............. Omo{V gê$n Io.
4) Ho$é Xe©Z Omo ß`mgr Amho?
1) ho{R>`m§ Ow_bm nyam H$[a`mo :-
gwdmb 2. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- 1. dmao InV I§Ymo ...............
1) Jšmpëh`y§ doX{Z .................... 2. M[a`m go MBO{Z ...............
2) nmao _| nmUr ..................... 3. {dPr doR>m nmU Io ...............
3) VZt _| H$mo {hH$‹S>mo ...................
2) {gQw>{Z Omo Zgar ê$n {bImo :-
gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 1. gmamo OJšx A§Ymo, {W`mo _m`m Oo _moh _|
1) H$mo ............ M{‹T>`mo AN> Vo, OšmUr Yy‹S> 2. M[a`m go MBO{Z, Oo __w© Z aI{Z _Z _|
YY§ m.o
2) M[a`m go MBO{Z, 3) {hH$ bµâµO _| Odm~w {Sš>`mo :-
Oo .............. Z aI{Z _Z _|. (1)"H$m`m' Omo h_ AmdmµOr bµâµOw
3) nmao _| ................ OrA§ ì`mnH$ dgo
g^ _|. (2)"g§gma' Omo gmJšrA _mZm dmamo bµâµO
4) OmoJšr, gÝ`mgr, ~¡amJšr, ..............
KUm.

gwdmb 4. Wmoao _| Odm~ {bImo :- (3)emBa Omo Zmbmo

1) gm_r gmh~ _m`m ~m~{V N>m M`mo Amho?
2) emBé kmZr _mÊhþ{Z bmB N>m Wmo ~šxYmE?

(4)"{g`mUmo' bµâµO Omo {µOXw

53

4) bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> {gQy>§ Jšmoëho {bImo :- dYrH$ OšmU
(1) dSš>{Z J«§W{Z Oy§ Jšmpëh`y§ ~šxYr AOm`mo JšmëhmB{Z
Wm. qgYr AX~ _| gm_rA Om gbmoH$ n§qhOr
(2) gOšmo gÝgma n¡go Oo Ošma _| \$mWmo.
{hH$ AbJš hñVr aI{Z Wm. "gm_rA Om gbmoH$'
5) gê$n gm§ {_bU bmB N>m H$aUw KwaOo?
CÝdmZ gm§ Ho${VamB© {H$Vm~ {b{I`b Am{h{Z.
6) OJšV _| AbJš AbJš dog dJšm YmaU H§$X‹S>{Z Om
H${h‹S>m Zmbm {Sš>Zm d`m Am{h{Z? 1. gm_rA Om gbmoH$ - ^moOšamO ZmJamUr

7) "nmao _| nmUr' MB© gm_r gm{h~ H${h‹S>r Jšmpëh 2. gm_r - boIamO "AµOrµO'
g_PmB© Amho?
3. emhþ-gMbw-gm_r - _wh_X B~«mB_

Omo`mo

4. gm_r {hHw$ doXmÝVr emBa - S>m°. d§XZm am_dmUr



54

u 3. gw{hUr Vw§qhOr gy§h§ v
w bú_U Xw~o x

bú_U A_ê$_b Xw~o Omo OZ_w 15 _mM© gZ² 1942 B©. Vo qgYw _| {W`mo. {hZ gm{h~ qgYr E| qhXrA _|
Ho${VamB© gw{hUm H${dVm g§J«h {Sš>Zm Am{h{Z, g§X{g {H$Vm~{Z _| _w»` Am{h{Z "AR> B© nha C~šmUH$mo' E|
"AÄmm `m{X Amho' O§qh Vo _H©$µOr gm{hË` AH$mX_rA Omo BZm_w {_{b`bw AW{g. {hÝXrA _| {~ Q>o µJµOb
g§J«h N>{n`b AW{g.

gw{hUr Vw§qhOo gy§h§ Oo gmåhÿ§ bµâµO ~{U`m bmMmé AOm`m!
Vy§ _wH$sª _m§ _ar dÄmm§ eb, g^w _w§qhOm AíAma AOm`m!

_yé Z _y§gm§ {_br g{K`w{g _m§ C{bPr-C{bPr Am^mg{Z _|,
OJw {š Z-OJw {š Z Im§ qOµ XS‹w >rA Om{o Q>`m dh_{Z Om dmnma AOm`m!

Amo na_{V‹S>m! nmUw ngr {Sš>gw, n§qhOmo _Qw> Hw$Nw> H$moZ AWB©!
gy§h§ g§XwB Oo {Sš>gr gKt Vy§, nmo hr g^w gtJma AOm`m!

H$mo {dabmo B© doamJšr Am, _Zw _mao O§qh _m{V H$`mo!
Vmo~w{Z E| Vbdmé{Z O{h‹S>m _Z gmåhÿ§ h{W`ma AOm`m!

Oo {Xb _| WB© Cbµ\$V D$Ýhr, drN>mo {nUw Hw$Nw> a{IOmB§ `ma!
Ho$gt Vy§ µHw$~©{Z _| Hw$gwOr gh§X| n`mo AµOma AOm`m!

Oo hÿ§Xmo Ké ˜mbr Vw§qhOmo H$mo {~ AMr dmbmatXmo,
"bj>_U' Oo {hZ ˜mbr _Z _| doR>m hr drMma AOm`m!

yyy

55

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

AíAma = "eBé' bµâµO Omo O_C D$Ýhmo = Jhamo na_V{‹S>`mo = {~šE Oo ME Vo hb§X‹S>
AmµOmé = _wgr~V drN>mo = µ\$µHw©$ _Zw _mao _m{V H$aUw = Zµâg Io µH$m~y H$aUw
Am^mgw = A{hgmgw
Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. ho{R>`{Z gwdmb{Z Om Odm~ Wmoao _| {bImo. _íµJybr
1) emBé, na_V{‹S>`o Io N>m Wmo Mdo?
2) emBa drN>mo aIU bmB N>m M`mo Amho? eBa ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w H$[a`mo.
H$mo {dabmo B© doamJšr Am .........................
gwdmb 2. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- ......................... doR>m hr drMma AOm`m.
1) _yé Z _y§ gm§ .............. dmnma AOm`m.
2) H$mo {d[abmo B© ........... h{W`ma AOm`m. (1) g_wPm`mo.
3) Oo hÿ§Xmo Ké ˜mbr ................ drMma Oo {Xb _| {WE Cbµ\$V D$Ýhr,
AOm`m. drN>mo {nUw Hw$Nw> aIOm§B `ma.

gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- (2) qSš>J`{Z _m§ h_ AmdmµO bµâµO My§S>o ˜mb ^[a`mo:-
1) Vy§ .............. _m§ _ar dÄmm§ eb, 1) {Xb ................. (_µJµO, {_b)
g^w _w§qhOm AíAma AOm`m. 2) AOm`mo ................. (~oH$ma, gOm`mo)
2) gy§h§ g§XwB Or {Sš>gr gKt Vy§, 3) `ma ................. (XmoñV, H$ma)
nmo hr g^w ............. AOm`m. 4) _Zw ................. ({Xb, VZ)
3) Ho$gt Vy§ µHw$~©{Z _| ....................
gh§X| n`mo AmµOma AOm`m. (3) brH$ {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z ~Xam§ Jmob _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO
My§S>o Ow_bm dar {bImo :-

Jhar, _wpíH$b, VH$brµ\y§$,
_wµ\$m{gbmo, ß`ma

gwdmb 4. "gw{hUr Vw§qhOr gy§h§' H${dVm Omo VmËnwOw© 1) drN>mo {nUw Hw$Nw> aIOB§ `ma.
{bImo. 2) gh§X| n`mo AmµOmé AOm`m.
3) Ho$gt Vy§ µHw$~© _|.
4) {WE Cbµ\$V D$Ýhr.

56

(4) "_yé Z _y§ gm§ {_br g{K`w{g _m§' Omo _Vb~w ~¡V (6) "Vmo~y§ E| Vbdmê§$' nwamU{Z h{W`ma{Z Om Zmbm
Oo AmYma Vo dwñVma gm§ g_wPm`mo. Am{h{Z. AOšxH$ëh H$_w BªX‹S> {~š{Z OXrX h{W`ma{Z
Om Zmbmo {bImo.
(5) "˜mbr Ké' E| "˜mbr _Zw' {bI§Xo emBé N>m
Wmo MdUw Mmho? (7) ~oV _| H${_ Am§Xb "gtJma' bµâµO Om ~š h_
AmdmµOr bµâµO Jšmoëho {bImo.

(8) ho{R> {Sš>Zbw ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo :-

gdmbw Odm~w 1 Odm~w 2

1. h{W`ma{Z Om {µH$ñ_ ........................ .......................

2. "C' gm§ ewê$ WtX‹S> bµâµO ........................ .......................

3. "ß`ma' Om gmJšr _mZm dmam bµâµO ........................ .......................

4. ~š Xµ\$m H$_w Am§Xbw gm{Jš`mo bµâµOw ........................ .......................



57

u 4. µJµObw v
w hÿ§XamO "XwIm`bw' x

hÿ§XamO "XwIm`bw' (1910 - 2003 B©.) _ehÿé emBé {H$eZM§X "~odg' Oo em{JX©{Z _m§ {hHw$ Amho. hþZ Omo
g_yamo H$bm_ "g§JrV A§Obr' _O_yE _| JSšx> H$`bw Amho. hþZ Io Xhbr qgYr AH$mS>_rA Vaµ\$mª 2003 B©. _|
`mahm§ bI én`{Z dmamo "{_bo{Z`_ AdmS>©' {Sš>Zmo d`mo hmo.

hdmC{Z _| hëMb _MmE gKm§ Wmo,
Wr Vyµ\$mZw OJš Io {hbmE gKm§ Wmo!

OwXm H$sZ _y§Im§ µOamo ~µH©$ {~{Obr,
nhm‹S>{Z Io VmE VnmE gKm§ Wmo!

H$aU bB ~`m~mZ Io ˜wX ˜`m~mZ,
{~Zm Am~, ~mXb dgmE gKm§ Wmo!

Z A{h‹S>r H$m {hH$_V JšxPr Amh _y§Im§,
Omo Mm{h`m§ H$ao E| H$amE gKm§ Wmo,

_Xmé Am A_Z-O§J Omo Hw$bw B© _y§Vo,
Xw{Z`m Io éJšmo, _m§ ~MmE gKm§ Wmo!

hr ˜µ\$µH$mZ J«h{Z Omo ~mVwbw ~UmE,
gMmB©A Omo Oëdmo ngmE gKm§ Wmo!

