sect developed a glorious tradition of instruments, dance and humour. He needs
bhajan-keertan. to be very well informed. Keertan is
performed in a temple or in the precincts
You would like to know this : of a temple.
There are two main traditions of Lalit : Lalit is an old form of
keertan, (1) Naraadiya or Haridasi entertainment in Maharashtra. It belongs
(2) Varakri. Haridasi keertan is a solo to the tradition of Naradiya Keertan. It is
performance. It has two parts, Poorvarang quite popular in Goa and Konkan.
and Uttarrang. Naman (praising god),
Nirupanacha Abhang (singing a During the performance of Lalit on the
composition that leads to the main theme) occasion of religious festivals, it is
and Nirupan (explanation of the main presumed that the presiding deity of that
theme) comprise the Poorvarang. festival is present on the throne and then
Narration of a story to illustrate the main she is invoked for fulfilment of a desire.
theme comprises Uttarrang. In the The invocation continues as follows : “Let
Varkari Keertan collective participation everybody be granted their desire. Let
is more important. The players of cymbals entire village live in happiness till we
also play an important part along with perform next Lalit. Let the internal
the keertankar. During the independence clashes vanish with this performance of
movement a new type of Keertan was Lalit. Let nobody’s mind be spoilt with
developed, known as Rashtriya Keertan. prejudice. Let all transactions happen
It places more importance on creating with clear minds. Let the community’s
awareness by narrating the life stories of behaviour be pious.”
great leaders of the Indian independence
movement, scientists, social reformers, The Lalit is performed in a theatrical
etc. The tradition of Rashtriya Keertan style. Stories of Krishna, Rama and great
was started by Dattopant Patwardhan of devotees are presented during the
Wai in Maharashtra. performance. A few texts of Lalit are
available in Hindi as well. Lalit forms a
Members of the Satyashodhak Samaj part of the backdrop of modern Marathi
founded by Mahatma Jyotirao Phule also theatre.
used Keertan as a medium of creating
social awareness. The style of Keertan by Bharud : Bharud can be described as
Saint Gadge Maharaj resembled closely a metaphorical song that has spiritual and
to Satyashodhak style of Keertan. He ethical lessons. Bharud is comparable to
used to throw light on issues like abolition the style of a road show. Bharuds composed
of caste, cleanliness, deaddiction, etc. by Saint Eknath are popular in Maharashtra
because of its wide range of subjects,
Keertan : Traditionally, Naradmuni dramatic quality, easy rhythm and humour.
is supposed to be the founder of the Saint Eknath composed Bharuds with a
Keertana tradition. Saint Namadev is purpose of educating people on various
known as the first keertankar of aspects of life.
Maharashtra. Other saints helped the
tradition to flourish. Tamasha : Tamasha is a Persian
word. It means a ‘pleasing sight’. Tamasha
The keertankar is also known as developed as an independent art form in
Haridas or Kathekaribuva. He has to dress the 18th century, by absorbing various
in a traditional way. He needs to train traits of folk theatre and classical arts.
himself in oratory, singing, musical
41
There are two types of traditional Tamasha, as well as the audience is essential for a
Sangeet Bari and Dholakicha Phad. Dance successful performance. The theatre
and music are more important than drama comprises several factors such as script,
in a Sangeet Bari. Tamasha with drama director, artists, make-up, costumes, stage,
as the main part, was developed later. It art design (backdrop of the stage), lighting
included Vag, the dramatic part, little arrangement, audience and critics. Dance
later. The Vag becomes very lively and and music can also be part of a drama. A
entertaining because of its spontaneous drama is usually enacted with the help of
humour. The show begins by singing the dialogues. However, mime can also be
praise of Lord Ganesha, known as Gana. used as the medium of expression.
It is followed with the presentation of
Gavalan. The second part of Tamasha The rulers of the Bhosale family of
presents the Vag. The popular plays like Tanjore were great patrons of drama.
Vichchha Mazi Puri Kara or Gadhavache Some of them had written a few plays
Lagna are examples of the modern form and also translated Sanskrit plays. The
of Tamasha. 19th century saw a great development of
the Marathi thetre. Vishnudas Bhave is
Powada : Powada (ballad) is a known as the father of the Marathi
dramatic narration by alternatingly reciting theatre. Seetaswayamvar was the first
poetry and prosaic extracts. Powada play presented by him.
narrates great deeds of heroic men and
women in a very forceful and inspiring The movement started by Vishnudas
style. The Powada composed by Bhave was followed in Maharashtra by
Adnyandas, a contemporary poet of historical, mythological and also light
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj, narrating the farcical stage plays. The farcical plays
incidence of the killing of Afzal Khan dealt with social issues in a humorous way.
and another one on the battle of Sinhagad,
composed by Tulasidas, are two well- Initially no written scripts were used.
known examples of Powada. Often, only the lyrics were written down
but the dialogues used to be spontaneous.
In the British period, Powadas narrating V.J. Kirtane was the first author who wrote
the stories of Umaji Naik, Chapekar the script of Thorale Madhavrao Peshwe
brothers, Mahatma Gandhi were composed. in 1861 and its printed copy was made
During the ‘Samyukt Maharashtra’ available. This was the beginning of the
movement the powadas were used as a tradition of having a complete written
medium of creating public awareness. script ready before staging a play.
6.3 Marathi Theatre In the latter half of the 19th century,
Balkrishnbuva Ichalkaranjikar made
Theatre is a place devoted to special efforts to introduce classical khyal
performances, either solo or collective, of music in Maharashtra. After him Ustad
performing arts. Participation of the artist Alladiya Khan, Ustad Abdul Karim Khan
and Ustad Rahimatkhan contributed in a
Gather information about dramas great way. Their efforts helped in developing
on the life of Chhatrapati Shivaji a taste for classical music among the
Maharaj, Chhatrapati Sambhaji audience in Maharashtra. The growing
Maharaj, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, popularity of classical music resulted in
Lokamanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi the origin of musical Marathi theatre. The
and Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar. musical plays of Kirloskar Mandali became
42
very popular. Sangeet Shakuntal written by great actors. The early Marathi playes
Annasaheb Kirloskar earned a great were staged on open grounds. The British
popularity. Another musical play, Sharada, first built closed theatres like Play House,
written by Govind Ballal Deval is quite Rippon and Victoria in Mumbai. Thereafter,
important, as it comments in a humorous the shows of Marathi plays gradually took
style on the evil custom of marrying young to closed theatres.
girls to aged men. Also plays such as
Mooknayak, written by Shripad Krishna Do you know ?
Kolahtkar, Sangeet Manapaman, written
by Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar and The renowned author-poet Vishnu
Ekach Pyala written by Ram Ganesh Waman Shirwadkar, also known as
Gadkari are important in the history of Kusumagraj wrote Natasamrat, a play
Marathi theatre. styled after Shakespeare’s well known
play, ‘King Lear’. It became very
Do you know ? popular. Ganpatrao Belvalkar, the tragic
protagonist of Natasamrat represents a
Khadilkar wrote Keechakvadh, a blend of two well-known personalities
metaphorical drama to denounce the of early Marathi stage, Ganpatrao Joshi
British government. It was based on and Nanasaheb Phatak.
certain events in the Mahabharata.
Draupadi represented helpless Mother 6.4 Indian film Industry
India, while Yudhishthira represented Cinema : Cinema is a medium that
the moderates and Bheem, the extremists.
Keechaka represented the insolent brings together art and technology. With the
Viceroy Lord Curzon. The audience used technology of motion pictures the film
to percieve the characters in this fashion industry came into being. It gave rise to the
and feel enraged about the imperialistic era of silent movies. Later, the technology
attitude of the British government. of sound recording was introduced and the
age of sound movies began.
The popular plays written by Acharya
Atre like Sashtang Namaskar, Udyacha Do you know ?
Sansar, Gharabaher etc. helped the
Marathi theatre to sustain through a Types of movies : Satirical movies,
temporary decline. The recent plays based Documentaries, Advertising films,
on historical themes like Raygadala Jevha Children’s films, Movies about army,
Jag Yete and Ithe Oshalala Mrutyu by Educational movies, Movies narrating a
Vasant Kanetkar, Ghashiram Kotwal by story, etc.
Vijay Tendulkar, Tilak Ani Agarkar by
Vishram Bedekar became very popular. The honour of making and releasing
the first full length movie goes to
The Marathi stage continued to get Maharashtra. Maharashtra is known as the
enriched because of its varied subjects and land that nurtured the Indian film industry.
types of the plays. Marathi stage artists of The contribution of Madanrao Madhavrao
the bygone era like Ganpatrao Joshi, Pitale, the Patwardhan family of Kalyan,
Narayanrao Rajahamsa, more popularly Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatvadekar,
known as Balgandharva, Keshavrao also known as Savedada is very important
Bhosale, Chintamanrao Kolhatkar and in the development of Indian movies.
Ganpatrao Bodas are still remembered as
43
Later, Gopal Ramchandra Torane which was a silent one. He also created
also known as Dadasaheb Torane and historical movies like Kalyancha Khajina,
A. P. Karandikar, S. N. Patankar, V. P. Bajiprabhu Deshapande and Netaji Palkar.
He also made a movie on a realistic
Divekar sought social issue, entitled Savakari Pash. In
help from Foreign 1925 Bhalaji Pendharkar made a movie
technicians and entitled Bajirao-Mastani. However the
made a movie British government suspected it to be a
entitled Pundalik. It medium of spreading nationalistic
was released in sentiments and it was banned.
Mumbai in 1912.
Kamalabai Mangarulkar was the first
Raja Harischandra, woman producer. She produced Savalya
Tandel and Panaa Dai (Hindi). Ramshastri,
a movie directed a movie made by Prabhat Company in
Dadasaheb Torane by 1944 became very popular. In the post-
Dadasaheb independence period a few movies were
made on historical themes. Aacharya Atre
Phalke was the first to be processed made a movie on the life of Mahatma
Phule and Vishram Bedekar made movie
completely in India. It was released in on the life of Vasudev Balwant Phadke.
Dinakar D. Patil made a movie entitled,
Mumbai, in 1913. Dhanya te Santaji Dhanaji. Bal Shivaji, the
movie made by Prabhakar Pendharkar also
He also created needs a special mention.
silent movies Sant Tukaram is a movie to have
received international acclaim. It was
named as Mohini- shown in the international film festival
in Paris. Vishnupant Pagnis acted as
Bhasmasur, Savitri- Saint Tukaram in this film.
Satyavana, also Let us find out :
Let us search on the internet the
documentaries on
names of historical movies, which are
the rock-cut caves not mentioned in this lesson and let us
make a list of those names.
of Verul and
Historical movies were also made in
pilgrim centres of Hindi. The Hindi movies made in the pre-
Independence period, Sikandar, Tansen,
Nashik and Dadasaheb Phalke Samrat Chandragupta, Prithvivallabha and
Mughal-e-Azam were made with a historical
Tryambakeshwar. Later, a tradition of backdrop. Dr Kotanis ki Amar Kahani was
based on a true story. The movies based
making movies on historical and on the Indian struggle for independence
such as Andolan, Zansi ki Rani, also
mythological subjects came into being. deserve a mention.
Anandrao Painter, the first one to
make a cine-camera of Indian make, also
got interested in the making of movies.
His cousin Baburao Painter, also known
as ‘Mistri’, made Sairandhri in 1918. He
made the first historical movie, Simhgarh,
You would like to know this :
The government of India created a
special division for making documentaries.
It was named as ‘Films division’. The
documentaries released by this division
used to be shown in the cinema theatres
before the beginning of the main movie.
They were aimed at creating public
awareness about various issues. Gather
more information about it.
44
Let us find out : essential. Experts in these fields can work
Find out the names of historical as art directors or consultants.
Marathi movies made during the period (2) The script writers as well as
of 1970-2015 with the help of internet. dialogue writers need assistance of experts
in languages and the history of languages,
Production studios such as ‘Bombay as well as experts in cultural history of
Talkies’, ‘Rajkamal Productions’, ‘R.K. a given period.
