aanand sanskrut sampurn 9th

{M̧ ÑîQ‰>m g‘ñVnX§ g_mg{dJ«h§ M {bIV & {OkmgmnÌ‘²

2. g_mhma: ÛÝÛ: &

_yfH$‘mOm©a_² & (OmVd¡aËd_²) hñVnmX_² & (earamd`dm:)
_yfH$: M _mOm©a: M EV`mo: g_mhma: & hñVm¡ M nmXm¡ M EVofm§ g_mhma: &

`yH$m{bj_² & (gyú_Ordm:) h[aÐmHw$L²>Hw$‘‘² & ({Z˶gmhM¶©‘²)
`yH$m: M {bjm: M EVmgm§ g_mhma: & h[aÐm M Hw$L²>Hw$‘§ M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: &

Xþ½YeH©$a‘² & (gmhM¶©‘²) {VbJwS>_² & ({Z˶gmhM¶©‘²)
Xþ½Y§ M eH©$am M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: & {Vbm: M JwS>: M EVofm§ g_mhma: &

42

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 1 & V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$: &

g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V &

[J«rî‘mdH$meo Xm¡{hÌm: Xm¡{hͶ:
M ‘mVm‘øm gh Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$VoZ
dmVm©bmn§ Hw$d©pÝV & ‘mVm‘hr
Voä¶: g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: {deofmZ²
H$W¶{V &]
‘mVm‘hr - Añ‘mH§$ ~më¶H$mbo
XÿaXe©Zo EH$mË‘Vm¶m: EH§$ JrV‘²
AmgrV² & VX² Jm¶m‘: -
EH$m MQ>H$m, AZoH$müQ>H$m: &
Ymݶ‘² AÎmw‘² Am¶mVmüQ>H$m: &&

gwYoÝXþ: - ‘mVm‘{h JVg‘¶o Ëd¶m MVwañ¶ H$mH$ñ¶ H$WmJrV§ lm{dV‘² &
EH$: H$mH$: V¥fmnr{S>V: &
Ob§ Z b^Vo Xÿao Xÿao &&

VÌ EH$: H$mH$: B{V C³V‘² & AYwZm AÌ EH$m MQ>H$m B{V dX{g &
n¥Wm - Am‘² & VWm M "EH§$ JrV‘²' B˶{n C³V‘² & V{h© {H$‘W©‘² AÌ EH$:, EH$‘² B{V ^oX: ?
doUw: - ({MÝV{¶Ëdm) h§.. ‘¶m kmV‘² & ¶Wm EH$: ~mb:, EH$m ~mbm, EH$§ dZ‘² &
‘mVm‘hr - ~hþ gå¶H²$ doUmo &
gwYoÝXþ: - V{h© EH$: MfH$:, EH$m boIZr, EH§$ ’o$ZH$‘² & A{n ¶mo½¶‘oVV² ?
‘mVm‘hr - ~mT>‘² & gå¶H²$ AdJV§ Ëd¶m & BVmo@{n EH$‘² AmL²>½b-~mbJrV§ ¶y¶§ Jm¶W ñ‘ & A{n ñ‘aW ?

Ûm¡ bKy hñVm¡ Vm{bH$mdmXZm¶ & Ûm¡ bKy nmXm¡ J‘ZmJ‘Zm¶ &
Ûo bKy ZoÌo Z^moXe©Zm¶ &...

n¥Wm - ‘mVm‘{h, AdJV§ ‘¶m & VWm M Ûm¡-Ûo EV¶mo: ^oXmo@{n kmV: & ¶Wm Ûm¡ nwéfm¡, Ûm¡ Xrnm¡ &
doUw: - Ûo ’$bo, Ûo CÚmZo &
gwYoÝXþ: - ‘{hbmÛ¶§ dm ÐmoUrÛ¶‘² B{V H$W§ d³V춑² ?
‘mVm‘hr - Ûo ‘{hbo Ûo Ðmoʶm¡ dm & BXmZr‘h§ gL²>»¶me¥L²>Ibm§ dXm{‘ & H$W¶V {H$‘oVV² ?

̶: {Vò: Ìr{U & MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a &&
gwYoÝXþ: - (h{gËdm) ‘¶¡d AdJV‘² & ̶: d¥jm:, {Vò: ‘{jH$m:, Ìr{U ’$bm{Z &...
n¥Wm - {Vð> ao & AJ«o Ah§ dXm{‘ & MËdma: ‘wZ¶:, MVò: YoZd:, MËdm[a dmhZm{Z &
‘mVm‘hr - gwemo^Z‘² & MmUmjm: ¶y¶‘² &
doUw: - BV: na§ d¶§ EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U nR>m‘: &
‘mVm‘hr - gmYw & gmYw &

43

EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U

EH $({Z˶‘² EH$dMZ‘²) {Û ({Z˶§ {ÛdMZ‘²)

nw§. ór. Znw§. {d^p³V: nw§. ór. Znw§.

EH$: EH$m EH$‘² àW‘m Ûm¡ Ûo Ûo

EH$‘² EH$m‘² EH$‘² {ÛVr¶m Ûm¡ Ûo Ûo

EHo$Z EH$¶m EHo$Z V¥Vr¶m Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²

EH$ñ‘¡ EH$ñ¶¡ EH$ñ‘¡ MVwWu Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²

EH$ñ‘mV² EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ‘mV² n#m‘r Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²

EH$ñ¶ EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ¶ fð>r Û¶mo: Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

EH$pñ‘Z² EH$ñ¶m‘² EH$pñ‘Z² gá‘r Û¶mo: Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

{Ì ({Z˶§ ~hþdMZ‘²) {d^p³V: MVwa² ({Z˶§ ~hþdMZ‘²)
nw§. ór. Znw§. àW‘m nw§. ór. Znw§.
̶: {Vò: Ìr{U {ÛVr¶m MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a
ÌrZ² {Vò: Ìr{U V¥Vr¶m MVwa: MVò: MËdm[a
{Ì{^: {Vg¥{^: {Ì{^: MVwWu MVw{^©: MVg¥{^: MVw{^©:
{Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: n#m‘r MVw䶩: MVg¥ä¶: MVw䶩:
{Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: fð>r MVw䶩: MVg¥ä¶: MVw䶩:
̶mUm‘² {Vg¥Um‘² ̶mUm‘² gá‘r MVwUm©‘² MVg¥Um‘² MVwUm©‘²
{Ìfw {Vg¥fw {Ìfw MVwfw© MVg¥fw MVwfw©

gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &
A) (4) ‘{hbmä¶: VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶ & Am) Vofw (3) Véfw IJm: ZrS>m{Z AaM¶Z² &

B) (1) H$no: Q>mo{nH$m n{VVm & B©) EVmgw (2) H¥$Vr {bIÝVw &

C) (3) ^wdZmZm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ {Ì^wdZ‘² & D$) (1) Xmgr gÝXoe§ H${WVdVr &

E) V¶mo: (2) nañna‘obZ§ Z AmgrV² & Eo) (1) ZJao g: dg{V ñ‘ &

Amo) (2) A{n H$dr H$m춑² AnR>Vm‘² & Am¡) H$Wm‘oVm‘² (4) N>mÌoä¶: H$W¶ &

A§) Ah§ (3) Mm¡amZ² Aní¶‘² & H$) d¶§ (4) JrVm{Z Jm¶m‘: &

I) g: (4) doXmZ² AYrVdmZ² & J) d¶§ (2) ZoÌmä¶m§ ní¶m‘: &

K) {ed: (3) ZoÌ¡: ní¶{V &

hgV ZÝXV !

1) ZrVm - AmMm¶}, gm Jm¡ar {H$‘{n Z H$amo{V & Am{XZ‘² Cn{dí¶ Ho$db§ ì¶Wª g‘¶¶mnZ§ H$amo{V &
{e{jH$m - AñVw & {H$ÝVw Ëd§ H$W‘² EVV² OmZm{g ?
ZrVm - Ah§ Vw gd©Xm, Vm‘od ní¶m{‘ Ibw !

2) {e{jH$m - N>mÌm:, ø: ^yVH$mb: nm{R>V: {H$b? AYwZm {‘{hH$o, ^yVH$mbñ¶ EH$‘² CXmhaU§ H$W¶ &
{‘{hH$m - AmMm¶}, Ah§ Vw ø: AZwnpñWVm Amg‘² &

{e{jH$m : CÎm‘§ {‘{hHo$ ! Ëd¶m gå¶H² ^yVH$mb: kmV: ! - MÝX‘m‘m-‘m{gH$mV² &

44

gá‘: nmR>: & gyp³VgwYm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

g§ñH¥$V^mfm gw^m{fV¡: g‘bL²>H¥$Vm Ibw & gw^m{fVoä¶: CÕ¥Vm: Z¡H${dYm: g§ñH¥$Vgy³V¶: Z Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$Vo, A{n Vw
Aݶ^mfmñd{n ‘m{‘©H$V¶m CËñ’y$V©V¶m M Cn¶wº$m: Ñí¶ÝVo & àm¶: OZm: gånyUª gw^m{fV§ Z ñ‘apÝV naÝVw gy³V¶: Vofm§
{OˆmJ«o {VðpÝV & ^mfmd¡^d§ dY©¶Ý˶: EVmÑí¶: gy³V¶: N>mÌ¡: gå¶H²$ n{R>Vì¶m: ñ‘V©ì¶m: M &

Z Mmoahm¶ª Z M amOhm¶ª Z ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z M ^maH$m[a &
춶o H¥$Vo dY©V Ed {Z˶§ {dÚmYZ§ gd©YZàYmZ‘² &&1&&
[{dÚmYZ§ Mmoahm¶ª Z (ApñV), amOhm¶ª Z, ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z, ^maH$m[a (A{n) Z (ApñV) & 춶o H¥$Vo A{n

(VV²) {Z˶§ dY©Vo Ed & (g˶‘od {dÚmYZ§) gd©YZàYmZ‘² (ApñV) & ]

A¶§ {ZO: namo do{V JUZm bKwMoVgm‘² &
CXmaM[aVmZm§ Vw dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² &&2&&
[bKwMVo gm§ (H¥$Vo) A¶§ {ZO: na: dm B{V JUZm (ApñV) & CXmaM[aVmZm§ (H$¥ Vo) Vw dgwYm Ed H$w Qw>å~H$‘² (ApñV)&]

namonH$mam¶ ’$bpÝV d¥jm: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV ZÚ: &
namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV Jmd: namonH$mamW©{‘X§ eara‘² &&3&&
[d¥jm: namno H$mam¶ ’$bpÝV & ZÚ: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV & Jmd: namonH$mam¶ Xhþ pÝV & BX§ eara§ namonH$mamW©‘² (Ed ApñV) &]

OmS>ç§ {Y¶mo ha{V {g#m{V dm{M g˶§
‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V nmn‘nmH$amo{V &
{MÎm§ àgmX¶{V {Xjw VZmo{V H$s{Vª

gËg“{V: H$W¶ qH$ Z H$amo{V nw§gm‘² &&4&&
[gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§ ha{V, dm{M g˶§ {g#m{V, ‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V, nmn‘² AnmH$amo{V, {MÎm§ àgmX¶{V,

{Xjw H$s{Vª VZmo{V & H$W¶ ! (gm gËg“{V:) nw§gm§ qH$ ({hV§) Z H$amo{V ?]

¶Ì Zm¶©ñVw nyÁ¶ÝVo a‘ÝVo VÌ XodVm: &
¶Ì¡VmñVw Z nyÁ¶ÝVo gdm©ñVÌm’$bm: {H«$¶m: &&5&&
[¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ XodVm: a‘ÝVo & ¶Ì Vw EVm: Z nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ gdm©: {H«$¶m: A’$bm: (^dpÝV) & ]

ûcmoH$: 1 ^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
A) H¡$: YZ§$Z õr¶Vo ? Mmoa:, ^ma:, {Z˶‘², {dÚm, YZ‘², àYmZ‘² &

Am) Ho$fw YZ§ Z {d^Á¶Vo ? 5. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
춶:, {Z˶‘², àYmZ‘² &
B) gd©YZàYmZ§ {H$‘² ?
ûcmoH$: 2
2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & 1. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &
{dÚmYZ§ 춶o H¥$Vo H$W§ dY©Vo ?
(A) na: + dm + B{V
3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & dY©V Ed & (Am) dgwYm + Ed

45

2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & ûcmoH$: 4
A) "A¶§ {ZO:, A¶§ na:' B{V Ho$fm§ JUZm ?
Am) Ho$fm§ H¥$Vo dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² ^d{V? 1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &

3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§  &
bKwMoVg: CXmaMoVg: OZm: H$W‘² A{^kmVì¶m: ?
Am) gËg“{V: dm{M {g#m{V &
4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV
B) gËg“{V: {Xe{V &
A ñdr¶‘² {MÝVZ‘² Aݶ: n¥{Wdr
B©) gËg“{V: nmn‘²  &
Am JUZm dgwYm {ZO: na:
C) gËg“{V: {MÎm§  &
ûcmoH$: 3
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & D$) gËg“{V: {Xjw VZmo{V &

A) namonH$mam¶ d¥jm: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ? 2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
Am) namonH$mam¶ ZÚ: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ?
B) H$m: namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV ? gËg“{V: OrdZo qH$ qH$ H$amo{V?
B©) eara§ {H$‘W©‘² ?
2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & ûcmoH$: 5
namonH$ma: Zm‘ {H$‘² ? Ho$ namonH$ma‘¾m: ?
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & 1. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
d¥jm:, ZÚ:, eara‘² &
4. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & CnH$ma:, na: & Zm¶©ñVw, ¶Ì¡Vm:, EVmñVw, VÌm’$bm:, gdm©ñVÌ &

2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) XodVm: Hw$Ì a‘ÝVo ?

Am) {H«$¶m: Hw$Ì A’$bm: ^dpÝV ?

3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

"¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo '& B{V gyp³V§ ûcmoH$ñ¶

AmYmaoU ñnï>rHw$éV &

5. "Zmar' B˶W©‘² A‘aH$mofnpL²>³V§ {bIV &

&& A‘aH$mof: && {dJ«h: &

amOm - amOm amQ²> nm{W©d: ú‘m^¥Þ¥n^yn‘hr{jV: & amOm, amQ²>, nm{W©d:, ú‘m^¥V², Z¥n:, ^yn:, ‘hr{jV: &
Jéw : - Cnmܶm¶m@o ܶmnH$m@o W ñ¶m{ÞfHo $m{XH$¥ XJ² éw : & Cnmܶm¶:, AܶmnH$:, {ZfoH$m{XH¥$V², Jwé: &
Zm{gH$m - ³br~o K«mU§ JÝYdhm KmoUm Zmgm M Zm{gH$m & K«mU‘², JÝYdhm, KmoUm, Zmgm, Zm{gH$m&
bmoMZ‘², Z¶Z‘², ZoÌ‘², B©jU‘², Mjw:, A{j: &
ZoÌ‘² - bmoMZ§ Z¶Z§ ZoÌ‘rjU§ Mjwa{jUr &
H$U©: - H$U©eãXJ«hm¡ lmo̧ lw{V: ór ldU§ ld: & H$U©:, eãXJ«h:, lmoÌ‘², lw{V:, ldU‘², ld: &
{Ûao’$:, nwîn{bQ²>, >^¥“:, fQ>²nX:, ^«‘a:, A{b: &
fQ²>nX: {Ûao’$nwîn{bS²>^¥“fQ>nX^«‘amb¶: &
‘mZdm: - ‘Zwî¶m ‘mZwfm ‘˶m© ‘ZwOm ‘mZdm Zam: & ‘Zwî¶m:, ‘mZwfm:, ‘˶m©:, ‘ZwOm:, ‘mZdm:, Zam: &
Zmar - ór ¶mo{fX“Zm ¶mofm Zmar gr‘pÝVZr dYy: & ór, ¶mo{fV², A“Zm, ¶mofm, Zmar, gr‘pÝVZr, dYy: &
{ZnwU: - àdrUmo {ZnwUm{^k{dk{ZîUmV{e{jVm: & àdrU:, {ZnwU:, A{^k, {dk:, {ZîUmV:, {e{jV: &
‘mJ©: - A¶Z§ dË‘© ‘mJm©ÜdnÝWmZ: nXdr g¥{V: & A¶Z‘², dË‘©, ‘mJ©:, AÜdm, nÝWm:, nXdr g¥{V: &
g¡{ZH$: - ^Q>m ¶moYmü ¶moÕma: goZmajmñVw g¡{ZH$m: & ^Q>m:, ¶moYm:, ¶moÕma:, goZmajm:, g¡{ZH$m: &
{ZÐm - ñ¶m{ÞÐm e¶Z§ ñdmn: ñdßZ: g§doe B˶{n & {ZÐm, e¶Z‘², ñdmn:, ñdßZ:, g§doe: &
~w{Õ: - ~w{Õ‘©Zrfm YrfUmYr: àkm eo‘wfr ‘{V: & ~w{Õ:, ‘Zrfm, YrfUm, Yr:, àkm, eo‘wfr, ‘{V: &
dM>: - ì¶mhma Cp³Vb©{nV§ ^m{fV§ dMZ§ dM: & ì¶mhma:, Cp³V:, b{nV‘², ^m{fV‘², dMZ‘², dM: &
[anw:, d¡ar, gnËZ:, A[a:, {ÛfX², ÛofU:, Xwö©X² &
eÌw: - [anm¡ d¡[agßZm[a{ÛfX²ÛofUXþö©X: &