XwIm`b! aIo hWw Oo hÿ _y§Vo Wmoamo,
µO_mZo _| dmOšQ> dOšmE gKm§ Wmo!

yyy

58

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

hbMb = VharH$ ~µHw©$$ = {~{Obr ˜wµ\$µH$mZw = gm¡XmC Oëdmo = PbH$
VmBUw VnmBUw = [aOmBUw ˜`m~mZw = gmdH$
~`m~mZw = [aUw nQw> A_Zw = emÝVr ~mVwbw = Hy$‹Sx>

dmOšQ> dOšmBUw = dSš>mo H$_w H$aUw

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. ho{R>`{Z gwdmb{Z Om Odm~ {hH$ Ow_bo _| 1. ho{R> {Sš>Zb ~`m~mZ gm§ dmñVmo aI§X‹S> {gQy>§ My§S>o
{bImo :-
{bImo :-
1) emBé OJš Io H$sA§ {hbmE gKo Wmo?
2) H${d ~`m~mZ Io N>m Wmo H$aUw Mmho? (1) _w§qhOr BÀN>m e{ŠV _µO~yV Am.
3) emBé n§qhOo _Wm§ H${h‹S>r {µO_odmar IUo (2) g§gma Omo _m§ B© aIdmbmo Am{h`m§.
(3) {~Zm bµâµO{Z boI {bIr gKm§ Wmo.
Wmo? (4) gmoH$ _| gmdH$ AmUo gKm§ Wmo.
2. C~V‹S> _mZm dmam bµâµO Jmob{Z _| ^[a`mo.
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~ {bImo :-
1) J«h{Z Oo ˜wµ\$µH$mZ ~m~{V N>m M`mo d`mo
Amh?o
2) "Z A{h‹S>r H$m {hH$_V' {gQ> Or g_wPmUr
{Sš>`mo.
3) emBé H$sA§ dmOšQ> dOšmBUw Wmo Mmho?

gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :-

1) ................ _| hëMb _MmE gKm§ Wmo. 3. "{hH$_V' bµâµO Om AIa BñVB_mb H$ao Zdm§
2) {~Zm Am~, .............. dgmE gKm§ Wmo.
3) gMmB©A Omo ............ ngmE gKm§ Wmo! bµâµO R>mho gKO{Z Wm :-
Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| ghr bµâµO bmB () E| µJbV bµâµO
gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- bmB () {Sš>`mo.

1) OwXm H$sZ _y§Im§ .................. _{V hHw$$
2) Z A{h‹S>r H$m .................

3) hr ˜wµ\$µH$mZw ................... H$_w H$_V

_íµJybr - 1

hV VhµH$

ho{R> {Sš>Zb eBa ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w H$[a`mo.

H$aU bmB ~`m~mZ ............................. _wH$ V_
_m§ ~MmE gKm§ Wmo!

59

4. {gQ> g_wPm`mo. dYrH$ OšmU
{~Zm Am~, ~mXb dgmE gKm§ Wmo.
(1) Agm§ Oo A§Xa OoH$Sš>qh BÀN>m e{ŠV Amho V Agt
5. emBa _| H${h‹S>r {hH$_V Amho? Zm_w_{H${Z Io {~ _w_{H${Z ~UmE gKy§ Wm. AMmo
V A{h‹S>{Z Hw$Pw dmµH${Z _m§ Hw$Pw g_Py§.
6. A_Z-O§J Omo Hw$bw _Xma hþAU g~{~ H${d N>m Wmo
H$aUw Mmho? 1. {XdmH$a e_m© Io Vìhm§ gwÄmmU§Xm hÿ§Xm. hþZ
Q>obr{dµOZ Vo JrV JšmE Adm_ Or {Xb OrVr
7. Vìhm§ {h_W gm§ H${h‹S>m Zm_w_{H${Z H$_ _w_{H${Z Amho. Z§T>o hÿ§Xo Im§ B© g§X{g A{I`w{Z _| D§$Xmhr
~UmE gKmo Wm? AMU bJšr E| dY§Xo gm¡ goH$‹S>mo VmBª nhþVr. na
{XdmH$a {h_mb` {O`m§ AQ>b BamXmo aI§X‹S> hmo.
_íµJybr - 2 CBSE Oo ~šmah| XO} Or _o[aQ> {bñQ> _|
AMr gm{~V H$`mo V Agm§ Oo eara _| ^bw H$mo
1. ˜mb ^[a`mo. ZwµŠg {~ hþOo, nmoB {~ B©_mZXmar E| _µO~yV µHy$V
(1) {~Zm Jwb{Z ............. R>mho gKm§ Wmo. BamXo gm§ H$må`m~r _mUo gKOo Wr.
(_mëhm, _yaV) A{h‹S>m {~š`m {~ AZoH$ {_gmb Aìhm§ Io
(2) {~Zm {~šO{Z ............ nmoIo gKm§ Wmo. BÝQ>aZoQ> Vo {_br gK{Z Wm.
(~šzQ>m, IoVr)
(3) {~Zm na{Z .............. gKm§ Wmo. 2. "Ho$ gwYmH$aZ' CVa Ho$ab _| H$Ýh§J‹S> eha _|
(S>mo‹S>r, CSš>m_r) {hHw$ Z§T>‹S>mo bmQ´>rA Omo XwH$mZ Amho. {hZ Io
(4) {~Zm a§J{Z {MÌ .............. gKm§ Wmo. {hH$ Sš>th§ H§$qh J«mhH$ µ\$moZ H$ao Sš>h bm{Q´>`y§ aIU
(a§Jo, {MQ>o) bmB M`mo. CZ Sš>th§ gwYmH$a {Sš>R>mo V CÝh{Z _m§
{hH$ _| {hHw$ H$amo‹S> én`m {ZH$Vm hþAm.
gwYmH$a CZ J«mhH$ Io \$moZ H$ao Kwam`mo E|
Io{g Bhm ˜we˜~ar ~šxYmB©! OoH$Sš>qh hÿ Mmho hm
V nmU Cho {hHw$ H$amo‹S> én`m b_mE gKo hm E|
CZ J«mhH$ Io H$m ˜~a {~ H$moZ ndo hm!

https://www.thebetterindia.com



60

u 5. Ino Wr v
w JmodY©Z e_m© "Km`b'x

JmodY©Z e_m© "Km`b' Agr gmb{Z Omo OdmZw emBé E| ~šmobr, AX~ E| gµH$mµ\$V Omo {˜µO_VJmé Amho. ~Vmoa
VBbr_XmZ, AXr~, nÌH$ma E| H$bmH$ma Zmbmo H${T>`mo AW{g. qgYr E| qhXrA _| Ho${VamB© {H$Vm~ {hZ Oo
Zmbo gm§ Ow{‹S>`b Am{h{Z. {hZ Io g[aH$mar E| µJ¡a g[aH$mar BZm_ BH$am_ {~ AVm {W`b Am{hZ.

O§qh qµOXJrA _| gwI ^r, XwI ^r hþO{Z hµOma|,
_y§Io V ha OZ_ _|, gm qµOXJr Ino Wr.

Xw{Z`m _| amo{eZrA Or, H$m ImoQ> Zmho bo{H$Z,
{X{b Io H$ao Om amoeZw, gm amo{eZr Ino Wr.

Ho$B© {b{I`m Vmo emBa! Aµ\$gmZm BíµH$ Om na,
µH$mo_r ™`mb dmar, AOšx emBar Ino Wr.

O§qhOmo Z dmñVmo H$mo, {hZ {Oñ_ gm§ aho na,
arPmE ê$h Io Om, gm AmíµH$s Ino Wr.

`mar Chm Ino Om, ha amµO Io g§^mbo,
O§qh Vm§ dÄmm§ _m§ g{XµHo$, gm XmoñVr Ino Wr.

gV²H$_© Vo hbo Om, BÝgmµ\$ Io Z Hw${Mbo,
gm qµOXJr Ino Wr, gm qµOXJr Ino Wr.

Om gmWw qµOXJrA ^[a, _y§gm§ {Z^mE "Km`b'
A{h‹S>r H$m h_ ™`m{b{U {hH$ gmho‹S>r Ino Wr.

61

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

µH$mo_r = Xoe gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> ê$hþ = AmË_m arPmE = ˜w{e aIo g{XµHo$ = µHw$~m©Zw
{Z^mBUw = nyamo H$aUw amµOw = JšxPw gV²H$_© = gwR>m H$_

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ Ow_bo _| Odm~ {bImo :- 1. {gQw>{Z _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO Jšmoëho Odm~ {bImo :-
1) emBa Io ha OZ_ _| H${h‹S>r {µOÝXJr Ino? (1) "~§XJrA' Omo h_ AmdmµOr bµâµO -
2) `mar N>m g§^mbtXr Amho? ......................
3) "Ino Wr' bµâµO Ho${Vam ^oam H$_w Am§Xb (2) "Xwí_Zr' Omo {µOXw -
Amh?o ......................
(3) "AmË_m' bmB {~š`mo bµâµOw -
gwdmb 2. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- ......................
1) O§qh qµOXJrA _| gwI ^r, ............. (4) "XmoñVr' bmB {~š`mo bµâµOw -
hþO{Z hµOma|. ......................
2) {X{b Io H$ao Om .............. gmo amoeZr
Ino Wr. 2. "gV²H$_©' _| "gV²' bµâµO A{Jš`m‹S>r Amho. A{h‹S>o
3) gV²H$_© Vo hbo Om ................. Io Z Z_yZo ho{R> {Sš>Zb Jmobo _m§ Cho bµâµO Jšmopëh`mo O{Z
H$w Mb.o _| "gV²' A{Jš`m‹S>r bJšmE gKOo Wr.
4) ................. ê$h Io Om, gm AmíµH$s
Ino Wr. H$ma, _mJ©, dmh, a§Jr,
Sšx>{I`mo, g§J,
gwdmb 3. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- Jwé, amh, gmhþ
1) Ho$B© {b{I`m Vmo .......................
2) O§qhOmo Z .............................. 3. ho{R> ˜mHo$ _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.

gwdmb 4. {hZ H${dVm _| emBa H$h{‹S`w{Z gwR>m`w{Z Sš>m§h§ AmíµH$s
Ü`mZ {N>H$m`mo Amho? `mar, qµOXJr

_íµJybr XmoñVr

e¡a ~§X n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo. 1) JšxP{Z Io g§^mbtX‹S> ................... Or
O§qhOmo Z dmñVmo H$mo ........................ µOê$aV Amho.
gm qµOXJr Ino Wr.
2) gV²H$_© Vo hb§X‹S> ................. Kw[aOo.
3) ê$h Io ˜we H§$X‹S> ................. Ino.
4) ................. Vo g{XµHo$ dÄmm.

62

4. ~oV Oo {Sš>Zb {gQw>{Z Oo ho{R>`{Z _wX{Z _yOw~w AmoI 3) ha amµO Io g§^mbo
(Jš§T>, JšxP, eB)
S>moI H$[a`mo :-
4) O§qh Vm§ dÄmm§ _m§ g{XµHo$
1) ~oV Omo Zmbmo ...................... (OmZ, ˜we, µHw$~m©Zw)

2) emBa Omo Zmbmo ...................... 6. ho{R> {Sš>Zb H$_©{Z _m§ gV²H$_© Jšmoëho {bImo :-
1) µJar~w XmoñV bmB {npŠZH$ Om n¡gm ^aUw.
3) dU§X‹S> {gQ> ...................... 2) n{I`w{Z Omo AmIo‹S>mo S>m{hUw.
3) ~šxT>m Aml_ _| ~šxT>{Z gm§ dÄmr ê$h [ahmU H$aUw.
4) "gV²H$_© Vo hbo Om, BÝgmµ\$ Io Z Hw$Mbo' 4) ZmoH$[a`mUrA Io Q>mB©_ Vo Z AMU H$ao K{Q>
d{Y JšmëhmBUw.
{gQ> Or _mZm g_wPm`mo. 5) {Xì`m§J ~šma Io Mo‹S>mBUw.
6) µO™_r {~šbrA Or Xdm X_©bw H$aUw.
......................

