Lesson 7 Drafting of Agreements under the Companies Act 281
– While drafting a contract of appointment for the appointment of a managing director of a company,
certain important points have to be taken care of, i.e., the person who is being appointed as managing
director must be a director of the company and must be entrusted with substantial powers of
management.
– The Board of Directors while appointing a director as managing director, critically examines the draft
agreement prepared by the Secretary for the appointment of the managing director and after having
approved the same with or without any modification, authorises one of its directors to sign and execute
for and on behalf of the company, the agreement for the appointment of the managing director.
– Being an agreement, such a contract must have all the other essential ingredients of a contract under
the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
– Likewise, the Secretary has to bear in mind important points while drafting an agreement for the
appointment of a manager.
– The appointment of a Company Secretary is done by the Board of Directors and he functions at the
pleasure of the Board. Usually the appointment of a Company Secretary is made by an appointment
letter signed and issued by the Chief Executive Officer, who may be the managing director, executive
director, whole-time director etc. under specific authority of the Board.
– This letter is an offer by the company to the prospective Company Secretary and when he accepts the
same it become a binding contract between him and the company and their relationship is governed
by the terms and conditions thereof.
– During its life time a company may find it necessary to reorganise itself. Such a re-organisation may be
for many reasons. When a company is financially weak, it wishes to reach a compromise with its
members and/or creditors. It may wish to take over the business of another running but endangered
company. It may wish to restructure its share capital.
– The Companies Act, 2013 provide various methods of company re-organisation or reconstruction. The
various terms used for reorganization are arrangement, reconstruction, amalgamation, merger, take-
over, etc.
– Slump sale is one of the widely used ways of business acquisitions. The term ‘slump sale’ under the
Income Tax Act is defined as transfer of one or more undertakings as a result of the sale for a lump-
sum consideration without values being assigned to the individual assets and liabilities in such sales.
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
(These are meant for recapitulation only. Answers to these questions are not to be submitted for evaluation)
1. State in brief the law regarding ‘promoters’ contract’. Draft a specimen promoters’ contract for the
purchase of an industrial plot for setting up an industrial unit of the proposed company XYZ Ltd.
2. Write in brief about the underwriting and brokerage agreements. Draft a specimen underwriting agreement.
3. ABC Co. Ltd., wants to engage Mr. M as its managing director. The Chairman of the company wants
you to prepare and submit to him a draft specimen agreement of service with Mr. M. as a managing
director of the company, draft the same. Also mention what care you will take while drafting the above
agreement.
4. Define amalgamation. Draft specimen agreement between two companies to amalgamate by sale of
one to the other.
5. Distinguish briefly ‘compromise’, ‘arrangements’ and ‘settlements’. Draft a specimen scheme of
amalgamation of XYZ Co. Ltd. with ABC Co. Ltd.
282 PP-DA&P
6. What important points you will keep in view while drafting Articles of Association of a public limited
company or object clause in Memorandum of Association.
7. What special points are taken into account while drafting notices in case of a company.
Lesson 8 Lesson 8 Pleadings 283
Pleadings
LESSON OUTLINE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
– Introduction Pleadings generally mean either a plaint or a
– Fundamental Rules of Pleading written statement. The main objective behind
– Plaint Structure formulating the rules of pleadings is to find out
– Description of the Parties and narrow down the controversy between the
– Written Statement parties.
– Requirement of Written Statement
– How to draft a Written Statement Drafting of plaints, applications, reply/written
– Interlocutory Application statement require the skills and knowledge of a
– Affidavit draftsman. These should be drafted after looking
– Execution Petition into the provisions of law so that no relevant
– Memorandum of Appeal and Revision detail is omitted.
– Revision
– Various types of suits under C.P.C The objective of the study lesson is to
– Complaint & Bail Application disseminate information to the students about
– Application under Section 125 of Cr.P. C the legal provisions relating to drafting of
– First Information Report pleadings. Besides, students will be familiarized
– LESSON ROUND UP with the drafting of various petitions/applications
– SELF TEST QUESTIONS under the Civil Procedure Code, appeals and
revision applications etc.
283
284 PP-DA&P
INTRODUCTION
The present day system of pleadings in our country is based on the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code,
1908 supplemented from time to time by rules in that behalf by High Courts of the States. There are rules of the
Supreme Court and rules by special enactments as well.
For one, words ‘plaints’ and ‘complaints’ are nearly synonymous. In both, the expression of grievance is
predominant. Verily, when a suitor files a statement of grievance he is the plaintiff and he files a ‘complaint’
containing allegations and claims remedy. As days passed, we have taken up the word ‘Plaint’ for the Civil Court
and the word ‘Complaint’ for the Criminal Court.
Order 6, R. 1 of Civil Procedure Code (C.P.C.) defines ‘pleading’. It means either a plaint or a written statement.’
With the passing of time written pleadings supplanted archaic oral pleadings. When reduced to writing the
scope of confusion, for obvious reasons, was made narrower.
In this we find the object of a pleading which aims at ascertaining precisely the points for contention of the
parties to a suit. The rules of pleading and other ancillary rules contained in the Code of Civil Procedure have
one main object in view. It is to find out and narrow down the controversy between the parties. The function of
pleadings is to give fair notice of the case which has to be met so that the opposing party may direct his evidence
to the issue disclosed by them. Procedural law is intended to facilitate and not to obstruct the course of substantive
justice. Provisions relating to pleadings in civil cases are meant to give each side intimation of the case of the
other so that it may be met, to enable courts to determine what is really at issue between parties, and to prevent
deviations from the course which litigation on particular causes of action must take (Ganesh Trading v. Motiram,
AIR 1970 SC 480). Necessarily, a pleading is accurate only when stripped of verbosity it pinpoints succinctly the
plaintiff’s grievances giving him the right to sue for the desired relief, or when it briefly sets out the defendant’s
defence. When so done, there would be hardly any scope left to beat about the bush or to take the other party
by surprise.
Pleadings should be read not by the piecemeal but as a whole and should be liberally construed. Every
venial defect should not be allowed to defeat a pleading, for a plaintiffs case should not be defeated merely
on the ground of some technical defect in his pleadings provided he succeeds on the real issues of the
case. It has been held: “Rigid construction of the law of pleadings was inappropriate and not calculated to
serve the cause of justice for which the law of procedure was largely designed (AIR 1969 Del. 120). This
should, of course, not be taken as an excuse for pleadings extremely lax and irrelevant, argumentative and
inaccurate.”
In construing the plaint, the court has to look at the substance of the plaint rather that its mere form. If, on the
whole and in substance, the suitor appears to ask for some relief as stated, the court can look at the substance
of the relief. “Pleadings have to be interpreted not with formalistic rigour but with latitude of awareness of low
legal literacy of poor people.”
Coming to construction of pleadings, Sarkaria, J held: “A pleading has to be read as a whole to ascertain its
import. It is not permissible to cull out a sentence or a passage and to read it out of the context in isolation.
Although it is the substance and not mere the form that has to be looked into, the pleading has to be construed
as it stands without addition or subtraction of words, or change of its apparent grammatical sense. The intention
of the party concerned is to be gathered, primarily, from the tenor and term of his pleading taken as a whole.
(Udhav Singh v. Madhava Rao Scindia, AIR 1976 SC 744).
Fundamental rules of pleadings
The fundamental rule of pleadings is contained in provisions of O. 6, R. 2 of C.P.C. which enjoins :
Lesson 8 Pleadings 285
(1) “Every pleading shall contain only, a statement in a concise form of the material facts on which the party
pleading relies for his claim or defence, as the case may be, but not the evidence by which they are to
be proved.