46

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 2 &

g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V &

‘mVm‘hr - EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U AYrVm{Z Ibw ?
n#mV: Vw gL²>»¶mê$nofw Z {b“^oX: & Vm: ¶WmdV² à¶mo³Vì¶m: &

doUw: - kmV‘² & V{h© n#m AmgÝXm:, n#m A‘ݶ: n#m ^dZm{Z dm &
gwYoÝXþ: - VWm M gá ~Q>d:, gá a‚md:, gá¡d M {XZm{Z &
n¥Wm - BVmo@{n Aï> VmaH$m:, Aï> ‘wZ¶:, Aï> dgy{Z &
‘mVm‘hr - CÎm‘‘² & H$míMZ gL²>»¶m: à{gÕm: & ¶Wm Zd am̶: ...
doUw: M n¥Wm M - gá F$f¶:, Xe AmZZm{Z, Aï> búå¶:... Ìr{U ^wdZm{Z, Zd aËZm{Z dm &
‘mVm‘hr - n¶m©á‘² & Ah‘² AYZw m Hy$Q>àíZ§ dXm{‘ & {^: - ä¶: - ä¶: - AmZm‘² - g w & {H$‘² EVX² ?
gwYoÝXþ:- (Cƒ¡: h{gËdm) Z Ef: Hy$Q>àíZ: & EVo Vw {d^p³Và˶¶m: & JVdf} Ah§ n{R>VdmZ² gå¶H²$

ñ‘am{‘ AYwZm A{n &
doUw: - Amohmo gwYoÝXmo ! g˶‘od VrúUm OmVm Vd ~w{Õ: & V{h© EVo gL²>»¶mà˶¶m: V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV‘² &
n¥Wm- ¶Wm  n#m, n#m, n#m{^:, n#mä¶:, n#mä¶:, n#mmZm‘², n#mgw & n#mV: ZdXen¶©ÝV§ ê$nm{U

n#m gL²>»¶m Bd ^dpÝV & g˶§ Ibw ?
‘mVm‘hr - Am‘², AVrd ‘w{XVm@pñ‘ & ¶y¶§ gd} g§ñH¥$VnQ>d: & BV:na§ g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m Io{bVw§ g‘Wm©: &
gwYoÝXþ:- VÎmw Ëd¶m gh gå^mfUoZ {H${#mX² ì¶mH$aUmä¶mgoZ M &
doUw: - gL²>»¶mê$nm{U gå¶JYr˶ gå^mfUo gL²>»¶mZm‘² A{YH§$ à¶moJ§ Hw$‘©: &
n¥Wm - A{J«‘o AdH$meo AݶmZ² gL²>»¶m{deofmZ² kmVw‘² AmJÀN>m‘: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V & gL²>»¶mê$nm{U

1. VÌ (5) ~mbHo$fw H$bh: CX²^yV: & ({Z˶§ ~hþdMZ‘²)

2. (6) {~S>mb¡: EH$: Ed ‘yfH$: Ñï>: & ff² Aï>Z² ZdZ² {d^p³V:
fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd àW‘m
3. (7) XrnmZm‘² EH$m Amd{b: J¥ho Ñí¶Vo & fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd {ÛVr¶m
fS²>{^:> Aï>{^:/ Zd{^: V¥Vr¶m
4. (9) amÌrUm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ ZdamÌ‘² &
fS²>ä¶: Aï>m{^: Zdä¶: MVwWu
5. A{n OmZm{g (7) F$frUm§ Zm‘m{Z ? Aï>ä¶:/
fS²>ä¶: Aï>mä¶: Zdä¶: n#m‘r
6. H$m{V©Ho$¶: (6) ‘wI¡: dX{V {H$‘² ? Aï>ä¶:/
fÊUm‘² Aï>mä¶: ZdmZm‘² fð>r
7. amdUñ¶ (10)‘ñVHo$ä¶: {H$arQ>m: n{VVm: & fQ²>gw/ Aï>mZm‘² Zdgw gá‘r
fQ²>Ëgw Aï>gw/
8. (8) bú‘rfw H${V Zm‘m{Z OmZm{g ? Aï>mgw

9. amOm (9) F${fä¶: XmZ§ XÎmdmZ² &

10. (6) dñVwä¶: (3) dñVy{Z

Amdí¶H$m{Z &

11. Añ‘m{^: (8) ^ynVrZm§ M[aÌm{U

n{R>Vm{Z &

47

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {H«$¶mnX§ qH$ H$W¶{V? - 2

AÌ {^Þ§ JU¶{V gyM¶Vo H$W¶{V {H«$¶mnXm{Z dm³¶o ApÝdî¶V &
nX§ {H$‘² ? Yma¶{V nyÁ¶Vo VmS>¶Vo 1. gwdUª gd©loð>§ JʶVo & 2. gm¡Oݶ§
Kmof¶Vo Mmoa¶{V jmb¶{V loð>‘² CÀ¶Vo & 3. {MÌo ZXr Ñí¶Vo &
CÎma‘² - EVofm§ g‘mZVm H$m?

1. à˶¶: - 2. ‘ybYmVw: +

EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V & EVofw dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéf§ dMZ§ M AZwga{V & ¶{X H$‘©nX§
1. am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo & n[adV©Vo V{h© {H«$¶mnX‘² A{n n[adV©Vo AV: H$‘©àYmZm{Z dm³¶m{Z B‘m{Z &
2. am‘oU J«ÝWm¡ nR>çoVo &
3. am‘oU J«ÝWm: nR>çÝVo & H$Vm© H$‘©dmÀ¶: à¶moJ: & (H$‘©{U à¶moJ:)
4. am‘oU Ah§ Ñí¶o & V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V:
5. am‘oU Amdm§ Ñí¶mdho & H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²
6. am‘oU d¶§ Ñí¶m‘ho & àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

1) ‘Ywa¶m gwYmIÊS>m: AmZr¶ÝVo & 2) Añ‘m{^: J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

V¥Vr¶m àW‘m V¥Vr¶m àW‘m

à.nw. à.nw. à.nw. à.nw.
~.d. ~.d. E. d. E.d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V & {H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V &
AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² & AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

nR>V ~moYV !! ì¶mgJUoeH$Wm &

^JdVm ì¶mg‘w{ZZm ‘hm^maV§ Zm‘ ‘hmH$m춧 {daÀ¶Vo & EVñ‘mV² gÝVwï>: ~«÷Xod: Vñ¶ nwaV:
Am{d^©d{V & VXm ì¶mgoZ Z‘«oU àUå¶Vo & ~«÷XodoZ H$϶Vo, ""ho ‘wZo, Ëd¶m ¶V² H$m춧 {da{MV§ Vñ¶ boIZ§
H$V©ì¶‘²'' B{V & ì¶mg‘w{ZZm CÀ¶Vo, ""Xod, ‘‘ H$mì¶ñ¶ boIZmWª ZmpñV ¶mo½¶: boIH$: &'' ~«÷XodoZ
H$϶Vo, ""lrJUoe: Vd H$m춧 {bIoV² & Ëd¶m g: àmW©Zr¶: &'' VV: ~«÷XodoZ {ZJ©å¶Vo &

ì¶mg‘w{ZZm lrJUoe: Amhy¶V o & lrJUoeZo àUå¶ H$϶V,o ""‘{w Zda, ‘¶m qH$ H$aUr¶§ VV² Am{XeV w &''
ì¶mg‘{w ZZm H$϶Vo, ""JUeo , Ëd¶m ‘‘ H$m춧 b{o IV춑 ² &'' JUoeZo CÀ¶V,o ""Adí¶§ {bIm{‘ & {H$ÝVw ^dVm
gd} íbmoH$m: A{daV§ H$W{¶Vì¶m: &'' ì¶mg‘{w ZZm CÀ¶V,o "VWmñV w & {H$ÝVw Ëd¶m A{n EH$ñ¶ A{n Ajañ¶
AW‘© ² AkmËdm Z bo{IV춑 ² &'' lrJUeo oZ H$϶V,o ""Am‘², VWm H$am{o ‘'' B{V & VXZÝVa§ ì¶mg‘w{ZZm íbmHo $m:
H$϶ÝVo JUoeZo Vo {b»¶ÝV o & ì¶mg‘{w ZZm H${R>Zm: íbmHo $m: H$϶ÝVo VXm JUeo Zo {MÝVZ§ {H«$¶Vo AW©: km¶Vo
{b»¶Vo M &

48

Aï>‘>: nmR>: & ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm &

"í¶m‘Mr AmB©' B{V nmÊSw>a“ gXm{ed gmZo (gmZo JwéOr) ‘hmoX¶oZ • ñdÀN>Vm gd©Xm earañ¶ AWdm
‘amR>r^mf¶m {da{MV§ nwñVH$‘² & Apñ‘Z² nwñVHo$ Vñ¶ AmË‘H$WZnam: n[agañ¶ Ed ^d{V {H$‘² ?
H$Wm: gpÝV & EVm: ñ‘aUH$Wm: ~mbH$mZm§ H¥$Vo ~moYnam: g§ñH$maj‘m:
‘mV¥ñZohdY©H$m: M & í¶m‘: à{Vam̧ ñd{‘Ìoä¶: ñdOrdZmYm[aVm: ñ‘¥{VH$Wm: • A{n ‘Z: ñdÀN>§ ‘{bZ§ dm ^{dVw‘²
H$W¶{V & g§ñH¥$VmZwdmXÛmam Añ¶ AmXe©^yVñ¶ nwñVH$ñ¶ n[aM¶: H$m[aV: Ah©{V ?
S>m°. ‘ÄOyfm Hw$bH$Uu ‘hm^mJ¶m & Vñ‘mV² nwñVH$mV² A¶§ àg“: &
• ¶Xm ¶y¶§ hR>§ Hw$éV VXm ¶wî‘mH§$
""~më¶mXod {Ûdma§ ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ ñ‘ Ah‘² &'' í¶m‘oZ H$Wm ‘mVm qH$ H$amo{V ? hR>§ nya¶{V
AmaãYm & ""{Ûdma§ ñZmZñ¶ Aä¶mg: CÎm‘: Ed & amÌm¡ {ZÐm¶m: nydª CV {ZamH$amo{V ? àg“§

dU©¶V &

ñZmZ§ Hw$‘©: MoV² eara§ ñdÀN>§, gVoO:, bKw^ma{‘d M ^mgVo & {ZÐm¶m: nydª d¶§ àmW©Zm§ Hw$‘©:, EVV² ^d{V
‘Zg: ñZmZ‘² & ¶{X eara§ ‘Z: M ñdÀN>o V{h© {ZÐm CÎm‘m ^d{V &

EH$Xm à{V{XZ{‘d Io{bËdm Ah§ J¥h‘²
AmJ˶ ñZmZmWª JVdmZ² & gm¶L²>H$mbñ¶
ñZmZmW©‘² A{YH$ñ¶ Obñ¶ Amdí¶H$Vm
Z ^d{V & ñZmZ§ g‘m߶ ‘¶m C³V‘²,
""Aå~, ewîH$¶ ‘o A“‘² & Ob§ g‘má§,
gËda§ ewîH$¶ ‘o A“‘²'' B{V Cƒ¡: AdX‘² 
Ah‘² & gm¶L²>H$mbo ‘o ‘mVm ñdem{Q>H$¶m
Ed ‘‘ eara§ ‘mO©¶{V ñ‘ &

‘mVm AmJVm, ‘‘ A“§ ‘m{O©VdVr
Amkm§ M XÎmdVr ""XodnyOmWª nwînm{U
AmZ¶, í¶m‘'' B{V & ""‘‘ nmXVbm¡ AmÐm£
ñV: & ‘¥{ÎmH$¶m ‘{bZm¡ ^{dî¶V: & AV:
‘‘ nmXVbm¡ A{n ñdÀN>rHw$é &'' B{V ‘¶m H${WV‘² & ""nmXVbm¡ AmÐm¡ ñV: V{h© {H$§ OmV§ ao í¶m‘ ? AYwZm
Ho$Z dóoU ‘mO©¶m{‘ ?'' ""Aå~, Vd em{Q>H$m#mb§ nmfmUo {dñVma¶ &'' ""í¶m‘, AVrd hR>ñd^md: A{g &''
B{V C³Ëdm ‘mÌm em{Q>H$m#mb§ {dñVm[aV‘² & Ah§ MaUm¡ VXþn[a> ñWmn{¶Ëdm ewîH$m¡ H$ma{¶Ëdm {ZJ©VdmZ² & ‘mVw:
dó‘² AmЩ‘² A^dV² &
Vpñ‘Z² g‘¶o V¶m em{Q>H$mn[adV©Z§ H$Vwª Z eŠ¶Vo B˶{n ‘¶m Z {MpÝVV‘² & naÝVw nwÌMaUm¡ ‘{bZm¡ Z
^doVm‘², nwÌoÀN>m nyUm© ^doV² EVXWª V¶m ñdem{Q>H$m AmÐm© H¥$Vm & ‘mVm nwÌmWª qH$ qH$ Z H$amo{V, qH$ qH$ Z
ghVo, qH$ qH$ Z g‘n©¶{V? Ah§ J¥hñ¶ AÝV^m©J§ JVdmZ², nyOmWª nwînm{U ñWm{nVdmZ² & ‘mVm Xrn§ J¥hrËdm
AmJVdVr C³VdVr M, ""í¶m‘, MaUm¡ ‘{bZm¡ Z ^dV: AV: ¶Wm à¶Vgo VW¡d ‘Z: ‘{bZ§ Z ^dVw EVXW©‘²
A{n à¶Vñd & àmW©¶ Xod§ ewÕ~wX²Ü¶W©‘² &''
^mo {‘Ìm{U, {H$¶ÝV: ‘Ywam: eãXm:! nm{dͶmWª ñdÀN>Vm¶¡ d¶§ à{V{XZ§ à¶Vm‘ho & dóñdÀN>VmWª
jmbZMyU©‘² ApñV, earamWª MÝXZ’o$ZH$m{Z gpÝV & eara§ dóm{U M ‘{bZm{Z Z ^dÝVw AV: gd} à¶ËZ§

Hw$d©pÝV & A{n d¶§ ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm¶¡ à¶Vm‘ho ?''

49

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & ^mfmä¶mg:

1) {ZÐm H$Xm CÎm‘m ^d{V? 2) ñZmZoZ qH$ ^d{V? 3) H$Xm àmW©Zm§ dXm‘:?

4) ‘mVm í¶m‘ñ¶ MaUm¡ Ho$Z ‘mO©¶{V? 5) d¶§ à{V{XZ§ {H$‘Wª à¶Vm‘ho ?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV& ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm{df¶o ‘mVm í¶m‘§ qH$ ~mo{YVdVr?