Studios’, ‘Navketan’, etc. played a
significant role in the development of Cinema : (1) The art directors of
Indian film industry. movies create the backdrop designs of
atmosphere, costumes and jewellery, make-
6.5 Entertainment and Professional up, hair styles, etc., suitable to the times
Opportunities of the theme of the movie. Scholars of
history can work in this field as art
The students of history can avail of directors or as consultant to the art director.
many professional opportunities in the
fields of drama and movies. (2) To write movie dialogues,
knowledge of the culture and language as
Drama : (1) In order to achieve spoken in the concerned period is necessary.
accuracy of stage backdrops on the stage Experts in these fields can find many
deep knowledge of the history of arts and professional opportunities.
architecture of the concerned period is
Exercise
1. (A) Choose the correct option from the 3. Write short notes :
given options and complete the (1) Need of entertainment
statement. (2) Marathi Theatre (3) Entertainment
(1) ……… are supposed to be the first and professional opportunities
keertankar in Maharashtra.
4. Explain the following statements with
(a) Saint Dnyanehshwar reasons.
(b) Saint Tukaram (c) Saint Namdev
(1) Expertise in history is important in the
(d) Saint Eknath film industry.
(2) Baburao painter made the movie, (2) Bharuds composed by Saint Eknath
……….. . are popular in Maharashtra.
(a) Pundalik (b) Raja Harischandra 5. Answer the following questions in
detail.
(c) Sairandhri (d) Bajirao-Mastani
(1) Why is Maharashtra known as the land
(B) Identify and write the wrong pair that nurtured the Indian film industry ?
in the following set.
(2) What is Powada ?
(1) Raigadala Jevha Jag Yete – Vasant
Kanetkar Project
(2) Tilak Ani Agarkar – Vishram Bedekar Get the lyrics of any one of Saint Eknath’s
(3) Sashtang Namaskar – Acharya Atre Bharud, and enact it in the cultural
(4) Ekach Pyala – Annasaheb Kirloskar programme of your school.
2. Complete the following chart.
Bhajan Keertan Lalit Bharud
Characterisitcs
Examples
45
7. Sports and History
7.1 Importance of Sports 7.5 Toys and History
7.2 Types of sports
7.3 Globalisation of Sports 7.6 Literature and Movies on sport
7.4 Game Materials and Toys
7.7 Sports and Professional
Opportunities
Sports combine entertainment and entertainment. The ancient Indian literature
physical exercise. and epics mention various games such as
games of dice (dyut), wrestling, Horse and
To play is a natural human instinct. Chariot races and chess.
Hence, the history of sports begins with
the origin of mankind. Various games have Do you know ?
been played since the beginning of
civilisation. Hunting was indeed a way of Sports and
obtaining food for the ancient people but Greeks is a very
it was also looked upon as a game and ancient equation.
The Greeks were
Wrestling the first to
Standardise the rules of sports and
Do you know ? organise them systematically. They
There are a number of training started sports competitions of Discus
centres for wrestling and other sports. throw, Horse and Chariot Races, Wrestling
1. Vyayamshala of famous wrestlers and Boxing, etc. The ancient event of
Jummadada and Manikrao, Vadodara. Olympic competitions used to be held at
2. Kreeda Vidyapeeth, Patiyala. Olympia, the ancient Greek city. To be
3. Svarnim Gujarat Sports, Gandhinagar. able to participate in Olympics and be a
4. Khasbag Talim and Motibag Talim, winner is supposed to be a great honour
Kolhapur. for sports persons.
5. Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal,
Amaravati. 7.1 Importance of Sports
6. Shri Shiv Chhatrapati Kreeda Sankul,
Balewadi, Pune. To play games is very important for
us. It enables us to overcome suffering and
worries. Games help us to relax and
refresh our minds. Games, which involve
lot of physical activities, provide good
exercise as well. Games help in building
a tenacious and strong body. Playing
games also helps us in developing courage,
determination and sportsmanship. Games
needing collective participation help us to
develop a sense of cooperation and team
spirit. It also helps in developing leadership.
46
7.2 Types of sports Langadi
Sports are of two types, ‘Indoor
sports’ and ‘International Sports’. Indian
Games’ and ‘Outdoor Games’. games include Langadi, Kabaddi,
Indoor Games : Indoor Games are Atyapatya, Kho-kho, etc.
played within a closed environment and Do you know ?
a number of them are played by sitting
at one place. They include chess, card Daily schedule of Lakshmibai, the
games, games played with gamesmen and Queen of Jhansi :
dice, carom, etc. The game known by
various names as Kachkavadya or ‘Her highness was very fond of
Chaukabara, or as Indian Ludo is very physical exercise. She used to wake up in
popular among Indians. The game known the early hours, spent an hour (2 ghatikas)
as Sagargote played with a bunch of exercising on the Mallakhamb and then
seeds or stones, is usually played by girls. she had rounds of horse ride and a long
There is another game known as Bhatukali elephant ride. Two hours (4 ghatikas)
after sunrise, she would eat khurak (a diet
Chess meant for enhancing physical strength)
and drink milk. Thereafter, she had bath.’
(playing house) which is usually played
by girls. However, all the members in (Translated from Maza Pravas by Vishnubhat Godse)
the family can also participate in it,
especially in the mock wedding of a girl Indian games like marbles, Lagori,
doll and a boy doll. It is an occasion of Vitti-Dandu or Gilli-Danda, Bhingari
(whorls), Bhovare (tops), Phugadi, Zimma
are quite popular.
The international games include
Badmington (alternatively spelt as
Kabaddi Table-Tennis
family celebration.
Outdoor games : The outdoor games
can be categorised into two types, ‘Indian
47
Skating
Football Shot put, discus throw, long jump,
high jump, water sports like swimming
Badminton), Table Tennis, Hockey, competitions, water polo, rowing and
Cricket, Football, Golf, Polo, etc. sports that combine physical exercise and
acrobatics like mallakhamb, rope
Among outdoor sports, running races mallakhamb, gymnastics, etc. are all
are popular all over the world. Sprints or included in the outdoor sports based on
short distance running races are usually physical skills.
arranged for 100 and 200 metres. There
are also middle distance and long distance Let us find out :
races. Marathon is a long distance running
race. Other types of running races are Get to know more about wrestlers
hurdles and relay races. Khashaba Jadhav, Maruti Mane and
cricketer Bharatratna Sachin Tendulkar
with the help of internet.
Mallakhamb Adventurous games : Ice skating,
skiing, ice hockey, etc. are popular games
that require balancing skills.
There are many other adventurous
games which include rock-climbing,
gliding, auto racing - cars and motorbikes,
etc.
Sports Competitions : Sport
competitions of various types is a
Do you know ? Cricket
According to Manisha Bathe
Mallakhamb and its various tactics
were devised by Balambhat Deodhar,
the physical trainer of Peshwa Bajirao
II. She also notes that Balambhat
was inspired watching monkeys while
they leaped and played on trees.
48
worldwide phenomenon. Sport scattered all over the world have
significantly affected the entire structure of
competitions like Olympics, Asian Games sports economy. Fans watch the matches
for entertainment, industrial and
also known as Asiad, Paralympic or commercial companies look at it as a good
opportunity to advertise their ware. Retired
Special Olympics for disabled people, sportsmen also have an opportunity to
participate as commentators.
Cricket World Cup, etc. are organised on
7.4 Game Materials and Toys
regular basis. Also international
The means and equipments for the
competitions for many other sports like entertainment and education of children
are called toys. Clay toys have been found
hockey, wrestling, chess, etc. are organised in archaeological excavations. These toys
were fashioned either by hands or by using
on a grand scale. In India hockey and moulds.
cricket are very popular. Hockey is our Dolls are mentioned in the ancient
Indian literature. A Sanskrit play by
national game. Competitions of all these Shudraka is named as Mrichchhakatika. It
means a clay cart.
games are organised at local, city, taluka,
Do you know ?
district, state, national and international
Kathasaritsagara has very interesting
levels. Sportspersons who perform well in descriptions of games and toys. There
are descriptions of flying dolls. It
national and international competitions mentions that on pressing a key some
dolls used to fly, some used to dance
have good career prospects. and some used to make sounds.
Do you know ? Let us find out :
In India, there are regional
Major Dhyan Chand, an expert traditions of making dolls. The wooden
player of hockey was also the captain dolls made in Maharashtra were known
of the Indian hockey team. Indian as Thaki.
Hockey team won a Gold Medal in Let us find out about other regions
1936 at Berlin Olympics under his where dolls were made or are still
captaincy. He was also part of the being made.
previous Indian hockey teams in 1928 Let us also find out the local
and 1932, which played at Olympics names of such dolls.
and won Gold medals. 29th August, the
birth date of Dhyan Chand is celebrated 7.5 Toys and History
as the National Sports Day in India.
He was known as the ‘Wizard of Toys can throw light on history and
Hockey’. He was honoured with a technological development. We can also
‘Padmabhushan’ in 1956. get a glimpse of religious and cultural
7.3 Globalisation of Sports
The field of sports in the 20th-21st
century was naturally influenced by the
process of globalisation. The international
matches of various sports like cricket,
football, lawn tennis can be watched on
television in any corner of the world. Thus,
citizens of the non-participant countries
can also enjoy these matches. For instance,
the world cup winning match played by
Indian cricketers was watched by cricket
fans all over the world. Sports fans
49
traditions through them. As a part of to do research of this kind. Knowledge of
traditional Diwali celebrations in history of sports is also essential for
Maharashtra model forts are made. Clay writing articles in various publications
images of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and like encyclopaedia, newspapers, sports
his soldiers and also people and animals magazines, etc.
are placed on these model forts. This
tradition keeps the memory alive of the 7.7 Sports and Professional
important role of forts in the history of Opportunities
Maharashtra.
Although sports and history appears
An ivory doll made by Indian craftsmen to be distant as subjects, there is a close
was found in the excavation of Pompeii, tie between them. Students of history can
an ancient in Italy. It is dated to 1st find many opportunities in the field of
century C.E. This artefact throws light on sports journalism. One needs to resort to
the Indo-Roman trade relations. Thus, toys history in order to write articles, reviews
found in archaeological excavations can about sports events like Olympics or
tell us about cultural contacts between Asiad or national and international
nations in ancient times. matches.
7.6 Literature and Movies on sport Expert commentators are in demand
during sports matches. An expert
Publishing of books and commentator needs to have good
encyclopaedias of sports is a newly knowledge of the history, statistics,
developing enterprise. The history of previous records, eminent players,
Mallakhamb has been recently published. historical anecdotes, etc. related to the
There is an encyclopaedia on the subject concerned game. Knowledge of history is
of exercise. Some years ago there was a useful for them.
sports magazine named ‘Shatkar’. There
is ample literature available in English on Matches of various sports like cricket,
sports. Some television channels are football, kabaddi, chess, etc. are shown
exclusively devoted to sports. live on television on various channels.
The role of professionals who track and
Recently, some movies on sports and keep the record of these telecasts from
biography of players have been released various channels has become very
in various languages. For instance, the important now. The sports channels
films Mary Kom and Dangal. Mary Kom continue telecasting round the clock.
is the first Indian female boxer to There are many professional opportunities
participate in the Olympics and to win a available in this field.
bronze medal. Dangal is based on the life
story of Foghat sisters who were the first Referees are an essential factor of
Indian female wrestlers to win gold sports matches. Trained referees are
medals at various international required to pass qualifying examinations.
competitions. Qualified referees can work at district,
state, national and international levels.
The process of making a movie Government and private sectors are trying
requires deep study of the particular to promote sports. There are scholarships
period of the movie’s story, language, offered to sportspersons. There are reserved
dressing style, social life, etc. of that seats for them in the government and
period. Students of history are well trained private establishments.
50
Do you know ?