(2) Every pleading shall, when necessary, be divided into paragraphs, numbered consecutively, each
allegation being, so far as is conveniently, contained in a separate paragraph.
(3) Dates, sums and numbers shall be expressed in a pleading in figures as well as in words.”
To quote the Earl of Halsbury: “The sole object of it is that each may be fully alive to the questions that arc about
to be argued in order that they may have an opportunity of bringing forward such evidence as may be appropriate
to the issues.” The rules of pleading and other ancillary rules contained in the Code of Civil Procedure have one
main object in view. It is to find out and narrow down controversy between the parties.
“The pleadings are not to be considered as constituting a game of skill between the advocates. The) ought to
be so framed as not only to assist the party in the statement of his case but the court in its investigation of the
truth between the litigants”.
The pleading shall contain
(i) facts only, then again, material facts;
(ii) not law;
(iii) not evidence; and
(iv) immaterial facts to be discarded.
(v) deficiency in pleading.
What are material facts? Facts which gave the plaintiff his cause of action or the defendant his defence are,
briefly speaking, material facts which he must prove or fail. It, therefore, stands to reason that facts which are not
required to support the plaintiffs or the defendant’s case are not material. Whether a fact is material or not
depends on the facts and circumstances of each case and can be held so or otherwise only in the context of
relevant situation.
(i) Material facts: A pleadings shall contain only material facts. Material facts are the entirety of facts which
would be necessary to prove to succeed in the suit. Any fact which is not material should be avoided. Slackness
in pleadings is unfair both to the court in which they are filed and also to the litigants. Material facts should be
pleaded concisely. There is hardly any scope for showing literary genius in a pleading.
Order 6, R. 2, C.P.C. should be read with O. 6, R. 4(c). When commencing a suit, the plaintiff is required to
state only material facts, but such facts must constitute his cause of action as well. Absence of material facts
will put the party to discomfiture, for no amount of evidence can be taken into consideration or regarded as
sufficient in proof of any fact if specific mention of it is not made in the pleadings. Therefore, if a party omits to
state a material fact, he will not be allowed to give evidence of the fact at the trial unless the pleading is
amended under O. 6, R. 17, C.P.C. The rule is based mainly on principles that no party should be prejudiced
by change in the case introduced by this method. No relief can be granted on facts and documents not
disclosed in the plaint.
It is often noticed that during the trial of a suit, some fact is sought to be introduced in evidence which does not
find mention in the plaint or in the written statement, as the case may be. Then follows a heated parley when the
court intervenes and rejects any attempt of introduction of any new fact. To avoid discomfiture, the pleading
should be carefully drafted not to miss any material fact which may subsequently be found to be so material as
to decide the fate of the case this or that way.
(ii) Not law: In a pleading, there is no scope of pleading a provision of law or conclusion of law. It is the intention
286 PP-DA&P
of the framers of the Code that a pleading should state facts, and the position as in law shall be inferred if such
facts are capable of raising any legal inference. The pleading should present facts in such a way that those
would irresistibly and spontaneously draw a legal inference. Herein lies the art of pleading. To find out the law is
the duty of the court. Legal effects are not to be stated by the party. In India, as in England, the duty of a pleader
is to set out the facts upon which he relies and not the legal inference to be drawn from them. Likewise the
conclusion of law or a mixed question of law and fact should not be pleaded.
(iii) Not evidence: In like manner evidence has to be avoided in pleadings. We have noticed the wording of the
rule of O. 6, R. 2 to wit, a statement in a concise form of the material facts on which the party pleading relies for
his claim or defence as the case may be but not the evidence by which they are to be proved.
A pleading should not contain facts which are merely evidence to prove the material facts.
(iv) Immaterial facts to be discarded: Unnecessary details are the facts which are not material and, therefore,
should be discarded.
(v) Deficiency in pleading: Parties are related to each other and know everything. No element of surprise has
been caused to the other party. Parties understood the case and led evidence accordingly. Deficiency in pleading
would not affect case of the plaintiff [Kailash Chandra v. Vinod, AIR 1994 NOC 267 (MP)].
PLAINT STRUCTURE
A suit is instituted by filing a plaint, which is the first pleading in a civil suit. It is a statement of the plaintiff’s claim
and its object is simply to state the grounds upon, and the relief in respect of which he seeks the assistance of
the court.
Order VII of the Civil Procedure Code,1908 deals with plaint. As per Order VII, R.1 CPC, every plaint must
contain the following things:
(a) the name of the Court in which the suit is brought;
(b) the name, description and place of residence of the plaintiff;
(c) the name, description and place of residence of the defendant, so far as they can be ascertained;
(d) where the plaintiff or the defendant is a minor or a person of unsound mind, a statement to that effect;
(e) the facts constituting the cause of action and when it arose;
(f) the facts showing that the Court has jurisdiction;
(g) the relief which the plaintiff claims;
(h) where the plaintiff has allowed a set-off or relinquished a portion of his claim, the amount so allowed or
relinquished; and
(i) a statement of the value of the subject-matter of the suit for the purposes of jurisdiction and of court
fees, so far as the case admits.
Where the plaintiff seeks the recovery of money, the plaint must state the precise amount claimed. But where
the plaintiff sue for mesne profits, or for an amount which will be found due to him on taking unsettled accounts
between him and the defendant, or for movables in the possession of the defendant, or for debts of which the
value he cannot, after the exercise of reasonable diligence, estimate, the plaint shall state approximately the
amount or value sued for. [R.2]
If the subject-matter of the suit is immovable property, the plaint must contain a description of the property
sufficient to identify it, and, in case such property can be identified by boundaries or numbers in a record of
settlement or survey, the plaint must specify such boundaries or numbers. [R.3]
Lesson 8 Pleadings 287
When plaintiff sues as representative: As per Rule 4 where the plaintiff sues in a representative character the
plaint shall show not only that he has an actual existing interest in the subject-matter, but that he has taken the
steps (if any) necessary to enable him to institute a suit concerning it.
Defendant’s interest and liability to be shown: The plaint must show that the defendant is or claims to be interested
in subject-matter, and that he is liable to be called upon to answer the plaintiffs demand. [R.5]
Grounds of exemption from limitation law: In case the suit is instituted after the expiration of the period prescribed
by the law of limitation, the plaint must show the ground upon which exemption from such law is claimed. The
Court may permit the plaintiff to claim exemption from the law of limitation on any ground not set out in the plaint,
if such ground is not inconsistent with the grounds set out in the plaint. [R.6]
Relief to be specifically stated: Rule 7 says that every plaint shall state specifically the relief which the plaintiff
claims either simply or in the alternative, and it shall not be necessary to ask for general or other relief which may
always be given as the Court may think just to the same extent as if it had been asked for. And the same rule
shall apply to any relief claimed by the defendant in his written statement.
Relief founded on separate ground: If the plaintiff seeks relief in respect of several distinct claims or causes of
action founded upon separate and district grounds, they shall be stated as far as may be separately and distinctly.
[R.8]
DESCRIPTION OF PARTIES
The description of parties in a plaint has had the only object of securing correct identification of the party suing
and the party sued. There cannot be, for obvious reasons, any dogmatic rules as to what would constitute a
proper description. It differs in varying circumstances.
Generally speaking, father’s name, occupation and caste are sufficient description of an individual. It may include
the age.
When the description is defective, it is a case of misdescription. Misdescription of parties can be corrected at
any stage.