3. A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV  & 1. bKw^ma{‘d 2. B˶{n 3. BVmo@{n 4. VW¡d 5. H$Xm{n

Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1. nmXVbm¡ 2. ñZmZñ¶

B) {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: & {deo² nmXVbm¡ Aä¶mg: ‘Z: eara‘²

{deofU‘² gVoO: ‘{bZ‘² AmÐm¡© CÎm‘:

4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & eara‘², ‘¥{ÎmH$m, MaUm¡, {‘Ì‘², ‘Z:, ‘¥X², gwöX², {MÎm‘², nmXm¡, Xoh:

5. {déÕmW©H§ eãX§ {bIV & n{dÌ‘², ewîH$‘², ZrM¡:, ñdÀN>‘², A{YH$‘², gËda‘² &

6. CnnX{d^p³V§ ¶moO¶V &

1. -------nydª d¶§ àmW©Zm§ dXm‘: & ({ZÐm¶m:/{ZÐm¶¡)

2. EH$Xm {Z˶{‘d Io{bËdm Ah§ ------ AmJV:& (J¥ho/J¥h‘²)

7. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & 1. ‘mÌm ñdem{Q>H$m AmÐm© H¥$Vm ¶V: .....&

A) gm dfm©¶m§ p³bÞm & Am) VoZ nwÌoÀN>m nyUm© ^doV² &

&& A‘aH$mof: && {dJ«h: &

Hw$¸w$a: - H$m¡bo¶H$: gma‘o¶: Hw$¸w$amo ‘¥JX§eH$: & H$m¡bo¶H$:, gma‘o¶:, Hw$¸w$a:, ‘¥JX§eH$: &

H¥$nU: - H$X¶} H¥$nUjwÐqH$nMmZ{‘V§nMm: & H$X¶©:, H¥$nU:, jwÐ:, qH$nMmZ:, {‘V§nM: &

emo^Z‘²  gwÝXa§ ê${Ma§ Mmé gwf‘§ gmYw emo^Z‘² & gwÝXa‘², ê${Ma‘², Mmé, gwf‘‘², gmYw, emo^Z‘² &

‘{bZ‘²  ‘br‘g§ Vw ‘{bZ§ H$ƒa§ ‘bXÿ{fV‘² & ‘br‘g‘², ‘{bZ‘², H$ƒa‘², ‘bXÿ{fV‘² &

à^yV‘² - à^yV§ àMwa§ àmÁ¶‘X^«§ ~hþb§ ~hþ & à^yV‘², àMwa‘², àmÁ¶‘², AX^«‘², ~hþb‘², ~hþ &

nyU©‘² - g‘J«§ gH$b§ nyU©‘IÊS>§ ñ¶mXZyZHo$ & g‘J«‘², gH$b‘², nyU©‘², AIÊS>‘², AZyZH$‘² &

nwÌ: - AmË‘OñVZ¶: gyZw: gwV: nwÌ: {ó¶m§ Ëd‘r & AmË‘O:, VZ¶:, gyZw:, gwV:, nwÌ: &

amjg:-amjg: H$m¡Un: H«$ì¶mV² H«$ì¶mXmo@òn Amea:& amjg:, H$m¡Un:, H«$ì¶mV², H«$ì¶mX:, Aòn:, Amea:&

eL²>H$a:  eå^ware: newn{V: {ed: eybr ‘hoœa: & eå^w:, B©e:, newn{V:, {ed:, eybr, ‘hoœa: &

‘oK:  A^«§ ‘oKmo dm[admhñV{S>ËdmZ² dm[aXmo@å~w^¥V²& A^«‘², ‘oK:, dm[admh:, V{S>ËdmZ², dm[aX:, Aå~w^¥V²&

Z^: - Z^mo@ÝV[aj§ JJZ‘ZÝV§ gwadË‘© I‘² & Z^:, AÝV[aj‘², JJZ‘², AZÝV‘², gwadË‘©, I‘² &

‘{hbm - àVrnX{e©Zr dm‘m d{ZVm ‘{hbm VWm & àVrnX{e©Zr, dm‘m, d{ZVm, ‘{hbm &

OJV² - {ÌîdWmo OJVr bmoH$mo {dï>n§ ^wdZ§ OJV² & OJVr, bmoH$:, {dï>n‘², ^wdZ‘², OJV² &

df© - g§dËgamo dËgamo@ãXmo hm¶Zmo@ór eaËg‘m: & g§dËga:, dËga:, AãX:, hm¶Z:, eaX², g‘: &

ew^‘² - œ:lo¶g§ {ed§ ^Ч H$ë¶mU§ ‘“b§ ew^‘² & œ:lo¶g‘², {ed‘², ^Б², H$ë¶mU‘², ‘“b‘², ew^‘²&

50

Zd‘>: nmR>: & A‘aH$mof: &

• eãXgL²>J«hñ¶ H¥$Vo g§ñH¥$V^mfm AVrd g‘¥Õm ^mfm & EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ ^dpÝV Z¡Ho$
{^Þ^mfmgw Ho$$ eãXm: g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: & ¹${MV² EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ {d{dYm: AWm©: A{n ^dpÝV &
à¶w³Vm: ? AܶoV¦Um§ gwI~moYm¶ g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ nÚ‘¶t aMZm§ H¥$Ëdm n{ÊS>V-
A‘aqghoZ A‘aH$mof: J«{WV: & A‘aH$mofnR>ZoZ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ M
• ¶wî‘mH§$ J¥ho/{dÚmb¶o Ho$ eãXkmZ§ ^d{V & {d{dYeãXmZm§ dm³¶o à¶moJoU eãXà^wËd§ {gܶ{V &
eãXH$mofm: gpÝV ? ¶Woï>§ J¥†ÝVw eãXaËZm{Z Añ‘mV² eãXaËZmH$amV² & A‘aH$mofàe§gm -

• Ho$ eãXgL²>J«hm: ¶wî‘m{^: H$doa‘aqghñ¶ H¥${Vaofm gw{Z‘©bm &
n{R>Vm: ? AmMÝÐVmaH§$ ñWo¶mV² Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘² &&

(N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o {d{dYm{Z nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV
Aܶm{nH$m§ àíZmZ² M n¥ÀN>pÝV &)
Z¶Z: - AmMm¶}, H$m Efm {^Þm {dembm

H$nm{Q>H$m ? Ahmo ! {H$¶ÝV: {d{dYm:
H$mofm: EVñ¶m§ dV©ÝVo !
Aܶm{nH$m - Am‘², gd}fm§ emómUm‘² Aܶ¶ZmW©‘²
EVo H$mofm: Amdí¶H$m: &
gw‘oYm - H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
Aܶm{nH$m - H$mof: Zm‘ gL²>J«h: & ¶Wm d¶§ {dÎmH$mofo YZñ¶ gL²>J«hU§ Hw$‘©: VW¡d ^mfmH$mofo eãXmZm§
gL²>J«h: ^d{V &
lo¶m - H$: Vñ¶ Cn¶moJ: ?
Aܶm{nH$m - gw¶mo½¶: àíZ: & gå^mfUo boIZo M ^mfmà^wËd-n«mß˶Wª VW¡d Z¡Ho$fm§ {df¶mUm§ kmZàmß˶Wª
eãXgånÎmo: gL²>J«hU‘² AVrd Amdí¶H$‘² & Añ‘mH§$ J«ÝWmb¶o g§ñH¥${VH$mofm:, M[aÌH$mofm:,
{dídH$mofm: gw^m{fVH$mofm: M B˶mX¶: ~hd: H$mofm: dV©ÝVo & Vofw "A‘aH$mof:' Zm‘ H$üZ
{deof: H$mof: &
ñdßZrb: - A‘aH$mof: ? "A‘aH$mof:' B{V Zm‘ {H$‘W©‘² ? qH$ {dÚVo Apñ‘Z² H$mofo ?
Aܶm{nH$m- Ef: g§ñH¥$VeãXmZm§ gL²>J«hJ«ÝW: & A‘aqgh: Zm‘ npÊS>V: EVñ¶ aM{¶Vm & AV: H$mofñ¶ Zm‘
"A‘aH$mof:' B{V & nwamVZH$mbo ¶Xm N>mÌm: Aܶ¶ZmWª JwéHw$b§ à{depÝV ñ‘ VXm Aܶ¶Zmaå^o
Vo A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$d©pÝV ñ‘ & AYwZm A{n VW¡d àdV©Vo &
Am¶m© - (gmü¶©‘²) qH$ H$mof: H$ÊR>ñWrH$Vwª e³¶: ? VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V ?
Aܶm{nH$m - AW {H$‘² ! nÚ‘¶: Ef: J«ÝW: Jo¶: & AV: ûcmoH$mZm§, gw^m{fVmZm§ nR>Z‘² Bd Vñ¶
H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² AVrd gwb^‘² & VÌ EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo Z¡Ho$ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: dV©ÝVo & ¹${MV²
EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ Z¡Ho$ {^Þm: AWm©: A{n dV©ÝVo & AV: Vñ¶ nR>ZoZ Añ‘mH§$ eãXgån{Îm: d¥qÕ
JÀN>{V & Añ‘mH§$ ñ‘aUep³V: YmaUm>ep³V: M dY}Vo, CƒmaU‘{n ewÕ§ ^d{V &
Z¶Z: - d¶‘{n A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$¶m©‘ & Vpñ‘Z² H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ?

51

Aܶm{nH$m - CngmY©ghò§ (1500) ûcmoH$m: gpÝV & VÌ Ìr{U H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV & AV: "{ÌH$mÊS>H$mof:' B{V
EVñ¶ Ana§ Zm‘ & VWm "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V ZmåZm A{n {d»¶mV: Ef: H$mof: &

gw‘oYm - "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V eãXñ¶ H$: AW©: ?
Aܶm{nH$m- VX{n Añ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ Ana§ d¡{eîQ>瑲 & AÌ Z Ho$db§ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: A{n Vw Vofm§ {b“{ZX}e:

H¥$V: & VoZ ^mfm¶m: AmH$bZ§ à¶moJ: M gwH$a: ^d{V &
ñdßZrb: - AmMm¶}, VoZ d¶§ g§ñH¥$VH$mì¶m{Z ZmQ>H$m{Z M {dZm¶mg§ n{R>Vw§ e³Zw‘: Ibw &
Aܶm{nH$m - {Zü¶oZ ! V{h© BV:na§ gd£: A‘aH$mofñ¶ nR>Z‘² Adí¶§ H$V©ì¶‘od &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & Am) H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
A) H$mofm: {H$‘W©‘² Amdí¶H$m: ? B©) A‘aH$mofñ¶ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU§ H$ñ‘mV² gwb^‘² ?
D$) A‘aH$mofñ¶ {H$‘² AݶV² Zm‘Û¶‘² ?
B) H$: A‘aH$mofñ¶ aM{¶Vm ?

C) A‘aH$mofo H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &
1. "A‘aH$mof'- H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV ?

3. A) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) gL²>J«h‘² (2) à¶moJ: (3) dV©ÝVo (4) ¹${MV²

Am) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deo² {deofU‘²
1. H$nm{Q>H$m 1. gwb^‘²
2. H$mofJ«ÝW: 2. {dembm
3. H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² 3. {^Þm:
4. AWm©: 4. nÚ‘¶:

4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H$mof:, A‘aH$mof:, {d»¶mV:, gwb^‘² &

5. ¶mo½¶{deofU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
1. J«ÝWmb¶o H$mofñ¶ H¥$Vo EH$m ({dembm/{demb‘²) H$nm{Q>H$m {dÚVo &
2. N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o ({d{dY§/{d{dYm{Z) nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV &
3. A‘aH$mofo ({Vò:/Ìr{U) H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV &

52

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3

(A) ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z

Añ‘m{^: ñdamÝVZm‘m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & AYwZm ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z Ðï>ì¶m{Z & AÌ ApÝV‘§ ì¶ÄOZ§ {H$‘²?
1. g‘w Zg² - g ² 2. Aßgag² - g² 3. {dÛg² - g² 4. {Xe² - e² 5. àmd¥f² - f² 6. d{UO² - O²
7. dmM² - M² 8. ^y^¥V² - V² 9. amOZ² - Z² 10. {Ja² - a² 11. dréY² - Y² 12. gwöX² - X²

ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§. ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§.

VH$mamÝV‘² ‘éV² g[aV² OJV² gH$mamÝV‘² MÝБg² Aßgag² n¶g²

‘éV² "V'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & g[aV² "V'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

‘éV² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: àW‘m g[aV² g[aVm¡ g[aV:

‘éV‘² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: {ÛVr¶m g[aV‘² g[aVm¡ g[aV:

‘éVm ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘é{Ø: V¥Vr¶m g[aVm g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[a{Ø:

‘éVo ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: MVwWu g[aVo g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶:

‘éV: ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: n#m‘r g[aV: g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶:

‘éV: ‘éVmo: ‘éVm‘² fð>r g[aV: g[aVmo: g[aVm‘²

‘é{V ‘éVmo: ‘éËgw gá‘r g[a{V g[aVmo: g[aËgw

ho ‘éV²/X² ho ‘éVm¡ ho ‘éV: gå~moYZ‘² ho g[aV²-X² ho g[aVm¡ ho g[aV:

‘éV² Bd Aݶo eãXm: - ^y^¥V², ‘hr^¥V², g[aV² Bd Aݶo eãXm: - V{S>V², ¶mo{fV²,

ú‘m^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {díd{OV², BÝÐ{OV² B.& {dÚwV² B˶mX¶: &

gwöX² (nw§) gånX² (ór) dréY² (ór) B˶mXr{Z X/Y H$mamÝVeãXê$nm{U A{n ‘éV²/g[aV² Bd &

OJV² "V'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & MÝБg² "g'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

OJV² OJVr OJpÝV àW‘m MÝБm: MÝБgm¡ MÝБg:

OJV² OJVr OJpÝV {ÛVr¶m MÝБg‘² MÝБgm¡ MÝБg:

OJVm OJX²ä¶m‘² OJ{Ø: V¥Vr¶m MÝБgm MÝБmoä¶m‘² MÝБmo{^:

OJVo OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: MVwWu MÝБgo MÝБmoä¶m‘² MÝБmoä¶:

OJV: OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: n#m‘r MÝБg: MÝБmoä¶m‘² MÝБmoä¶:

OJV: OJVmo: OJVm‘² fð>r MÝБg: MÝБgmo: MÝБgm‘²

OJ{V OJVmo: OJËgw gá‘r MÝБ{g MÝБgmo: MÝБ:gw,

MÝБñgw

ho OJV² ho OJVr ho OJpÝV gå~moYZ‘² ho MÝБ: ho MÝБgm¡ ho MÝБg:

OJV² Bd Aݶ: eãX: - {d¶V² MÝБg² Bd Aݶo eãXm: - Xwdm©gg², doYg²,
dZm¡H$g², {Xdm¡H$g², Z{MHo$Vg², dmOldg²
B˶mX¶: &

53

Aßgag² "g'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & {d^{³V: n¶g² "g'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² àW‘m EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
Aßgam: Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: {ÛVr¶m
Aßgag‘² Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: V¥Vr¶m n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{g
Aßgagm Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamo{^: MVwWu n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{g
Aßgago Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: n#m‘r n¶gm n¶moä¶m‘² n¶mo{^:
Aßgag: Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: fð>r n¶go n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶:
Aßgag: Aßgagmo: Aßgagm‘² gá‘r n¶g: n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶:
Aßga{g Aßgagmo: Aßgañgw gå~moYZ‘² n¶g: n¶gmo: n¶gm‘²
ho Aßga: ho Aßgagm¡ ho Aßgag: n¶{g n¶gmo: n¶:gw,n¶ñgw
Aßgag² Bd Aݶ: eãX: - Cfg² & ho n¶: ho n¶gr ho n¶m§{g
n¶g² Bd Aݶo eãXm: - Vng², Aå^g²,
VoOg², AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², V‘g²,
‘Zg², d¶g², dmgg², gag², Z‘g², MoVg² &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV & 2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

nw§. ór. Znw§. EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:

--- --- --- -- -- OJpÝV àW‘m

(¶mo{fV², ^y^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {dÚwV², {d¶V², ú‘m^¥V², V{S>V²) Aßgagm -- -- V¥Vr¶m

3. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV & -- -- ‘éËgw gá‘r

1. amOm Zm‘ ----- (ú‘m^¥V²) & -- ^y^¥Vmo: -- fð>r

2. ----- (g[aV²) Ob§ erVb‘² & g[aV: -- -- n#m‘r

3. Am¶wd}X: ----- (OJV²) {d»¶mV: & -- VoOgr -- {ÛVr¶m

4. dfm©H$mbo ------ ({d¶V²) V{S>V² àH$meVo & -- -- Cfñgw gá‘r

5.--- (‘éV²) gmhmæ¶oZ --- ({dÚwV²) {Z‘u¶Vo &

4. ‘hV² B{V VH$mamÝV§ {deofU§ n{R>Ëdm Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

‘hmZ² Z¥n: ‘hmÝVm¡ Z¥nm¡ ‘hmÝV: Z¥nm: ‘hmZ² Jwé: ‘hmÝVm¡ --- ‘hmÝV: ---

‘hmZ² H${d: ‘hmÝVm¡ H$dr ‘hmÝV: H$d¶: ‘hmZ² --- ‘hmÝVm¡ F$fr ‘hmÝV: ---

‘hVr {ebm ‘h˶m¡ {ebo ‘h˶: {ebm: ‘hVr --- ‘h˶m¡ --- ‘h˶: Zm¶©:

‘hVr ZXr ‘h˶m¡ ZÚm¡ ‘h˶: ZÚ: ‘hVr YoZw: ‘h˶m¡ --- ‘h˶: ---

‘hV² ZJa‘² ‘hVr ZJao ‘hmpÝV ZJam{U ‘hV² --- ‘hVr {dído ‘hmpÝV ---

‘hV² dñVw ‘hVr dñVwZr ‘hmpÝV dñVy{Z ‘hV² ga: ‘hVr --- ‘hmpÝV ---

54

5. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV & Znw§. Xþdm©gg², Cfg², Vng², Aå^g², VoOg²,
AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², doYg²,
nw§. ór. d¶g², dmgg², n¶g², MoVg², ‘Zg² &

6. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV &
F$frUm§ ----- (VoOg²) {X춑² & ----- (Vng²) Vo gm‘϶ª àmßZwdpÝV & ----- (Z^g²) Bd

A‘¶m©{XVm Vofm§ Ñ{ï>: & Ho$MZ F$f¶: ----- (d¶g²) d¥Õm:, A{n M Ho$MZ ----- (Vng²) d¥Õm: & Vofm§
----- (MoVg²) Hw$gw‘mV² A{n ‘¥Xÿ{Z & Vofm§ gm‘϶©ñ¶ ----- (òmoVg²) ApñV Vofm§ Vnü¶m© & Vo {d‘bm{Z
----- (dmgg²) n[aYma¶pÝV & ----- (à˶wfg²) gËda‘² CËWm¶ Vo ----- (Vng²) AmMapÝV &
YݶmñVo F$f¶: &

(Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z &

gd© nw§{b“§ gd©Zm‘ & gd© ór{b“§ gd©Zm‘ &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘²
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: ~hþdMZ‘²
gdm© gd}
gd©: gdm¡© gdo© àW‘m gdm©‘² gd} gdm©:
{ÛVr¶m gd©¶m gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©:
gd©‘² gdm£ gdm©Z² V¥Vr¶m gd©ñ¶¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©{^:
MVwWu gd©ñ¶m: gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©ä¶:
gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd£: n#m‘r gd©ñ¶m: gd©¶mo: gdm©ä¶:
fð>r gd©ñ¶m‘² gd©¶mo: gdm©gm‘²
gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: gá‘r ho gd} ho gd} gdm©gw
gå~moYZ‘² ho gdm©:
gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶:

gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fm‘²

gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: gd}fw

ho gd© ho gdm£ ho gd}

gd© Znw§gH${b“§ gd©Zm‘ & ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: "AݶV²' "na' M B{V
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² gdm©{U àW‘m gd©Zm‘Û¶§ "gd©'eãX: Bd ^d{V &
gd©‘² gd} gdm©{U {ÛVr¶m "AݶV²' gd©Zm‘nXñ¶ Znw§gH${b“o
gd©‘² gd} gd£: V¥Vr¶m Vw àW‘m¶m§ {ÛVr¶m¶m§ gå~moYZo M
gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: MVwWu AݶV²/AݶX² Aݶo Aݶm{Z
gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: n#m‘r
gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}fm‘² fð>r Ed§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fw gá‘r
gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: ho gdm©{U gå~moYZ‘²
ho gd© ho gd}
55

(B) YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh:  &

EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V &

~mbH$: g§ñH¥$V§ nR>{V / AYrVo & gm¡a^: Am‘«§ ImX{V / AíZm{V & gañdVr ‘m§ ajVw/nmVw &

‘mVm Ob§ ¶ÀN>{V / XXm{V & í¶m‘: d¶ñ¶§ dX{V / ~«yVo & d¥Õ: JrV‘² AmH$U©¶{V/e¥Umo{V &

AÌ dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnXÛ¶§ ní¶V & V¶mo: AW©: g‘mZ: {H$ÝVw JUm¡ {^Þm¡ & Vñ‘mV² {dH$aUo A{n {^Þo &
ImX{V = ImX² + A + {V (ImX² 1 n. n.)
AíZm{V = Ae² + Zm + {V (Ae² 9 n. n.)

nR>{V nR²> (1 n. n.) AYrVo A{Y + B (2 Am. n. )
ajVw aj² (1 n. n.) nmVw nm (2 n. n.)
¶ÀN>{V Xm-¶ÀN²> (1 n. n.) XXm{V Xm (3 C. n.)
dX{V dX² (1 n. n.) ~«yVo ~«y (2 C. n.)
AmH$U©¶{V Am + H$U©² (10 C. n.) e¥Umo{V lw-e¥ (5 n. n.)

Aï>‘rH$jm¶m‘² Añ‘m{^: 1, 4, 6, 10 B˶ofm§ JUmZm§ ê$nn[aM¶: Ñï>: & Vofm§ {dH$aUm{Z A, ¶, A,

A¶ B{V EVm{Z AH$mamÝVm{Z & YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶g‘yho 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 JUm: gpÝV & Vofw Ho$fm{#mV² {Z˶-

à¶w³VmZm§ YmVwê$nmUm‘² Aܶ¶Z‘² AÌ H$aUr¶‘² ApñV &

YmVyZm§ àW‘: g‘yh: YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh:

YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘² YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²

nR²> 1 A nR>{V Ag² 2 - ApñV

Z¥V² 4 ¶ Z¥Ë¶{V Xm 3 {ÛËdê$n‘² XXm{V

{bI² 6 A {bI{V eH²$ 5 Zw e³Zmo{V

H$W² 10 A¶ H$W¶{V ^wO² 7 Z ^wZp³V

H¥$ 8 C H$amo{V

km 9 Zm OmZm{V

56

à˶¶m: AmË‘ZonX‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: E.d. {Ûd.
Vo AmVo
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: go AmWo ~.d.
E dho AVo
{V V: ApÝV àW‘: Üdo
AmË‘ZonX‘² ‘ho
{g W: W ‘ܶ‘: E.d. {Ûd.
V AmVm‘² ~.d.
{‘ d: ‘: CÎm‘: Wm: AmWm‘² AV
Üd‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: B d{h ‘{h

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: ~.d.
AVm‘²
V² Vm‘² AZ² àW‘: Üd‘²
Am‘h¡
: V‘² V ‘ܶ‘:
~.d.
A‘² d ‘ CÎm‘: B©aZ²
B©Üd‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² B©d{h

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd.

Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² AmVm‘²

{h V‘² V ‘ܶ‘: ñd AmWm‘²

Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡

nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd.

¶mV² ¶mVm‘² ¶w: àW‘: B©V B©¶mVm‘²

¶m: ¶mV‘² ¶mV ‘ܶ‘: B©Wm: B©¶mWm‘²

¶m‘² ¶md ¶m‘ CÎm‘: B©¶ B©d{h

bQ²>bH$ma: Ag² (2 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma: ~.d.
E.d. {Ûd. E.d. {Ûd. AmgZ²
ApñV ñV: ~.d. nwéf: AmgrV² AmñVm‘² AmñV
A{g ñW: gpÝV àW‘: Amgr: AmñV‘² Amñ‘
Apñ‘ ñd: ñW ‘ܶ‘: Amg‘² Amñd
ñ‘: CÎm‘: ~.d.
bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: ñ¶w:
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ñ¶mV
AñVw ñVm‘² gÝVw àW‘: ñ¶mV² ñ¶mVm‘² ñ¶m‘
E{Y ñV‘² ñV ‘ܶ‘: ñ¶m: ñ¶mV‘²
Agm{Z Agmd Agm‘ CÎm‘: ñ¶m‘² ñ¶md

57

$H¥$ (8 C.n.) AmË‘ZonX‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: E.d. {Ûd.
Hw$éVo $$Hw$dm©Vo
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: Hw$éfo $$Hw$dm©Wo ~.d.
Hw$d} Hw$d©ho $$Hw$d©Vo
H$amo{V Hw$éV: Hw$d©pÝV àW‘: Hw$éÜdo
Hw$‘©ho
H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$éW ‘ܶ‘:

H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$‘©: CÎm‘:

E.d. nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² ~.d.
AH$amoV² {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. AHw$d©V
AH$amo: AHw$éV AHw$dm©Vm‘² AHw$éÜd‘²
AH$ad‘² AHw$éVm‘² AHw$d©Z² àW‘: AHw$éWm: AHw$dm©Wm‘² AHw$‘©{h
AHw$éV‘² AHw$éV ‘ܶ‘: AHw${d© AHw$d©{h
AHw$d© AHw$‘© CÎm‘:

nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
{Ûd.
E.d. Hw$éVm‘² ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
H$amoVw Hw$éV‘² Hw$d©Vm‘²
Hw$é H$admd Hw$d©ÝVw àW‘: Hw$éVm‘² Hw$dm©Vm‘² Hw$éÜd‘²
H$adm{U H$adm‘h¡
Hw$éV ‘ܶ‘: Hw$éîd Hw$dm©Wm‘²

H$adm‘ CÎm‘: H$ad¡ H$admdh¡

nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
E.d. {Ûd.
Hw$¶m©V² Hw$¶m©Vm‘² ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
Hw$¶m©: Hw$¶m©V‘²
Hw$¶m©‘² Hw$¶m©d Hw$¶w©: àW‘: Hw$duV Hw$du¶mVm‘² Hw$duaZ²
Hw$¶m©V ‘ܶ‘: Hw$duWm: Hw$du¶mWm‘² Hw$duÜd‘²
Hw$¶m©‘ CÎm‘: Hw$du¶ Hw$dud{h Hw$du‘{h

bQ²>bH$ma: eH²$ (5 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma:
{Ûd.
E.d. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
e³Zmo{V e³ZwV: Ae³ZwdZ²
e³Zmo{f e³ZwW: e³ZwdpÝV àW‘: Ae³ZmoV² Ae³ZwVm‘² Ae³ZwV
e³Zmo{‘ e³Zwd: Ae³Zw‘
e³ZwW ‘ܶ‘: Ae³Zmo: Ae³ZwV‘²

e³Zw‘: CÎm‘: Ae³Zd‘² Ae³Zwd

bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:
E.d. {Ûd.
~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

e³ZmoVw e³ZwVm‘² e³ZwdÝVw àW‘: e³Zw¶mV² e³Zw¶mVm‘² e³Zw¶w:
e³Zw{h e³ZwV‘² e³ZwV ‘ܶ‘: e³Zw¶m: e³Zw¶mV‘² e³Zw¶mV
e³Zdm{Z e³Zdmd e³Zdm‘ CÎm‘: e³Zw¶m‘² e³Zw¶md e³Zw¶m‘

58

bQ²>bH$ma: lw (e¥) (5 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma:

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

e¥Umo{V e¥UwV: e¥ÊdpÝV àW‘: Ae¥UmoV² Ae¥UwVm‘² Ae¥ÊdZ²

e¥Umo{f e¥UwW: e¥UwW ‘ܶ‘: Ae¥Umo: Ae¥UwV‘² Ae¥UwV

e¥Umo{‘ e¥Uwd:/e¥Êd: e¥Uw‘:/e¥Ê‘: CÎm‘: Ae¥Ud‘² Ae¥Uwd/Ae¥Êd Ae¥Uw‘/Ae¥Ê‘

bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:
{Ûd.
E.d. e¥UwVm‘² ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
e¥UmoVw e¥UwV‘² e¥UwdÝVw
e¥Uw e¥Udmd e¥UwV àW‘: e¥Uw¶mV² e¥Uw¶mVm‘² e¥Uw¶w:
e¥Udm{Z e¥Udm‘
‘ܶ‘: e¥Uw¶m: e¥Uw¶mV‘² e¥Uw¶mV

CÎm‘: e¥Uw¶m‘² e¥Uw¶md e¥Uw¶m‘

¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV & {OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. N>mÌm: ¶e:  & (àmßZmoVw, àmßZwdÝVw) 2. Ah§ ~mb:  & (Apñ‘, ñ‘:)

3. gm nmH§$  & (Hw$éVo, Hw$d©Vo) 4. g: JmVw§  & (e³Zmo{‘, e³Zmo{V)

5. AmMm¶©: nmR>embm‘²  &(A¶mV², A¶w:) 6. Ëd§ g§ñH¥$VoZ gå^mfU§  & (Hw$é, H$amoVw)

7. A{n Ah§ àdoe§  ? (H$admdh¡, H$ad¡) 8. ‘mbmH$ma: nwînm{U  & ({MZmo{V, {MÝdpÝV)

Jm¶V ZÝXV ! agàíZm: &
H¥$Ëdm ZdÑT>gL²>H$ën‘² & • doXm: H${V ? Vo Ho$ ?

H¥$Ëdm ZdÑT>g‘ën‘² MËdma: doXm: - F$½doX:, ¶Owd}X:, gm‘doX:
{dVaÝVmo ZdgÝXoe‘²
KQ>¶m‘mo Zdg”Q>Z‘² AWd©doX: M &
aM¶m‘mo Zd{‘{Vhmg‘² &&Y¥.&&
• gáf©¶: Ho$ ?
Zd‘ÝdÝVa{epënZ: H$í¶n:, A{Ì:, ^aÛmO:, {dídm{‘Ì:, Jm¡V‘:,
amï´>g‘wÞ{VH$m{¬U:
˶mJYZm: H$m¶£H$aVm: O‘X{¾: d{gð>: M &
H¥${V{ZnwUm: d¶‘{dfÊUm: &&1&&
^oX^mdZm§ {Zamg¶ÝV: • nm{U{ZZm {da{MVñ¶ ì¶mH$aUJ«ÝWñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
XrZX[aÐmZ² g‘wÕaÝV: Aï>mܶm¶r &
Xþ:I{dVámZ² g‘mœgÝV:
H¥$Vg‘ënmZ² gXm ñ‘aÝV: &&2&& • Zd agm: Ho$?
àJ{VnWmÞ {h {dMbo‘ e¥“ma:, dra:, H$éU:, AØþV:, hmñ¶:, ^¶mZH$:,
naånam§ g§ajo‘
g‘moËgm{hZmo {ZéÛo{JZmo ~r^Ëg:, am¡Ð:, emÝV: M &
{Z˶{ZaÝVaJ{Verbm: &&3&&
• n#m ^yVm{Z H$m{Z ?
-lr. OZmX©Z hoJS>o n¥{Wdr, Amn:, VoO:, dm¶w:, AmH$me: M &

• n#m àmUm: Ho$ ?
àmU:, AnmZ:, ì¶mZ:, CXmZ: g‘mZ: M &

• ¶moJñ¶ Aï> A“m{Z H$m{Z ?
¶‘:, {Z¶‘:, AmgZ‘², àmUm¶m‘:, à˶mhma:,

ܶmZ‘², YmaUm g‘m{Y: M &

59

$(B©) H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M &

{H«$¶mnXÛ¶‘²

H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² (H$V©[a) H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² (H$‘©{U)

H$Vm© àYmZ: H$‘© àYmZ‘²
àYmZËdmV² H$V¥©nXñ¶ àW‘m àYmZËdmV² H$‘©nXñ¶ àW‘m
¶Wm - ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$: nR>{V ? ~mbH$: & H$: nR>çVo ? J«ÝW: &

à¶moJ: H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

H$V¥©dmÀ¶: àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

H$‘©dmÀ¶: V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V: àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