Bal J. Pandit was the history of the playground,
first Indian cricketer to career history of the players,
pioneer cricket commentary. anecdotes about the game,
People used to listen very and established records of
eagerly to his broadcasts the game. His commentaries
from Akashvani. His well- used to be entertaining
studied commentaries were because of these historical
full of information about the details.
Exercise
1. (A) Choose the correct option from the (2) Toys can tell us about cultural history.
given options and complete the
statement. 4. Write detailed answers to the following
questions.
(1) The ancient event of Olympic
competitions used to be held (1) Write about the history of sports
at ............ . equipment and toys in ancient India.
(a) Olympia, Greece (b) Rome (2) Explain the close tie between sports
and history.
(c) India (d) China
(3) Explain the difference between indoor
(2) The wooden dolls made in and outdoor games.
Maharashtra are known as ............ .
Project
(a) Thaki (b) Kalichandika
(1) Collect information about your
(c) Gangavati (d) Champavati favourite sports and its players.
(B) Identify and write the wrong pair (2) Discuss the hardships the
in the following set. sportspersons have to face while
training for the sport with the help of
(1) Mallakhamb – Outdoor game based information gathered through movies
on physical skills and literature.
(2) Water polo – Water sport
(3) Skating – Adventurous ice sport
(4) Chess – Outdoor game
2. Write notes :
(1) Toys and Festivals
(2) Sports and movies
3. Explain the following statements with
reasons.
(1) Currently the structure of sports
economy has been significantly
affected.
51
8. Tourism and History
8.1 Tourism in the Past Do you know ?
8.2 Types of Tourism
8.3 Development of Tourism Benjamin of Tudela is known as
8.4 Conservation and Preservation of the first European traveller/discoverer.
He was born in Spain. During the
Historical Places period of 1159-1173 C.E. he travelled
8.5 Professional Opportunities in the to France, Germany, Italy, Greece,
Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Iraq, Persia,
Tourism and Hospitality Industry India and China. He maintained
diaries of the accounts of his travels.
8.1 Tourism in the Past His diaries are viewed as important
historical documents.
The tradition of travelling is quite old
in India. People used to travel for various Marco Polo, the Italian traveller
reasons like pilgrimage, going to local of the 13th century introduced Asia,
fairs and festivals, in search of a renowned especially China to Europe. He stayed
teacher and good education, for trade, etc. in china for 17 years. He wrote about
In brief, from ancient times people took to the flora and fauna, social life, culture
travelling for various reasons. and trade systems of Asia.
Do you know ? Ibn Batuta, the traveller of the
14th century took the world on a
The Buddhist literature tells us virtual travel of the Islamic world
that Gautam Buddha travelled to with his travel accounts. He was
several cities in ancient India for travelling for 30 years. He had
preaching. Buddhist monks were resolved not to travel twice on the
ordained not to stay at one place but same route. His accounts are helpful
keep travelling continuously to various in understanding the medieval history
places. Jain monks, sadhus also used and social life.
to travel constantly.
Gerardus Mercator, of 16th
Yuan Shwang, the Chinese monk century was a cartographer. He is
travelled to India in 630 C.E. In the known for creating a world map and
medieval period Saint Namdev, Saint globe of the earth. His work proved
Eknath, Guru Nanak, Ramdas Swami to be very useful for navigation
travelled extensively in India. around the world.
Tourism : Tourism can be defined as noteworthy in the context of tourism
travelling to visit places in distant regions history. He organised a trip by railway
for a specific purpose. from Leicester to Loughborough for about
600 people. Later he was successful in
In the latter half of the 19th century Organising a round trip of Europe.
C.E. the name of Thomas Cook is
52
Eventually he established a travel agency locations of tourist interests. Mass media
selling tourist tickets. This early venture began to make special audio-visual
of Thomas cook opened doors for the presentations highlighting places of tourist
development of modern tourism. interest. Tourism can be broadly typified
into local tourism, interstate tourism,
Do you know ? international tourism, religious tourism,
historical tourism, health tourism, science
The tradition of travelling from tourism, agro-tourism, sports tourism,
corner to corner was prevalent in India tourism based on special events, etc.
from ancient times. Vishnubhat Godase
wrote down the accounts of his journey Local and Interstate Tourism : This
from Maharashtra to Ayodhya and kind of tourism is not very overwhelming
back to Maharashtra. It is published because it is within one’s own country. It
as a book entitled, ‘Maza Pravas’ does not cause difficulties of language,
(My Journey). Vishnubhat travelled procuring currency and documents. More
during times of the Indian war of so, we can plan it at the time suitable
independence in 1857. He was the to us.
eye witness for many events related to
this historical event. His accounts are International Tourism : Nowadays, it
full of detailed descriptions about has become easier to travel because of the
various incidences during this period, easy availability of a number of options
especially those about the life of of railway, marine and air transport.
Lakshmibai, the queen of Jhansi. We Marine transport has linked the coastal
also get to know the nature of Marathi regions. There is a trans-European railway
language of the 18th century. This route. Aviation has brought the entire
book is one of the important sources world closer. Because of the economic
of history of that period. liberalisation policy of the Indian
government the number of people travelling
8.2 Types of Tourism back and forth from India has increased
considerably. They include people travelling
These days tourism has become an for studies, relaxation, sightseeing, and
independent field of local, interstate, professional assignments (meetings,
national and international business. The agreements, etc.), also for shooting of
desire to visit national and international films, etc. One needs to procure various
monuments, places of historical importance official documents for travelling abroad.
and natural beauty, ancient centres known
for handicrafts, pilgrim centres, industrial Historical Tourism : This type of
centres and sites of various developmental tourism is popular all over the world. Tours
projects, etc. promotes tourism. Tourists to historical places are arranged to satisfy
from all over the world wish to visit people’s interest in history. It can be noted
natural and manmade sites, which offer in this context that Gopal Neelkanth
a delightful and awe inspiring experience. Dandekar, a renowned Marathi writer used
The places like snow-capped peaks, to arrange hiking tours to forts in
beaches, pristine jungles, which were Maharashtra, to explore the sights closely
neglected previously, became important linked to Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj and
his achievements. Tours are also arranged
to important historical sites in India such
as forts in Rajasthan, Ashrams of Mahatma
Gandhi and Acharya Vinoba Bhave,
53
important places related to the Indian war to India to avail of the medical facilities
of independence in 1857, etc. and health services. India is a tropical
country, where ample sunlight is available
Valley of Flowers throughout the year. This attracts tourist
from countries with cold climate to India.
You would like to know this : Availability of facilities for Yoga training
People of various religious and therapies based on Ayurveda is one
more reason to want to visit India.
communities are dispersed globally.
However, they feel united because of Agro-Tourism : Agro-tourism, which
their mythological traditions and the is also known as agri-tourism, is rapidly
places associated with those traditions. developing, especially meant for the urban
This creates a desire to travel to those population, which has very little exposure
places and it gives rise to religious to rural life and agriculture. Now, Indian
tourism. In this context the constructions, farmers are also visiting faraway places
undertaken by Ahilyabai Holkar spending like agricultural research centres,
from her personal funds are noteworthy. agricultural universities, and countries like
Ahalyabai wanted to provide good Israel where experimentation in advanced
amenities on the pilgrim routes like technology of agriculture is carried out.
Chardham Yatras and Bara Jyotirlingas.
Sports Tourism : Sports tourism was
Geographic Tourism : This type of
tourism involves visiting places to observe developed in the 20th century. There are
special geographic features of a region. It
includes various natural and animal various sports events organised on
sanctuaries, places like valley of flowers
(Uttarakhand), various beaches, unique international level like Olympics,
geographical wonders like the crater lake
at Lonar and ranjankhalage (naturally Wimbldon, World Chess Championship
carved out cavities in rocks) at Nighoj in
Maharashtra. Many tourists like to visit and international cricket tournaments, etc.
these places to satisfy their curiosity.
While there are events like ‘Himalayan
Health Tourism : People from the
western countries find the health services Car Rally’ on national level, events like
and facilities in India comparatively
cheaper and yet of good standard. ‘Maharashtra Kesari’ Wrestling
Hence, many foreigners preferred to come
competitions are organised on state level.
Travelling to attend such events comes
under sports tourism.
Tourism based on Special Events :
People want to travel and they are often on
the lookout for special reasons to do it. In
the 21st century it has become common to
organise such events, which also help to
Let us find out :
Apart from the types of tourism
mentioned above, there are other types
like, science tourism, leisure and
relaxation tourism also known as
wellness tourism, cultural tourism and
group tourism, etc. Let us find more
about it on the internet with the help
of the teachers.
54
promote tourism. Film festivals, various Can you tell ?
types of seminars and conferences,
international book exhibitions, etc. are What facilities should be made
examples of such special events. People available to the tourists?
keep visiting several places to attend such How would you behave with the
special events. Many literature enthusiasts tourist if you are the local person at
in Maharashtra travel every year to attend a tourist site?
‘Akhil Bhartiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan’
(Pan Indian Marathi Literary Convention). books about a tourist site be available in
their own language. Hence, such literature
8.3 Development of Tourism should be made available in various
languages. It would be helpful if the taxi
The crucial issue in the development drivers are trained to converse in more
of tourism is providing proper guidance to than one languages. They may also be
national and international tourists about trained as tourist guides.
various aspects of the actual travel, proper
social conduct during the tour and during
their stay at the destination places.
Do this. Gharapuri Caves
Gather more information about Try this.
the Swachh Bharat drive. Collect pictures and photos of
the cultural, natural and mixed
Giving priority to ensure safe transport heritage sites in India, with the help
and security facilities for the tourists, of internet.
amenities of reasonably good standard,
availability of good accommodation, good Kas Pathar
washroom facilities on the travel routes is
of great significance in promoting tourism.
It is also very important to pay special
attention to the special needs of handicapped
tourists.
It is important to take a few primary
precautions in order to preserve the
historical heritage sites. It is essential
that few things should be avoided at
any instance, for example: vandalising
or defacing the heritage monuments
and sites. In order to avoid it everybody
should refrain from activities like
writing on walls or carving on trees,
paint ancient monuments in garish
colours, etc. Lack of good amenities in
the precincts of the heritage sites causes
filthiness.
It is very essential for the tourists
that pamphlets, guides and history
55
8.4 Conservation and Preservation of Heritage Walks : To go on a tour
Heritage for visiting historical places is known as
‘Heritage Walk’. One can experience
It is a hard task to preserve and the thrill of being a part of history by
conserve heritage sites. Our country is very participating in heritage walks.
rich with historical sites dating to ancient,
medieval and modern period. It is also ‘Heritage Walks’ as an organised
blessed with abundance of nature. group activity has gained popularity in
many countries. India has a rich history,
Heritage of any country is divided which can be traced back to many
into, Natural Heritage and Cultural millenniums. Every region of India is full
(manmade) Heritage. There are some of historical places from ancient, medieval
Heritage Sites in India, which are acclaimed and modern period. The ‘Heritage walk’
globally, such as Taj Mahal at Agra, organised in the city of Ahmedabad is
Jantar Mantar observatory at Jaipur, and well-known. In the cities of Mumbai and
also the rock-cut caves at Ajanta, Verul Pune in Maharashtra such walks are
and Gharapuri (Elephanta), Chhatrapati organised regularly. Heritage walks can
Shivaji Maharaj Railway Terminus in encourage people to support projects like
Maharashtra. Kas Plateau in Maharashtra conservation and preservation of historical
is located in the Western Ghats, which is monuments, to collect authentic
a World Natural Heritage site. information about them and to publish it
through various media. Residences of
There are tourists all over the world, renowned citizens who have passed away
who wish to visit world heritage sites. are also part of heritage. In some cities
Foreign tourists come in large numbers to ‘blue plaques’ with the names and other
visit the heritage sites in our country. It relevant information of such citizens are
makes us feel very proud when an Indian placed on their residences, as a part
heritage site is declared as a world heritage heritage scheme.
site. However, whenever we visit such
places we feel very disappointed because Try this.
of what we see there. We get to see that
people have written their names with Organise ‘Heritage Walks’ with
charcoal; have drawn pictures, vandalising the help of your teachers as part of
the heritage site. It affects our image as a educational tours to historical places.
nation. To preserve the heritage sites we
need to resolve that : It has tremendous scope for experimentation
and innovation.