In a suit by a joint family firm, the suit was instituted in the firm name. Amendment seeking addition of individual
partners can be allowed as the case is one of misdescription. X suing as proprietor of ‘Todi Financing Corporation’—
amendment sought by describing ‘X’ as partner of the Corporation and by impleading the retired partner as
defendant should be allowed. (AIR 1979 Cal. 10)
To sum up, if, however, imperfectly and incorrectly a party is designated in a plaint, the correction of the error is
not the addition or substitution of the party but merely clarifies and makes apparent what was previously shrouded
in obscurity by reason of the error or mistake. The question in such a case is one of the intention of the party and
if the court is able to discover the person or persons intended to sue or to be sued a mere misdescription of such
a party can always be corrected provided the mistake was bona fide.
WRITTEN STATEMENT
It is incumbent on the defendant to file his defence in writing. If the defendant fails to file written statement, the
court may pronounce judgment against him or may under O. 8, R. 10, make such order in relation to the suit as it
deems fit. If the defendant has omitted to avail of his right to file a written statement at or before the first hearing, the
court can extend the time for filing it, in exercise of its discretion, if the circumstances so warrant. The rule has to be
worked in a manner so as to advance justice (Mehar Chand v. Suraj Bhan, AIR 1971 Punj 435).
Requirement of Written Statement
When the defendant appears and files a written pleading by way of defence, his pleading should conform to all
the general rules of pleading laid down in the preceding paras. A subsequent pleading filed by the plaintiff, either
288 PP-DA&P
in reply to a defendant’s claim of set off, or with leave of the court, in answer to defendant’s pleas in defence, is
also called a “written statement” (also called Replication or Rejoinder). All the rules relating to defendant’s
written statement apply, mutatis mutandis to such written statement of the plaintiff also.
Considerations before Drafting a Written Statement
Before proceeding to draft a written statement, it is always necessary for a pleader to examine the plaint very
carefully and to see whether all the particulars are given in it and whether the whole information that he requires
for fully understanding the claim and drawing up the defence is available. If any particulars are wanting, he
should apply that the plaintiff be required to furnish them before the defendant files his written statement. If he
cannot make a proper defence without going through such particulars and/or such documents referred to in the
plaint, and that the defendant is not in possession of such copies, or the copies do not serve the required
purpose, the defendant should call upon the plaintiff to grant him inspection of them and to permit him to take
copies, if necessary, or, if he thinks necessary, he may apply for discovery of documents. If he thinks any
allegation/allegations in the plaint is embarrassing or scandalous, he should apply to have it struck out, so that
he may not be required to plead those allegations. If there are several defendants, they may file a joint defence,
if they have the same defence to the claim. If their defences are different, they should file separate written
statements, and if the defences are not only different but also conflicting, it is not proper for the same pleader to
file the different written statements. For instance, if two defendants, executants of a bond, are sued on the bond,
and their plea is one of satisfaction, they can file a joint written statement. If the plaintiff claims limitation from the
date of certain acknowledgement made by one defendant and contends that the acknowledgement saves
limitation against the other also, the defendants may file separate written statements. In a suit on a mortagage-
deed executed by a Hindu father, to which the sons are also made parties on the ground that the mortgage was
for a legal necessity, if the sons want to deny the alleged legal necessity, they should not only file a separate
defence from their father’s but should also preferably engage a separate pleader.
(1) Formal Portion of Written Statement: A written statement should have the same heading and title as the
plaint, except that, if there are several plaintiffs or several defendants, the name of only one may be written with
the addition of “and another” or “and others”, as the case may be. The number of the suit should also be
mentioned after the name of the court. After the name of the parties and before the actual statement, there
should be added some words to indicate whose statement it is, e.g., “written statement on behalf of all the
defendants” or “written statement on behalf of defendant No. 1”, or “written statement on behalf of the plaintiff in
reply to defendant’s claim for a set off” or “written statement (or replication) on behalf of the plaintiff filed under
the order of the court, dated……………….” or “written statement on behalf of the plaintiff, filed with the leave of
the court”. The words “The defendant states….…….” or “The defendant states as follows” may be used before
the commencement of the various paragraph of the written statement but this is optional.
No relief should be claimed in the written statement, and even statements such as that the claim is liable to be
dismissed should be avoided. But when a set off is pleaded or the defendant prefers a counter-claim for any
excess amount due to him, a prayer for judgment for that amount in defendant’s favour should be made.
(2) Body of the Written Statement: The rest of the written statement should be confined to the defence.
Forms of Defence: A defence may take the form of (i) a “traverse”, as where a defendant totally and categorically
denies the plaint allegation, or that of (ii) “a confession and avoidance” or “special defence”, where he admits the
allegations but seeks to destroy their effect by alleging affirmatively certain facts of his own, as where he admits
the bond in suit but pleads that it has been paid up, or that the claim is barred by limitation, or that of (iii) “an
objection in point of law” (which was formerly called in England “a demurrer”), e.g., that the plaint allegations do
not disclose a cause of action, or that the special damages claimed are too remote. Another plea may sometimes
be taken which merely delays the trial of a suit on merits, e.g., a plea that the hearing should be stayed under
Section 10, C.P.C., or that the suit has not been properly framed, there being some defect in the joinder of
parties or cause of action and the case cannot be decided until those defects are removed. These pleas are
Lesson 8 Pleadings 289
called (a) “dilatory pleas” in contradistinction to the other pleas which go to the root of the case and which are
therefore known as (b) “peremptory pleas” or “pleas in bar”. Some dilatory pleas are not permitted in pleadings,
but must be taken by separate proceedings. Others may either be taken in the written statement under the
heading “Preliminary Objections”, or by a separate application filed at the earliest opportunity, as some pleas,
such as that of a mis-joinder and non-joinder, cannot be permitted unless taken at the earliest opportunity (O. 1,
R. 7 and 13).
A defendant may adopt one or more of the above forms of defence, and in fact he can take any number of
different defences to the same action. For example, in a suit on a bond he can deny its execution, he can plead
that the claim is barred by limitation, he can plead that, as no consideration of the bond is mentioned in the
plaint, the plaint does not disclose any cause of action, he can plead that the bond being stated to be in favour
of two persons the plaintiff alone cannot maintain the suit. He can as well plead one form of defence to one part
of the claim, and another defence to another part of it.
He can take such different defences either jointly or alternatively, even if such defences are inconsistent. But
certain inconsistent pleas such as those which depend for their proof, on entirely contradictory facts, are generally
not tenable. A ground of defence, which has arisen to the defendant even after the institution of the suit, but
before the filing of his written statement, may also be raised (O.8, R.8).
All defences which are permissible should be taken in the first instance, for, if the defendant does not take any
plea, he may not be allowed to advance it at a later stage, particularly when it involves a question of fact.
How to Draft a Written Statement
When the defendant relies on several distinct grounds of defence or set off, founded upon separate and distinct
facts, they should be stated in separate paragraphs (O.8, R.7), and when a ground is applicable, not to the
whole claim but only to a part of it, its statement should be prefaced by words showing distinctly that it is pleaded
only to that part of the claim, thus: “As to the mesne profits claimed by the plaintiff, the defendant contends that,
etc.” or “As to the price of cloth said to have been purchased by the defendant, the defendant contends that,
etc.”
When it is intended to take several defences in the same written statement, the different kinds of defences
should be separately written. It is convenient to adopt the following order for the several pleas:
(i) Denials.
(ii) Dilatory pleas.
(iii) Objections in point of law.
(iv) Special defence (pleas in confession and avoidance).
(v) Set off.