H$‘©dmÀ¶m{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z - • J¡ - Jr¶Vo & ImX² - ImÚVo & jmb² - jmë¶Vo &
1) nm - nm¶Vo & (2 n.n.)4) lw - ly¶Vo & nR²> - nR>çVo & ‘Ý̲ - ‘ÝͶVo &
ñVw - ñVy¶Vo & ‘wM² - ‘wÀ¶Vo & 10) X§e² - Xí¶Vo &
km - km¶Vo & 9) nyO² - nyÁ¶Vo & J«ÝW² - J«Ï¶Vo &
5) H¥$ - {H«$¶Vo & JU² - JʶVo & 11) dX² - CÚVo &
• ܶ¡ - ܶm¶Vo & H$W² - H$϶Vo & dh² - CøVo &
ö - {õ¶Vo & aM² - aÀ¶Vo & dn² - C߶Vo &
• Ì¡ - Ìm¶Vo & VS²> - VmS>çVo & dM² - CÀ¶Vo &
2) nm - nr¶Vo & (1 n.n.)6) V¦ - Vr¶©Vo & Mwa² - Mmo¶©Vo & ˆo - hÿ¶Vo &
ñ‘¥ - ñ‘¶©Vo & d¥ - dm¶©Vo & 12) àÀN>² - n¥ÀN>çVo &
‘m - ‘r¶Vo & Y¥ - Ym¶©Vo & J«h² - J¥øVo &
7) Z‘² - Zå¶Vo & Kwf² - Kmoî¶Vo & ~«y - CÀ¶Vo &
Xm - Xr¶Vo &
¶‘² - ¶å¶Vo &
3) {O - Or¶Vo &
J‘² - Jå¶Vo &
{M - Mr¶Vo &
8) {bI² - {b»¶Vo &
Zr - Zr¶Vo &
Ñe² - Ñí¶Vo &
àr - àr¶Vo &

H$‘©dmÀ¶{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + ¶ + AmË‘ZonXr¶H$mbmW©à˶¶: &

Ñe² - ní¶² (1 n.n.) H$‘©dmÀ¶: bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:)

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d nwéf: E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

g:/gm/VX² Vm¡/Vo/Vo Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z àW‘: Ñí¶Vo Ñí¶oVo Ñí¶ÝVo

Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘² ‘ܶ‘: Ñí¶go Ñí¶oWo Ñí¶Üdo
Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘² CÎm‘: Ñí¶o X¥í¶mdho Ñí¶m‘ho

H$‘©dmÀ¶-ê$nm{U AݶbH$maofw A{n ^dpÝV &

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & à¶moJn[aM¶§ M {bIV & 2. gwdUm© JU¶{V & (nwîn)
1. Z¥Ë¶§ {H«$¶Vo & (Aßgag²) 4. {MÌnQ>: Ñí¶Vo & (Añ‘X²)
3. ^³Vm: B©ída§  & (nyO¶{V/nyO¶pÝV) 6. dÝXo ‘mVa‘² & (Añ‘X²)
5. ~mbH$m: ’$bm{Z  & (b^o/b^ÝVo)

60

(C) VËnwéf:

1. {d^p³VËnwéf: &

1) IJm: dZ§ JVm: &
2) V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z Vofm§ ZrS>m{Z &
3) d¥jofw IJmZm§ {Zdmgm¶ ZrS>m{Z gpÝV &
4) nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: IJm: AmZÝXpÝV &
5) IJmZm§ OrdZ§ l_¡: n[anyU©_² &
6) ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: IJm: Ü`o`erbm: &

1. dZ§ JVm: = dZJVm: & ({ÛVr`m {d^{³V:) 2. V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z = V¥Ua{MVm{Z & (V¥Vr`m {d^{³V:)

3. {Zdmgm` ZrS>m{Z = {ZdmgZrS>m{Z & (MVwWu {d^{³V:) 4. nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: = nO©Ý`a{jVm: & (n#m_r
{d^{³V:) 5. IJmZm§ OrdZ_² = IJOrdZ‘² & (fð>r {d^{³V:)6. ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: = ñdH$m`©{ZaVm: & (gá_r
{d^{³V:)

AÌ àW_nX§ {ÛVr`nXoZ H$`m{MV² {d^ŠË`m g§`wÁ`Vo & AV: Ef: g‘mg: "{d^p³VVËnwéf:' B{V CÀ`Vo &

g_mg- g‘ñVnX‘² CÎmanXmZm_² CXmhaUm{Z g‘mg{dJ«h:
àH$ma: d¥jm{lV: &
Amd{b: embm§ J‘Z‘², H«$‘§ àmá:,
{ÛVr`m ^wd§ JV:, ^yq‘ JV:,
VËnwéf: {lV, Am{lV, embmJ_Z‘², H«$_àmá:, H¥$îU‘² Am{lV:, JwUmZ²
AVrV:, gwI‘² AmnÞ: &
JV, AmnÞ, ^yJV:, ^y{_JV:,

AVrV, àmá H¥$îUm{lV:, JwUmVrV:,

gwImnÞ: &

d¥j‘² Am{lV: (‘H©$Q>:) &

V¥Vr`m Ho$e{dhrZ: gånÞ, a{hV, YZgånÞ:, ~w{ÕhrZ:, YZoZ gånÞ:, ~wX²Ü¶m
hrZ:, MaUoZ MaUmä¶m§
VËnwéf: hrZ, {dH$b, MaU{dH$b:, {dH$b:, eH©$a¶m
{‘{lV:, {MÝV¶m g‘m,
d{O©V, `w³V, eH©$am{‘{lV:, ~XaoU gÑe:, dU£:
{‘{lV:, YZoZ AmT>ç: &
gÑe, AmT>ç {MÝVmg_m, ~XagÑe:, Xoem¶ B{V, H$ݶm¶¡ B{V,
{dhmam¶ B{V, ajUm¶
Ho$e¡: {dhrZ:/a{hV: & dU©{_{lV:, YZmT>ç: & B{V, {eënoä¶: Amb¶:,
Vngo dZ‘², J«ÝWoä¶:
MVwWu XmZno{Q>H$m AW©_² XoemW©_², H$Ý`mW©_², Amb¶:, H$m¶m©¶ e{º$:,
VËnwéf: {dhmamW©_², ajUmW©_², Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m‘² {haʶ‘²,
{eënmb`:, VnmodZ_², KQ>m¶ ‘¥{ÎmH$m &
XmZm¶ no{Q>H$m & J«ÝWmb`:, H$m`©e{³V:
Hw$ÊS>b{haʶ‘²,
KQ>‘¥{ÎmH$m &

61

n#m_r hñVn{VV‘² & _w³V, ^rV, àXÿfU_w³V:, XmZdÌmV:, àXÿfUmV² ‘w³V:, XmZdmV²
VËnwéf: ÌmV, n{VV,
hñVmV² n{VV‘² & a{jV Agwa^rVm, d¥jn{VV_², ÌmV:, AgwamV² ^rVm,
fð>r (H$adó‘² )&
VËnwéf: d¥jemIm & gn©a{jV: & d¥jmV² n{VV‘², gnm©V²

a{jV: &

{à`, H¥$Vo N>mÌ{à`: _ËH¥$Vo, N>mÌmUm§ {à¶:, ‘‘ H¥$Vo,
g_wÐe{³V:, am_m`U_², g‘wÐñ¶ ep³V:, am‘ñ¶
{dÚwËàdmh:, A¶Z‘², {dÚwV: àdmh:,
gy`m}X`:, XeaWnwÌ:, gy¶©ñ¶ CX¶:, XeaWñ¶
{nÌmkm & nwÌ:, {nVw: Amkm &

gá_r d¥jñ¶ emIm & Hw$eb, aV, H$bmHw$eb:, H«$sS>mnQw>:, H$bm¶m§ Hw$eb:, H«$sS>m¶m§
VËnwéf: Z¥Ë¶{ZnwUm &
àdrU, _¾, H$m¶©aV:, àOmdËgb:, nQw>:, H$m¶} aV:, àOmgw
Z¥Ë¶o {ZnwUm &
ì`J«, »`mV, J{UVVÁk:, dËgb:, J{UVo VÁk:,

{d{XV, em¡ÊS> ^wdZ{d{XV:, ^wdZo {d{XV:, OJ{V

OJËà{gÕ: & à{gÕ: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. g‘ñVnX§ {bIV & 1. H$ënZm‘² AVrV: & 2. J«m‘§ JV: & 3. hñVoZ {b{IV‘²& 4. gå^mfUo MVwa: &
5. Obñ¶ {~ÝXw:& 6. kmZñ` bmbgm & 7. H$mH$m¶ ~{b: & 8. MmoamV² ^¶‘² & 9. ^mfm¶m: Aä¶mg:&

2. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² nR>V & EVo eãXm: g‘mgo H$m§ {d^p³V_² AnojÝVo B{V {bIV &
1. AmT>ç, 2. JV, 3. ÌmV, 4. em¡ÊS>, 5. AW©_², 6. _w³V, 7. gÑe, 8. {dH$b, 9. {à`, 10. {d{XV

3. [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V & g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgàH$ma:
g‘ñVnX‘² ----- MVwWu VËnwéf:
VnmodZ‘² {MÝVm¶m: ‘w³V: n#m‘r VËnwéf:
----- ZoÌmä¶m§ hrZ:
ZoÌhrZ: Z¥nñ¶ H$ݶm -----
Z¥nH$ݶm -----

62

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & $$ Ho$Z H¥$V‘² ? MVwW©: KQ>H$: &

‘mVm à^mVo H$m¶m©b¶§ JÀN>{V & J‘ZmV² nydª gm ‘ÝXmam¶ H$aUr¶m{Z H$m¶m©{U H$W¶{V & H$m¶m©Um‘²

Amdm{b: Vw àXrKm© AmgrV² & AYwZm gm¶L²>H$mb g‘¶: & ‘mVw: à˶mJ‘Zg‘¶: & ‘ÝXma: {H$pÄMV² ^rV:

¶V: gdm©{U H$m¶m©{U Z g‘mám{Z & (‘mVm à{de{V)

‘mVm - ""ao ‘ÝXma, H$m¶m©Um‘² Amdqb Xe©¶ gËda‘² &''

Amd{b: H¥$V‘²/Z H¥$V‘² EVV² gdª Ho$Z H¥$V‘² /Ho$Z Z
e¶ZJ¥hñ¶ ñdÀN>Vm P e¶ZJ¥h§ ñdÀN>rH¥$V‘²& H¥$V‘² ? ‘ÝXmaoU &
J¥ho ObnyaU‘² P Ob§ ny[aV‘²&

AdH$ajonU‘² P AdH$a: {já:& ‘ÝXmaoU H$m¶ª H¥$V‘² &
àmVame^jU‘² P àmVame: ^{jV:& ‘mÌm H$m¶ª XÎm‘² &
J¥h‘mO©Z‘² O J¥h§ Z ‘m{O©V‘²& ~mboZ Ob§ nrV‘² &
d¥jofw Ob{g#mZ‘² O d¥jofw Ob§ Z {g³V‘²& Añ‘m{^: nwñVH$m{Z n{R>Vm{Z &
Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½YH«$¶U‘² P Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½Y§ H«$sV‘²& ‘{hb¶m AdH$a: {já: &
dm¶wMw„o: ñdÀN>Vm O dm¶wMw{„: Z ñdÀN>rH¥$Vm & Vm{^: dóm{U àjm{bVm{Z &

{dÎmH$mofmV² YZ-AmhaU‘² O {dÎmH$mofmV² YZ§ Z AmöV‘² & N>mÌm{^: nwpñVH$m: {b{IVm: &

ñdmܶm¶: P ñdmܶm¶: H¥$V: &

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & gå^mfmnÌ‘²
1. ‘mYdoZ nÌ‘²
3. d¥Õ¶m Xodm: & (AmZrV:/AmZrV‘²) 2. ‘H©$Q>oZ Q>mo{nH$m: & (J¥hrV‘²/J¥hrVm:)
5. CÎm‘¡: H$m¶©‘² & (àm{W©Vm:/àm{W©V:)    4. ¶wî‘m{^: ZmQ>H§$ & (Ñï>:/Ñï>‘²)
7. JwéUm X{jUm & (AmaãYm/AmaãY‘² 6. YoZw{^: V¥Um{Z & (^w³V‘²/^w³Vm{Z)
& (¶m{MVm¡/¶m{MVm)

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

• {edmo@h§ {edmo@h§ {edñdê$nmo@h‘² & • EaÊS>mo@{n VéñVmdV² ‘eH$mo@{n {dh§J‘: &

H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h‘² & IÚmoVmo@{n {H$b Á¶mo{V: d¶§ Z H$d¶: H$W‘² &&

}{ed: Ah‘² AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n: }EaÊS>: A{n & AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n:
{dgJ©: {dgJ©: &
{edñdê$n: Ah‘² & ‘eH$: A{n &
H$: Ah‘² g: Ah‘² IÚmoV: A{n &

H$d¶: H$W‘² & } A{dH$mar {dgJ©:

Vé: + VmdV² & } g²ê$n: {dgJ©:

63

Xe‘>: nmR>: & H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ gw^m{fVmZm§ ‘hm^mÊS>ma§ {dÚVo & H$m{ZMZ gw^m{fVm{Z M‘ËH¥${VnyUm©{Z & • àho{bH$m Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
Vofm‘² AWm©d~moY: Z gab: & àho{bH$m:, Hy$Q>àíZm: g‘ñ¶mny{V©: M EVo àH$mam: Añ‘mH§$ • Aݶ^mfmgw H$m:

H¥$Vo ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² Ed & gw^m{fVmZm§ aMZm hmñ¶agnyUm© öÚm M & AV: Ed EVo àho{bH$m: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?

H$mì¶àH$mam: dmMH$mZm§ ‘Z: {dZmoX¶pÝV &

gmjam {dnarVmüoX² amjgm Ed Ho$db‘² &
gagmo {dnarVmo@{n gagËd§ Z ‘w#m{V &&1&&

d¥jmJ«dmgr Z M n{jamO:
{ÌZoÌYmar Z M eybnm{U: &
Ëd½dóYmar Z M {gÕ¶moJr
Ob§ M {~^«Þ KQ>mo Z ‘oK: &&2&&

VmVoZ H${WV§ nwÌ ņ {bI ‘‘mk¶m &
Z VoZ {bpIV§ ņ {nVwamkm Z b{”Vm &&3&&

Z Vñ¶m{XZ© Vñ¶mÝV: ¶mo ‘ܶo Vñ¶ {Vð>{V &
Vdm߶pñV ‘‘m߶pñV ¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: &&4&&

J“m¶mü#mbVao dm[a{U à{V{~på~V‘² &
emo^Vo VmaH$m¶w³V§$ eVMÝЧ Z^ñVb‘² &&5&&

ñnï>rH$aU‘²

ûcmoH$: 1 - gmjam: B{V nX§ {dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "amjgm:' B{V ^d{V & na§ "gag:' B{V nX‘² ¶WmZwH«$‘§ dm
{dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "gag:' B˶od ^d{V & AÌ H${dH$ënZm Ed§ H${dH$m¡eb§ {d^m{V &

ûcmoH$: 2 - g: d¥jñ¶ AJ«o dg{V {H$ÝVw n{jamO: JéS>: Z & Vñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U gpÝV {H$ÝVw g: eybnm{U: eL²>H$a: Z&
g: dëH$bgÑe§ dó§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: {gÕ¶moJr Z& g: Ob§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: Z KQ>: Z M ‘oK: & Añ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo
Zm[aHo$b’$b‘² &

ûcmoH$: 3 - VmVoZ H${WV‘², ""ho nwÌ, ‘‘ Amk¶m ņ {bI&'' VoZ nwÌoU ņ Z {b{IV‘² & VWm{n {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm&
AW©g“{V: Z Ñí¶Vo& ¶{X "Z VoZ'B{V EH$nX§ {H«$¶Vo MoV² " ZVoZ' B{V nXoZ AW©~moY: ^d{V & ZVoZ Zm‘ Z‘«ñd^mdoZ
nwÌoU ņ {b{IV‘² & A{n M {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm&

ûcmoH$: 4 - Hy$Q>àíZ: A¶‘² & Añ¶ CÎma‘² - Vñ¶ Am{X: Z, Vñ¶ AÝV: Z, Vñ¶ ‘ܶo ¶: {Vð>{V ( VV² ) Vd A{n
ApñV, ‘‘ A{n ApñV&

ûcmoH$: 5 - eVMÝЧ Z^ñVb‘² & B{V H$mMZ g‘ñ¶m dV©Vo & AmH$meo MÝÐmUm§ eV§ H$W§ e³¶Vo? B˶ofm g‘ñ¶m &
g‘ñ¶mny{V©: - J“mZÚm: Ob§ H$„mob¶wº§$ {dÚVo & ¶Xm JJZo VmaH$m: MÝБm: M {dbgpÝV VXm MÝБg: eV§ à{V{~å~m{Z
J“mZÚm: Obo Ñí¶ÝVo & VXm H${d: H$ënZm§ H$amo{V, "Z^: eVMÝБ²' Bd Ñí¶Vo &

64

ûcmoH$: 1 ^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. {deofU-{deoî¶-ñVå^§ nya¶V &

A) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo X¥í¶Vo ?