5. brH$ {Sš>Zb bµâµO ~Xam§ ~«¡Ho$Q> _m§ _wZm{g~w bµâµO

H${_ AmUo Ow_bmo dar {bImo :-

1) arPmE ê$h Io Om

(garé, AmË_m, BÝgmZw)

2) `mar Chm Ino Om

(Xwí_Zr, ß`mé, XmoñVr)



63

u 6. H$mo H$sA§ Mdo v
w gMbw gmBª x

gMb gmBª (1739 - 1829 B©.) Omo Agwb Zmbmo AãXmbdhm~ hþAmo. {hZ Omo OÝ_ ˜oanwa [a`mgV Oo JšmoR>
XamµO{Z _| {W`mo. {hH$ Xµ\o$ emh AãXm„Vrµ\$ Omo XamµO{Z _| AMUw {W`mo, V hþZ ~m§~‹S>m nmBªX‹S> ~šma Io {Sš>g§Xo
B© M`mo V ""Agm§ OoH$mo Hw$Zmo Mm{‹T>`mo Amho, CZ Omo T>H$Uw hrC ZtJé bmhtXmo.'' _m¡OyXh H$mµ\$sA _| gMb
gmBª Mdo Wmo V H$mo H$sA§ Mdo H$mo H$sA§ Mdo, AmC§ Omo B© Am{h`m§ gmo B© Am{h`m§.

H$mo H$sA§ Mdo H$mo H$sA§ Mdo
AmC§ Omo B© Am{h`m§ gmo B© Am{h`m.§
1. H$mo nÝVw Mdo H$mo gÝVw Mdo
H$mo ~mµJ ~hma ~gÝVw Mdo
H$mo _ramgr Hw$bdÝVw Mdo
AmC§ Omo B© Am{h`m§ gmo B© Am{h`m.§
2. H$mo _wbm§ Mdo H$mo µH$mµOr Mdo
H$mo _wµâVr Mdo H$mo µJmµOr Mdo
H$mo amoµOh Xmé Z_mµOr Mdo
AmC§ Omo B© Am{h`m§ gmo B© Am{h`m.§
3. H$mo gyaV _| BÝgmZw Mdo
H$mo {ea ^[a`mo eoVmZw Mdo
H$mo ~wµOJ© H$mo _ñVmZw Mdo
AmC§ Omo B© Am{h`m§ gmo B© Am{h`m.§
4. H$mo hmbr Mdo H$mo µH$mbr Mdo
H$mo ˜mgw Ab˜mgw ™`mbr Mdo
H$mo AµObr _ñV _dmbr Mdo
AmC§ Omo B© Am{h`m§ gmo B© Am{h`m.§
5. H$mo ˜mgw Mdo H$mo Am_w Mdo
H$mo nw™Vmo Mdo H$mo ˜m_w Mdo
H$mo "gMy' gMmo Zm_w Mdo
AmC§ Omo B© Am{h`m§ gmo B© Am{h`m.§

64

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

{eé H$aUw = ~am~ar H$aUw _ramgr = JmBHw$ amoµOhXma = amoµOmo aI§X‹Sx> _bJw = Xadoew
Hw$bd§Vw = ˜mZXmZr µH$mµOr = OOw
_wµâVr = µH$mZyZ ~UmBªX‹S> µH$mbr = kmZr Z_mµOr = Z_mµO n‹T>§X‹Sx>
AµObw = H$mBZmV Or ewê$Am{V n§Vw = n§{S>Vw
µJmµOr = OrV hmgwbw H§$X‹Sx>

˜mgw Ab˜mgw = dSš>r ˜m{g`V aI§X‹Sx>

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ Ow_bo _| Odm~ {bImo :- (2) Jmob _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO My§S>o h_ AmdmµOr bµâµO
1) gMb gmBª nmU ~m~{V N>m M`mo Amho? nyam H$[a`mo :-
2) _oamgr Hw$bd§V N>m H§$Xm Am{h{Z?
A§Vw _mµOr
gwdmb 2. {Sš>Zb {gQw>{Z Or g_PmUr {bImo :- bmoB©
1) H$mo nÝVw Mdo .............. Hw$bdÝVw Mdo.
2) H$mo gyaV _| .............. _ñVmZw Mdo. OgdÝVw agdÝVr
3) H$mo hmbr ............ _dmbr Mdo.
(1) n§V, g§V ......................
gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- (2) µH$mµOr, µJmµOr ....................
1) H$mo .............. Hw$bd§V Mdo. (3) OmoB©, gmoB© .....................
2) H$mo gyaV _| ............. Mdo. (4) ~g§V, Hw$bd§V ...................
3) H$mo _wµâVr Mdo H$mo .............. Mdo.
(3) "AmC§ OmoB© Am{h`m§ gmoB© Am{h`m§' H${dVm _| emBa
N>m Wmo MdUw Mmho?

_íµJybr - 1 _íµJybr - 2

{Sš>Zb e¡a n‹T>r A_br H$_w H$[a`mo. {Sš>Zb {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :-
H$mo n§Vw Mdo ................. Z_mµOr Mdo.
1) H$mo amOm Mdo H$mo ................ Mdo.
(1) {hH$ bµâµO _| Odm~ {bImo :- 2) H$mo Xwí_Z Mdo H$mo ............... Mdo.
3) H$mo gwIr Mdo H$mo ............... Mdo.
1. µ\o$gbmo H§$X‹Sx> - 4) H$mo Z§T>mo Mdo H$mo ............... Mdo.

2. ˜mZXmZr - (4) {Sš>Zb ~oV Oo {gQw>{Z _| "V' {nN>m‹S>r dmam bµâµO
3. n§{S>Vw - KUm Am{h{Z?

(5) {Sš>Zb ~oV Oo {gQw>{Z _| "Mdo' bµâµO KUm Xµ\$m
Am`b Amho?



65

AX~w

66

u ~šmobr E| ZmQHw$ v
w x

qgYr ~šmobr Wmo. Zgwé E| ZµÁ_w. Zgwa _| boI, H$hm{U`y§, ZmQ>H$ E|
Zmdb dµJ¡ah AMr dÄm{Z Wm. ZµÁ_ _| ~oV, JrV,
qgYr ~šmobr V_m_ µH$Xr_ ~šmobr Amho. qgYw Sš>mohr‹S>m, bmSš>m, VamB©b, µJµOb, n§O‹S>m dµJ¡ah AMr
ZXrA Vo ah§X‹S> _mÊhÿ ˜mgw Chm ~šmobr {Xb gm§ dÄm{Z Wm.
JšmëhmBªXm hþAm. dµŠVw JwµOa§Xo qgYw Vo Ho${Va{Z B© µJ¡a
qgYw Hµ $m_o {w Z Aa~ AaJµ Zy , _Jµw b, AJ§ Oµo« dJµ a¡ h hHþ $w _V§y qgYr AX~ Om Xm¡a
H$`y§ V§qh H$ao Aa~r, µ\$magr E| A§J«oµOr ~šmobrA Omo
qgYr ~šmobr _Wm§ H$mµ\$s Agé {W`mo. OSš>qh qgYw qgYr AX~ Om Q>o Xm¡a bo{I`m dÄm{Z Wm.
gZ² 1843 B©. _| A§J«oµO{Z Oo µH$ãµOo ho{R> AmB© V qgYr
~šmobrA Io gaH$mar ~šmobr Vñbr_w H$`mo d`mo. 1) AdmBbr Xm¡a (712 - 1522 B©.) : AdmBbr
Xm¡é, Omo n{h[a`m| ^mL>mo gZ² 712 B©. `m CZ Im§
qgYr gä`Vm gmao g_mO Or J{S>š`b {Oµ ÝXJrA Wmoamo AJšx ewê$ {WE Wmo. Chmo Xmoa gZ² 1050 B©.
Or arV Amh.o {hH$ nrT‹ >rA Im§ ~rš nrT‹ >r Io hm{gbw Oo Amgnmg ˜Ë_ {WE Wmo. gZ² 1050 B©. _|
H$`b CZ arV Io gä`Vm MBOo Wmo. gä`Vm Or Aa~ gy~oXma{Z Im§ dmJš qgYr gy_a{Z Oo hW
gÄw mmUn Om VËd Am{h{Z bmHo ${Z Om dgo , dJmš , Oµ do a, _| AmB©. {~š`mo ^mL>mo gZ² 1050 Im§ 1350 B©.
gOmdQ>, dqhdma, dmUr E| dgo mh, admO, arË`§y E| añ_,§y VmBª Amho. OSš>qh qgYw _| g_Z E| gy_a{Z Omo
ZmM, JrV, {MÌ, hZþ a E| H$marJar. amOšx hmo. BÝh{Z {~šÝhr Oo J{Sš>`b amOš Io Xogr
amOšx Md§Xm hþAm. BZ Xm¡a Or nwOšmUr gZ² 1522
qgY gä`Vm àmMrZ H$mb Im§ dR>r {hH$ B©. _| Wr OSš>qh qgYw Vo h_bmda{Z emh ~oJ
C{g[a`b E| emhÿH$mé gä`Vm _Ämr d|Xr Amho. AµJ©yZ Omo _m¡Vw {W`mo E| g§X{g nwQ> emh hþg¡Z
g^ Im§ AmIat g_| hm{H$_ Omš _ \µ $o amo Io nay rA
qgYr AX~w Vah hmamE qgYw Vo µH$ãµOmo H$`mo. BZ arV {Q>`m|
^mL>mo gZ² 1350 B©. Im§ 1522 B©. VmBª h{b`mo.
AX~ Omo {gYmo dmñVmo ~mš bo rA gm§ Amh.o gh§y mar
qgYr ~šmobrA Omo AX~ {~ _mbXma Amho. 2) {dMm| Xm¡é (1522 - 1843 B©.) : qgYr AX~ Omo
{dMm| Xm¡é gZ² 1522 B© Im§ 1843 B©. VmBª
AX~ Om ~š ê$n Am{h{Z. {hHw$ V˜brµH$s Amho OSš>qh A§J«oµO{Z qgYw µ\$Vh H$B©. BZ Xm¡a
ê$nw Oq§ h _| H${dVm, H$hmUr, Zmdb, ZmQ>H$, _Oµ _Zy _| qgYw Om hm{H$_ AaµJyZ, Va˜mZ, _wµJb,
dµJ¡ah AMr dÄm{Z Wm. {~š`mo Amho VhµH$sµH$s ê$nw H$ëhmo‹S>m E| Q>mbnwa hþAm.
O§qh _| AX~ Oo Cgyb{Z E| CZ Oo {~š`{Z Bñ_{Z gZ² 1843 B©. Im§ AJšx qgYw E| n§Om~ Io N>Sš>o
~m~{V N>§S> N>mU H$B© d|Xr Amho. AX~ Oo BZ ê$n ^maV Oo {~š`{Z àmÝV{Z _| A§J«oµO{Z Or hþHy$_V
Io VZµH$sXr MBOo Wmo. µH$mB_w Wr MwH$s hþB©. A§J«oµO{Z gZ² 1843 B©. _|
qgYw µ\$Vh H$B©.
V˜brµH$s ê$n Io {~š{Z ^mL>{Z _| {dahmE gKOo

67

3) hmUmoH$mo Xm¡a : qgYr AX~ Oo hmUmoHo$ Xm¡a Or BÝH$ao ZmQ>H$ Zdog Io ñQ>oO Or ~ZmdV ~m~{V nyamo nyamo
ewê$Am{V gZ² 1843 B©. Im§ Wr E| Bhmo Xm¡a AOšx Ü`mZ aIUmo nd§Xmo Amho. ZmQ>H$ Zdog Om nyaH$
VmBª hb§Xmo AMo Wmo. Am{h{Z AXmH$ma, g§JrVH$ma E| {hXm`VH$ma. ZmQ>H$
hmUmoHo$ Xm¡a Om ~š ^mL>m Am{h{Z. n{h[a`m| Io gyaV _| EoVar Ahpå`V Z Amho na ñQ>oO Vo CZOr
^mL>mo 1843 B©. Im§ 1947 B©. gmBª E| {~š`m| gZ² AXm`Jr gm§ B© ZmQ>H$ Omo _µH$gX ~agdm~ {WE Wmo.
1947 B©. Im§ AOšx VmBª Amho. AdmBbr µO_mZo _| ñQ>oO bmB ˜mg ghÿ{b`Vy§ µJ¡a
AMmo V Zga Oo ˜mgw A§J ZmQ>H$ ~m~{V OšmU _moOyX hþ`y§ na OXrX µO_mZo _| amoeZr E| AmdmµO µO[a`o
hm{gbw H$[a`y§. gwR>o Z_yZo ZmQ>H$ noe H$`mo dÄmo Wmo.