All admissions and denials of facts alleged in the plaint should be recorded in the first part of the written statement
and before any other pleas are written. If a defendant wishes to add an affirmative statement of his own version
to the denial of a plaint allegation, or to add anything in order to explain his admission or denial, it is better and
more convenient to allege the additional facts along with the admissions or denial, than to reserve them until
after the admissions or denials have been recorded. If there are some defences which are applicable to the
whole case and others which apply only to a part of the claim, the former should preferably be pleaded before
the latter.
Drafting of Reply/Written Statement – Important Considerations
At the time of drafting the reply or written statement, one has to keep the following points in mind:-
(i) One has to deny the averment of the plaint/petition which are incorrect, perverse or false. In case,
290 PP-DA&P
averment contained in any para of the plaint are not denied specifically, it is presumed to have been
admitted by the other party by virtue of the provisions of Order 8, Rule 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
It must be borne in mind that the denial has to be specific and not evasive (Order 8, Rule 3 & 4 CPC)
[1986 Rajdhani Law Reporter 213; AIR 1964 Patna 348 (DB), AIR 1962 MP 348 (DB); Dalvir Singh
Dhilowal v. Kanwaljit Singh 2002 (1) Civil LJ 245 (P&H); Badat & Co v. East India Trading Co. AIR 1964
SC 538]. However, general allegation in the plaint cannot be said to be admitted because of general
denial in written statement. [Union v. A. Pandurang, AIR 1962 SC 630.]
(ii) If the plaint has raised a point/issue which is otherwise not admitted by the opposite party in the
correspondence exchanged, it is generally advisable to deny such point/issue and let the onus to prove
that point be upon the complainant. In reply, one has to submit the facts which are in the nature of
defence and to be presented in a concise manner. [Syed Dastagir v. T.R. Gopalakrishnan Setty, 1999
(6) SCC 337.]
(iii) Attach relevant correspondence, invoice, challan, documents, extracts of books of accounts or relevant
papers as annexures while reply is drafted to a particular para of the plaint;
(iv) The reply to each of the paras of the plaint be drafted and given in such a manner that no para of the
plaint is left unattended. The pleadings are foundations of a case. [Vinod Kumar v. Surjit Kumar, AIR
1987 SC 2179.]
(v) After reply, the same is to be signed by the constituted attorney of the opposite party. If the opposite
party is an individual, it could be signed by him or his constituted attorney or if the opposite party is a
partnership firm, the same should be signed by a partner who is duly authorised under the Partnership
Deed, because no partner has an implied authority to sign pleadings on behalf of the partnership firm by
virtue of Section 22 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. In case of a body corporate, the same could be
signed by any Director, Company Secretary, Vice-President, General Manger or Manager who is duly
authorised by the Board of Directors of the company because any of the aforesaid persons per se are
not entitled to sign pleadings on behalf of the body corporate. [Order 29 of Code of Civil Procedure.]
It may be noted that if the plaint or reply is not filed by a duly authorised person, the petition would be
liable to be dismissed [Nibro Ltd . v. National Insurance Co. Ltd., AIR 1991 Delhi 25; Raghuvir Paper
Mills Ltd. v. India Securities Ltd. 2000 Corporate Law Cases 1436]. However, at the time of filing of
petition, if the pleadings are signed by a person not authorised, the same could be ratified subsequently.
[United Bank of India v. Naresh Kumar, AIR 1997 SC 2.]
(vi) The reply/written statement is to be supported by an Affidavit of the opposite party. Likewise, the Affidavit
will be sworn by any of the persons aforesaid and duly notorised by an Oath Commissioner. The Affidavit
has to be properly drawn and if the affidavit is not properly drawn or attested, the same cannot be read
and the petition could be dismissed summarily. [Order 6, Rule 15 CPC]. The court is bound to see in
every case that the pleadings are verified in the manner prescribed and that verifications are not mere
formalities.
(vii) The reply alongwith all annexures should be duly page numbered and be filed alongwith authority letter
if not previously filed.
(viii) At the time of filing of reply, attach all the supporting papers, documents, documentary evidence, copies
of annual accounts or its relevant extracts, invoices, extracts of registers, documents and other relevant
papers.
(ix) It may be noted that if any of the important points is omitted from being given in the reply, it would be
suicidal as there is a limited provision for amendment of pleadings as provided in Order 6, Rule 17 CPC,
and also the same cannot be raised in the Affidavit-in-Evidence at the time of leading of evidence.
Lesson 8 Pleadings 291
Because if any point has not been pleaded in the pleadings, no evidence could be led on that point.
General rule is that no pleadings, no evidence. [Mrs. Om Prabha Jain v. Abnash Chand Jain, AIR 1968
SC 1083; 1968 (3) SCR 111.]
(x) If a party is alleging fraud, undue influence or mis-representation, general allegations are insufficient
even to amount to an averment of fraud of which any court ought to take notice, however, strong the
language in which they are couched may be, and the same applies to undue influence or coercion.
[Afsar Shaikh v. Soleman Bibi, AIR 1976, SC 163; 1976 (2) SCC 142]. While pleading against fraud or
mis-representation, party must state the requisite particulars in the pleadings. [K Kanakarathnam v. P
Perumal, AIR 1994 Madras 247.]
(xi) It is well settled that neither party need in any pleadings allege any matter of fact which the law presumes
in his favour or as to which the burden of proof lies upon the other side unless the same has first been
specifically denied. [Order 6, Rule 13 CPC; Sections 79 and 90 of Indian Evidence Act.]
(xii) In every pleading, one must state specifically the relief which the party is claiming from the court or
tribunal or forum. While framing the prayer clause, one should claim all possible relief as would be
permissible under the pleadings and the law [Order 7, Rule 7 CPC]. The general principle is that the
relief if not prayed for, will not be allowed. [R Tiwary v. B Prasad, AIR 2002 SC 136.]
INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION
“Interlocutory” means not that decides the cause but which only settles some intervening matter relating to the
cause. After the suit is instituted by the plaintiff and before it is finally disposed off, the court may make interlocutory
orders as may appear to the court to be just and convenient. The power to grant Interlocutory orders can be
traced to Section 94 of C.P.C. Section 94 summarises general powers of a civil court in regard to different types
of Interlocutory orders. The detailed procedure has been set out in the Schedule I of the C.P.C which deals with
Orders and Rules.
Interlocutory orders may take various shapes depending upon the requirement of the respective parties during
the pendency of the suit. Applications for appointment of Commissioner, Temporary Injunctions, Receivers,
payment into court, security for cause etc.
Original Petition
Suits are filed to lodge money claims in civil courts working under District Courts while petitions are filed in High
Courts which are above District Courts seeking some directions against the opposite party; mostly the Government.
There is no legal term like original suit or original petition. The suit which is initially filed in the first court for the
first time is referred as original suit. Petitions are Writ Petitions, Arbitration Petitions, Miscellaneous Petitions etc.
& not the original petition. After judgement in suit or petition, if any aggrieved party challanges it then it is by filing
appeal in the higher court which is ordinarily called as Appeal but often in some court it is termed as Letters
Patent Appeal (LPA) & as Special Leave Petition (SLP) in Supreme Court.
Affidavit
An affidavit being a statement or declaration on oath by the deponent, is an important document and the
consequences of a false affidavit are serious. Therefore, great care is required in drafting it.
A Court may, at any time, for sufficient reason order that any particular fact or facts may be proved by affidavit or
that the affidavit of any particular witness may be read at the hearing, provided that the Court may order the
deponent to appear in person in Court for cross-examination.