Am) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo Z X¥í¶Vo ? {deofU‘² {deo²

B) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: ^do¶w: ? nwÌ:
B©) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: Z ^do¶w:?
{b{IV‘²

2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & amjg:, gag: & 4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & ‘‘mk¶m, {nVwamkm
3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 5. ûcmoH$mV² "³V' à˶¶mÝVê$nm{U (H$‘©.^y.Ym.{d.)
A) {dnarVmo@{n = Am) {dnarVmüoV² =
{MZwV {bIV M &

ûcmoH$: 2. ûcmoH$: 4.
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 1. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V &
A) d¥jmJ«dmgr H$: ? Am) H$: n{jamO: ? A) {Ì-Aja¶w³Vo eãXo "¶' ‘ܶo {Vð>{V &

B) H$: {ÌZoÌYmar ? B©) H$: eybnm{U: ? Am) eãXñ¶ Amaå^o "Z' {dÚVo &

C) H$: Ob§ {~^{V© ? D$) H$: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V ? B) eãXñ¶ AÝVo A{n "Z' {dÚVo &

2. eãXg‘yhñ¶ H¥$Vo EH§$ g§joneãX§ {bIV & 2. àmᑲ CÎma‘² -
A) ¶: d¥jñ¶ AJ«^mJo {Zdg{V -
Am) n{jUm§ amOm - 3. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &
B) ¶ñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U - A) Vñ¶ + Am{X: (A + Am)
B©) eyb§ nmUm¡ ¶ñ¶ g: - Am) Vñ¶ + AÝV: (A + A)
C) ¶: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V - B) Vd + A{n (A + A)
B©) A{n + ApñV (B + A)
3. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV -
A) n{jamO: d¥jmJ«o (dg{V/Z dg{V) & 4. ûcmoH$mV² fîR>çÝVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M &
Am) KQ>: Ìr{U ZoÌm{U (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) &
B) eybnm{U: Ob§ ({~^{V© / Z {~^{V©) & ûcmoH$: 5.
B©) Zm[aHo$b§ Ëd½dó§ (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) & 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M & A) H$ñ¶m: ZÚm: dU©Z§ gw^m{fVo dV©Vo?
n{jamO:, eybnm{U:, Ob‘², ‘oK:, eL²>H$a:, d¥j:, Am) eVMÝЧ Z^ñVb§ Hw$Ì emo^Vo ?
2. {deofU¡: OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

{gÕ¶moJr, JéS>:, Vé:, Vmo¶‘², ObX:, Vnñdr &

ûcmoH$: 3. Z^ñVb‘²
1. H$: H§$ dX{V? "ņ {bI &'
2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. {deofU§ {bIV &
A) Ho$Z Amkm XÎmm? Am) Ho$Z Amkm Z b{”Vm & 1) dm[a{U & 2) Z^ñVb‘² &

B) ņ Ho$Z {b{IV‘² ? 4. JL²>Jm B{V eãXñ¶ A‘anL²>p³V§ {bIV &

65

EH$mXe>: nmR>: & ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² &

nwam A‘ae{³V: Zm‘ amOm AmgrV² & Vñ¶ nwÌm: {ddoH$a{hVm: emó{d‘wImü & • {XdmñdßZ: Zm‘ {H$‘²?
‘ZmoaÄOH$-H$Wm‘mܶ‘oZ {dîUwe‘m© Zm‘ npÊS>V: VmZ² Zr{Vemónma“VmZ² AH$amoV² & VXWª • "¶Wm {MpÝVV§ VW¡d
a{MVmZm§ H$WmZm§ gL²>J«h: Ed "n#mVÝÌ‘²' ZmåZm {d»¶mV: & (1) {‘Ì^oX:
(2) {‘Ìgåàm{á: (3) H$mH$mobyH$s¶‘² (4) bãYàUme: (5) Anar{jVH$maH$‘² B{V A^dV²' B{V H$Xm{MV²
Vm{Z n#m VÝÌm{U & Anar{jVH$maH$mV² ñdrH¥$Vm àñVwVH$Wm & AZw^yV§ dm ?

AYrVo ¶ BX§ {Z˶§ Zr{Vemó§ e¥Umo{V M &
Z nam^d‘mßZmo{V eH«$mX{n H$XmMZ &&

H$pñ‘§{üV² ZJao H${üV²
ñd^mdH¥$nUmo Zm‘ H$mo@
{n {^jwH$: à{Vdg{V ñ‘ &
VoZ {^j¶m àmáoZ g³Vw{nï>oZ
H$be: gåny[aV: & V§ M
KQ>§ ZmJXÝVo a‚dm ~X²Üdm
Vñ¶mYñVmV² H$Q>§ àgm¶© gVV§
V{Ûf¶o {MÝV¶Z² g: gwá: & g:
A{MÝV¶V² - ""¶Ën[anyUm}@¶§
KQ>ñVmdV² g³Vw{nï>oZ dV©Vo &
¶{X Xþ{^©j§ ^d{V V{h© Añ¶
{dH«$¶UoZ ê$߶H$mUm§ eV§
àmßñ¶m{‘ & VVñVoZ Ah‘²
AOmÛ¶§ H«o$î¶m{‘ & VV:
fmÊ‘m{gH$-àgddemV² Vmä¶m§ ¶yW: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@Om{^: à^yVm: YoZy: J«hrî¶m{‘, YoZw{^:
‘{hfr:, ‘{hfr{^: dS>dm:, dS>dmàgdV: à^yVm: Aûdm: ^{dî¶pÝV & Vofm§ {dH«$¶UmËà^yV§
gwdUª àmßñ¶m{‘ & gwdU}Z MVw:emb§ J¥h§ gånËñ¶Vo & VV: H${üV² Y{ZH$: àmád¶ñH$m§
ê$nmT>çm§ H$ݶm§ ‘ø§ Xmñ¶{V & Amd¶mo: nwÌ: ^{dî¶{V & Vñ¶mh§ gmo‘e‘}{V Zm‘ H$[aî¶m{‘ &
VV: g: OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶: ^{dî¶{V & EH$Xm gmo‘e‘m© ‘m§ Ñï>‰m ‘Ëg‘rn‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V &
VVmo@h§ H$monm{dï>: A{^Ymñ¶m{‘ ^m¶m©‘², ""J¥hmU ~mbH$‘²'' B{V & gm@{n ‘‘ dMZ§ Z lmoî¶{V &
VmdËH$mbo H$üZ Hw$¸w$a: VÌ AmJ{‘î¶{V & gmo‘e‘m© Vñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@h§ g‘wËWm¶
bJwS>oZ V§ Hw$¸w$a§ VmS>{¶î¶m{‘ &'' Ed§ ñdßZ‘¾: ܶmZpñWV: g: VW¡d bJwS>àhma‘² AH$amoV² &
VoZ bJwS>àhmaoU g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: g: KQ>: ^¾: A^dV² & ñd^mdH¥$nU: g: nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V² &
AV: ~«dr{‘ -

AZmJVdVt {MÝVm‘gå^mì¶m§ H$amo{V ¶: &

g Ed nmÊSw>a: eoVo gmo‘e‘©{nVm ¶Wm &&

66

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & 2. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ KQ>: Hw$Ì ~Õ:?
1. {^jwH$ñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ?

3. gmo‘e‘m© H$ñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V? 4. g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: KQ>: H$ñ‘mV² H$maUmV² ^¾: ?

5. gmo‘e‘©{nVw: Zm‘ {H$‘²? 6. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ H$Q>: Hw$Ì àgm[aV: ?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

1. ñd^mdH¥$nU: {H$‘Wª nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V²?

2. "A{n {XdmñdßZXe©Z§ ¶mo½¶‘² ?' B{V H$Wm¶m: AmYmaoU {bIV &

3. (A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Vñ¶mYñVmV² (2) H$Xm{MÐmÌm¡ (3) gmo‘e‘}{V (4) VVmo@h‘² &

(Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) Xþ{^©j‘² (2) ê$nmT>çm‘² (3) ܶmZpñWV: (4) ñd^mdH¥$nU:

4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H¥$nU:, Xþ{^©j‘², Aœ:, YoZw:, gwdU©‘², Hw$¸w$a: &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &
4) Vpñ‘Z² + Ed = Vpñ‘Þod &
1) ^¶mV² + ‘w³V: - ^¶mÝ‘w³V: &
‘¥V² + ‘¶ya: - ‘¥Ý‘¶ya: & BZ² + AÝV = BÞÝV &

dJr©¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + AZwZm{gH$‘² =dJu¶-AZwZm{gH$‘² õñd: ñda:  Z² H$mo@{n ñda: = Þ

fQ²> + ‘mg: = fÊ‘mg: & (nyd©‘²) (níMmV²)
dmH²$ + ‘¶‘² - dmL²>‘¶‘² &
Vpñ‘Z² + CËgdo = Vpñ‘ÞwËgdo &
2) Vñ‘mV² + M = Vñ‘mƒ &
{dÛV² + OZ: ={dÛ‚mZ: & Hw$d©Z² + AmgrV² = Hw$d©ÞmgrV² &

5) gV² + AmMma: = gXmMma: &

V w + Mw = Mw eamV² + A{n = eamX{n &

(Mw = M dJ©:) (Vw = V dJ©:) dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + ñda:/‘¥Xþì¶ÄOZ‘²=V¥Vr¶ì¶ÄOZ‘²
AdH$mamV² + M = AdH$amƒ &
EVV² + O¶: = EV‚m¶: & fQ²> + {dH$mam: = fS²>{dH$mam: &

3) ‘V² + ea: = ‘ÀN>a: & Vñ‘mV² + Ed = Vñ‘mXod &

lr‘V² + e‘ a: = lr‘ÀN>‘a: & 6) VX² + H¥$Vo = VËH¥$Vo & jwY² + nrS>m = jwËnrS>m

V² + e² = dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + H$R>moaì¶ÄOZ‘² =àW‘ì¶ÄOZ‘²

M² N²> fS²> + H$ma: = fQ²>H$ma: &
VV² + lmoVw‘² = VÀN´>moVw‘² & ‘¥X² + gm{YV‘² = ‘¥Ëgm{YV‘² &
JÀN>oV² + {ed: = JÀN>opÀN>d: &

67

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {deofU-{dñVma: &

Ydb: MÝÐ: AmH$meo dV©Vo & Ah§ à{V{XZ§ Ydb§ MÝЧ ní¶m{‘, Vwî¶m{‘ M & YdboZ MÝÐoU Z^:
{d^m{V & MH$moam: Ydbm¶ MÝÐm¶ ñn¥h¶pÝV & YdbmV² MÝÐmV² {H$aUm: òdpÝV & ny{U©‘m¶m§ Ydbñ¶ MÝÐñ¶
gm¡ÝX¶©‘² Anydª Ibw & ho Ydb MÝÐ, erVbVm§ à¶ÀN> gd}ä¶: &

¶{„“§ ¶X²dMZ§ ¶m M {d^p³V{d©eoî¶ñ¶ &
V{„“§ VX²dMZ§ g¡d {d^p³V{d©eofUñ¶m{n &&
g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ ¶Wm {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§ {d^³V¶: M n[adV©ÝVo VW¡d {deofUo A{n n[adV©Z§ ^d{V &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V:
àW‘m
{ZnwU: ~mbH$: {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S>‘² Aaʶ‘² {ÛVr¶m
V¥Vr¶m
{ZnwU§ ~mbH$‘² {ZnwUm§ ~m{bH$m‘² {Z{~S>‘² Aaʶ‘² MVwWu
n#m‘r
{ZnwUoZ ~mbHo$Z {ZnwU¶m ~m{bH$¶m {Z{~S>oZ AaʶoZ fð>r
gá‘r
{ZnwUm¶ ~mbH$m¶ {ZnwUm¶¡ ~m{bH$m¶¡ {Z{~S>m¶ Aaʶm¶ gå~moYZ‘²

{ZnwUmV² ~mbH$mV² {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>mV² AaʶmV² {d^p³V:
àW‘m
{ZnwUñ¶ ~mbH$ñ¶ {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>ñ¶ Aaʶñ¶ {ÛVr¶m
V¥Vr¶m
{ZnwUo ~mbHo$ {ZnwUm¶m§ ~m{bH$m¶m‘² {Z{~S>o Aaʶo MVwWu
n#m‘r
ho {ZnwU ~mbH$ ho {ZnwUo ~m{bHo$ ho {Z{~S> Aaʶ fð>r
gá‘r
Ed‘od {ÛdMZñ¶ VWm ~hþdMZñ¶ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV & gå~moYZ‘²

Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: Hw$ebm¡ d¡‘m{ZH$m:

d¡‘m{ZH$‘² d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebmZ²

Hw$eboZ Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZH¡$:

d¡‘m{ZH$m¶ d¡‘m{ZH$mä¶m§ Hw$eboä¶:

Hw$ebmV² Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZHo$ä¶:

d¡‘m{ZH$ñ¶ d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: Hw$ebmZm§

Hw$ebo d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: d¡‘m{ZHo$fw

Hw$eb d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebm:

Ed‘od "MVwa: ~mbH$:', "CÎm‘: H${d:', "{Z{~S>§ dZ‘²', "XrKm© ZXr', "‘oYm{dZr ~m{bH$m', "nwamVZr
H$Wm', "{à¶: gwöX²', "ñZohmbw: {nVm', "aå¶m Cfm:' B˶ofm§ {deofU-{deoî¶-¶w½‘mZm§ ê$nm{U dXÝVw &

68

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

{deofU-{deomo: ¶w½‘§ nya¶V &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V:
àW‘m
n{dÌ: Obme¶: (n{dÌ) ZXr (n{dÌ) J“mOb‘²

(ZyVZ) ‘ÊS>n‘² ZyVZm§ ^mfm‘² (ZyVZ) ‘pÝXa‘² {ÛVr¶m

g‘¥ÕoZ (H$mof) (g‘¥Õ) naåna¶m g‘¥ÕoZ (ZJa) V¥Vr¶m

(H$mo‘b) ñd^mdm¶ H$mo‘bm¶¡ (bVm) (H$mo‘b) nwînm¶ MVwWu

namYrZmV² (Cnm¶) (namYrZm) ~wX²Ü¶m: (namYrZ) OrdZmV² n#m‘r

(CÎm‘) nwéfñ¶ CÎm‘m¶m: (n{ÌH$m) CÎm‘ñ¶ (d¥ÎmnÌ) fð>r

(ñWyb>) nwÌo ñWybm¶m‘² (H$ݶm) (ñWyb>) nmÌo gá‘r

ho (loð>) F$fo ho loðo> (VnpñdZr) ho (loð>) Am¡fY‘² gå~moYZ‘²

dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &
1. ({demb) d¥jñ¶ AY: n¹$m{Z (’$b‘²) AnVZ² & 2. (d¥Õ) {nVm‘ø¡ (gagm) H$Wm: amoMÝVo &
3. {ZnwU¶m (Jm{¶H$m) gh Ah§ (ldUr¶) JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ & 4. ‘¥Ê‘¶o (nmÌ‘²) (erVb) Ob§
{dÚVo &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &

7) {ZgJm©V² + bä¶Vo = {ZgJm©„ä¶Vo & 8) Apñ‘Z² + bmoHo$ = Apñ‘>±„moHo$ &
EVX² + bdU‘² = EV„dU‘² &
J«ÝWmZ² + {bI{V = J«ÝWm±{„I{V &

V²/X² + b² b² Z² + b² ± b²

CV² + bg{V = C„g{V & VmZ² + bmoH$mZ² = Vm±„moH$mZ² &
H$Xm{MV² + bãY‘² = H$Xm{M„ãY‘² & XodmZ² + bg{V = Xodm±„g{V &

69

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4

(A) b¥Q²>bH$ma:  ({ÛVr¶: ^{dî¶ËH$mb:)&

ø: -^yVH$mb: AÚ - dV©‘mZH$mb: œ: - ^{dî¶ËH$mb:

Ah‘² AnR>‘² & Ah§ nR>m{‘ & Ah§ n{R>î¶m{‘ &

~mbH$m: AIobZ² & ~mbH$m: IobpÝV & ~mbH$m: Io{bî¶pÝV &

‘mVm A¶ÀN>V² & ‘mVm ¶ÀN>{V & ‘mVm Xmñ¶{V &

Ëd‘² AZ‘: & Ëd§ Z‘{g & Ëd§ Z§ñ¶{g &

am‘: A‘w#mV² & am‘: ‘w#m{V & am‘: ‘moú¶{V &

‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

ê$nm{U n{R>î¶m{‘ Io{bî¶pÝV Xmñ¶{V Z§ñ¶{V ‘moú¶{V J{‘î¶{V dú¶{V àú¶m{‘ àmßñ¶{V

YmVd: à+Amn² ‘wM² J‘²> dM² Xm àÀN>² Z‘² Iob² nR²>

b¥Q²>à˶¶m: & (^{dî¶ËH$mbà˶¶m:)

nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

ñ¶{V ñ¶V: ñ¶pÝV àW‘: ñ¶Vo ñ¶oVo ñ¶ÝVo

ñ¶{g ñ¶W: ñ¶W ‘ܶ‘: ñ¶go ñ¶oWo ñ¶Üdo

ñ¶m{‘ ñ¶md: ñ¶m‘: CÎm‘: ñ¶o ñ¶mdho ñ¶m‘ho

J‘² (1 n.n.) b^² (1 Am.n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

J{‘î¶{V J{‘î¶V: J{‘î¶pÝV àW‘: bßñ¶Vo bßñ¶oVo bßñ¶ÝVo

J{‘î¶{g J{‘î¶W: J{‘î¶W ‘ܶ‘: bßñ¶go bßñ¶oWo bßñ¶Üdo

J{‘î¶m{‘ J{‘î¶md: J{‘î¶m‘: CÎm‘: bßñ¶o bßñ¶mdho bßñ¶m‘ho

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) ‘Z² (4 Am. n.)
{Ûd. ~.d.
E.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
Z{V©î¶{V Z{V©î¶V: Z{V©î¶pÝV àW‘:
‘§ñ¶Vo ‘§ñ¶oVo ‘§ñ¶ÝVo

Z{V©î¶{g Z{V©î¶W: Z{V©î¶W ‘ܶ‘: ‘§ñ¶go ‘§ñ¶oWo ‘§ñ¶Üdo

Z{V©î¶m{‘ Z{V©î¶md: Z{V©î¶m‘: CÎm‘: ‘§ñ¶o ‘§ñ¶mdho ‘§ñ¶m‘ho

àÀN>² (6 n. n.) ‘wM² (6 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

àú¶{V àú¶V: àú¶pÝV àW‘: ‘moú¶Vo ‘moú¶oVo ‘moú¶ÝVo

àú¶{g àú¶W: àú¶W ‘ܶ‘: ‘moú¶go ‘moú¶oWo ‘moú¶Üdo

àú¶m{‘ àú¶md: àú¶m‘: CÎm‘: ‘moú¶o ‘moú¶mdho ‘moú¶m‘ho

70

{MÝV² (10 n. n.) JU² (10 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

{MÝV{¶î¶{V {MÝV{¶î¶V: {MÝV{¶î¶pÝV àW‘: JU{¶î¶{V JU{¶î¶V: JU{¶î¶pÝV

{MÝV{¶î¶{g {MÝV{¶î¶W: {MÝV{¶î¶W ‘ܶ‘: JU{¶î¶{g JU{¶î¶W: JU{¶î¶W

{MÝV{¶î¶m{‘ {MÝV{¶î¶md: {MÝV{¶î¶m‘: CÎm‘: JU{¶î¶m{‘ JU{¶î¶md: JU{¶î¶m‘:

dm³¶m{Z nR>V & 7. ànaœ: ‘mVwb: {ÛM{H«$H$m§ àXmñ¶{V &
1. d¶§ gm¶§H$mbo CÚmZ§ J{‘î¶m‘: & 8. AmJm{‘{Z df} Añ‘mH§$ embm¶m§ gwdU©‘hmoËgd:
2. ‘‘ nwñVH§$ ‘ø§ H$Xm Xmñ¶{g ?
3. ~mbH$m: Á¶oð>mZ² Z§ñ¶pÝV & gånËñ¶Vo &
4. N>mÌm: CÎm‘mZ² AL²>H$mZ² àmßñ¶pÝV & 9. A{J«‘o ‘mgo narjm ^{dî¶{V &
5. "qgh, O¥å^ñd ! XÝVmZ² Vo JU{¶î¶m{‘ & 10. AmJm{‘{Z df} Ah§ MÝжmZo Cndoú¶m{‘ &
6. naœ: ‘‘ ‘mVm‘hr ‘‘ J¥h‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V & 11. A{J«‘§ ¶wJ§ VÝÌkmZoZ Ed nyUª ^{dî¶{V &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

• Añ‘mH§$ {‘Ì‘² A{J«‘o ‘mgo H$ݶmHw$‘mat J{‘î¶{V & g: VÌ qH$ qH$ H$[aî¶{V B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &

1. AÛ¡V: A{J«‘o e{Zdmgao ¶mÌmaå^§  & (H¥$)

2. {d‘mZ¶mZoZ g VÌ AݶoÚw:  & (à + Amn²)

3. àW‘§ H$ݶmHw$‘marpñWV§ Xodmb¶§ g:  & (Ñe²-ní¶²)

4. Vñ‘mV² g‘wÐVra§  & (¶m)

5. VÌñW§ gy¶m©ñV‘²  & (Ad + bmoH²$)

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &

9) VmZ² + MmoamZ² = Vm§ümoamZ² & 10) n[a + N>oX: - n[aÀN>oX: &
{d¿ZmZ² + M = {d¿Zm§ü & Vé + N>m¶m = VéÀN>m¶m &

Z²+ M²/N²>/Q²>/R²>/V²/W² • (AZwñdma:), : ({dgJ©:) õñd: ñda: + N> = ÀN>

~hÿZ² + VñH$amZ² = ~hÿ§ñVñH$amZ² & ‘mV¥ + N>m¶m = ‘mV¥ÀN>m¶m &
EVmZ² + N>mÌmZ² = EVm§ûN>mÌmZ² & {d + N>oX: = {dÀN>oX: &

71

{H«$¶mnXê$nm{U &

YmVw:(JU:, nX‘²) bQ²> bL²> bmoQ²> {d{Y{bL²> b¥Q²> H$‘©{U

nR²> (1 n.n.) nR>{V AnR>V² nR>Vw nR>oV² n{R>î¶{V nR>çVo

Xm (1 n.n.) ¶ÀN>{V A¶ÀN>V² ¶ÀN>Vw ¶ÀN>oV² Xmñ¶{V Xr¶Vo

nm (1 n.n.) {n~{V A{n~V² {n~Vw {n~oV² nmñ¶{V nr¶Vo
J¡ (1 n.n.) Jm¶{V AJm¶V² Jm¶Vw Jm¶oV² Jmñ¶{V Jr¶Vo
ܶ¡ (1 n.n.) ܶm¶{V Aܶm¶V² ܶm¶Vw ܶm¶oV² ܶmñ¶{V ܶm¶Vo
Zr (1 C.n.) n.n. Z¶{V AZ¶V² Z¶Vw Z¶oV² Zoî¶{V Zr¶Vo
Zr (1 C.n.) Am.n. Z¶Vo AZ¶V Z¶Vm‘² Z¶oV Zoî¶Vo Zr¶Vo
ñ‘¥ (1 n.n.) ñ‘a{V Añ‘aV² ñ‘aVw ñ‘aoV² ñ‘[aî¶{V ñ‘¶©Vo
ö (1 C.n.) n.n. ha{V AhaV² haVw haoV² h[aî¶{V {õ¶Vo
ö (1 C.n.) Am. n. haVo AhaV haVm‘² haoV h[aî¶Vo {õ¶Vo
a^² (1 Am.n.) a^Vo Aa^V a^Vm‘² a^oV aßñ¶Vo aä¶Vo
Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z¥Ë¶{V AZ¥Ë¶V² Z¥Ë¶Vw Z¥Ë¶oV² Z{V©î¶{V Z¥Ë¶Vo
H«w$Y² (4 n.n.) H«w$ܶ{V$ AH«w$ܶV² H«w$ܶVw H«w$ܶoV² H«$moËñ¶{V H«w$ܶVo
‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘ݶVo A‘ݶV ‘ݶVm‘² ‘ݶoV ‘§ñ¶Vo ‘ݶVo
{bI² (6 n.n.) {bI{V A{bIV² {bIVw {bIoV² bo{Iî¶{V {b»¶Vo
àÀN²> (6 n.n.) n¥ÀN>{V An¥ÀN>V² n¥ÀN>Vw n¥ÀN>oV² àú¶{V n¥ÀN²>¶Vo
{Xe² (6 C.n.) n.n. {Xe{V A{XeV² {XeVw {XeoV² Xoú¶{V {Xí¶Vo
{Xe² (6 C.n.) Am.n. {XeVo A{XeV {XeVm‘² {XeoV Xoú¶Vo {Xí¶Vo
‘wM² (6 C.n.) n.n. ‘w#m{V A‘w#mV² ‘w#mVw ‘w#moV² ‘moú¶{V ‘wÀ¶Vo
‘wM² (6 C.n.)Am.n. ‘w#mVo A‘w#mV ‘w#mVm‘² ‘w#moV ‘moú¶Vo ‘wÀ¶Vo
nyO² (10 C.n.)n.n. nyO¶{V AnyO¶V² nyO¶Vw nyO¶oV² nyO{¶î¶{V nyÁ¶Vo

nyO² (10C.n.)Am.n. nyO¶Vo AnyO¶V nyO¶Vm‘² nyO¶oV nyO{¶î¶Vo nyÁ¶Vo

ñn¥h² (10 C.n.)n.n. ñn¥h¶{V Añn¥h¶V² ñn¥h¶Vw ñn¥h¶oV² ñn¥h{¶î¶{V ñn¥øVo
ñn¥h²(10C.n.)Am.n. ñn¥h¶Vo Añn¥h¶V ñn¥h¶Vm‘² ñn¥h¶oV ñn¥h{¶î¶Vo ñn¥øVo
Mwa² (10 C.n.) n.n. Mmoa¶{V AMmoa¶V² Mmoa¶Vw Mmoa¶oV² Mmoa{¶î¶{V Mmo¶©Vo
Mwa² (10C.n.)Am.n. Mmoa¶Vo AMmoa¶V Mmoa¶Vm‘² Mmoa¶oV Mmoa{¶î¶Vo Mmo¶©Vo

Ag² (2 n.n.) ApñV AmgrV² AñVw ñ¶mV² ^{dî¶{V ^y¶Vo
eH²$ (5 n.n.) e³Zmo{V Ae³ZmoV² e³ZmoVw e³Zw¶mV² eú¶{V e³¶Vo
lw (5 n.n.) e¥Umo{V Ae¥UmoV² e¥UmoVw e¥Uw¶mV² lmoî¶{V ly¶Vo
H¥$ (8 C.n.) n.n. H$amo{V AH$amoV² H$amoVw Hw$¶m©V² H$[aî¶{V {H«$¶Vo
H¥$ (8 C.n.) Am.n. Hw$éVo AHw$d©V Hw$éVm‘² Hw$duV H$[aî¶Vo {H«$¶Vo
km (9 C.n.) n.n. OmZm{V AOmZmV² OmZmVw OmZr¶mV² kmñ¶{V km¶Vo
km (9 C.n.) Am.n. OmZrVo AOmZrV OmZrVm‘² OmZrV kmñ¶Vo km¶Vo

72

B) ^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &

A¶§ "H¥$' YmVmo: Obme¶: &
AÌ H${V ‘Ëñ¶m: n[a{MVm: ¶wî‘mH$‘²?

C³V kmV a{MVdV² n¥ï>dV²
a { j V H¥$V C³VdV²
kmVdV²
bãY n{R>V n¥ï> a{jVdV²
H¥$VdV² n{R>VdV²
a{MV bãYdV²

³V-^mÊS>‘² ³VdVw ^mÊS>‘²
am‘oU nmR>: n{R>V: & am‘: nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² &
am‘oU H${dVm n{R>Vm & grVm nmR>§ n{R>VdVr &
am‘oU H$m춧 n{R>V‘² & N>mÌm: nmR>§ n{R>VdÝV: &
am‘oU nmR>m: n{R>Vm: & ‘{hbm: nmR>§ n{R>Vd˶: &
grV¶m H${dVo n{R>Vo & Ah§ nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² &
Añ‘m{^: H$mì¶m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & Ëd§ nmR>§ n{R>VdVr &
¶Wm H$‘©nX§ n[adV©Vo, ¶Wm H$V¥©nX§ n[adV©Vo,
VWm {H«$¶mgyMH§$ {deofU‘² A{n n[adV©Vo & VWm {H«$¶mgyMH§$ {deofU‘² A{n n[adV©Vo &

EVX² {H«$¶mnXmV² {^Þ‘² &
"n{R>V' B{V "³V' à˶¶mÝVê$n‘² (H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + V) VWm M
"n{R>VdV²' B{V "³VdVw' à˶¶mÝVê$n‘² (H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + VdV²) &

1) {jn² - {já/{jádV² J¡ - JrV/JrVdV² VS²> - Vm{S>V/Vm{S>VdV²
Amn² - Amá/AmádV² ܶ¡ - ܶmV/ܶmVdV² Kwf² - Kmo{fV/Kmo{fVdV²
{O - {OV/{OVdV² 3) H$W² - H${WV/H${WVdV² Mwa² - Mmo[aV/Mmo[aVdV²
Zr - ZrV/ZrVdV² XÊS²> - XpÊS>V/XpÊS>VdV² 4) Ñe² - Ñï>/Ñï>dV²
lw - lwV/lwVdV² nyO² - ny{OV/ny{OVdV² {Xe² - {Xï>/{Xï>dV²
H¥$ - H¥$V/H¥$VdV² ^j² - ^{jV/^{jVdV² ñn¥e² - ñn¥ï>/ñn¥ï>dV²
ñ‘¥ - ñ‘¥V/ñ‘¥VdV² ^yf² - ^y{fV/^y{fVdV² g¥O² - g¥ï>/g¥ï>dV²
AW©² - A{W©V/A{W©VdV² X§e² - Xï>/Xï>dV²
2) nm - nrV/nrVdV² JU² - J{UV/J{UVdV² Bf² - Bï>/Bï>dV²
nm - nmV/nmVdV² jb² - jm{bV/jm{bVdV² àÀN> - n¥ï>/n¥ï>dV²
Ym - {hV/{hVdV²

73

5) nR²> - n{R>V/n{R>VdV² 7) ~wY² - ~wÕ/~wÕdV² dh² - D$T>/D$T>dV²

{bI² - {b{IV/{b{IVdV² b^² - bãY/bãYdV² J«h² - J¥hrV/J¥hrVdV²

dÝX² - dpÝXV/dpÝXVdV² a^² - aãY/aãYdV² 9) ‘Z² - ‘V/‘VdV²

6) ‘wM² - ‘w³V/‘w³VdV²$ bw^² - bwãY/bwãYdV² VZ² - VV/VVdV²

˶O² - ˶³V/˶³VdV² 8) dM² - C³V/C³VdV² hZ² - hV/hVdV²

^wO² - ^w³V/^w³VdV² dX² - C{XV/C{XVdV² 10) J«ÝW² - J«{WV/J«{WVdV²

‘ÝW² - ‘{WV/‘{WVdV²

ê$nm{U AdbmoH$¶V &

H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘²

n{R>V: n{R>Vm¡ n{R>Vm: (nw§.) n{R>VdmZ² n{R>VdÝVm¡ n{R>VdÝV: (nw§.)

n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm: (ór) n{R>VdVr n{R>Vd˶m¡ n{R>Vd˶: (ór)

n{R>V‘² n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{Z (Znw§.) n{R>VdV² n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpÝV (Znw§.)