ZmQ>Hw$$ ZmQ>H$ Omo B{Vhmgw

ZmQ>H$ BÝgmZ Or ˜{gbV E| {µ\${VaV Omo KUo ZmQ>H$ Omo AmµJmµOw BÝgmZ Oo VhµOr~ Or
hX VmBª VO©_mZw Amho. qgYr ZmQ>H$ Or Amog[a dmar ewê$AmV Im§ B© bmJšmnmo _mby_ {WE Wmo. CZ Or
Vmar˜ _m§ Bhmo _mby_ {WE Wmo V ZmQ>H${Z Omo ~w{Z`mXr gm{~Vr n§O hµOma gmb AmJšmQ>o "_mohZ Oo X‹S>o' dmar
_µŠgXw VBbr_ E| VhµOr~ Omo àMma hÿ§Xmo hmo. BÝgmZ gä`Vm _m§ {_bo Wmo. O{h‹S>moH$ ZV©H$s (Z¥V Or
Oo OµÁ~{Z E| A{hgmg dma{Z BµOhma{Z Or AXm`Jr AXmH$ma `m ZmMUr) BÝh{Z {Oñ_{Z _| AmJšmQ>o Z¥Ë`
Io `yZmZr ~šmobrA _| "S´>mo_ZZ' H$ao H$mo{R>`mo d|Xmo `m ZmM-ZmQ>H$ Om A{hÄmmU ZµOa AM{Z Wm.
hmo. O§qh _m§ "S´>m_m' bµâµOw {Z{H$Vmo E| CZ Or _mZm
Amho "H$aUw' `m "H$ao Sš>oImaUw'. S´>m_o Oo dgrh Xm`ao A{hS‹ >rA Vah Hµ $Xr_ qgYr amJš "{S>šgw E| ~`mZ'
Io ZmQ>Hw$$MBOo Wmo. ZmQ>H$ Omo bmJšmnmo ñQ>oO gm§ dm[a`{w Z H$m{\µ $`{w Z Omo {Oµ H$« hAþ Uw V_m_ Oµ ê$ar Amh.o
Amho. Jmš BU dŠµ V AXmH$ma hW{Z Oo Bema{Z E| AmdmOµ Oo
bm{h`w{Z E| Mm{‹T>`w{Z gm§ {~`mZw H§$Xmo hmo. {_gmbw
ZmQ>H$ AX~ Or {hH$ gݵ\$ Amho. BE§ MdUw brbm MZoga Omo XmñVmZ noe H$aU dµŠV µ\$ÝH$ma
µJ¡a dm{O~r Z WtXmo V ZmQ>Hw$$ BÝgmZ Or hµH$sµH$s {Hµ $go Io gmJ§ dmao gQ>mC _| neo H$§ Xmo hm.o
qµOXJrA Omo Ah_w {hgmo Amho. ZmQ>H$ Or Bhm ˜y~r
Amho Omo Bhmo n{‹T>`b Vmo‹S>o AU n{‹T>`b bmB qdXwa XñVyar Z_yZo ZmQ>H$ Or Vmar˜ ~mH$mB©{XJr gm§
_w`gé H$ao Wmo. CUdrh gXr B©gdr Oo {dM Xmao dYU ewê$ Wr.

ZmQ>H$ Om _w»` A§J qgYr ZmQ>H$ Om Xm¡a

ZmQ>H$ Om Ah_w A§J Am{h{Z bµâµO, dog dJšm, · nh[a`m| Xm¡é (1880 - 1920 B©)
Bemam, {H$aXma{Z Or AXmH$mar, ZµHw$b E| ^mdZmC{Z gZ² 1880 B© Im§ gZ² 1920 B© VmBª qgYr ZmQ>H$
Omo BµOhmé. Bhm g_yar noeH$e ñQ>oO Vo B© {WE Wr.
Omo nh[a`m| Xmoa bo{I`mo dÄmo Wmo. {_µOm© µH$brM ~oJ
ZmQ>H$ VSš>qh ZmQ>H$ Amho OSš>qh {b{I`b gZ² 1880 B© _| "b¡bm _OZy' ZmQ>H$ {b{I`mo. OoH$mo
_dmX `mZo ñH«$ßQ> Omo A_br ê$n ñQ>oO Vo AMo Wmo. {hH$ amJš-ZmQ>H$ Oo ê$n _| hmo.

gZ² 1868 B©. _| H$m¡‹S>mo_b M§XZ_b {IbZmUr
"aËZmdbr' ZmQ>H$ {b{I`mo OoH$mo Agwb _| g§ñH¥$V

68

Oo _ehÿa ZmQ>H$ Zdrg amOm hf© Xod Omo {b{I`b Jmo{~ÝX _mëhr, ào_ àH$me, am_ {hL>moamUr, _XZ
hm.o Ow_mUr, H¥$îU IQ>dmUr E| VrW© ~g§V Omo hWw a{h`mo.

gZ² 1894 B©. VmBª qgYr ZmQ>H$ N>{n`b gyaV _| {Q>E§ Xm¡a _| qgYr µ\$ÝH$ma{Z Io {h_WmBU _|
nYam {W`m. na nmoB OëX B© qgYr ZmQ>H$ Io ñQ>oO Or qhXr {µ\$ë_r OJšV Omo _ehÿa AXmH$mé ~bamO
µOrZV ~Um`mo d`mo. gmhZr gMw nMw Og Omo ^mJšr Amho. ^maV Or
AmµOmXrA Im§ AJšx gZ² 1943 B©. _| B§{S>`Z nrnëg
· {~š`m| Xm¡é (1920 - 1947 B©.) {W`oQ>a EogmogrEeZ (IPTA) Omo OZ_w {W`mo. BZ g§ñWm
Omo _w»` _µŠgXw hmo V H$bm añVo AmµOmXr hëMb _|
n{hat _hm^mar b‹S>mB©A ~mX g_mOr hmbVw{Z VoµOr Am{UOo. BZ g§ñWm _| ~bamO gmhZr _w»`
_| H$mµ\$s VãXr{b`y§ Am`y§. BZ Xm¡a _| AZoH$m _gAbm _oå~a hmo.
n¡Xm {W`m. ehar ahUr-H$hUr, emhÿH$ma-µJar~,
µO_tXma-hmar {dM_| V~µH$mB© H${e_H$e O{h‹S>{Z CZ g§ñWm gm§ B©ída ZmdmUr (^Jšd§Vr ZmdmUr
_gAb{Z Omo Agé qgYr AX~ _Wm§ n`mo. O§qh Omo ^mC) E| _XZ Ow_mUr {nU bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> hþAm.
H$ao qgYr ZmQ>H$ hµH$sµH$V {ZJmar Oo Xm¡a _| Xm{˜b _XZ Ow_mUr Ho${Va{Z B© S´>m_{Z bmB {b{IV XñVmdoµO
Wr d`m. {hZ Xm¡a _| VO©_{Z Im§ dYrH$ AgbmoH${Z (Script) V`ma H§$Xmo hmo. BVµ\$mµH$s dmµH$E _| {hH$
ZmQ>H${Z OZ_w dVm}. g_mOr _gBbm O{h‹S>moH$ Sš>oVr Xµ\o$ ~bamO gmhZrA _XZ Ow_mUrA Im§ qgYr S´>m_m
boVr, µJar~ _Wm§ µOwë_, eam~˜moar dµJ¡ah Vo ZmQ>H$ ~m~{V nw{N>`mo V Chm {H$Wo nhþVr Amho? ~g nmoB
noe H$`m d`m. N>m! _XZ Ow_mUr, Jmo{~ÝX _mëhrA gm§ J{Sš>Or qgYr
ZmQ>H${Z Io ñQ>oO Vo AmUa bmB {gaQ>mo‹S> H$mo{ee
Sš>oVr boVr _m¡µOyA Vo {~ ZmQ>H$ "Jwbm~ Omo Jwbw' H$B©. ZmQ>H${Z Io Adm_ VmBª A_br ê$n _| nhþMmBU
E| "_moVE Or _w{I‹S>r' Sš>mT>m _ehÿa {W`m. bmB {Q>_yaVr Eg.nr. _|KmUr, _XZ Ow_mUr E| a_oe
OšmOšmUr nmU nVmo‹S>o V_m_ KUr H$må`m~r hmgwbw
ZmQ>H$ Oo {~šE§ Xm¡a _| dSš>{Z ZmQ>H${Z Oo ~Xam§ H$B©.
Z§T>m ZmQ>H$ `mZo `H$ µ\$gwbm ZmQ>H$ (EoH$m§H$s)
{b{I`m d`m. CÝh{Z Z§T>{Z ZmQ>H${Z Omo Agm} Sš>h{Z qgYr ZmQ>H$ Or VaµH$s bmB AmµOmXrA Im§
Im§ n§Ðhm§ {_ÝQ> hÿ§Xmo Amho O{Z _| {hHw$ ZµOmamo `m ~š nmoB gOšo ^maV _| Ho$V[a`y§ B© ZmQ>H$ _§S>{b`y§ ~nm©
ZµOmam Wr gK{Z Wm. _w»` ZmQ>H$ Omo Agm} {Q>{Z {W`y§.
H$bmH${Z VmBª _hXyX hÿ§Xmo Amho. O§qh _| ~š A§H$ `m
dYrH$ A§H$ Wr gK{Z Wm. Z§T>m ZmQ>H$ {bIU _| ZmQ>H$ Om {µH$ñ_
_§Kmam_ _bH$mUr dSš>mo Ogw I{Q>`mo.
_dmX Oo ZµOa Im§ ZmQ>H$ Om Mma {µH$ñ_
· {Q>`m| Xm¡é (1947 Im§ AOšx VmBª) Am{h{Z.