Affidavits to be produced in a Court must strictly conform to the provisions of order XIX, Rule 1 of the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1908 and in the verification it must be specified as to which portions are being sworn on the
292 PP-DA&P
basis of personal knowledge and which, on the basis of information received and believed to be true. In the latter
case, the source of information must also be disclosed. The following rules should be remembered when drawing
up an affidavit:
(1) Not a single allegation more than is absolutely necessary should be inserted;
(2) The person making the affidavit should be fully described in the affidavit;
(3) An affidavit should be drawn up in the first person;
(4) An affidavit should be divided into paragraphs, numbered consecutively, and as far as possible, each
paragraph should be confined to a distinct portion of the subject;
(5) Every person or place referred to in the affidavit should be correctly and fully described, so that he or it
can be easily identified;
(6) When the declarant speaks of any fact within his knowledge he must do so directly and positively using
the words “I affirm” or “I make oath and say”;
(7) Affidavit should generally be confined to matters within the personal knowledge of the declarant, and if
any fact is within the personal knowledge any other person and the petitioner can secure his affidavit
about it, he should have it filed. But in interlocutory proceedings, he is also permitted to verify facts on
information received, using the words “I am informed by so and so” before every allegation which is so
verified. If the declarant believes the information to be true, he must add “and I believe it to be true”.
(8) When the application or opposition thereto rests on facts disclosed in documents or copies, the declarant
should state what is the source from which they were produced, and his information and belief as to the
truth of facts disclosed in such documents;
(9) The affidavit should have the following oath or affirmation written out at the end:
“I swear that this my declaration is true, that it conceals nothing, and that no part of it is false”.
or
“I solemnly affirm that this my declaration is true, that it conceals nothing and that no part of it is false”.
Any alterations in the affidavit must be authenticated by the officer before whom it is sworn.
An affidavit has to be drawn on a non-judicial Stamp Paper as applicable in the State where it is drawn
and sworn.
An affidavit shall be authenticated by the deponent in the presence of an Oath Commissioner, Notary
Public, Magistrate or any other authority appointed by the Government for the purpose.
(10) Affidavits are chargeable with stamp duty under Article 4, Schedule I, Stamp Act, 1899. But no stamp
duty is charged on affidavits filed or used in Courts. Such affidavits are liable to payment of Court fee
prescribed for the various Courts.
Specimen Affidavit of Creditor in proof of his debt in Proceeding for the Liquidation of a Company
IN THE (HIGH) COURT OF…………………………………………
The matter of the Indian Companies Act, 1956.
And
The matter of the liquidation of…………………… Company Limited.
I, A.B., aged………… years, son of Shri…………… resident of……………………, do hereby on oath (or on
solemn affirmation) state as follows:
Lesson 8 Pleadings 293
1. That the abovenamed company was on the…………… day of………………, 2013, the date of the order
for winding up the same, and still is justly and truly indebted to me in the sum of
Rupees……………………… (Rs……………………) only in account of (describe briefly the nature of the
debt).
2. That in proof of the aforesaid debt I attach hereto the documents marked A, B and C.
3. That I have not, nor have any person or persons by my order or to my knowledge or belief for my use,
received the aforesaid sum of Rupees……………… or any part thereof, or any security or satisfaction
for the same or any part thereof except the sum or security (state the exact amount of security).
4. That this my affidavit is true, that it conceals nothing and no part of it is false.
Sd/- A.B.
Dated…………………… Deponent
Verification
I, the abovenamed deponent, verify that the contents of paragraphs 1 to 4 of this affidavit are true to my personal
knowledge.
Sd/- A.B.
Dated……………………
I, ................………………………………………… S/o…………………………………………...............
R/o………………………………………..………………………… declare, from a perusal of the papers produced
by the deponent before me that I am satisfied that he is Shri A.B.
Sd/-……………………
Solemnly affirmed before me on this…………………… day of…………………… 2013 of…………………… (time)
by the deponent.
Sd/-……………………
(Oath Commissioner)
EXECUTION PETITION
Application for Execution
Execution of decree
Application for execution of a decree shall be made by a holder of a decree who desires to execute it to the
appropriate court which passed it or to the officer appointed in this behalf. In case the decree has been sent to
another court than the application shall be made to such court or the proper officer thereof. Application for
execution of a decree may be either (1) Oral; or (2) written.
(A) Oral Application: Where a decree is for payment of money the court may on the oral application of the
decreeholder at the time of the passing of the decree, order immediate execution thereof by the arrest of the
judgement debtor, prior to the preparation of a warrant if he is within precincts of the court.
(b) Written Application: Every application for the execution of a decree shall be in writing save as otherwise
provided sub-rule (1) (above) signed and verified by the applicant or by some other person proved to the
satisfaction of the court to be acquinted with the facts of the case, and shall contain in a tabular form the
following particulars, namely :
(a) the No. of the suit;
294 PP-DA&P
(b) the name of the parties;
(c) the date of the decree;
(d) whether any appeal has been preferred from the decree;
(e) whether any, and (if any) what, payment or other adjustment of the matter in controversy has been
made between the parties subsequently to the decree;
(f) whether any, and (if any) what, previous applications have been made for the execution of the decree,
the dates of such applications and their results;
(g) the amount with interest (if any) due upon the decree, or other relief granted thereby, together with
particulars of any cross decree, whether passed before or after the date of the decree sought to be
executed;
(h) the amount of costs (if any) awarded;
(i) the name of the person against whom execution of the decree sought; and
(j) the mode in which the assistance of the court is required, whether–
(i) by the delivery of any property specifically decreed;
(ii) by the attachment or by the attainment and sale, or by the sale without attachment, of any property;
(iii) by the arrest and detention in prison of any person;
(iv) by the appointment of a receiver;
(v) otherwise, as the nature of the relief granted may require.
The court to which an application is made under sub-rule (2) may require the applicant to produce a certified
copy of the decree. Some High Courts in different States have framed additional rules in this regard may also be
taken care by the draftsman or the executing lawyer.
MEMORANDUM OF APPEAL AND REVISION
Although “Appeal” has not been defined in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 yet any application by a party to an
appellate Court, asking it to set aside or revise a decision of a subordinate Court, is an “appeal”. A right of appeal
is not a natural or inherent right but is a creature of a statute. It is the statute alone to which the Court must look
to determine whether a right of appeal exists in a particular instance or not. Parties cannot create a right of
appeal by agreement or mutual consent. The right of appeal is not a matter of procedure, but is a substantive
right and can be taken away only by a subsequent enactment, if it says so expressly or by necessary intendment
and not otherwise. It is for the appellant to show that the statute gives a right of appeal to him.
The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 provides for four kinds of appeals:
(1) Appeals from original decrees (Sections 96 to 99 and Order XLI);
(2) Second Appeals (Sections 100 to 103);
(3) Appeals from Orders (Sections 104 to 106, Order XLIII, Rules 1 and 2); and
(4) Appeals to the Supreme Court.
(1) Appeals from original decrees may be preferred from every decree passed by any Court exercising original
jurisdiction to the Court authorised to hear appeals from the decisions of such Court on points of law as well as
on facts.
(2) Second Appeals lie to the High Court from every decree passed in appeal by any Court subordinate to the
High Court, if the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law.
Lesson 8 Pleadings 295
Under Section 100 to the Code, an appeal may lie from an appellate decree passed ex parte. The memorandum
of appeal shall precisely state the substantial question of law involved in the appeal. The High Court, if satisfied,
that a substantial question of law is involved, shall formulate that question. The appeal shall be heard on question
so formulated and the respondent shall, at the hearing of the appeal, be allowed to argue that the case does not
involve such question.