(1) I shall strive to maintain the
cleanliness of heritage sites. A good number of opportunities of
employment are available in the tourism
(2) I shall not do anything, which will and hospitality industry. The country
result in vandalising of any historical site. which is a tourist destination begins to
receive revenue even before a tourist
8.5 Professional Opportunities in the arrives at the airport of that country. He
Tourism and Hospitality Industry has to pay for his visa. He spends for
his travel, stay in hotels, food, payment
Tourism and Hospitality is an industry
with potential to create maximum
employment opportunities. If managed
professionally, it is a very stable industry.
56
to translators and guides, buying Shegaon, Tulajapur, Kolhapur, Nashik,
newspapers, reference books, souvenirs, Tryambakeshwar, Paithan, Haji Malang,
etc. This contributes to the growth of Gurudvara at Nanded, Mount Mary
economy of that country. Church in Mumbai, etc.; hill stations like
Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, Khandala,
Markets in the vicinity grow along Lonavala, Matheran, Chikhaldara, etc.;
with the development of a tourist centre. dams at Koyananagar, Jayakwadi,
Hence, the local handicrafts and cottage Bhatghar, Chandoli, etc. and sanctuaries
industries also begin to develop. The at Dajipur, Sagareshwar, Tadoba, etc. are
demand for locally processed food items among the important tourist centres in
and ethnic handicrafts increases. It results Maharashtra.
in better income for local artisans, business
people and wage earners. The Maharashtra Tourism
Development Corporation was set up in
Development of Tourism in 1975. It helped in the development of
Maharashtra : Maharashtra is a state tourism in Maharashtra. The corporation
blessed with rich heritage. The much- has provided facilities of tourist hotels at
admired rock-cut caves, paintings and 47 places. Together these hotels can
sculptures of Ajanta, Verul and Gharapuri accommodate more than 4000 tourists.
(Elephanta); pilgrim centres like Dehu, Many private entrepreneurs are also
Alandi, Jejuri, Pandharpur, Shirdi, providing hospitality services to tourists.
Do you know ?
An unusual Village of Books
Bhilar is a village near with a view to accelerate the ‘Reading
Culture’ movement for the reader-tourists
Mahabaleshwar, which boasts of natural to enjoy the beauty of Marathi literature
enriched by the works of old and new
beauty and sweetness of authors and saints. It includes various
types of texts like biographies,
strawberry. It is also autobiographies, fiction, poetry, literature
by women, literature on sports, literature
known as the ‘Village of for kids, etc.
Books’. Every household If you go to Mahabaleshwar, make
it a point to visit Bhilar as well.
in this village maintains
a library of its own for
the tourists to enjoy.
Maharashtra State
Government has implemented this scheme
Can you tell ? You would like to know this :
What kind of new occupations were Cultural tourism includes activities
introduced in the surroundings of like visiting educational institutes of
your village/town because of growing repute; trying to get a glimpse of local
tourism? culture, history and traditions; visiting
historical monuments at a place; trying
What difference could be observed in to appreciate the achievements of local
the lifestyle of people in the people and also participating in the
surroundings of your village-town local festivals of dance, music, etc.
because of growing tourism?
57
Do you know ? tourists. Horsekeepers provide horses for
horse rides and horse cart rides. It is
Mahabaleshwar and Panchagani the local people who are engaged in
are hill stations. Thousands of tourists these activities and they can earn good
arrive here. These tourists are money for their services. In short tourism
accompanied by guides who provide becomes a major source of their
relevant information on the sightseeing livelihood.
tour. At some places photographers
are present to click nice snaps for the
Exercise
1. (A) Choose the correct option from the (2) In what way tourism becomes a major
source of their livelihood?
given options and complete the
(3) What would you do to develop the
statement. surroundings of your village / town to
help the growth of tourism?
(1) Thomas Cook established a travel
5. Complete the following Concept map :
agency selling …… .
(a) handicrafts (b) toys
(c) food items (d) tourist tickets
(2) Bhilar is known as the ‘Village of
…….’ . Rock-cut Caves
(a) books (b) plants
(c) mangoes (d) forts
(B) Identify and write the wrong pair Natural World Railway
in the following set. Heritage Heritage Station
(1) Matheran – Hill Station Sites
(2) Tadoba – Rock-cut Caves
(3) Kolhapur – Pilgrim Centre Sanctuary
(4) Ajanta – World Heritage
2. Explain the following statements with 6. Give elaborate answers to the following.
reasons. (1) What are the professional fields
(1) The number of people travelling back associated with tourism ?
and forth from India has increased (2) Describe any three types of tourism.
considerably.
Project
(2) It is important to take a few primary
precautions in order to preserve the Explain the need to preserve the heritage
historical heritage sites. sites. What measures are required to
achieve it? Discuss.
3. Write short notes :
(1) Tradition of Travelling
(2) Marco Polo
(3) Agro-tourism
4. Answer the following questions in
detail.
(1) What are the crucial issues in the
development of tourism?
58
9. Heritage Management
9.1 Sources of History, their • Classifying, analysing and interpreting
Conservation and Preservation the compiled material.
9.2 Some Famous Museums • Publishing the results of respective
research.
9.3 Libraries and Archives
Necessary Training : (1) Sociology
9.4 Encyclopaedias and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library
The sources of history and all the Science and Information Technology
history books that are available today are (5) History and Historical Research
the results of the diligent work of several Method (6) Writing of Research Reports
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums and Articles.
and archives conserve and preserve this
precious historical heritage. They choose 2. Written Sources of History
important specimens from the heritage
collection and exhibit them. They also • Collecting coins and copper plates with
publish research journals, informative inscription on them, documents like
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc. official records, personal correspondence
and diaries, historical books, old books,
The documents and artefacts which manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
are not exhibited but historically very
important, are stored in the museums and • Completing necessary mechanical and
archives after completing necessary chemical processes of cleaning for the
treatments for their conservation and conservation and preservation of
preservation. Those documents and collected documents.
artefacts are made available to researchers,
as and whenever necessary. Libraries • Ascertaining the historical value of
conserve, preserve and manage the books. collected documents.
9.1 Sources of History, their • Exhibiting selected documents.
Conservation and Preservation
• Publishing edited documents and
Each step like collecting the sources research reports.
of history, creating their records and
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books Necessary Training :
and artefacts after completing necessary
treatments requires very careful handling (1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi,
and management. It needs people with Modi, Persian and their development.
specific skills. Only trained persons, who
are duly qualified can take up these tasks. (2) Basic knowledge of social
organisation and traditions, literature
1. Oral sources of history and culture, dynasties, administrative
systems, etc. of past societies.
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs
and folk tales, etc. (3) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of painting and sculptural art
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink
and colours.
59
(5) Knowledge of properties of various fossils.
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and managing exhibitions in museums
chemicals used in various processes galleries and information technology.
of cleaning, conservation and
preservation. (7) Writing research reports and articles.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of 9.2 Some Famous Museums
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology. Museums were created to organise
and manage the antiquities collected by
(8) Writing research reports and articles. members of royal and elite families of
medieval Europe.
3. Material Sources of History
Louvre Museum, France : The
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them
according to their historical date and Louvre Museum in Paris was established
type and preparing indexes.
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the collected by members
conservation and preservation of
collected documents. of the royal family
• Arranging exhibitions of selected were exhibited in the
artefacts or their replicas.
Louvre museum. It
• Writing and publishing research articles
about collected artefacts. included the much
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals acclaimed painting
and preparing indexes.
of ‘Monalisa’ by
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their
replicas. Leonardo da Vinci,
Necessary Training : the world renowned
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological artist. He worked
method and theory, history of ancient
civilisations. Monalisa under the patronage
of Francis I, the king
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of
materials like stones, minerals, metals of France in the 16th century. The
and clay used in the production of
artefacts and their chemical properties. collection in the Louvre museum increased
(3) Knowledge of equipment and to a great extent because of the antiquities
chemicals necessary for the cleaning
of artefacts and other chemical brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte
processes.
from his conquests. Presently, the museum
(4) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of arts and their development. contains more than 3 lakhs and 80
(5) Knowledge and skills of making thousand artefacts.
replicas (models) of artefacts and
British Museum, England : The
British Museum in London was established
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan
a natural scientist handed over about 71
thousand objects in his collection to the
king of England, George II. It included
several books, pictures, specimens of
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later
the collection was expanded by addition
of various art objects and ancient artefacts
collected by the British people from
60
British colonies. Presently the museum You would like to know this :
collection comprises about 80 lakh objects.
Famous Museums in India
The following are some of the
famous museums in India : Indian
Museum, Kolkata; National Museum,
Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang
Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico
Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.
British Museum, England Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several
museums in various states of India.
National Museum of natural History, Usually the big museums have their own
United States of America : This museum archives and libraries. Some museums are
of natural history managed by the affiliated to universities. Such museums
Smithsonian Institution was established in also offer courses in Museology.
1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore
(120 millions) specimens of fossils and Following are some of the well-
remains of plants and animals, minerals, known institutes and universities, which
rocks, human fossils and artefacts. offer degree and diploma courses in
museology :
1. National Museum, Delhi
2. Maharaj Sayajirao
University, Vadodara
3. Kolkata University, Kolkata
4. Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi
5. Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh
6. Jivaji University, Gwalior
National Museum of Natural History Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay : In 1904
Museums in India : The first museum C.E. some influential residents
in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established of Mumbai decided to establish
by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata, a museum to commemorate the
in 1814 C.E. The second museum in visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the
India, ‘Government Museum’ was month of November of 1905 C.E. the
established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E. The foundation was laid of the museum
‘National Museum’ was established in building. It was decided that the name of
the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales
Museum of Western India’. It was
renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E.
61
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in
16th-17th century, during the times of
Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E.
Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered
Thanjavur and established his
independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale
and his successors kept expanding
‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’.
Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the
most in this expansion. In 1918 the
library was renamed as ‘The
Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji’s
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his
The building of the museum is built honour.
in Indo-Gothic style. It has been given
the status of Grade I Heritage Building There are several noteworthy libraries
in Mumbai. The museum houses about 50 in India, for instance, National Library,
thousand antiquities divided into three Kolkata; Nehru Memorial Museum and
categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural Library, Delhi; State Central Library,
History. Hyderabad; Library of Asiatic Society
and David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, etc.
9.3 Libraries and Archives
From the technical point of view the
management of archives is akin to library
Libraries are the storehouses of management. Preserving documents with
knowledge and information. Library Science important content in their original condition,
is very closely related to Management preparing indexes and creating accurate
Science, Information Technology and the systems of retrieval of documents are the
field of Education. Libraries perform important tasks in the management of
various tasks like collecting books, arranging archives. Documents from the archives are
them systematically, conservation and supposed to be very reliable. Because of
preservation of those books, dissemination the heavy dependency on computerised
of information sources, etc. Many of these systems information technology has
tasks are completed with the help of become an inevitable part of the
computerised systems. To make a book management of libraries and archives.
available to a reader as per his requirement The first official archives of India,
is the most important aspect of library the ‘Imperial Record Department’, was
management.
established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata. It
The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal was shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E.
(7th century B.C.E.), the Assyrian Emperor In 1998 C.E. the then President of
in Mesopotamia; the library at Takshashila India, Honourable K.R. Narayanan opened
University (5th century B.C.E.- 5th century the archives for public. It is a department
C.E.) and the library in Alexandria, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
Egypt (4th century B.C.E.) are supposed Culture of the Indian Government. The
to be the earliest libraries in the world. documents have been preserved here in a
The ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’ in chronological order from 1748. It includes
62
records in English, Arabic, Hindi, Persian, designing a structure of an encyclopaedia.