{hZ Xm¡a Or ewê$AmV ^maV Oo {dahmL>o gm§ 1) g_mOr
Wr. A˜~mé{Z, agmb{Z E| AX~r _o‹S>{Z _| _µH$mbm
n‹T>r qgYr ZmQ>H$ Io ZE§ {ga C^maU bmB Zm¡OdmZ 2) _µOm{h`
µ\$ÝH$ma{Z _| ZAm| ê$hþ \y${H$`mo d`mo. ^maV _| qgYr
ZmQ>H${Z Oo Xm¡a _| Zd{Z H$bmH$ma{Z _| OµÁ~o C^maU 3) _Zmo{dkm{ZH$
E| gwOmJšr AmUU _| _§Kmam_ _bH$mUr, am_
n§OdmUr, OšoR>mZ§X ZmJamUr, OrdZ JwaghmUr, 4) VpݵO`

69

Hw$Pw _ehÿa ZmQ>H$ 12. A_r `m __r (Jmonmb n§OdmUr)

1. {~J{‹S>`bw Ké (JmodY©Z ^maVr) 13. _ram§ (VrW© ~gV§ )
2. _y§ Io Hw§$dm[a Ino (h[aH$m§V OšoR>dmUr)
3. am{V {hH$ Vyµ\$mZ Or (_moVr àH$me) 14. Vmo {~Z qµOXJr AYyar (_Zmoha {ZhmbmUr)
4. Am`mo ZAm| µO_mZmo (am_ n§OdmUr)
5. H$mH$mo H$by_bw (_XZ Ow_mUr) 15. Vw§qhOmo gmo _w§qhOmo (Jmo{~ÝX _mëhr) EH$m§H$s
6. {npŠZH$ (ào_ àH$me)
7. Ame`mZmo (H¥$îU IQ>dmUr) 16. gmoao gSšx> H$`mo (H$sV© ~šm~šmUr) EH$m§H$s
8. emXr Z H$[a (dmgXod {Z_©b)
9. Ka O_mB© (a_oe OšmÄmmUr) 17. OrdZ Mh{MQ>m (_K§ mam_ _bH$mUr) EH$mH§ $s
10. _w§qhOm _Z H$~yVa (hÿ§XamO ~bdmUr)
11. IQ>r Am`mo ˜¡a gm§ (am_ kmZM§XmUr) 18. å`y§{gnb H$mD§$gba (E_. H$_b) EH$m§H$s

19. Mm¡a§Jr (OšoR>mZ§X ZmJamUr) EH$m§H$s

20. ß`ma, emXr E| gnZm (_mohZ H$ënZm)

ZmQ>H$ g{^Zr H$bmC{Z Omo g§J_ Amho. BZ _|
JrV, gJ§ rV, Jâµw VJµ ,y AXmH$mar, ZË¥ ` O{hS‹ >m AZmga
_m¡OyXw Am{h{Z. Agm§ ~šmobr E| ZmQ>H$ ~m~{V H$mµ\$s
OšmU hm{gbw H$B© Amho. AMmo V {_gmb Vmoa "~šmobr'
E| "aI‹S>r' EH$m§H$s nmR>{Z Omo {~ Aä`mg H$[a`y§.



70

u 1. ~šmobr v
w x

Jmš ëhmBU Or ˜{w gbV dS>šo _| dS>šr ZB_V Amh.o BÝgmZ n§qhO Sšx>I gwI, A{hgmg E| OµÁ~{Z Omo
Bhm dñµ\$ B© BÝgmZ Io OmZda Im§ AbJš H$ao Wr. BµOhma H$ao gKo Wmo.
BÝgmZ JšmëhmBU Or H$bm g~{~ B© Amoga Om Sš>mH$m
_Wo M{‹T>`mo Amho. ~šmobr, _w™Vbµ\$ BÝgmZ{Z _§{P ~šmobrA dgrbo H${h‹S>o {~ {µH$ñ_ Oo _dmX Io
amãVo Omo dgrbmo Amh.o ha{hH$ Hµ $m_¡ Io AbJš AbJš Vhara H§$Xo _hµ\y$µO H$ao gKOo Wmo. CZ g~{~ ~šmobrA
~šmobr hÿ§Xr Amho. BZ bmB M`mo d|Xmo Amho V ~šmobr B© Omo dmñVmo Vmar˜ gm§ {~ Amho. _mohZ Omo X‹S>mo Or
µH$m¡_ Or {ZemZr E| gwÄmmUn Amho. ImoQ>mB©A _m§ bYb _whê§$ gm{~V H${Z {W`y§ V n§O
hµOma gmb AJšx CVo d¡{XH$ H«$`mD§$ {nUw H$`y§ d|{X`y§
~šmobr, AmdmµO{Z Or Omo‹S>OH$ H§$Xo AIa h`þ .§y
R>mhtXr Amh.o H$w Pw AIa J{S>šOr {hH$w _˜ggy bâµ Oµ w
R>m{h{Z Wm E| bµâµO{Z _m§ Ow_bm V`ma {W`{Z Wm. {dÛmZ{Z _yOw~ qgYr ~šmobrA _| K{Q> _| K{Q>
BÝgmZr _wAmeao Io g_PU bmB ~šmobr {hH$ Ah_ Sš>oTw> bIw bµâµO Am{h{Z. AŠga arV qgYr bµâµO{Z
dgrbmo Amh.o ~mš bo rA Or _XX gm§ BZ _˜ggy g_mO Omo g§ñH¥$V gm§ bmJšmnmo Amho, OoVmoUrH$ Aa~r E|
Om _mÊhÿ nmU _| drMma{Z Or Sš>o dRw> H${Z Wm. Bhmo \µ $magr Jmš ëhmBXª S‹ > Hµ $m_¡ {w Z Or hHþ $w _Vr E| AX~r Aga
{hHw$ A{h‹S>mo _mÜ`_ Amho, OoH$mo _mZm, _µŠgX E| ho{R> BZ _| Aa~r E| µ\$magr bµâµO {nU g_m`b
drMma µOm{ha H$aU _| {hHw$ h{W`mo Wr H${_ AMo Am{h{Z.
Wmo. ~šmobr, BÝgmZ Oo _íµJy{b`w{Z Omo _H©$µOw Amho.
M`mo d|Xmo Amho Vo OogVmBª H§$qh {~ _˜gyg ~šmobrA 10 Aàob 1967 B©. ^maV Oo {gpÝY`w{Z bmB
Oo JšmëhmBU dmam ~š µ\$X© {~ qµOXh Am{h{Z V Chm AX~r E| gm§ñH¥${VH$ {bhmµO Im§ BÝVhmB© Ah{_`V
~šmobr OrAar boIr d|Xr E| CZ Oo ~šrha CgaU Om dmamo Amh.o CZ S>šth§ ^maV Oo gXa S>mŠ° Q>a amYm H$¥ îUZ
Amgma ha dµŠV _m¡OyX ah{Z Wm. gaH$mar {~b Vo ghr H$B© E| qgYr ~šmobrA Io ^maV
Oo Omo‹S>OH$ _| Xoe Oo {~š`{Z Mm¡Sš>h{Z ~šmo{b`w{Z gm§
ha ~šmobrA Io n§qhOmo {gaíVmo Amho, O§qh _| JSšx> n§Ðht µH$m¡_r ~šmobrA Vmoa XOm} {Sš>Zmo d`mo.
H$m{~ VãXrb ZWr AmUo gKOo. BÝgmZr qµOXJrA
_| ~šmobr Ah_ {H$aXma AXm H$ao Wr. ~šmobrA µO[a`o yyy

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

Vhara H$aUw = {bIUw _˜gyg = ˜mg amãVmo = gånH©$ µ\$X© = _mÊhþ
˜gbV = ˜m{g`V
_wAm{eamo = g_mO dgµ\$ = JwU AdJwU Omo {~`mZ

71

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z {gQw>{Z> _| Odm~ {bImo :- _íµJybr

1) _mÊhÿ N>m Or _XX gm§ drMma{Z Or Sš>o dRw> Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w H$[a`mo.
H${Z Wm? ha ~šmobrA Io n§qhOmo {gaíVmo ...............

2) _mohZ Omo X‹S>mo Or ImoQ>mB©A _m§ bYb _whê§$ µ\$magr bµâµO {nUw g_m`b Am{h{Z.
N>m {W`y§ ~šxYmB{Z?
gwdmb 1. qSš>{J`{Z _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb
3) qgYrA _| {~š`{Z H$h{‹S>`w{Z ~šmo{b`w{Z Om ^[a`mo :-
bµâµO {_b{Z Wm?
(1) ................. _y{O~ qgYr ~šmobrA _|
4) ~šmobrA Io µH$mo_ Or gwÄmmUn N>mo M`mo d|Xmo K{Q> _| K{Q> Sš>oTw> bIw bµâµO Am{h{Z.
Amh?o (Amb_{Z, Am_ _mÊhþ{Z)

gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~ {bImo :- (2) ha ~šmobrA Io n§qhOmo ............ Amho.
(dOyX, {g[aíVmo)
1) ~šmobrA Or Ah{_`V n§qhOo bµâµO{Z _|
~`mZ H$[a`mo. gwdmb 2. ha{hH$ gwdmb Om ~š Odm~ {bImo :-
1) ~šmo{b`w{Z Om Zmbm
2) 10 Aàob 1967 B©. {gÝYr`w{Z bmB H${h‹S>r .................. ..................
Ah{_`V aIo Wr? 2) ~š dSš>m AXX
.................. ..................
gwdmb 3. (1) {µOX {bImo :- 3) "V' gm§ ewê$ WtX‹S> bµâµO
qµOXJr .................... .................. ..................
gwIw .................... 4) ~š Aga
µOm{hé .................... .................. ..................
n§qhOmo ....................
{dÛmZw .................... gwdmb 3. ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo :-

(2) AXX ~Xbm`mo :- .................... ~šmobrA µO[aE
Om{Zdé .................... BµOhma
~šmobr ....................
_wha ....................
Sš>mH$mo

72

gwdmb 4. Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo :- (1) Amgm_r (2) ~J§ mbr (3) JwOamVr
BÝgmZr _whê§$
bYb qµOXJr (4) qhXr (5) H$Þ‹S> (6) H$í_rar
d¡{XH$ Aga
AX~r H«$`mD§$ (7) H$m|H$Zr (8) _ë`mb_ (9) _Zrnwar

gwdmb 5. Agm§ Io n§qhOr _mXar {µO~mZ _| JšmëhmBU (10) _amR>r (11) Zonmbr (12) Amo{‹T>`m
Kw[aOo. BZ ~m~{V n§qhOm drMma {bImo.
(13) n§Om~r (14) g§ñH¥$V (15) qgYr
dYrH$ OšmU :
(16) V{_b (17) Vbo Jy (18) CX©y
^maV Oo Omo‹S>OH$ Omo AR>m| eoS²>`yb
^maV Oo Omo‹S>OH$ (AmB©Z) _| AR>m| eoS²>`yb (19) ~moS>mo (20) g§Wmbr (21) _¡Wbr
hdmbmo AmQ>uH$b (1) 344 E| 351 _| Ho${VamB© R>hamd
_m¡OyX Am{h{Z. AmQ>uH$b (1) 344 _yOw~ ^maV Omo (22) S>moJar
gXa {hH$ H$_reZ R>mho gKo Wmo, O§qh _| {hHw$ Mo`ang©Z
E| dmñVoXma ~šmo{b`w{Z Om EodµOr _oå~a Vmoa ZmåµOX BZ _m§ Mm¡Sš>hm§ ~šmo{b`y§ Adb B© Omo‹S>OH$ _|
H$`m d|Xm Am{h{Z. AR>| eoS²>`yb _yOw~ ho{R>`{Z em{_b {W`b hþ`y§. gZ² 1967 B©. _| Omo‹S>OH$ Oo
~šmo{b`w{Z Io Vñbr_ H$`mo d`mo Amho. EoH$drh| Bgbmh _y{O~w qgYr ~šmobr {~ Omo‹S>r doB©.
~BX _| Omo‹S>OH$ Oo EH$hVah| Bgbmh _yOw~ 1992 B©.
_| H$m|H$Zr, _Zrnwar E| n§Om~r; 2004 B©. _| {~š`mZdh|
Bgbmh _yOw~w S>moJar, _¡Wbr, ~moS>mo E| g§Wmbr
~šmo{b`w{Z Io {~ Omo‹S>OH$ _| OmB {Sš>Zr doB©.