In the second appeal, the High Court may, if the evidence on the record is sufficient, determine any issue
necessary for the disposal of the appeal:
(a) which has not been determined by the Lower Appellate Court or both by the Court of first instance and
the Lower Appellate Court, or
(b) which has been wrongly determined by such Court or Courts by reason of a decision on such question
of law as is referred in Section 100 of the Code (Section 103).
(3) Appeals from, Orders under Sections 104 to 106 would lie only from the following Orders on grounds of
defect or irregularity of law:
(a) An Order under Section 35A of the Code allowing special costs;
(b) An Order under Section 91 or Section 92 refusing leave to institute a suit;
(c) An Order under Section 95 for compensation for obtaining arrest, attachment or injunction on insufficient
ground;
(d) An Order under the Code imposing a fine or directing the detention or arrest of any person except in
execution of a decree; and
(e) Appealable Orders as set out under Order XLIII, Rule 1.
(4) Appeals to the Supreme Court, the highest Court of Appeal, lie in the following cases:
(1) Section 109 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 provides:
“Subject to the provisions in Chapter IV of Part V of the Constitution and such rules as may, from time to
time, be made by the Supreme Court regarding appeals from the Courts of India, and to the provisions
hereinafter contained, an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, decree or final
order in a civil proceeding of a High Court, if the High Court certifies:
(i) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance; and
(ii) that in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.”
Order 45 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 provides rules of procedure in appeals to the Supreme Court.
(2) Articles 132 to 135 of the Constitution deal with ordinary appeals to the Supreme Court:
(i) Appeals in Constitutional cases: Clause (1) of the Article 132 of the Constitution provides that an appeal
shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, decree or final order of a High Court in the territory of India,
whether in a civil, criminal or other proceedings, if the High Court certifies under Article 134A that the case
involves a substantial question of law as to interpretation of the Constitution.
(ii) Appeals in civil cases: Article 133 deals with appeals to the Supreme Court from decisions of High Court in
civil proceedings. For an appeal to the Supreme Court the conditions laid down in this article must be fulfilled.
These conditions are:
(a) the decision appealed against must be a “judgement, decree or final order” of a High Court in the
territory of India,
(b) such judgement, decree or final order should be given in a civil proceeding, and
(c) a certificate of the High Court to the effect that (i) the case involves a substantial question of law, and (ii)
in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.
296 PP-DA&P
(iii) Appeals in criminal cases: A limited criminal appellate jurisdiction is conferred upon the Supreme Court by
Article 134. It is limited in the sense that the Supreme Court has been constituted a Court of criminal appeal in
exceptional cases where the demand of justice requires interference by the highest Court of the land.
There are two modes by which a criminal appeal from any “judgement, final order or sentence” in a criminal
proceeding of a High Court can be brought before the Supreme Court:
(1) Without a certificate of the High Court.
(2) With a certificate of the High Court.
(3) Appeal by Special Leave. (Discussed in this study lesson under the heading “Special Leave Petition”.)
In appeals, as a general rule, the parties to an appeal are not entitled to produce additional evidence, whether
oral or documentary, but the Appellate Court has discretion to allow additional evidence in the following
circumstances:
(i) When the lower Court has refused to admit evidence which ought to have been admitted;
(ii) When the party seeking to produce additional evidence establishes that he could not produce it in its
trial Court for no fault of his;
(iii) The Appellate Court requires any document to be produced or any witness to be examined to enable it
to pronounce judgement; and
(iv) For any other substantial cause.
However, in all such cases the Appellate Court shall record its reasons for admission of additional evidence.
The appellate judgement must include the following essential factors:
(a) the points for determination;
(b) the decision thereon;
(c) the reasons for the decision; and
(d) where the decree appealed from is reversed or varied, the relief to which the appellant is entitled to.
Drafting of Appeals
An appeal may be divided into three parts: (1) formal part, known as the memorandum of appeal, (2) material
part, grounds of appeal, and (3) relief sought for.
The memorandum of appeal should begin with the name of the Court in which it is filed. After the name of the
Court, number of the appeal and the year in which it is filed are given. As the number is noted by the officials of
the Court, a blank space is left for it. Then follow the names and addresses of the parties to the appeal. The
name of the appellant is given first and then that of the respondent. It should be indicated against the names of
the parties as to what character each party had in the lower Court, i.e. whether he was a plaintiff or a defendant,
or an applicant or an opposite party, as:
A.B., son of etc. (Plaintiff) Appellant
Versus
C.D., son of etc. (Defendant) Respondent
Or
A.B., son of etc. (Decree-holder) Appellant
Versus
C.D., son of etc. (Judgement-debtor) Respondent
Lesson 8 Pleadings 297
After the names of the parties, an introductory statement giving the particulars of the decree or order appealed
from (viz., the number and date, the court which passed it, and the name of the presiding officer), should be
written in some such form as:
“The above-named appellant appeals to the Court of…………………… from the decree of……………… Civil
Judge at………………… in Suit No…………………… passed on the…………………… and sets forth the
following grounds of objections to the decree appealed from, namely”.
This may also be written in the form of a heading as:
“Appeal from the decree of…………………… Civil Judge of…………………… at…………………… in Suit
No…………………… passed on the……………………”.
Thereafter, the grounds of appeal be given under the heading “Grounds of Appeal”. The grounds of appeal are
the grounds on which the decree or the order appealed from is objected to or attacked. As a general rule, in the
grounds of appeal, the following points may be raised:
(a) any mistake committed by the lower Court in weighing the evidence;
(b) any mistake in the view of law entertained by the lower Court;
(c) any misapplication of law to the facts of the case;
(d) any material irregularity committed in the trial of the case;
(e) any substantial error or defect or procedure;
(f) and the defect, error or irregularity of any inter-locutory order passed in the case, whether the same was
appealable or not.
A ground taken but not pressed in the first Appellate Court cannot be revived in second appeal. A defendant can
question the propriety of ex parte proceedings in an appeal from the decree.
The general rule, besides being subject to Section 100 of the Code, is also subject to two conditions:
(1) that the mistake of the lower Court should be material i.e., it should be such as affects the decision, and
(2) that the objection taken must be such as arises from the pleadings and evidence in the lower Court.
Drafting Grounds of Appeals
(i) Grounds of objection should be written distinctly and specifically;
(ii) They should be written concisely;
(iii) They must not be framed in a narrative or argumentative form; and
(iv) Each distinct objection should be stated in a separate ground and the grounds should be numbered
consecutively.
These rules are simple but are most important and must be carefully remembered and observed while drafting
Grounds of Appeal.
Relief Sought in Appeal
It is nowhere expressly provided in the Code that the relief sought in appeal should be stated in the memorandum
of appeal. The absence of prayer for relief in appeal does not appear to be fatal and the Court is bound to
exercise its powers under Section 107 of the Code and to give to the appellant such relief as it thinks proper.
However, it is an established practice to mention in the memorandum of appeal, the relief sought by the
appellant.
298 PP-DA&P
Signature
A memorandum of appeal need not be signed by the appellant himself. It may be signed by him or by his counsel
but if there are several appellants and they have no counsel, it must be signed by all of them. It is not required
to be verified.
Specimen Form of Appeal to the High Court
IN THE HIGH COURT OF…………………… AT……………………
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
REGULAR CIVIL APPEAL NO…………………… OF
IN THE MATTER OF:
A.B.C. Company Ltd. a company incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act and having its registered
office……………………
…Appellant
Versus
M/s…………………… a partnership concern
(or XYZ company Ltd., a company incorporated under the Companies Act and having its registered office
at……………………)
…Respondents
May it please the Hon’ble Chief Justice of the High Court of…………………… and his Lordship’s companion
Justices,
The appellant-company
MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH:
1. That the appellant herein is a company duly registered under the provisions of the Companies Act and
the registered office of the appellant is at…………………… and the company is engaged in the business
of manufacturing……………………
2. That the respondents who are also doing business of selling goods manufactured by the appellants and
other manufacturers approached the appellant for purchasing from the appellant-company the aforesaid
manufactured goods. An agreement was reached between the parties which was reducing into writing.