Sanskrit and Urdu languages. It also In order to incorporate the latest available
includes records in Modi script. These information revised editions of
records are classified in four categories : encyclopaedias or supplements to original
Public records, Oriental Studies, editions need to be published.
Manuscripts and Private Records.
Encyclopaedias are arranged either in
Governments of every State in India alphabetical order or according to the
maintain independent archives. The order of topics. The type of order is
Archives of Maharashtra State Government decided by keeping the convenience of
has branches in Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur, readers in mind and the ease of
Aurangabad and Nagpur. There are about accessibility to the information. An index
5 crore modi documents related to Maratha at the end of the encyclopaedia is very
history in the Pune branch. These documents convenient in this regard.
are referred to as ‘Peshwa Daftar’.
The encyclopaedia can be created
9.4 Encyclopaedias either by a single editor or an editorial
committee. The articles in the
Encyclopaedia is a systematic encyclopaedia are written by subject
compilation of information or knowledge experts.
of various topics. The information or
knowledge in encyclopaedia is arranged Types of Encyclopaedia :
with a specified method. Organising Encyclopaedias can be approximately
available knowledge and making it divided into four types. (1) Dictionaries
accessible is the main objective of (2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia
encyclopaedias. (Vishwakosh) (3) Encyclopaedic
(Koshsadrush) literature (4) Indexes
Benefits of Encyclopaedia :
Encyclopaedias make vast volume of (1) Dictionaries : Dictionaries
knowledge accessible to readers. It can arrange the words in a language in certain
help in satisfying their curiosity. order (alphabetical order is more common).
Encyclopaedias provide fundamental It gives meanings of words, synonyms and
information on any topic, in order to etymology. There are various types of
understand it properly. Thus, the reader dictionaries : comprehensive dictionaries,
gets motivated to read extensively. dictionaries which include only certain
Encyclopaedias make the existing type of words, dictionaries of terminology
knowledge easily accessible to scholars (deals with terms peculiar to a branch of
and researchers and also highlight the knowledge), etymological dictionaries,
research areas, which have not yet received thesaurus, dictionaries of idioms and
enough attention. Encyclopaedias are proverbs, etc.
indicators of the state of cultural ripeness
of a society. The intellectual and cultural (2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia
needs of a society determine what kind of (Vishwakosh) : There are two types of
encyclopaedic literature would be created. Vishwakosh. (a) It includes all subjects
under the sun (for example, ‘Encyclopaedia
Accuracy, meticulousness, objectivity, Britannica’, ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’,
standardised format of presentation and ‘Marathi Vishvakosh’, etc.) (b) It includes
updated information are the criteria for comprehensive information on one chosen
63
subject. For example, ‘Bharatiya Samskruti Do you know ?
Kosh’, ‘Vyayam Dnyankosh’, etc.
The following are the early
(3) Encyclopaedic (Koshsadrush) encyclopaedias :
Literature : It is similar to an
encyclopaedia which comprises scholarly (1) ‘Natural History’ was the first
articles providing information on all encyclopaedia by Pliny the elder. (1st
possible aspects of one or more century A.D.)
predetermined subjects. For example,
‘Maharashtra Jeevan’, Vol. I and II; (2) ‘Encyclopaedia’, the encyclopaedia
‘Shahar Pune’, Vol. I and II; ‘Yearbook’ by Diderot, the French Philosopher of the
(Manorama, Times of India), etc. 18th century C.E.
(4) Indexes : An Index usually occurs (3) ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’ : This
at the end of a book. Indexes are the encyclopaedia was first published in 1767
alphabetical lists of individuals, subjects, C.E. This is supposed to be an important
places, key words, reference books, etc. milestone in the making of encyclopaedia.
For example, the index of Marathi
periodicals prepared by S.G.Date. Indexes There is an ancient tradition of
are helpful in finding required information dictionaries like ‘Nighantu’, ‘Shabdakosh’,
and it makes the information in a book etc. The encyclopaedic works of Mahanubhav
easily accessible. sect, ‘Rajavyavaharkosh’ prepared during
the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are
Encyclopaedia and History : important in the books of medieval period.
Encyclopaedia and history as academic Encyclopaedias on History-related
Subjects : There is a rich tradition of
exercises, put stress on objectivity. creating encyclopaedias on history-related
subjects. ‘Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik
Encyclopaedias published in various Kosh’ by Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole
(1876) is the earliest encyclopaedia of
countries and in various languages may this kind. It includes information about
various individuals and places in Ancient
differ in their approach because of India. According to the editor, ‘Those
individuals who lived in Bharatvarsha,
different priorities. Their structure is earned a name for themselves and were
part of us along with their women, their
influenced by national policies, ethical sons, their religions, their lands and
capitals, also the rivers and mountains in
values and ideals. Encyclopaedias can their lands….whatever their history’ is
given in this encyclopaedia.
be a medium of strengthening national
Twenty three volumes of
identity. For example ‘Bharatiya ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’, edited by
Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar are available.
Samskruti Kosh’ edited by The major drive for Ketkar in creating it,
was to facilitate wider access to
Mahadevshastri Joshi. Making knowledge knowledge, and to expand the intellectual
sphere of Marathi speaking people. His
in all spheres of life accessible to was far-reaching view of history, which
is reflected in these volumes.
everybody, can be one of the major
drives behind the creation of
encyclopaedias. An inspiration to gain
and spread knowledge motivates either
individuals or a group of people to create
encyclopaedias. Hence encyclopaedias
are looked upon as outstanding
achievements of a society. It is the
manifestation of the collective intellect
and creativity of a society.
64
‘Bharatvarshiya Charitrakosh’ is Mahanubhav sect. It gives us an inkling
about Maharashtra in those days. It also
another important encyclopaedia. gives details about the time, place and
background of the events described in
Siddheshwarshastri Chitrav established a ‘Leelacharitra’. Hence, it is a very good
source for writing about the life of
committee, known as ‘Bharatiya Chakradhar Swami.
Charitrakosh Mandal’ for publishing this
encyclopaedia. Three volumes were
published, namely, ‘Bharatvarshiya
Prachin Charitrakosh’ (1932), (2) ‘Prachin Bharatiya
‘Bharatvarshiya Madhyayugin Sthalakosh’ (1969) : Siddheshwarshstri
Charitrakosh’ (1937) and ‘Bharatvarshiya Chitrav compiled this encyclopaedic book.
Arvachin Charitrakosh’ (1946). The first It provides information about various
volume includes information on the lives places mentioned in Vedic literature,
of individuals mentioned in the Vedic Kautiliya Arthashastra, Panini’s Grammar,
literature including Shruti, Smruti, Sutras, Valmiki Ramayana, Mahabharata,
Vedangas, Upanishads also Puranas, Puranas, mediaeval Sanskrit literature and
Jain and Buddhist literature. Similarly Shabdkosh, also, in Jain and Buddhist
other two volumes contain biographies of literature, in Greek, Chinese, Persian
individuals in the respective periods. literature.
Do you know ? Vishwakosh : The first Chief Minister
of Maharashtra, Honourable
Some special encyclopaedias : Shri. Yahswantrao Chavhan initiated the
compilation of Marathi ‘Vishwakosh’
(1) ‘Sangeetshastrakar va Kalavant through Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya
Yancha Itihas’ (Lakshman Dattatray Samskruti Mandal, with a view to enhance
Joshi) the sphere of Marathi language and
literature. The work was started under the
(2) ‘Krantikarakancha Charitrakosh’ guidance of Tarkteerth Lakshmanshastri
(S. R. Date). It contains biographies Joshi. It contains knowledge about all
and illustrations of about 250 Indian possible subjects in the world. It also
revolutionaries. contains very important entries about
history.
(3) ‘Svatantryasainik Charitrakosh’ (N.
R. Phatak). It contains the Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh : Ten
biographies of those who suffered volumes of ‘Bharatiya Samsksruti Kosh’
corporal punishment, imprisonment were edited and published by
and those who devoted their life for Mahadevshastri Joshi. These volumes
independence movement. contain information about Indian history,
geography, various ethnic and lingual
Sthalakosh : Geographic information groups, local history of those groups, their
is essential for historical studies. festivals and other cultural aspects.
Encyclopaedias giving information about
Historical places are available. Samdnya Kosh : There are
encyclopaedic texts explaining the
(1) ‘Sthanapothi’ (14th century C.E.) terminology (for instance, colonialism,
is an encyclopaedic text, which is globalisation, etc.) of history. Such texts
composed by Muni Vyas of Mahanubhav are very useful for the teachers of history.
sect. It describes all those places visited
by Chakradhar Swami, the founder of
65
School, college and university teachers encyclopaedias of various types.
of history can find ample opportunities in
the field of publication of encyclopaedias. After studying this text book, you
Encyclopaedias of all types require experts must have noted that with specialisation
in history. Every subject has a in history one can get access to several
developmental history. Scholars of history career opportunities in various fields. You
can contribute significantly to can choose your future career with the
help of the information in this text-book.
Exercise
1. (A) Choose the correct option from the 3. Write notes :
given options and complete the
statement. (1) Sthalakosh (2) Vishwakosh
(3) Samdnya Kosh (4) Saraswati Mahal
(1) Lovre Museum has in its collection Granthalay
the much acclaimed painting of
…….. by Leonardo da Vinci. 4. Give elaborate answers to the following.
(a) Napoleon (b) Mona Lisa (1) Why is library management
important?
(c) Hans sloan (d) George II
(2) Which tasks are important in archives
(2) ……… at Kolkata is the first museum management?
in India. 5. Complete the following Concept map.
(a) Government Museum
(b) National Museum
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay
(d) Indian Museum
(B) Identify and write the wrong pair Types of
in the following set. Encyclopaedia
(1) Maharaja Sayajirao University -
Delhi
(2) Banaras Hindu University - Varanasi
(3) Aligarh Muslim University - Aligarh
(4) Jivaji University - Gwalior
2. Explain the following statements with Project
reasons.
Obtain information about the important
(1) Archives and libraries publish research libraries in Maharashtra. Visit the library
journals, informative pamphlets, in your vicinity and learn about its
leaflets, posters, etc. functioning.
(2) Only trained persons, who are duly
qualified can take up the tasks
involved in the work of conservation
and preservation.
66
Political Science
CONTENTS
Working of the Indian Constitution
No. Chapter Page No.
1. Working of the Constitution......... 69
2. The Electoral Process................... 75
3. Political Parties............................. 82
4. Social and Political Movements... 91
5. Challenges faced by
Indian Democracy........................ 97
67
Competency Statements
S.No. Unit Competencies
1. Working of the Understands that the Constitution has strenghtened Democracy
Constitution in India.
2. The Electoral Has the ability to tell the contibution of the Indian Constitution
Process towards social change.
3. Political Parties Understands the importance of the Election Commission.
(National) Realises that voting is a constitutional responsibility of the
4. Political Parties voter.
(Regional) Realises the importance of citizens/people in the electoral
5. Social and Political process.
Movements Understands electoral process with the help of video clips.
6. Challenges faced by Has the ability to locate or identify one’s own Lok Sabha
Indian Democracy
constituency on the electoral map of India.
Knows the responsibilities and functions of political parties.
Has the ability to analyse the emergence of new political
parties.
Has the ability to do a comparative analysis of ideological
positions of national political parties in India.
Creates a chart of election symbols of political parties.
Has the ability to tell the principles and role of regional
political parties in Maharashtra.
Has the ability to compile news clippings of political leaders
and their public meetings or rallies.
Has the ability to discuss the reasons for the strengthening
of regional poticial parties.
Understands the rationale of social and political movements.
Has the ability to identify differents means and methods used
by social movements for creating awareness and mass-
mobilisation.
Has the ability to understand empowerment of women and
other marginalised groups.
Gets acquainted to the demands of farmers and workers.
Collects and compiles newspaper articles related to students’
movements.
Has the ability to tell the meaning of Unity in Diversity.