73

u 2. a{I‹S>r v
w x

nmonQ>r am_M§X hramZ§XmUr (1924 - 2005) qgYr AX~ Or Zmå`mar E| ~o ~mHw$$ bo{IH$m Vmoa _ehÿa Amho. hÿA
nw™Vm _µO_yZ-{ZJmah hþAU Im§gdmB Zm{db Zdogm, H$hmUrH$ma, emBam, E| g_mbmo{MH$m {nUw hþB©.
hþZ Om {µOH«$ OmoJšm {H$Vm~ Am{h{Z : "qµOXJr Or nmo{Q>S>r' (H$hmUr g§J«h), "~šmobr _w§qhOr _mC' (_µO_yZ),
"OrA _| Pmoar, VZ _| VmV' (Zm{db), "^mfm emñÌ' (ImoOZm) E| "_w§qhOo h`mVrA Om gmoZm amonm dµH©$'
(AmË_ H$Wm). nmoE§ {H$Vm~ Vo Io{g gm{hË` AH$mS>_r nwañH$ma {nU {_{b`mo Amho.
{hZ H$hmUrA _| aI‹S>r ~m~{V OšmU {Sš>Zb Amho.

{H$aXma : _mohZr, Jwbm~, H$_bm, {d_bm, a_oe

_mho Zr : A‹S>o {d_y! VH$‹S>mo VH$‹S>mo Ho$Sš>m§h§ noB© dÄmt! {d_bm : N>mo! ^mC Omo dmVw {_R>mo H$sZ H§$XrA§!

Vagw V _m§ {~ Wr J{Sš>Or hbm§B. ^mB‹S>o Or AmaVr H$sZ CVmatXrA§!

{d_bm : N>mo, AOšx Vy§ {~ ñHy$b H$sZ doB© Amht N>m? _mho Zr : AmaVr! Bhm V _y§ Io ˜~a B© H$sÝho! N>m

_mho Zr : AB© Abm! AOšx aI‹S>r Omo ~šYUr Amho. Agwb Sš>rAmo ~šmao AmaVr H$~r Amho! AB©

^mCa{Z Io égmBUmo Amho N>m? am_ eb ^bmo {W`B©! nmoB V {VëHw$,

{d_bm : na Vy§ H§$qh Io Wr aI‹S>r ~šYt? VmoIo V AJa~Vr, Yyn, Jwb, Mm§da g^w In§Xm!

^mC Amho B© H$sZ? {d_bm : VSš>qh dar N>m!

_mho Zr : _w§qhOmo _mamoQ> Jmoq~X Amho Z? CZ Io. (Jwbm~w E| g§X{g ^oU H$_bm Omo AMUw)

{d_bm : na Vy§ N>mo Wr {hZ d{Q> dÄmt? ^mC V nmU Jbw m~ : AJa~Vr, Jwb, Mm§da ... N>mo ^mB© AOšx
˜{M©`y§ H$_mBU Vo H$_a H$er AWd N>m?
^oU d{Q> aI‹S>r ~šYmBU BªXmo Amho Z?

_mho Zr : hm ^mB©, hÿ§A V hÿ h_oeh nmU Agm§ d{Q> {d_bm : N>r> ... N>r> ... Vy§ V Sš>mT>mo {H$Zmo Amht.
BªXmo Amho E| AMr _w§qhOr ^oU H$bm Agt no`y§ Jšmpëh`y§ H$[a`y§ ^mC ^oU Oo
Im§ aI‹S>r ~šYmBªXmo Amho. na H$bm emXr n{dÌ ZmVo Oy§ E| Vy§ n`mo BZ n{dÌVm Io
H$ao ~šm{ha hbr doB© Amho E| Jmoq~X {~ J§Xmo H$at!

H$am`mo Amho Am°àoeZ, CZ H$ao {~šÝhr _y§ H$_bm : N>mo ^mB©, BZ _| J§Xo H$aU Or H${h‹S>r

Io {b{I`mo V Bhmo ZmVmo Vy§ B© {Z^mE. Jmš pëh Amh?o {S>šgw _§y H$o V[a`§y aI{S‹ >`§y I`§ §y

{d_bm : hm, Amho V gMr Jšmpëh. ^mC ^oU d{Q> Am{h{Z! gmÝo har, MmX§ rA Oo Vma{Z dm[a`,§y
AMo `m ^oU ^mC d{Q> Jšmpëh {_{‹S>`mo B© Jmob Jmob, _moa Oo I§^{Z O{h‹S>`y§

gmJšr. na Vy§ hrA§ éIr éIr dÄmt H$sA§ g{w h{U`,§y ZT§ >{S‹ >`,§y d{S>š`§y ... AOxš g{^Zr

noB©! aI‹S>r V IUr ng© _| {dYr hÿ§XB, gm¡Q>{Z _mgmV{Z, ^mC Oo {_Ì{Z _Vb~

~mµH$s {~š`y§ e`y§? V T>oa gma{Z ^mCa{Z Io aI{‹S>`y§ ~šY§Xr

_mho Zr : {~š`y§ dar H$h{‹S>`y§ e`y§? Am{h`m§ OoHo$ emhÿH$ma Am{h{Z, CÝh{Z

Io _hm{§ J`§y nO§ | gV| én`o dm[a`§y ~Yš m§ OrA§

˜Mu KUr {_bo E| OoHo$ ....

74

_mho Zr : Vy§ V H$m Mar Wr {Sš>gOt! _mho Zr : _Wm§ AMr H$‹S>H$s.

{d_bm : ea_w {~ Z Wmo AMoB©! H$_bm : AN>m!

H$_bm : BZ _| ea_ Or H${h‹S>r Jšmpëh Amho? _mho Zr : H$éUmdVrA gm{o M`m,o {hZ dS>šrA _gw r~V

Jbw m~ : {hZ Io ^mC _mZm ˜Mu g_P _| Wmo AM!o Io V _m§ _w§hþ§ Sš>oB© Z gK§X{g. gmo hþZ _wµJb
~mXemh hþ_m`y§ Io WmëhrA _| aI‹S>r
{d_bm : H$_bm! Vy§ ^mC ^oU Oo añVo Io ß`ma E| _moH$bo ˜Vw {b{I`mo V ""{hÝXwñVmZ _|
ñZoh Omo añVmo Z Wr g_Pt? Bhmo admO Amho V ^mC ^oU Or BµOV Or
a»>`m H§$Xmo Amho. _m§ hrA a{I‹S>r _moH$bo
Jbw m~ : {hZIo "A~o - OšmE' Omo µH$Xwa B© H$sÝho. VmIo o ^mC ~Um`m§ Wr. Vmo O{hS‹ >mo ~mXemhþ
^mC _y§Io {_b§Xmo V _y§ Io ˜Vamo B© Z Wmo
H$_bm : A‹S>o Vy§ hr H${h‹S>m PyZm bµâµO n`mo Wr gKo.''hþ_m`y§ ~mXemh Io{g Odm~w
Jmš ëhmB.ª _moH${b`mo V ""_y§ aI‹S>r ~šYr! hmUo _m§
beH$a dR>r ^oU Or _XX H$aU AMm§
Jbw m~ : {Sš>Rw>d? {hZ _w§qhOrA gXmoarA ^oU Io
Bhm {~ ˜~a H$sÝho. Wm!o ''

{d_bm : H$_bm! AIa ^ÄmUw {gIw Z? A~mo _mZm BZ Vah {hH$ _wgb_mZ {~ a{I‹S>rA Oo
nrC E| OšmAmo _mZm Ošmdb `mZo {nVm Im§ YmJš{Z _| ^mC Or nH$s àrV {dPr ^oU
Ošmdb `mZo ^mC! Or ajm H$B©.

H$_bm : AB© Abm! A{h‹S>mo gm¡bmo! H$_bm : _ma! Bhm V Sš>mT>r dSš>r Jšmpëh ~šxYm`B! _y§
Io V H§$qh H$moZ ~šxYm`mo AmhoV ^mC H$mo
_mho Zr : gm¡bo Or gH$s! hoSš>r gmar Sš>Kw Wr Amht A{h‹S>mo WtXmo Amho! _w§qhOmo ^mC ^bm
na bµâµO ^Ämr _mZm H$T>Uw Z Wr AMoB©! Amho Kw_U E| {d‹T>U _| nyamo gmo ...
ML>mo ~šxYmB "ajm-~š§YZ' _mZm?

H$_bm : CZ Or dar H${h‹S>r _mZm WtXr? ajm-
~š§YZ _mZm ajm-~š§YZ!

Jbw m~ : (doMmam Sš>oB©) ajm ~š§YZ _mZm ajm ~š§YZ! Jbw m~ : Vmo H$Sš>qh Hw$Pw _y§ Im§ nw{N>`mo {~ Amho?
A‹S>r _yI©! ajm _mZm a»`m _mZm g§^mb Agt Am{h`§y {eH$manaw r {S>š`marA Im§ nmBo
E| ~š§YZ _mZm ZmVmo. `mZo Chmo Sš>thþ§ OSš>qh {hH$ S>šth§ ^Uo ^mC d{Q> dÄmr I{o g {VbH$
^mC ^oU Omo ZmVmo nH$mo {WE! Sš>tXr Amho.

H$_bm : g§^mb! Vy§ _w§qhOr H${h‹S>r g§^mb H§$X|? {d_bm : {hVo {nU {hH$S‹ >mo "^mD$-~rš O' Zmbo {S>šUw

_mho Zr : H$_bm! Vy§ BVhm{gH$ AmIm{U`y§ n‹T>t B© Amho.

H$sZ N>m? Vmo hþ_m`y§ ~mXemh E| amUr H$_bm : Bhm "^mD$-~šrO' dar N>m Amho?
H$aUmdVrA Or Jšmpëh Z n‹T>r Amho!
Jbw m~ : A‹S>o {gÝYr Amht Z? H$Sš>qh {V{W`w{Z Om
H$_bm : hmUo ^mB© B©E| àmo{b`y§ Z gbm`mo V§qh Im§ Zmbm H$sZ ~šxYm AWoB©? EH$_, ~šrO,
IUr ~šxYm`mo. VrO, MmoW, n§M_, N>{R> ....

_mho Zr : ~Yxš . {hH$ X\µ $o amOnVy amUr H$éUmdVrA H$_bm : (H$Z{Z Vo hWw aIr) ~g ... ~g ... hmUo
Vo {hH$ _wgr~V ~šar AmB©.
n§Ðhm§ {V{W`y§ JšUtX| N>m?

H$_bm : ~šar AmB© _mZm?

75

Jbw m~ : em~mg! _g| _g| Wr H$m g_P Sš>oImat! H$_bm : nmoB N>m H$~mo?