The appellant supplied goods worth Rs. 15 lacs over a period of …………………… months to the
respondents. A statement of account regarding the goods so supplied is annexed hereto and marked as
ANNEXURE A-1.
3. That the respondents have made a total payment of Rs. 6 lacs on different dates. The statement of the
said payments made by the respondents is appended and is marked as ANNEXURE A-2.
4. That the remaining amount has not been paid by the respondent despite repeated demands and issuance
of a legal notice by the appellant through advocate.
5. That the appellant filed a suit for recovery of the aforesaid balance amount of Rs. 9 lacs together with
interest at the rate of 12% per annum and the cost of the suit. The suit was filed on…………………… in
the court of the learned District Judge.
6. That upon being summoned by the said court the respondents appeared through counsel and filed their
written statement to which appellant-plaintiff also filed replication (rejoinder).
Lesson 8 Pleadings 299
7. That the parties led evidence. After hearing the counsel for the parties the learned District Judge has by
his judgement and decree passed on…………………… dismissed the appellant’s suit on the ground
that the evidence led by the parties does not establish the claim of the appellant-plaintiff. Copies of the
judgement and decree of the court below are annexed hereto and are marked as ANNEXURE A-3 AND
A-4, respectively.
Aggrieved by the aforesaid judgement and decree of the court below dismissing the suit of the plaintiff
this appeal is hereby filed on the following, amongst other,
GROUNDS
A. That the judgement and decree under appeal are erroneous both on facts as well as law.
B. That the learned trial court has failed to properly appreciate the evidence, and has fallen into error
in not finding that the preponderance of probability was in favour of the plaintiff-appellant.
C. That there was sufficient evidence led by the plaintiff to prove the issues raised in the suit and the
defendant-respondent has failed to effectively rebut the plaintiff’s evidence, more particularly the
documentary evidence.
D. ……………………
E. ……………………
F. ……………………
8. That the valuation of this appeal for the purposes of payment of court-fee is fixed at Rs……………………
and the requisite court fee in the form of stamps is appended to this memorandum of appeal.
9. That this appeal is being filed within the prescribed period of limitation, the judgement and decree under
appeal having been passed on…………………
In the above facts and circumstances the appellant prays that this appeal be allowed, the judgement and decree
under appeal be set aside and the decree prayed for by the appellant in his suit before the court below be
passed together with up-to-date interest and costs of both courts.
APPELLANT
VERIFICATION
Verified at…………………… on this, the…………………… day of…………………, 2013 that the contents of the
above appeal are correct to the best of my knowledge and belief……………………
APPELLANT
THROUGH
(……………………)
REVISION
Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 deals with revisionary jurisdiction of the High Courts. The
Section lays down:
“(1) The High Court may call for the record of any case which has been decided by any Court sub-ordinate
to such High Court and in which no appeal lies thereto, and if such sub-ordinate Court appears:
(a) to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law; or
(b) to have failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested; or
300 PP-DA&P
(c) to have acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity,
the High Court may make such order in the case as it thinks fit:
Provided that the High Court shall not, under the Section, vary or reverse any order made, or any order
deciding an issue, in the course of a suit or other proceeding, except where:
(a) the order, if it had been made in favour of the party applying for revision, would have finally disposed
of the suit or other proceeding; or
(b) the order, if allowed to stand, would occasion a failure of justice or cause irreparable injury to the
party against whom it was made.
(2) The High Court shall not, under this Section vary or reverse any decree or order against which an
appeal lies either to the High Court or to any Court subordinate thereto.”
REVISION (CIVIL)
Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides for the remedy of revision. In a case where an appeal does
not lie against a final order the aggrieved party can file a revision before the High Court (an no other court).
There are certain orders passed by the Civil Courts subordinate to the High Court against which the remedy of
appeal is not available, even through such orders finally decide an important question involved in the suit or
substantially effect the right or interest of a party to the suit. In such cases the High Court can entertain a revision
and quash or modify the order of the court below.
SPECIMEN FORM OF REVISION
In the High Court of……………………
Civil Appellate Jurisdiction
Civil Revision No…………………… of 2013
IN THE MATTER OF:
ABC S/o……………....................................................................……… R/o…………………………………………
…Petitioner
Versus
XYZ S/o.....................................................................…………………… R/o…………………………………………
…Respondent
AND
IN THE MATTER OF:
CIVIL REVISION AGAINST THE ORDER DATED…………………… PASSED BY THE LEARNED SUB-JUDGE,
IST CLASS…………………… IN THE SUIT ENTITLED ABC -VS.- XYZ (CIVIL SUIT NO. …………………… OF
2013)
May it please the Hon’ble Chief Justice, High Court of…………………… and his companion Justices.
The petitioner MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH:
A. That the petitioner named above has filed a suit against the respondents for the recovery of possession
of a house situated in……………………, fully described in the plaint. The suit is pending in the court of
Sub-Judge Ist Class…………………… and the next date of hearing is……………………
Lesson 8 Pleadings 301
B. That on being summoned the respondent appeared before the court below and filed his written statement
wherein he denied the petitioner’s title set up in the suit property.
C. That the trial court framed issues on……………… and directed the petitioner (plaintiff) to produce
evidence, upon which the petitioner promptly furnished to the court below a list of witnesses and also
deposited their diet expenses etc., making a request that the witness be summoned by that Court.
D. That on a previous date of hearing that is……………………, 2013, two witness of the petitioner had
appeared and their statements were recorded. However, the learned Presiding Officer of the court
below passed an order that the remaining witnesses be produced by the petitioner-plaintiff on his own
without seeking the assistance of the court. This order was passed despite a request by the petitioner
that at least those witness named in the list who are State employees should be summoned by the
court, as they are required to produce and prove some official records.
E. That on the next date of hearing the learned trial court by the order impugned in this revision closed the
evidence of the petitioner-plaintiff on the ground that the remaining witnesses were not produced by him.
F. That the impugned order has caused great prejudice to the petitioner and if the same is allowed to stand
the petitioner’s suit is bound to fail.
G. That the trial court has unjustifiably denied assistance of the court to the petitioner-plaintiff to secure the
attendance of his witnesses. The interests of justice demand that he is provided with all legal assistance
in this regard.
In the facts and circumstances discussed above the petitioner prays that this Hon’ble Court be pleased to quash
and set aside the order under revision and direct the court below to provide assistance of the court for summoning
the plaintiff-witnesses.
PETITIONER
[Affidavit to be filed in support of the fact that the contents of the accompanying revision petition are true and
correct to the best of the deponent’s knowledge and that nothing has been kept back or concealed].
Petition under Article 226 & 32 of the Constitiotion & SLP Students are advised to refer to study lesson-6.
APPLICATION FOR SETTING ASIDE EX-PARTE DECREE (O.9, R.13, CPC)
AB S/o……………....................................................................……… R/o…………………………………………
Plaintiff
Versus
CD S/o.....................................................................…………………… R/o…………………………………………
Respondent
The Respondent/Applicant respectfully states as follows :
1. That the applicant was one of the defendants in the above case and an ex parte decree has been
passed against him on January 21, 2013.