Develops the attitude of respect towards diversity in India.
Has the ability to put forth an objective and fact-based
analysis of various challenges.
Has the ability to explain strategies to tackle internal
challenges.
68
1. Working of the Constitution
The textbooks of Political Science till Accordingly, the Indian people have
now have helped us to take an overview direct representation in the Parliament,
of local government, the values and the State legislature and local government.
philosophy of the Indian Constitution as Holding free and fair elections at regular
also the governing structures created by intervals is an important indicator of
the Constitution and India’s place in India’s successful democracy. The
international relations. The Indian increasing participation of the people in
Constitution has declared its objective to the political process and political
establish a secular, democratic Republic. competition shows that Indian democracy
Also, it has made extremely important has become successful to a great extent.
provisions to ensure that the citizens get
justice and their freedom is protected. The Right to Vote : The Indian
Indian Constitution is seen as the means Constitution had made the provision of
through which a progressive developed right to vote for adults. In the pre-
society based on social justice and equality independence period several provisions
will be established. existed which restricted the Right to Vote.
All such provisions were cancelled after
The Constitution came into force on independence and the Indian constitution
26th January 1950 and since then the guaranteed adult suffrage by giving the
Government has been working in right to vote equally, to both men and
accordance with the principles of the women above the age of 21 years. The
constitution. In this chapter, we will take voting age was later reduced from 21 to
a brief overview of the wide-ranging 18 which gave opportunity of political
nature of Indian democracy, important participation to the young generation in
changes that have taken place in its India. Such provisions have made India
political process and steps that have been the largest democracy in the world. India
taken to establish social justice and has the largest number of voters compared
equality. This review will primarily focus to any other democratic nation. This
on three areas (1) Democracy (2) Social change is not only quantitative but also
Justice (3) Judicial System. qualitative as new political parties are
emerging with the active support of young
Democracy voters. These parties represent various
expectations of people and compete in the
Political Maturity : Democracy does political sphere.
not merely imply a representative structure.
The essence of representative system is to Decentralisation of Democracy :
integrate the principles of democracy in Decentralisation of power is central to
actual practice. Once this is done, democratic government. Decentralisation
democracy becomes an integral part of controls the misuse of power and also
the political life of the society. creates opportunities for political
69
participation for the common people. The ensure transparency and accountability
Directive Principles of State Policy include which are the hallmarks of good
the provisions for democratic governance. Right to Information has
decentralisation. One such important made the government more transparent
provision is regarding empowering the and has reduced the element of secrecy
local self-government make genuine in the working of government.
democratic governance a reality. After
independence, several attempts were made After the year 2000, the whole
towards democratic decentralisation. One approach towards democratic reforms has
such important attempt is the 73rd and changed. Democratic reforms are
74th amendment to Indian Constitution; considered as ‘rights’ of citizens.
which gave a constitutional status to local Accordingly, citizens in India have got
self-governing institutions and also Right to Information, education and food
increased their powers. security. These rights have strengthened
democracy in India.
Can you tell the reasons for the Do you know ?
following changes ?
Rights based approach : In the
Some seats are kept reserved for decades after independence, progress
women to increase their participation was made towards more and more
in political process. democratisation of India. However,
in this process citizens were
Some seats are kept reserved for considered as beneficiaries. In the
weaker sections of the society so last few decades development is
that they can get a share in political considered as the right of the citizens.
power.
In your opinion, how will this
The State Election Commission has approach change the relations
been established. between the government and citizens?
The 11th and 12th schedule was
added to the constitution.
Right to Information (RTI 2005) : Discuss
Citizen empowerment is the essential Do you think that citizens in
condition of democracy. It is necessary to
create opportunities for citizen’s India should have the right to
participation and interaction with the employment?
government. Increased communication
between citizens and government helps in According to you, if everyone
strengthening democracy and in building gets the right to shelter, how will it
a relationship of trust between them. affect democracy in India ?
Citizens have a right to know about the
functioning of the government. The Social Justice and Equality
Government of India gave the Right to
Information to the citizens of India to Social justice and equality are the
important objectives of our constitution.
The Constitution has given the guidelines
70
to establish a new society based on these to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
two values. We are following the path and any act of atrocity committed against
laid down by our Constitution to achieve them is liable for punishment.
this goal.
Do this.
To establish social justice is to
remove those social conditions which are Read the provisions of the
responsible for injustice and insist on the above law. Try to understand them
equality of dignity for all individuals. The with the help of your teachers.
principles of justice and equality aim at What efforts should be made to
ending discrimination in social status such prevent atrocities ?
as superior or inferior on the basis of
caste, religion, language and gender, Provisions for minorities : The
place of birth, race, property and giving Indian constitution has made several
equality of opportunity for development to provisions for the protection of minorities.
every individual. The government has adopted several
policies for minorities to provide them the
To establish justice and equality, opportunities for education and
efforts are to be made at all levels of employment. The Indian constitution
society. But the government’s efforts and prohibits discrimination on the basis of
policies on this front are more important. caste, religion, race, language and region.
For Democracy to be inclusive, one must This is a comprehensive provision for
try to bring all sections of the society into minorities which fundamentally protects
the mainstream. Democracy is in fact, a their right to equality, freedom, right
process of accommodating different against exploitation and cultural and
sections in society. Democracy helps in educational rights.
reducing social conflicts. Let us take
review of the efforts made in India in this Laws relating to women and
direction. provisions for representation : In the
post-independence period, efforts were
Policy of Reservation of seats : made for empowering women. Taking
Policy of Reservation of seats is meant into consideration the problems of women,
for those sections of society who have several policies have been adopted at
been deprived of the opportunities for national and international level to remove
education and employment for a long illiteracy among women and to make
period of time. Accordingly, in educational available opportunities for their
institutions and in government services development.
some seats are kept reserved for scheduled
caste and scheduled tribes. There is also The right to have an equal share in
a provision of reservation of seats for the property of the father and husband,
other backward classes. Dowry Prohibition Act, act against sexual
harassment, Domestic Violence Prohibition
The Scheduled Castes and Tribes Act are some important provisions which
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act : This is create a favourable environment for
an important Act for establishing social protection of freedom of women and
justice and equality. This act prevents securing their development.
any injustice against the people belonging
71
In our country, from the very beginning, A National Commission for women has
women have inadequate representation in been established. Similar commissions also
politics and political institutions. Many exist at the State level.
countries in the world have made efforts to The Act for the protection of women
increase representation of women. From against domestic violence is an important
this perspective, changes are taking place step in the direction of democracy. This
in India as well. The 73rd and 74th act underlined the need to protect the
amendment reserved 33% of seats for dignity and self-esteem of women. This
women in local self-governing institutions. act rejected traditional forms of domination
This percentage has been raised to 50%in and authoritarianism and expanded the
several states including Maharashtra. scope of Indian democracy to make it
inclusive in true sense.
Do this.
The Representation of Women in Lok Sabha
No. Year No. of Percentage Read the chart and answer the
Women following questions.
1. 1951-52 4.50%
2. 1957 MPs 4.45% In which election year the number of
3. 1962 22 6.28% women MPs is minimum?
4. 1967 22 5.58%
5. 1971 31 5.41% In which election year the number of
6. 1977 29 3.51% women MPs is maximum.
7. 1980 28 5.29%
8. 1984 19 7.95% Prepare a Pie Chart/Bar Chart with
9. 1989 28 5.48% the help of the information given in
10. 1991 43 7.30% the chart of the Women MPs in the
11. 1996 29 7.37% Loksabha Elections (1951-2014).
12. 1998 39 7.92%
13. 1999 9.02% What do you think?
14. 2004 40 8.29%
15. 2009 43 10.87% The visibility to women is very
16. 2014 49 12.15% low in public life. If Family structure,
45 social surrounding, economic sector,
59 political sphere become more open,
66 women will get a chance to participate
in the decision making process that
can provide a different direction to
politics. For this purpose, women’s
participation should be increased in
the representative institutions.
Role of Judiciary always taken into consideration the
fundamental objectives of the constitution
The Judiciary in India has played an and also the intentions of the constitution
important role in strengthening democracy makers. We will try to understand the
and helping to make towards achieving contribution of the judiciary in this regard
the objectives of social justice and with the help of following points.
equality. While interpreting the provisions
of the constitution, the judiciary has
72
(1) The basic framework of the This is important to understand !
constitution : The Constitution is dynamic. Democracy requires good
It is a living document. The Constitution
has to change according to changing governance or best governing
conditions and the Parliament has a practices. Following are the features
power to make those changes. The of good governance. What should be
Judiciary has accepted this power of the done to bring good governance in
Parliament to make changes in the democracy ?
Constitution but at same time specified Accountable/responsible government
the limitations on this power. The Judiciary Effective and efficient government
has taken a stand that the Parliament Responsive government
while amending the constitution cannot Transparency in working of the
alter the basic structure of the constitution.
government
Please understand. Just and all-inclusive development
People’s participation in the
The basic structure of the
constitution generally includes governing and decision-making
following provisions. process
Republican and democratic form of Please understand.
government Find out the judgements given
Federal structure of the Constitution. by the Supreme Court on the
above subjects in recent years and
Promotion of unity and integrity of discuss them.
the nation
Sovereignty of the nation
Secularism and supremacy of the
constitution
(2) Significant judicial decisions : In this chapter, we took a review of
The protection provided to the citizens by the constitution and the working of the
fundamental rights in the constitution has government on the basis of the constitution
been made more meaningful through in the context of Indian democracy. There
various decisions of judiciary. Some of are many challenges before India’s
the important subjects on which the Court democracy. Government’s acts and policies
has given judgements include rights of have not put an end to all the problems.
children; protection of human rights; There are several new problems confronting
protection of the honour and dignity of us. However what is important is that the
women; individual freedom; and tribal people in India have developed a
empowerment. These efforts have made democratic mind-set.
the political process in India more mature.
In the next chapter we will study the
election process in India.
73
Exercise
1. Choose the correct option from the 3. Explain the following concepts.
given options and complete the sentences. (1) Right based approach
(2) Right to information
(1) In Maharashtra ............ seats are (3) Women representation in the Loksabha.
reserved for women in local 4. Answer in brief.
self-governing institutions. (1) What are the effects of reducing the
(a) 25% (b) 30% voting age from 21 years to 18 years ?
(2) What is meant by establishment of
(c) 40% (d) 50%
social justice ?
(2) Which of the following laws created (3) Which decision of the Court has
a favourable environment for women
to secure freedom and resulted in protection of honour and
self-development ? dignity of women ?
(a) Right to Information Act Project
(b) Dowry Prohibition Act (1) Which information can be secured
with the help of right to information?
(c) Food Security Act Find out with the help of your teachers.
(d) None of the above (2) Make a list of concessions given by
the Government for the students of
(3) The essence of democracy is .......... minority community ?
(a) universal adult franchise.
(b) decentralisation of power. (3) Visit the official website of National
(c) policy of reservation of seats. Election Commission and collect more
(d) judicial decisions. information about it.
2. State whether following statements are (4) Take an interview of women
true or false. Give reasons for your representatives from local
answer. self-governing institutions from your
area.
(1) Indian democracy is considered the
largest democracy in the world.
(2) Secrecy in the working of Government
has increased due to the Right to
Information.
(3) The nature of the Constitution is seen
as a living document.
74
2. The Electoral Process
Elections have played a major role in elections in our country. The entire process
the working of India’s democracy. of elections from declaring the date of
Elections and representation are two very elections to the declaration of results is
important processes in democracy. We carried out under the direction and control
know that people’s representatives are of Election Commission. The election
selected through elections. Elections help process is an inseparable component of a
to bring a change in power through comprehensive democratic process.
peaceful means. Different political parties
get an opportunity to rule. Policies of the In this chapter we will understand the
government and life of society also structure, functions and role of the Election
changes. We expect that the representatives Commission. We will also discuss the
we elect should be efficient, honest, and reforms required to be made in the
trustworthy and that they should respect electoral process.
the opinion of people. The electoral
process should also be free, fair and Election Commission
reliable. To ensure that, the Constitution
of India has made provision for an In India, the Election Commission is
independent Election Commission to central to the process of elections. Art.
administer the election process in India. 324 of the Indian Constitution has
established this autonomous body which
The Election Commission of India consists of one Chief Election
and the State level State Election Commissioner and two other
Commissions conduct all important commissioners.