_y§ g_P`mo V _w§qhOr {~ hm{U doB© nV... {d_bm : ^mC Or AmaVr H$~r.

H$_bm : Vy§ {~ H$Sš>qh IUr ß`ma, _oR>mO, R>ha E| H$_bm : n{hat {VëH$w {S>š~mo `m nhat AmaVr H$~r?
YraO gm§ Jšmpëh ~šxYmBª ... éJšmo n`mo
{dT‹ >t... _mho Zr : E| Mm§da CZ Omo N>m WtXmo?

Jbw m~ : AS‹ >o nJbr! Z_H$ Z hOþ o V Jmš pëh Z_H$sZ {d_bm : Mm§da AmLw>[a`w{Z gm§ IUr ^mC Oo _Wm§
H$sA§ ~UOo? VmoIo Mo‹S>mBU _| _y§ Io Ho$Sš>mo Kmoao {\$Q>m H$~m E| MB~mo, _w§qhOo ^mC Oy§
Z _µOmo BªXmo Amho, Bhm VmoIo H${h‹S>r eb g^w VŠbrµ\y§$ Xya {W`{Z.
˜~a?
Jbw m~ : Amhm ... B©E| ~šxYmB Z! _m§ {~ Mdm§ V
H$_bm : A‹S>o Jwby! _m§ {~ Hy$‹S> nM _| noB© {d‹T>U... H$_bm éJšmo H$amB©A _| _y§ Io YmJšmo noB©
{d‹T>U Mdm§. O§qh Sš>th§ Vy§ _y§Io Z Mo‹S>mBª
V§qh Sš>th§ _y§ Io V ~wI B© H$sZ bJšr! ~šYo E| _m§ BåVhmZ _| _mHyª$$ K{Q> n`mo
IUm§.
(g^B© {Ib{Z Wm)
H$_bm : hbw Hy$‹S>m! H§$qh _| _mHyª$ K{Q> I§`y§ AWoB©?
ML>mo ~šxYmB, "{VëH$' Sš>th§ {VëHw$$Z
{Sš>`m§ V§qh Or _mZm V VmoIo ß`ma B© Z Wr Jbw m~ : na {~ OHo $a Mmd§ a Kmao t V AÄmm§ {~ dYrH$
H$[a`m§? Vy§ AIa{Z dmar ~šmobr g_wPt _mHyª$ {_b{Z Z?
Wmo na {Xb Or ~šmobr Z Wmo g_wPt?
H$_bm : OS>šqh _{o Q>´H$ Omo BåVhmZ S>štX| VS>šqh Mmd§ a
Jbw m~ : A‹S>o Z ... Z ... _m§ V g_P§Xmo A{h`m§. KmoatX{g Vmo _Wm§.

(Jwbm~ Oo XmoñV a_oe Omo AMUw) Jbw m~ : (MmoQ>r nQ>o) V hÿ§A§ Z KmoatXtA?

a_eo : A‹S>o hr {X{b`y§ E| ~šmo{b`y§ ... H$h{‹S>`y§ H$_bm : MmoQ>r N>{Sš> Z V a{I‹S>r {~ Z Wr ~šYm§B...
Jšmpëh`y§ doR>m H$[a`mo? hb.w

Jbw m~ : a_oe! AOšx {d_bm n§{S>{V`mUr Agm§ Io a_eo : Jwbm~! {hH$‹S>r Jšmpëh Mdm§B? Vy§ a{I‹S>r
ajm-~š§YZ Or _{h_m doR>r ~šxYmE. V ~šYmBª Wmo na H$_bm Or ajm H$ao gKt
Wm?o
_mho Zr : gMw, Vìhm§ V {dM _| AMr _w§Pm`mo.
{d_bm _y§ Io AmaVrA ~m~{V doR>o Jbw m~ : _{Vb~?w
g_Pm`mo. hm ... V {d_bm! nmoB N>m
H$~m.o a_eo : N>m A{h‹S>o µOB©µ\$ E| H$_µOmoa ~XZ gm§ H§$qh
Or {~ ajm H$ao gK§X|? _w§qhOmo Sš>moamo {Sš>gw.

(~šm§h§ _mo‹S>o Sš>moamo Sš>oImao Wmo)

{d_bm : WmëhrA _| H$Mm Mm§da, qgXya, Sš>rAmo, _mho Zr : A‹S>o dmh! _m§ V P{Q> n{Q> VmoIo a{I‹S>r
{_òr `m {_R>mB© E| Zmaobw a{I~mo. ~šYr Wr N>{Sš>`m§. hÿ _wAmo gmåhÿ§ dmamo
S>~šbamoQ>rA dmamo Amho Z? Mn{Z Vo {Oš^
H$_bm : ({dM _|) Zmaob Im§ gdmB H$_w Z \o$amE, A{I`w{Z Om Vmam _Wo _moH$bo B©E|
hb§Xmo? Wmo {Zhmao Omo ....

a_eo : H$Sš>qh {~ Z hb§Xmo. Zmaob Imonamo Amho a_eo : AOšx a{I‹S>r ~šYw E| nmoB gw^mUo _y§ gm§ JSšx>
E| Imonao gm§ B© Agm§Or Imon‹S>r H$_w H§$Xr. hbr hþZOo XwH$mZ dQ>m§ b§Kw.

76

H$_bm : A‹S> ... ‹S> ... ‹S> Jwby `mZo {H$ _w§qhOm dm§Jwé JšmBªXtA ""N>b{Z Omo Omo‹S>mo _y§Io
^mC AmUo Sš>tXmo ...''
^mC Jwbm~! Vy§ {~ Sš>moao dmamo WrC Z ... (g^w Vm{S‹ >`§y Wm dOmš B{Z E| géw {_bmE Wm Jmš B{Z...
Jbw m~ : _m§ H$gaV H$aUw E| _bm`y§ ImBUw ewê$ Wmo N>b{Z Omo Omo‹S>mo ...)

H$[a`m§ na BZ eV© Vo V Vy§ g§JrV {gIUw yyy
ewê$ H§$XtA E| nmoB ^JšdÝVr ZmdmUrA

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

nV² aIUw = BµOV ~MmBUw

77

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b>{Z> _| Odm~w {bImo :- gwdmb 6. AXXw ~Xbm`mo :-

1) _mohZr ñHy$b N>mo Z doB©? a{I‹S>r ........................
2) H$_bm H§$qh H§$qhIo a{I‹S>r ~šY§Xr hþB©? YmJmš ........................
3) A~o-OšmAmo Omo _{Vb~w N>m Amho? MmoQ>r ........................
4) "ajm-~š§YZ' Or _mZm g_wPm`mo. Sš>rAm ........................
5) ~š {V{W`y§ {bImo. Wmëhr ........................

gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~ {bImo :- _íµJybr
1) a{I‹S>r ~šYU d{µŠV N>m H$~mo Amho?
2) ajm ~š§YZ Omo B{Vhmg ~šxYm`mo. Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.

gwdmb 3. ho{R> {Sš>Zb Ow_bm H§$qh H§$qhIo M`m {d_bm : hm, Amho V gMr Jšmpëh ................
Am{h{Z? OrA§ ˜Mu KUr {_bo E| OoHo$ ...........

1) ""N>mo ^mB©, AOšx ˜{M©`y§ H$_mBU Vo H$_[a (1) {hH$ {gQ> _| Odm~ {bImo :-
H$N>r AWd N>m?'' 1) Qw>H$a _| KU{Z {H$aXma{Z Or JwµâVµJy {Sš>Zb
Amh?o
2) ""A‹S>o nJbr! Z_H$ Z hþOo V Jšmpëh Z_H$sZ 2) H$_bm Oo ^mC Omo Zmbmo N>m Amho?
H$sA§ ~UOo?'' 3) AmaVr H$aU bmB H${h{‹S>`y§ e`y§ H${_ Bª{X`y§
Am{h{Z?
3) ""MmoQ>r N>{Sš> Z V a{I‹S>r {~ ZWr ~šYmB§... 4) "^mC' bmB {~`š mo H${hS‹ >mo bâµ Oµ w H${_ AmX§ bw
hb.w '' Amh?o

4) ""N>m A{h‹S>o µOB©µ\$ E| H$_µOmoa ~XZ gm§ H§$qh
Or {~ ajm H$ao gK§X|?''

gwdmb 4. {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :- (2) a{I‹S>rA Om OwXm OwXm {µH$ñ_ {bImo.
˜{Vamo ........................
_XX ........................ (3) "a{I‹S>r' bµâµO Om AIa H$V~ AmUo OwXm OwXm
Z_Hw$ ........................ bµâµO R>mho gKO{Z Wm. {Sš>Zb Ow_bmo g_wPr
YraOw ........................ Zdm§ bµâµO R>m{h`mo :-

gwdmb 5. {µOX {bImo :- 1) H$moBbo ~šaU Im§ nmoB {_bo Wr : ..........
BµOV ........................
Am¡Ir ........................ 2) µOmoa gm§ dmH$mo : ..........
gMw ........................
XmoñVw ........................ 3) {gHo$ Omo {hHw$ nmgmo : ..........
H$_µOmoé ........................

78

(4) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| AmaVrA bmB H${_ BªX‹S> gm_mZ {Sš>Zb 1) dmh, N>m V .............. Or ˜we~y Wr AMo!
Am{h{Z. _wZm{g~w bµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 2) ........... H$m~m}h¡S´>oQ> Omo {hHw$ {µH$ñ_w Amho.
3) dra OSš>qh b‹S>mB© Vo dÄmo Wmo V g§X{g _Wo Vo
Sš>rAmo, {VëH$, AJa~Vr
Mm§da .............. Sš>oB© ""IQ>r Am`mo ˜¡a gm§'' Zmamo
bJšo Wmo.
4) µ\${µŠV {hHw$ ............ ~šmaU gm§ D§$X{h µJmB~w
Wr doB©.

(5) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo :-

{~`mZ JšmëhmBªX‹S> ~šxY§X‹S> _Xw X² mo
_mohZr ng©
""~mµH$s {~š`y§ e`y§? {d_bm ........... AmaVr
........... AmaVr Omo gm_mZ
""^mB‹S>o Or AmaVr H$sZ CVmatXrA§!'' ........... {d_bm, H$_bm, _mohZr ...........
........... a{I{S‹ >`{w Z Om {Hµ $ñ_
""N>m Sš>rAmo ~šmao AmaVr H$~r Amho?'' ...........

................................. Jbw m~

""{Sš>gw _y§ Ho$V[a`y§ a{I{‹S>`y§ I§`y§ Am{h{Z.'' ...........



79

qdXwa

_mo~mBb E| H$åß`yQ>a Or B©OmX
BÝgmZ Omo dµŠVw ~MmBU bmB Wr.

bJš ^Jš g^w _wgm{µ\$a n§qhOr n§qhOr _mo~mBb _|
_íµJybw hþAm; na {hH$ AmoaV E| g§X{g gV{Z gmb{Z Omo

~šmbHw$ {H$Vm~ n‹T>U _| _hÿ§ hþAm.
H§$qh gOšU nw{N>`mo : ""_m°µ\$ H$Omo! {~š`m g^w _mo~mBb _| bJšm n`m Am{h{Z

na Vìhm§ Omo ~šmé {H$Vm~ n‹T>U _| bJšmo n`mo Amho.''
Am¡aV Odm~w {Sš>Zmo ""~šma _mBQ>{Z Omo ZµHw$bw H§$Xm Am{h{Z.''