EVm{Z ê$nm{U Xod ‘mbm dZ gÑem{Z & EVm{Z ê$nm{U Xod ‘mbm dZ gÑem{Z &

AYmoXÎmm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V, ^oX‘² AdJÀN>V & H$: H¥$VdmZ² / H$m H¥$VdVr ?
Ho$Z/H$¶m H¥$V‘² & 1. AM©H : Xod§ ny{OVdmZ² &
2. AM©H$: Xodr§ ny{OVdmZ² &
1. AM©Ho$Z Xod: ny{OV: & 3. AM©H$: X¡dV§ ny{OVdmZ² &
2. AM©Ho$Z Xodr ny{OVm & 4. {nVm‘hr H$Wm§ H${WVdVr &
3. AM©Ho$Z X¡dV§ ny{OV‘² & 5. MmbH$: ê$߶H$m{U J{UVdmZ² &
4. {nVm‘øm H$Wm H${WVm & 6. H¥$frdb: gñ¶m{Z CádmZ² &
5. MmbHo$Z ê$߶H$m{U J{UVm{Z &
6. H¥$frdboZ gñ¶m{Z Cám{Z &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. "³V' à˶¶mÝVê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

1. OZ¡: nyOm & (H¥$) 2.{ejHo$U nmR>: Cƒ¡:  & (nR²>)

3. {eî¶oU X{jUm  & (Xm) 4. AZ¶m H$Wm  & (aM²)

5. {~S>mboZ jra§  & (nm) 6. ‘¶m {M̧  & (Ñe²)

2. "³VdVw' à˶¶mÝVê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

1. nwéf: H$m¶ª  & (H¥$) 2.‘{hbm em{Q>H$m§  & (Y¥)

3. Xodm: ^³VmZ²  & (aj²) 4. Ah§ {MÌm{U  & (Ñe²)

5. H${d: H${dVm§  & ({bI²)

74

eãXH$mof… & (nmR>mZwgma‘²)

1. g¥ðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: & 5. drad{ZVm {dínbm & 9. A‘aH$mof… &
1) YZñ¶yV… - (nw§.) 1) ^wd‘² (ór) 1) AܶoV¥ (nw§.)
2) ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m (ór) 2) ¶wJnX² (A.) 2) ¶Woï>‘² (A.)
3) AL²>Jw{b‘mÌ‘² - (Znw§) 3) à˶wV (A.) 3) AmMÝÐVmaH$‘² (Znw§.)
4) BV…na‘² (A.) 4) AZwemgZ‘² (Znw§.)
2. A춶‘mbm & 5) Am¶wYàhma… (nw§.) 5) {dZm¶mg‘² (A춶)
1) AënmjaËd‘² (Znw§.) 6) H$Xbrd¥j… (nw§.)
2) Amñ¶‘² (Znw§.) 7) g§öV… ({deo.) 10. H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: &
3) K«mU‘² (Znw§.) $ 1) ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² (Znw§.)
4) g¥ï>‘² ({deo.Znw§.) 6. {nZ²H$moS²>-àdV©H$… ‘hmZ² 2) gag§ (Znw§.)
5) fQ²>nXm… (nw§.) g§ñH¥$Vk…& 3) n{jamO… (nw§.)
6) Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² (Znw§.) 1) AmL²½b^mfm (ór) 4) eybnm{U: (nw§.)
7) AmK«mVw‘² (A.) 2) Xþ~m}Y‘² (Znw§.) 5) {~^«Z² ({deo.)
8) {ÛVr¶m (ór) 3) à˶yhm… (nw§.)
9) ñWmZ^«ï>m… (nw§.) 4) {dÛÛaoʶ… (nw§.) 11. ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² &
1) AYrVo ({H«$.)
3. qH$ {‘϶m? qH$ dmñVd‘²? 7. gyp³VgwYm & 2) eH«$… (nw§.)
1) ‘ÝWZ‘² (Zn§w.) 1) ^«mV¥^mÁ¶‘² (Znw§.) 3) g³Vw$ (ór)
2) gwImgÝX… (nw§.) 2) JUZm (ór) 4) ZmJXÝVo (nw§.)
3) Mb^mf… (nw§.) 3) XþhpÝV ({H«$.) 5) dS>dm (ór.)
4) ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m (ór) 4) OmS>瑲 ({deo.) 6) ¶yW‘² (nw§.)
5) ¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$H$sS>m (nw§.) 5) nw§gm§ (nw§.) 7) ‘{hfr (ór)
6) bmbm{¶V§ ({deo.) 9) {dH«$¶U‘² (Znw§.)
7) ~w^wjm (ór) 8. ‘Zg… ñdÀN>Vm & 10) MVw…emb‘² (Znw§.)
8) Am^mgmË‘H$‘² (Znw§.) 1) hR>‘² (Znw§.) 11) àmád¶ñH$m‘² (ór)
2) CV (A.) 12) OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶… (nw§.)
4. {dܶW©‘mbm & 3) bKw^ma‘² (Znw§.) 13) lmoî¶{V (YmVwê$n)
1) MoV² (A.) 4) AmЩ… (nw§.) 14) Hw$¸w$a… (nw§.)
2) Hw$V… (A.) 5) em{Q>H$m#mb§ (Znw§.) 15) nmÊSw>aVm‘² (A.)
3) à˶h‘² (A.) 6) {H$¶ÝV… (A.) 16) eoVo ({H«$.)
4) {H$Þw (A.) 7) aOH$… (nw§.)
5) H$X¶©: (nw§.) 8) MÝXZ’o$ZH$‘² (Znw§.)
9) ì¶mn¥V‘² (A.)

75

n[a{eï>‘² - 1
nXmä¶mg: &

Zm‘-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
EH$dMZ‘² gañd˶mo: MVwWu
ZrbH$ÊR>m¶ {ÛdMZ‘² ZjÌm{U fð>r
dñVwä¶m‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {ÛVr¶m
EH$dMZ‘²
{nV[a {ÛdMZ‘² YoZwä¶: {d^p³V:
~hþdMZ‘² V¥Vr¶m
EH$dMZ‘² n¶gr MÝX‘ñgw gá‘r
{dÚwVo n#m‘r
{ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
gd©Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {d^p³V:
EH$dMZ‘² H$¶mo: Añ‘m{^: gá‘r
Vñ‘mV² {ÛdMZ‘² Ho$fw MVwWu
Amä¶m‘² àW‘m
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
Vd, Vo {d^p³V:
B‘o ^dV: n#m‘r
EH$dMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² V¥Vr¶m
Añ¶m‘² gá‘r
^dVrä¶:
B‘m{Z {d^p³V:
fð>r
MVwWu
{ÛVr¶m

{d^p³V:
gá‘r
MVwWu
àW‘m

76

bH$ma-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² àW‘nwéf:
Z¥Ë¶mdho CÎm‘nwéf:
EH$dMZ‘² H$W¶W: ‘ܶ‘nwéf:
bQ²> dÝXVo ~hþdMZ‘²
AnR>m‘² CÎm‘nwéf:
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² Ab^Üd‘² àW‘nwéf:
~hþdMZ‘² ‘ܶ‘nwéf:
bL>²
AmñVm‘² JÀN>m‘ àW‘nwéf:
~hþdMZ‘² ‘ܶ‘nwéf:
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² {dÚo‘{h CÎm‘nwéf:

bmoQ²> H$amoVw ~hþdMZ‘² ‘ܶ‘nwéf:
nyO¶V‘² CÎm‘nwéf:
H$mo{nî¶m‘: àW‘nwéf:
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘²
àW‘nwéf:
{bL²> ajoV‘² ‘ܶ‘nwéf:
CÎm‘nwéf:
^doV²

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘²

b¥Q²> jmb{¶î¶{V
d{Y©î¶oWo

IobV-ZÝXV !! eãXmZwdmXH«$sS>m

H«$sS>H$mZm§ JUÛ¶§ ^doV² & JUÛ¶‘{n A{^‘wI‘² Cn{de{V & H«$sS>maå^o EH$pñ‘Z² JUo {dÚ‘mZofw
EH$: EH§$ ‘mV¥^mfmeãX§ dX{V & VXm P{Q>{V AݶJUr¶ofw ¶: H$mo@{n VËg‘mZmW©H§$ g§ñH¥$VeãX§
dXoV² & (g: eãX: C{MV: ApñV CV Z B{V {ejH$: n[aerb¶oV² &) AYwZm EVX²JUr¶m:
‘mV¥^mfmeãX§ dXo¶w:, VX²JUr¶m: g§ñH¥$VeãX‘² & Ed‘od H«$sS>m AZwdV©Vo &

77

n[a{eï>‘² - 2

gpÝYH$mof: &

1. gwðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: & 5. drad{ZVm {dínbm &
1. $H$mo@{n - H$: + A{n & 1. VW¡d - VWm + Ed &
2. nyd©‘od - nyd©‘² + Ed & 2. ¶Ú{n - ¶{X + A{n &
3. nwZamJÝV춑² - nwZ: + AmJÝV춑² & 3. nmXH$V©ZmZÝVa‘{n -
4. Ho$Zm{n - Ho$Z + A{n &
5. ÑîQ‰>¡d - ÑîQ‰>m + Ed & nmXH$V©ZmZÝVa‘² + A{n &

2.A춶‘mbm & 6. {nZH$moS>-àdV©H$: ‘hmZ² g§ñH¥$Vk: &
1 . d³Vw‘mñ¶§ - d³Vw‘² + Amñ¶‘² & 1. BVmo@{n - BV: + A{n &
2 . Xÿao@{n - Xÿao + A{n & 2. B˶od - B{V + Ed &
3. Ho$VH$sJÝY‘mK«m¶ - 3. {H${#mX{n - {H${#mV² + A{n &
4. ‘mgm{YH$mo@{n - ‘mgm{YH$: + A{n &
Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² + AmK«m¶ & 5. AYwZm{n - AYwZm + A{n &
4. ñd¶‘m¶mpÝV - ñd¶‘² + Am¶mpÝV & 6. g“rV‘{n - g“rV‘² + A{n &
5. bmoHo$ä¶mo YoZdmo - bmoHo$ä¶: +YoZd: & 7. V~bmdmXZo@{n - V~bmdmXZo + A{n &
6. ñ¶m‘h§ - ñ¶m‘² + Ah‘² & 8. gd©‘od - gd©‘² + Ed &
7. Ho$em ZIm Zam: - Ho$em: + ZIm: +
7. gyp³VgwYm &
Zam: & 1. dgwY¡d - dgwYm + Ed &
2. namonH$mamW©{‘X‘² -
3. qH$ {‘϶m ? qH$ dmñVd‘² ?
1. g˶‘od - g˶‘² + Ed & namonH$mamW©‘² + BX‘² &
2. VWm{n - VWm + A{n & 3. nmn‘nmH$amo{V - nmn‘² + AnmH$amo{V &
3. A˶m{YH$mo@n¶moJ: - 4. Zm¶©ñVw - Zm¶©: + Vw &
5. ¶Ì¡VmñVw - ¶Ì + EVm: + Vw &
A˶m{YH$: + Cn¶moJ: & 6. gdm©ñVÌm’$bm: -
4. B¶‘odmdí¶H$Vm -
gdm©: + VÌ + A’$bm: &
B¶‘² + Ed + Amdí¶H$Vm & 8. ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm &
5. {H$‘{n - {H$‘² + A{n &
1. ~më¶mXod - ~më¶mV² + Ed &
4. {dܶW©‘mbm & 2. bKw^ma{‘d - bKw^ma‘² + Bd &
1. ˶Oo{ÛÚm§ - ˶OoV² + {dÚm‘² & 3. à{V{XZ{‘d - à{V{XZ‘² + Bd &
2. ˶OoËgwI‘² - ˶OoV² + gwI‘² & 4. B˶{n - B{V + A{n &
3. Hw$Vmo {dÚm - Hw$V: + {dÚm &
4. Hw$Vmo {dÚm{W©Z: - Hw$V: + {dÚm{W©Z: & 9. A‘aH$mof: &
5. YZ‘bãY§ - YZ‘² + AbãY‘² & 1. $H$doa‘aqghñ¶ - H$do: + A‘aqghñ¶ &
6. MmZ¥V‘² - M + AZ¥V‘² & 2. H¥${Vaofm - H¥${V: + Efm &
7. Zaü[aV‘mË‘Z: - 3. d¶‘{n - d¶‘² + A{n &
4. VX{n - VV² + A{n &
Za: + M[aV‘² + AmË‘Z: & 5. H$V©ì¶‘od - H$V©ì¶‘² + Ed &
10. {H$Þw - {H$‘² + Zw &
11. new{^ñVw붧 - new{^: + Vw붑² &
12. gËnwéf¡[a{V - gËnwéf¡: + B{V &

78

10. $H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: & 5. ñd^mdH¥$nUmo Zm‘ - ñd^mdH¥$nU: +
1. {dnarVmüoX² - {dnarVm: + MoV² & Zm‘ &
2. {dnarVmo@{n - {dnarV: + A{n &
3. {~^«Þ - {~^«V² + Z & 6. Vñ¶mYñVmV² - Vñ¶ + AYñVmV² &
4. ‘‘mk¶m - ‘‘ + Amk¶m & 7. ¶Ën[anyUm}@¶‘² - ¶V² + n[anyU©: +
5. {nVwamkm - {nVw: + Amkm &
6. Vñ¶{XZ© - Vñ¶ + Am{X: + Z & A¶‘² &
7. Vñ¶mÝV: - Vñ¶ + AÝV: & 8. KQ>ñVmdV² - KQ>: + VmdV² &
8. Vdm߶pñV - Vd + A{n + ApñV & 9. VVñVoZ - VV: + VoZ &
9. ‘‘m߶mpñV - ‘‘ + A{n + ApñV & 10. VVmo@Om{^: - VV: + AOm{^: &
10. J“m¶mü#mbVao - J“m¶m: + M#mbVao & 11. {dH«$¶UmËà^yV‘² - {dH«$¶UmV² +

11. ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² & à^yV‘² &
1. emó{d‘wImíM - emó{d‘wIm: + M & 12. Vñ¶mh‘² - Vñ¶ + Ah‘² &
2. ¶ BX‘² - ¶: + BX‘² & 13. gmo‘e‘}{V - gmo‘e‘m© + B{V &
3. nam^d‘mßZmo{V - nam^d‘² + AmßZmo{V & 14. VVmo@h‘² - VV: + Ah‘² &
4. eH«$mX{n - eH«$mV² + A{n & 15. {MÝVm‘gå^mì¶m‘² -

{MÝVm‘² + Agå^mì¶m‘² &
16. gm@{n - gm + A{n &

KQ>H$narjm àmê$n‘² AL²>H$m: 10

à. 1. A) 1) {M̧ X¥îQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV (3 V: 2) 1
2) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: /AL²>H¡$: {bIV (3 V: 2) 1
4
Am) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (1)
1) EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
(1)
2) g˶‘² Ag˶§ dm/C{MV§ H$maU§/ H$: H§$ dX{V ?
 (1)
3) JÚm§emV² g‘mZmW©H§$/{déÕmW©H§$ eãX§ {MZwV &
 (1)
4) Ûo ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV-A춶nXo/{d^³Ë¶ÝVnXo {MZwV &
2
à. 2. nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (2)
1. nÚm§e:-1 H$ñ¶m{n EH$ñ¶ ûcmoH$ñ¶ AZwdmX§ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &(2 V: 1)
2
à. 3. ì¶mH$aU‘² & (2)

n¥W³Hw$éV & (6 V: 4) (Zm‘-gd©Zm‘-{H«$¶mnXVm{bH$m)

***

79

nR>V ~moYV -

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