Do you know ? Do you know ?
What is representation? Modern Sukumar Sen was the first chief
democracy is a representative election commissioner after independence.
democracy. In a democracy it is not
possible to involve the entire In 1921, Sen was
population in the decision-making selected for Indian
process. This resulted in the starting Civil Services under
of the practice of electing some the British rule. He
people on behalf of entire population was given the charge
as representatives who would run of the Election
the government. The representatives Commissioner after
who form the government are the Election
expected to be responsible to the Commission was
people and give preference to the established in 1950.
welfare of the people. Sukumar Sen Mr. Sen efficiently
handled the responsibility of the Election
Commission in extremely adverse
conditions.
75
The President appoints the election (2) Decide the timetable and the
commissioners. The Chief Election programme of elections : The conduct
Commissioner cannot be removed from his of elections is entirely the responsibility
post easily or on account of any political of the Election Commission. The Election
reasons. This is necessary so as to preserve Commission decides when to conduct
the independence of election commission. elections and in how many stages to hold
There is a separate provision made for the elections in every state.
expenses of Election Commission.
(3) Scrutiny of the applications of
The Election Commission does not candidates : After the election dates are
have a separate staff. Government officers, declared, every political party selects the
teachers and other employees help the candidates to contest elections. Some
Election Commission to execute the candidates contest the elections
process of elections. independently without the support of any
political party. Candidates of political
Do you know ? parties as well as independent candidates
have to fill the applications which include
Special campaign to create the information about their own self. The
awareness among voters is run for Election Commission scrutinises all the
voter’s registration. The National Voter’s applications and allows the eligible
Day is celebrated for the purpose. candidates to contest the elections.
Functions of Election Commission (4) Give recognition to political
parties : We have a multiparty system in
(1) Preparing the voters list : Every our country. New parties continue to be
Indian citizen who has completed 18
years of age has a right to vote. To Can you tell ?
exercise the right to vote, citizen’s name
must be in the voters list. It is the What criteria are laid down by the
responsibility of the Election Commission Election Commission for giving
to prepare the list of eligible voters, recognition to political parties ?
update the existing voter’s list and include
the names of new voters. The Election Why is it so ?
Commission has the authority to issue
identity cards to the voters. Some constituencies are kept
reserved for Scheduled caste and
Why is it required ? Scheduled tribes.
When candidates have only the Every political party has an election
condition of age as eligibility, why symbol.
should they give other information
to election commission ? At the time of voting and counting
of votes, the official representatives
Why are the candidates required to of political parties remain present.
give the information of their property
to Election Commission ? Recognised parties have equal
opportunity to present their side
before media such as television and
radio.
76
formed. Split in the parties results in the has the responsibility of resolving any
formation of new parties. All political disputes that may arise regarding elections.
parties are required to be recognised by Accordingly, to declare any candidate as
the Election Commission. Election disqualified or conduct re-election in a
Commission also has a right to derecognise particular constituency is the responsibility
any political party. The Election of the Election Commission.
Commission also allots election symbols
to the political parties. Please understand
(5) To resolve any disputes relating Voting is our duty as well as a
to elections : The Election Commission responsibility.
Government has to Who is superior ?
observe the code of the Government
conduct declared by the or the Election
Election Commission.
Commission?
Which two conditions among Remember this.
following is the violation of code of
conduct? Sham Sharan
Negi from
* The candidate distributes items of Himachal Pradesh
household use. was the first voter
of India. He
* Promise made to resolve the water exercised his right
problem if elected. to vote on 25th
October 1951 in Loksabha Elections.
* To go from door to door to meet
voters and request them to vote.
* To appeal on the basis of caste and
religion to get support.
Which of these rules would you
include in the code of conduct for
voters?
77
Process of elections rules. Due to the strict observance of the
code of conduct in the last few elections,
Establishment of constituencies the common voters have become confident.
Finalising voter’s list Challenges in conducting free and
fair elections : If we take into account
Nomination of candidates and the size of our country and the number
scrutiny of their nomination forms of voters, conducting elections becomes a
truly challenging task. The Election
Election campaign Commission has to work in accordance
with the law while dealing with these
Actual voting challenges. Some of the challenges are
mentioned below :
Counting of votes
Misuse of money takes place to a
Results of elections great extent during elections. The
Election Commission has to take
Resolution of disputes regarding several measures to stop such a misuse
elections of money.
Restructuring of the Constituency : Many political parties give election
The total number of members in Loksabha tickets to the candidates with criminal
is 543. How are these members elected? background. This results not only in
Every member represents one constituency. criminalisation of politics but the
It means there are 543 constituencies of Election Commission also faces
Loksabha. Creating constituencies is the problems in ensuring that elections are
responsibility of the Delimitation conducted in free environment.
Commission of Election Commission. The
Delimitation Commission does not Another major challenge is violence
succumb to any pressure while restructuring during elections. The extent of violence
the constituencies. has increased significantly during
What is a code of conduct ? Do you know ?
To ensure free and fair elections in
India, the Election Commission has At the time of first elections,
adopted several measures. The Code of preparing the voter’s list was a
Conduct is one of the measures adopted challenging task. As many people
by the Election Commission. In the last were illiterate, the special procedure
few decades, the Election Commission of voting was used during elections.
has used its powers to control malpractices 20 lacs steel boxes were made for
during elections. The Code of Conduct voting purpose. Election symbols
explains the rules that are to be followed were stuck on the boxes. The voters
by the Government, political parties and were given the blank ballot papers
voters before elections and during elections. which they were supposed to drop in
Even the Government cannot violate these the box having the election symbol of
the party they wanted to vote for.
This system ensured that even the
illiterate people could vote.
78
elections. All political parties should To increase participation of women in
help The Election Commission to politics, the political parties should
control this violence. give 50% candidature to women
To retain a continuing influence on candidates and try to ensure that they
politics, leaders give election tickets to get elected.
their own relatives. This practice
creates a family monopoly in politics. Political parties should not give
candidature to candidates having
Think. criminal background. They should
How political parties suffer due strictly follow the decision given by
courts in this respect.
to family monopoly in the party ?
What do you understand by the The Government should take care of
election expenses. To ensure that
system of ‘one vote one value’ ? parties will not make misuse of money
and mismanagement of money during
Electoral reforms : Elections is a elections can be stopped.
continuous process. The future of
democracy depends on elections. Electoral Representation of the Peoples Act
process becomes reliable if election should be amended so that candidates
process gets improved. Some reforms are having criminal background would not
suggested below. What will be its effects be able to participate in elections.
according to you ?
Journey from ballot boxes to EVM machines
The first election in – (NOTA). It has become easy for disabled
independent India was held in people (Divyanga) to vote. It reduced the
1951-52. This was the beginning cutting of trees for paper and thereby helped
of shaping of democracy in the protection of environment. It has also
through electoral politics. In the been possible to have an early declaration of
initial elections ballot boxes election results.
were used for the purpose of
voting. The use of EVM
machines started from the
decade of 1990s. Many things
could be achieved because of
voting machine. If the voters
do not want to vote for any
candidate, they could choose an
option of ‘None of the above’
79
Please understand. Do you know ?
General elections : Loksabha Election Commission established
elections held after every five years an expert committee on 8th October
are called general elections. 2010. It was decided to add a new
facility – Voter Verified Paper Audit
Midterm elections : If the elected Trail in EVM machines. All political
government loses its majority before parties supported this. Because of
completing its term in the Parliament this facility the voters can verify
or if the parties of the coalition whether the vote cast is registered
government withdraw their support properly. The purpose of this
resulting in the loss of majority support important step is to stop malpractices
for the government and if no alternative in elections.
government is possible, then elections
are held before the completion of the In this chapter we studied the electoral
term. They are called midterm elections. process from various angles. In the next
chapter we will study the political parties
By-elections : If an elected in India.
representative in Loksabha,
Vidhansabha or the local self-
government resigns or due to his/her
death his seat becomes vacant, the
elections are held for that vacant seat.
This is called a by-election.
Exercise
1. Choose the correct option from the given (3) Constituencies are created by ..........
options and complete the sentences. committee of the Election Commission.
(1) The Election Commissioner is appointed (a) Selection (b) Delimitation
by the ............ . (c) Voting (d) Timetable
(a) President (b) Prime Minister 2. State whether the following statements
(c) Speaker of Loksabha are true or false. Give reasons for your
(d) Vice President answer.
(2) ............ was appointed as the first (1) The Elections Commission lays down
Chief Election Commissioner of the code of conduct during elections.
independent India.
(2) Under special circumstances the
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad Election Commission holds re-elections
(b) T.N. Sheshan in a particular constituency for a second
(c) Sukumar Sen time.
(d) Neela Satyanarayan
80
(3) The state government decides as to 5. Answer in brief.
when and in how many stages the (1) Explain the functions of the Election
elections would be held in a particular
State. Commission.
(2) Write some additional information
3. Explain the concept.
(1) Reorganising the constituencies about post of the Election
(2) Midterm Elections Commissioner.
(3) Explain the meaning of Code of
4. Complete the following picture. Conduct.
Role of the Election Role of the Project
Commission voters
Organise a mock poll in the school to
The process understand the process of voting.
of elections
Role of political parties and their
candidates
81
3. Political Parties
In the last chapter we studied the characteristics of political parties :
working of constitution and election
procedure. Political parties are a link that To be in power : Achieving power
connects common people, democracy, through elections is the main objective of
representation and elections. Whatever we political parties. Thus different political
read or hear about politics is related to parties compete with each other to get
political parties. Political parties exist in power. There is nothing wrong in this
all democratic systems. In fact political competition, but the competition should
parties compete with each other only in be fair.
a democracy. In this chapter we will
study the political party system in India. To pursue an ideology : Every
political party has some policies and world
In your school and the surroundings views. Parties have a particular stand
you must have seen some groups, about social issues. These together make
institutions, organisations working to party ideology. The people who consider
achieve some objective. Some any specific party ideology as acceptable
organisations take initiative in resolving support that political party. Social support
social problems. You may have read received by a political party is called the
about the various movements and their ‘mass base’ of political party. In modern
work. Just as there are active groups, days ideologies of all political parties
institutions and movements, similarly appear to be similar hence it has become
there are political parties who contest difficult to differentiate between the parties
elections. Political parties are also a kind on the basis of ideologies.
of social organisations, but there is a
difference between political parties and To have a Party Agenda : Political
other institutions and organisations in parties prepare their party’s agenda on
society. The difference is in the goals and the basis of party ideology. They
style of working of political parties and implement the agenda after they get
other organisations. On this background, political power. Even if they do not get
we can say that when people form political power, political parties try to get
organisations with the objective of support of people on the basis of this
achieving political power and participate agenda.
in the electoral process, such organisations
are called political parties. Political parties To Establish a Government :
thus can be described as a group of Political parties establish the government
people who aim to contest elections, win and govern the nation. The political party
elections and get power and establish the which gets majority in elections forms the
government of their party. government. The parties which do not get
majority act as opposition parties.
Following are some important
To act as a link between the
Government and the people : Political
parties work as a link between the
82
Government and the people. Political (3) After the 1989 Loksabha Elections,
parties communicate the demands and the system of one party emerging as
complaints of the people to the government. dominant party came to an end. Since
The government tries to get support of the then different parties began to come
people for its policies and programmes together to form coalition governments.
through political parties. Both the Bharatiya Janata Party and
Congress Party made an experiment of
What do you understand by the establishing coalition governments. The
following news in newspapers? belief that coalition government brings
Explain in brief instability was proved wrong by the
political party system in our country. In
Opposition parties held a meeting in fact, the coalition government system as
Mumbai to resist the Ruling party. stabilised in India.