~oeH$! Q>oŠZmobmOr V_m_w dµ\$mXa Zm¡H$é Amho;
na ˜VaZmH$ _m{bHw$$ {nUw.

gwaoe : (\$moZ Vo) _mohZ! N>m {W`mo? H$mëh Im§ dmQ²>gAn Vo Z Amht!
a_oe : N>m ~šxYm`m§! H$mëh Im§ BÝQ>aZoQ> B© ~§{X Amho!
gwaoe : nmoB gOšmo Sš>th§ N>m H$`wB?
a_oe : Ka dma{Z gm§ JšmëhmBU doRw>{g! `ma gMw nMw Sš>mT>m gwR>m _mÊhÿ Am{h{Z!



80

qdXwa

O AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) a_oe gwdmb Omo ghr ............ {Sš>Zmo.
2) _hmË_m Jm§YrA Omo ............. JwOamV Oo nmoa~§Xa eha _| {W`mo.
3) d¥hñnV Im§ nmoB ................ BªXmo Amho.
4) gmb Omo n{h[a`m| _hZmo ............. Amho.
5) ............... _| AMr BÝgmZw hmoew {dÄmmE Wmo.

Ow_mo, OZ_w,
O{Zdar,

Omoew, Odm~w

Oš AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) {H$eZ Or emXrA Or ............... V_m_w em§Xmé hþB©.
2) {dO` qgYrA Omo V_m_w gwR>mo ............... Amho.
3) .............. gdmX Or naI H$ao Wr.
4) {eH$marA Oo ............. _| H$~yVa \$mgr n`m.
5) Z§T>o µH$X dmao Io ............ MB~mo Amho.

OšÄm, {Oš^,
OšmUy,

Ošmé, Ošm{_‹S>mo

81

qdXwa

Oµ AIa Or am§{X

Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo. R>mhr.

1) Ja_w nmUrA Or ~šm\$ dR>U gm§ .............. bhr dÄmo Wmo.
2) amOyA ~mb ............... gm§ C{N>bm`mo.
3) ^mUw {dPU gm§ ............. CnOmD§$ ~{UOo Wr.
4) ............. Vo _b_ bJšmB.
5) V_mH$ dmhno Oo {˜bmµ\w$ H$m°boO Oo em{JX©{Z BÝgmZr ..............

µO§Ora, µOmoa
µOwH$m_,

µO_rZ, µO™_

\$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) Y§Yo _| H$Sš>qh ............ V H$Sš>qh ZwµŠgmZw WtXmo Amho.
2) OO Omo ............. ~šxYr am_M§X Io amhV AmB©.
3) Hw${‹S>_r gwR>mo ............. {Sš>gr Sš>mT>mo ˜w{e {W`mo.
4) hf© M`mo _m§ Xoe Or eodm H$aU bmB ............... _| ^Vu WtXw{g.
5) {Sš>`mar d{µŠV Ho${VamB© _mÊhÿ Ka{Z _| ............ bJšmBªXm Am{h{Z.

\$mBXmo, \$mZyg
\$gb,

\¡$gbmo, \$m¡O

82

qdXwa

\µ $ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) dma g§dmaU bmB ............. H${_ BªXmo Amho.
2) H$ma Io Mma ............. hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z.
3) ............. {ghV bmB gwR>m hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z.
4) {Sš>`marA Sš>th§ ~šma ............... ~šmatXm Am{h{Z.
5) OZ_ Sš>th§ Vo ~šma Ka ................ gm§ gtJmatXm Am{h{Z.

J$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) dµŠV Vo Z nhþMU H$ao ............... Nw>Q>r gKo Wr.
2) H$mOb .............. gwR>mo JšmBªXr Amho.
3) _y§ Io ........... Omo Jwb dU§Xmo Amho.
4) ............ {hH$ n{dÌ ZXr Amho.
5) V_m_w ........... Mm§{h _m§ nr Z gK§Xmo Am{h`m§.

JrVw, J§Jm
JmSš>r,

Jwbm~, Ja_w

83

qdXwa

Jµ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) ........... {ghV bmB ˜am~w Amho.
2) Agm§Io ............. H$_w Z H$aU Kw[aOo.
3) ............ V_m_ gw{hUmo Amho.
4) OmXyJa bH$‹S>r Kw_mE H$~yVa Io ........... H$ao N>{Sš>`mo.
5) {IbU gm§ ............. bhr dÄm{Z Wm.

µJwgmo, µJmbrMmo,
µJb{V,

µJ_, µJmB~w

Jš$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) {hH$ Xµ\o$ Or ............... Amho.
2) {_R>r MQ>UrA _| {JXm{_‹S>r E| ........... {dP~mo Amho.
3) Pw{_a {dP§X‹S> µOmby§ .............. E| ZM§{X`y§ Am{h{Z.
4) H${UH$ Or ............... dR>r Am`mo.
5) H${n‹S>{Z Omo Woëhmo ................. Amho.

Jšz{U, Jšx‹Sx>,
Jšm¡amo,

JšmBª{X`y§, Jšmpëh

84

qdXwa

I AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) ZmZr ............... Vo doR>r Amho.
2) AOšx .............. V_m_ gdmXr R>hr Amho.
3) g_w§S> Omo nmUr ............... WtXmo Amho.
4) Mm§{h _| .............. dYrH$ {dYb Amho.
5) g§^mbo hbw _Vm§ ............... _| {H$at.

IQ>, {I{MUr,
Imamo,

I§Sw>, ISš>

˜$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) Agm§ Io .............. g§^mbo H$aUw KwaOo.
2) amOy gwR>o ............... _m§ Amho.
3) H$~šQ> _| Ho${VamB© ............... Am{h{Z.
4) B§{Xam Jm§YrA n§qhOo {nVm Odmhabmb Zhê$A Io ............. {b{I`mo.
5) _w§qhOmo _wå~B©A dmamo Ké ............. n`mo Amho.

˜mZXmZw, ˜mZm,
˜Mw©,

˜Vw, ˜mbr

85

qdXwa

H$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) Agm§ ZXrA .............. Kw_U d`mgt.
2) ............. Agm§ Om gwR>m XmoñV Am{h{Z.
3) ............. a§Jw dYrH$ Ja_r OwµO~w H§$X‹Sx> Amho.
4) Vyµ\$mZ _| .......... nZ CSš>m_r d`m.
5) .......... _m§ {n{ŠZH$ Vo d`w{g.

{H$Vm~, H$mamo,
{H$Zmao,

H$I, H$mëh

µH$$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) ............ _| dSš>r eŠVr Amho.
2) Agm§ Io .............. ~™e ImYmo ImBUw Kw[aOo.
3) a_oe ............. N>moH$amo Amho.
4) Agm§ Or qgYr ~šmobr ............. XmB_w Amho.
5) Agm§ Io n§qhOr µJbVr .............. H$aUw KwaOo.

µH$b_, µH$m{~bw
µH$mB_w,

µH$~ybw, µHy$V

86

qdXwa

~ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) AOšx V_m_w KUr .......... nB© ahr Amho.
2) _ÝXa Omo XadmµOmo .............. Wr d`mo.
3) ............. Vo {b{I`b AIa gw{hUm Am{hZ.
4) _m§ amoµO ............ _| ñHy$b d|Xr Am{h`m§.
5) ............ nmUrA _| Va§Xr Amho.

~agm{V, ~moS>©
~XH$,

~g, ~§{X

~$š AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) ............... Hy$E nw{R>`m§ S>mo‹S>r noB©.
2) ñHy$b Om ............. {npŠZH$ Vo d`m.
3) Hw${‹S>_r .............. _| H$_w H§$Xmo Amho.
4) qgYrA _| MdUr Amho .......... V ~šmahm§.
5) Zm§Jw ............... _| ah§Xmo Amho.

~š, {~ša,
~šZrA
~šma, {~šbr

87

qdXwa

{Sš>Zb {_gmb{Z _yOw~ AU R>hH§$X‹S> bµâµO _Wm§ Jmob nm`mo.

{_gmbw : g_H$ OšmU ˜~a A˜~ma
n‹T>mB©
1) Bë_ ñHy$b Vmbr_ Sš>mT>mo
_ZmoaWw
2) H$‹S>Hw$ g™Vw Za_w µH$s_Vr
qgYy
3) _Ýem _wamX VmµH$V _g˜amo
Ja_w
4) K{Q> ˜grgw admOr Hw$emXmo
hµ\©w$
5) emhr {MQ>mo XmJµ w ß`mé
_wH©$
6) e{H${b gyaV Vñdra M{hamo
µH$mBXmo
7) H$mogmo WYmo VVbw

8) ˜wbmgmo gmo‹T>mo do{H$amo

9) AmImUr Ow_bmo bµâµOw

10) h~þ Z{µ\$aV µHw$~©w

11) _wíH$ {Ib qZS>

12) _w§hþ§ ~XZw _whm§S>mo

13) H$moa{Q> {Z`_w µH$mZyZw

88

µO_mZ E| µO_mZ Om {µH$ñ_

1) µO_mZ Or bµâµOr _mZm Amho dµŠVw

1) µO_mZw hmbw : Chmo µO_mZw O§qh _m§ hb§X‹S> dµŠV Or OšmU ndo, CZ Io µO_mZw hmbw MB~mo Amho.
{_gmbw : (1) am_w amoQ>r ImE Wmo.
(2) grVm ˜Vw {bIo Wr.

2) µO_mZw _mµOr : Chmo µO_mZw O§qh _m§ Jw{µO[a`b dµŠV Or OšmU ndo, CZ Io µO_mZw _mµOr MB~mo Amho.
{_gmbw : (1) am_ amoQ>r ImYr.
(2) grVm ˜Vw {b{I`mo.

3) µO_mZw _wñVµH${~bw : Chmo µO_mZ O§qh _m§ BªX‹S> dµŠV Or OšmU ndo, CZ Io µO_mZ _wñVµH${~bw MB~mo
Amho.

{_gmbw : (1) am_w amoQ>r ImBªXmo.
(2) grVm ˜Vw {bI§Xr.

4) µO_mZw hmb BñV_wamar : Chmo µO_mZw O§qh _m§ OšmU {_bo V, hb§X‹S> dµŠV _| H$_w Omar Amho, CZ Io µO_mZw
hmbw BñV_wamar MB~mo Amho.

{_gmbw : (1) am_w amoQ>r ImB© a{h`mo Amho.
(2) grVm ˜Vw {bIr ahr Amho.

5) µO_mZw _mµOr BñV_wamar : Chmo µO_mZw O§qh _m§ OšmU {_bo V, JwµO[a` dµŠV _| H$_w Omar hmo, CZ Io µO_mZw
_mµOr BñV_wamar MB~mo Amho.

{_gmbw : (1) am_w amoQ>r ImB© a{h`mo hmo.
(2) grVm ˜Vw {bIr ahr hþB©.

6) µO_mZw _wñVµH${~bw BñV_wamar : Chmo µO_mZw O§qh _m§ OšmU {_bo V, BªX‹S> dµŠV _| H$_w Omar ah§Xmo, CZ Io
µO_mZ _wñVµH${~bw MB~mo Amho.

{_gmbw : (1) am_w amoQ>r ImBªXmo ah§Xmo.
(2) grVm ˜Vw {bI§Xr ah§Xr.



89