Will take up the issue of farmers ?
Do you know ?
Ruling party organised ‘Samvad
Yatra’ in rural areas.
Imagine you are an opposition If power remains with one
party leader and you have observed political party for a long period
that the ruling party has not done and if no other political parties
good work in the field of health. are influential - the party system
What will you do as a leader of is called as one party system
opposition ?
In politics, when two political
Think and write. parties are influential and if
Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave political parties enjoy power
alternatively, the party system
and Jayprakash Narayan put forth is called two party system
the idea of partyless democracy.
When many political parties
What has to be done to bring compete for political power and
such democracy in modern times? more or less they are equally
influential, the party system is
Changing nature of political party called multi-party system.
system in India :
Do this.
(1) The Congress was a strong
political party in the post-independence Find out the member parties of
period. Congress had a majority at Centre the following leading coalitions.
and in most of the States. Indian politics (1) National Democratic Alliance
was controlled by the Congress Party.
This era was described as Era of ‘Single (NDA)
dominant party system’. (2) United Progressive Alliance
(2) The non-Congress parties came (UPA)
together and challenged ‘Single dominant
party system’ in 1977.
83
Also understand National Parties
The national parties and the (Reference : Election Commission of India,
regional parties. Notification No.56/201/PPS-111, dated 13
December 2016)
To get recognition as a national
party, the Election Commission has (1) Indian National Congress : The
prescribed the following conditions: Indian National Congress was established
in 1885. At the time of its establishment,
(a) A political party should secure Congress was an all comprehensive
minimum 6% of the valid votes movement working for national
in four or more States in the independence. Groups with different
earlier Loksabha or State ideologies had come together in this
Assembly elections and minimum
4 members should be elected in nationalist movement.
the Loksabha from any state or After independence
states in the earlier elections. the Congress emerged
as the most dominant
Or political party. The
party, from the
(b) The candidates of a party should beginning, follows
be elected from minimum 2% the policy of
constituencies out of total secularism, all round development, equal
Loksabha constituencies and rights and welfare for minorities and
from minimum 3 states. disadvantageous sections of the society.
Accordingly, Congress has organised
To get recognition as a regional various programmes to achieve those
party, the Election Commission has objectives. The party believes in
prescribed the following conditions : democratic socialism, social equality and
international peace.
(a) A political party should secure
minimum 6% of the valid votes (2) Communist Party of India : This
in the earlier Loksabha or State party based on the
Assembly elections and minimum communist ideology
2 members should be elected in was established in
the Vidhan Sabha (State 1925. It is an old party
Assembly). in India. This party
works for the welfare
Or of labourers and workers. The party
opposes capitalism. The party leadership
(b) A political party should secure developed differences in the 1960s over the
minimum 3% of seats out of issue of whether Communist Party of India
total seats of Vidhansabha – should accept the leadership of Communist
(State Assembly) or minimum 3 China or the Soviet Union. This led to the
seats. split in Communist Party of India and a
separate party – Communist Party of India
Let us know about some important (Marxist) was formed in 1964.
political parties in India.
84
(3) Bharatiya Janata Party : established. The party
Bharatiya Janata Party is an important believes in the values
party at the national level. Bharatiya Jan of democracy, equality
and secularism. The
Sangh was established in party was in power in
1951. This party was Maharashtra from
merged with Janata Party 1999 to 2014 in
that was established in coalition with the
1977. The Janata Party Congress Party. Nationalist Congress
could not survive. There Party for a long period was also a part
was a split in the party of coalition government led by Congress
and Bharatiya Jan Sangh - the component at Centre from 2004 to 2014.
party of Janata Party established a new
party in 1980 - Bharatiya Janata Party. (7) Trinamool Congress : All India
The party stands for the protection of Trinamool Congress
Indian culture and traditions. The party Party was established
gives importance to economic reforms. in 1998. Election
Commission gave the
(4) Communist Party of India party recognition as
national party in
(Marxist) : This party 2016. The party
supports democracy,
proclaims socialism, secularism and protection of interests of
weaker sections of the society.
secularism and
democracy. The party
opposes imperialism.
Party’s policy is to
protect the interests of Number of seats secured by National parties
in Loksabha elections of 2009 and 2014.
workers, farmers and
landless labourers.
(5) Bahujan Samaj Party : Bahujan National Parties Number of Seats
2009 2014
Samaj Party professes the Socialist
ideology. In 1984 the Indian National 206 44
Congress
party was established
with the objective of Communist Party of
India
protecting the interest 04 01
of the ‘majority’.
Scheduled caste, Bharatiya Janata 116 282
Party
scheduled tribes,
religious minorities Communist Party 16 09
of India (Marxist)
and other backward classes together
constitute a majority. The party aims to Bahujan Samaj
Party
give power in the hands of the ‘majority’. 21 -
(6) Nationalist Congress Party : In Nationalist Congress 09 06
1999, there was a split in the Congress Party
Party and Nationalist Congress Party was
85
Power shift in Tamil Nadu Which portfolio-Home Shiromani Akali Dal
Political marketing or Social Welfare ? gets clear majority
leading to terror Coalition of PDP conAdnutciivDeefteoctDioenmLoacwracy
and BJP
Formation of a new Party in
Maharashtra Haryana Janahit
Looking for opportune time
to give up power ? Congress achieves
to objectives
You must be reading different news and development of their own region.
in newspapers. Through these news items They start feeling proud of their language,
we get information about various parties literature, traditions, history of social
existing in different states of India. reforms, educational and cultural
movements and this gives rise to the
Do these parties function only at State development of linguistic identity. Regional
level ? identity develops from the consciousness
about the development of region and the
Some state leaders are influential at feeling that people belonging to the region
national level, while some have should have claim over resources and
influence only at state level. Why is it employment opportunities.
so ?
When linguistic, regional, cultural and
With the help of such questions we other identities get connected, regional
will try to get information about various consciousness emerges as a stronger
regional parties in India. We will study feeling. Sometimes it gives rise to
some of the regional parties from different independent political parties or pressure
parts of India. groups or movements. All such
developments aim at the protection of the
In India we find people speaking interests of region.
different languages and having different
traditions and culture. They belong to Regional Parties
different parts of India. We see different
regions have their own language. You Regional parties are those groups in
have already studied different geographical the region who have a proud feeling
regions in Maharashtra. In Maharashtra about the different identity of their region
there exists geographical and cultural and who compete to get political power
diversity. Maharashtra is different from with the objective of regional development.
Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. The influence of regional parties is limited
to a particular region. Though they play
The feeling of affinity developed a significant role at the regional level,
about our language and region gradually they influence national politics as well.
turns into the identity consciousness and Regional parties give preference to the
finally gives rise to regionalism. People
start thinking primarily about the interest
86
resolution of regional problems. For the independent state, they started demanding
development of the region they demand more autonomy. This was the second
more autonomy and authority. Though stage in the development of regional
they cooperate with federal government, parties. This stage began after 1990.
they try to protect their autonomy.
(3) The regional parties demanded
Regional parties make several that for the development of the region,
demands such as regional problems should people from region should get power at
be resolved at regional level; political State and national level. For example,
power should be in the hands of the Shiv Sena, Telugu Desam, etc.
people from region and residents of the
region should get preference in (4) The development of regional
administration and jobs. parties in North East shows a different
trend. They gave up their demand of
Changing nature of regional parties separatism and have started demanding
in India : Regional parties came into autonomy. The regional parties from
existence in India in the post independent North East are now entering in mainstream
period. However, over the years their of national politics.
nature and role has changed significantly.
In short we can say that role of
(1) Initially regional identities gave regional parties in India has passed
rise to the separatist movements. The through various phases - from separatism
demands for independent Khalistan, to autonomy and now towards entry into
Dravidistan were made with the objective mainstream national politics. Coalition
of parting from the Indian federation and politics is one of the consequence of their
exist as an independent State. Regional increasing influence in national politics.
parties from Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and
Jammu and Kashmir have made such In India we have many regional parties.
demands. It is not possible to know about all such
parties in this chapter. We will study some
(2) The demands of regional parties parties as representative of India’s East,
gradually changed. Instead of an West, North and South regions.
Some Major Regional Parties as shown below
(1) Main political party in Maharashtra –
established in 1966.
Shiv Sena Objective – protection of the rights of
Marathi people, promotion of Marathi Language,
resistance to people from other regions.
In 1995 it entered into a coalition with BJP
and came to power in Maharashtra. It shares
power with the BJP in Maharashtra since 2014.
After elections in 2019 formed Government
in allaiance with Congress party and National
Congress party.
87
(2)
Established in 1920- a prominent
regional party in Punjab
Shiromani Objective of cultivating religious
Akali and regional identity
Dal
Assumes power in Punjab for
many years.
(3) Main regional party in
Kashmir - established in
Jammu 1932.
and
Protect the interests of Kashmiri
Kashmir people and protection of
National autonomous status.
Conference
(4) Assam agreement was signed in
Assam Gan Parishad 1985.
Resolve the problems of displaced
people. Protect the unique cultural,
linguistic and social identity of Assam,
economic development of Assam.
Assumes power in Assam for many
years.
88
(5) Justice Party - a non Brahmin movement in 1920
was transformed into Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam – a
Dravida Munnetra political party. In 1944, Justice party came to be known
Kazhagam as Dravida Kazhagam. In 1944, a group separated from
this party and established another party-Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam. Another group separated from this party in
1972 and established All India Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam.
Protection of Tamil Identity, member of Coalition
Government at the Centre for some years.
The party has support of voters from all sections of
society. It was in power for a long period and implemented
many policies.
In India we have many regional shows the performance of regional parties
parties in every state that have influenced in Maharashtra in the elections of 2009
the state politics. The following chart and 2014.
Regional Parties in Maharashtra (Representation in Vidhan Sabha)
Seats won Seats won
Election Election
Name of Party Name of Party Election Election
Year Year Year Year
Shiv Sena 2009 2014 2009 2014
Maharashtra 44 63
Navnirman Sena 13 01 Bahujan Vikas Aghadi 02 03
Peasants and Workers
Party 04 03 Rashtriya Samaj 01 01
Republican Party of Paksha
India-Bahujan 01 01
Mahasangh All India Majlis-E- * 02
Republican Party of --
India Ittehadulla Musalmeen
Samajwadi Party 04 01
Janasurajya Shakti 02 -
Loksangram 01 -
Swabhimani Party 01 -
(* This party did not exist in 2009.)
Can you tell ? In this chapter we took a review of
national and regional political parties in
Every State in India has regional India. In the next chapter we will try to
parties. It is not possible to take understand the importance of social
review of all those parties. Find out movements in our life.
information about other regional
parties with the help of a map of 89
India.
Exercise
1. Choose the correct option from the 2. State whether following statements are
given options and complete the sentences. true or false. Give reasons for your
answer.
(1) When people come together and
participate in electoral process, to (1) Political parties act as a link between
acquire political power, such government and people.
organisations are called ............ .
(2) Political parties are social
(a) Government organisations.
(b) Society
(c) Political parties (3) Coalition politics leads to instability.
(d) Social organisations (4) Shiromani Akali Dal is a national
(2) National Conference is a party in party.
............ this region.
3. Explain the following concepts.
(a) Odisha (b) Assam (1) Regionalism
(c) Bihar (d) Jammu and Kashmir (2) National Parties
(3) Justice Party - a non-Brahmin 4. Answer the following questions in brief.
movement was transformed into (1) What are the major characteristics of
.......... Political Party.
political parties?
(a) Assam Gan Parishad (2) What changes have taken place in the
(b) Shivsena
(c) Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam nature of political parties in India?
(d) Jammu and Kashmir National
Project
Conference
(1) In a map of Maharashtra, point out
the Loksabha constituency that
includes the names of your parents.
(2) In a map of India, point out the
places where national political parties
have their influence.
90
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