2. That he was prevented by the reasons disclosed in the annexed affidavit, which he claims were sufficient,
from appearing when the suit was called on for hearing.
The applicant prays that ex parte decree passed against him on January 21, 2013 be set aside.
(Signature of the Applicant)
Place: AB
Date: Advocate for the Applicant
302 PP-DA&P
Affidavit in support of the above application
1. I make oath and say that I had to join a marriage ceremony of my sister’s son on January 22, 2013, at
Jabalpur, and therefore I left my village on January 18, 2013 and retumed from it on January 30, 2013.
2. I make oath and say that, on January 16, 2013, I had given my papers to Sri Chaman Lal, Advocate, and
had instructed him to file the Vakalatnama and written statement on my behalf on January 21, 2013, the
date fixed for issues.
3. I am informed by Sri Chaman Lal, Advocate, and I verily believe it to be true, that, on January 21, 2013,
when the case was called on, Sri Chaman Lal was engaged in a Sessions case, before the Additional
Judge at Kanpur.
4. I am informed by Sri Chaman Lal, and, verily believe it to be true, that when Sri Chaman Lal came to the
court a few minutes later, he found the case had been decreed exparte.
(Signature)
Applicant
SUIT UNDER XXXVII OF CPC
IN THE COURT OF SENIOR CIVIL JUDGE: NEW DELHI
CIVIL SUIT NO OF 2013
[UNDER ORDER XXXVII CPC]
IN THE MATTER OF:
AB PLAINTIFF
VERSUS
1. CD
2. EF DEFENDANTS
PLAINT UNDER ORDER XXXVII CPC FOR RECOVERY OF AN AMOUNT OF RS.1,15,000/- (RUPEES ONE
LAC FIFTEEN THOUSAND) TOGETHER WITH INTEREST PENDENTE LITE AND FUTURE AND COST
RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH:
1. That the plaintiff above-named is an iron merchant dealing in iron angles, pipes, casting sheets etc. and
operating his business from the address mentioned in the title of the plaint.
2. That defendant no.l is a partnership concern of which, defendant no.2 is the partner as had been disclosed to
the plaintiff by defendant no.2 in the course of business dealings that took place between the plaintiff on the one
hand and defendants on the other hand. The plaintiff is unaware of the other partners of defendant no.l and
seeks indulgence of this Hon’ble Court in issuing necessary directions to defendants to disclose the status of
defendant no.l firm as also the details of the other partners of the said firm so as to facilitate impleadment of such
other partners also as party to the present suit.
3. That defendants maintained commercial transaction with the plaintiff above named by purchasing goods i.e. iron/
steel items sold/supplied by the plaintiff to the defendant from time to time against invoices raised/issued by the
plaintiff. Defendants made part payments towards the invoice value of the goods so supplied/sold by the plaintiff
thereby leaving balance outstanding in the accounts as maintained by the plaintiff in the ordinary course of business.
4. That as on 30th June 2012, a sum of Rs.1,00,000/- was outstanding against defendants in the accounts maintained
by the plaintiff and in discharge of the said liability, the defendants had issued cheque bearing No.128038 dated
25th July 2012 for an amount of Rs.1,00,000/- drawn on Canara Bank, Branch Office Connaught Circus, New
Delhi. The original cheque leaf as issued by the defendants is annexed and marked as ANNEXURE-A.
Lesson 8 Pleadings 303
5. That after issuing the aforesaid cheque, the defendants, by citing reasons of some accounting problems existing
in the defendant no.l firm, required the plaintiff to defer presentment of the cheque for encashment till November,
2012. Resultantly, the plaintiff presented the cheque for encashment with his bankers in the month of November,
2012, However, the said cheque was returned back unpaid/dishonored by the bankers of the defendants for the
reasons “Exceeds Arrangement”. The return memo as issued by the bankers of the defendants has been received
by the plaintiff on 27th November 2012. The original return memo is annexed herewith as ANNEXURE-B.
6. That repeated requests and reminders were thereafter sent by the plaintiff to the defendants for payment of
the aforesaid outstanding dues, however, the defendants failed to pay the same. As such the plaintiff was
constrained to issue a legal notice of demand dated 7th December 2012 calling upon the defendants to pay the
aforesaid outstanding dues. However, despite receipt of the aforesaid notice of demand, the defendants failed
to make payment of the aforesaid outstanding dues. Office copy of legal notice of demand dated 7th December
2012 alongwith Postal Receipts is annexed herewith as ANNEXURE-C.
7. That the amount outstanding against defendants is legally recoverable by plaintiff from defendants who are
liable to pay the same jointly and severally. Furthermore, since the claim in suit has arisen out of commercial
transactions between the parties, the plaintiff is entitled to claim interest on the aforesaid outstanding amounts at
the prevalent market rate of interest as per custom/market usage. The rate of interest at the time when transactions
took place between the parties was not less than 18% p.a. and as such plaintiff is entitled to claim and defendants
are liable to pay interest on the foresaid outstanding amount at the rate of 18% per annum from the date the
amounts remained due and payable by the defendants. Interest calculated at the said rate of 18% p.a. on the
outstanding amount of Rs.1,00,000/- (Rupees one lac) calculates to Rs. 15.000/- (Rupees fifteen thousand) as on
the date of filing of the suit and the total adds upto Rs.1,15,000/- (Rupees one lac fifteen thousand only). Defendants
are liable to pay the said amount of Rs.1,15,000/- (Rupees one lac fifteen thousand) to the plaintiff.
8. That the aforesaid claim of the plaintiff is legal, valid and enforceable. Defendants are liable to pay the same
to the plaintiff. There is no impediment in plaintiff’s entitlement to the relief prayed.
9. That by the present suit, plaintiff seeks to recover claim of money payable by defendants by virtue of the
negotiable instrument / cheque which has remained unpaid because of the acts directly attributable to the
defendants. Suit claim of the plaintiff even otherwise consists of a debt or a liquidated demand in money payable
with interest arising out of written contract.
10. That no relief which does not fall within the ambit of Order XXXVII Rule 2 CPC is claimed in the’ suit. The suit
claim is liable to be tried under the summary procedure prescribed by Order XXXVII CPC.
11. That cause of action for filing the present suit arose to the plaintiff against the defendants as stated above. It
arose with the defendants purchasing goods sold/supplied by the plaintiff. It arose with the defendants making
part payment of the invoice value of the goods supplied by the plaintiff, thereby leaving balance outstanding
against the defendants in the accounts maintained by the plaintiff. It arose with defendant issuing cheque in
discharge of their liability to pay the outstanding amounts to the plaintiff. The cause of action further arose with
the cheque on being presented for encashment being returned back unpaid/dishonoured by the bankers of the
defendants. It further accrued with the plaintiff issuing legal notice of demand calling upon the defendants to pay
the outstanding amount. It also accrued with the defendants failing to abide by the legal notice of demand and
failing to pay/clear the outstanding dues. Cause of action is in continuance uptil date.
12. That the defendants are residing/carrying on business within jurisdiction of the Hon’ble Court at the address
described in the title of the plaint. Plaintiff is also having his business premises within the jurisdiction of this
Hon’ble Court. Cause of action for filing the present suit has also arisen within the jurisdiction of this Hon’ble
Court. As such, this Hon’ble Court has got jurisdiction to entertain and try the present suit.
13. That the plaintiff values the suit for the purposes of court fee and jurisdiction at Rs.1,15,000/- on which
ad valorem court free has been paid.
PRAYER
In the aforesaid facts and circumstances, it is, therefore, respectfully prayed that the Hon’ble Court may be
pleased to:
304 PP-DA&P
(a) try the plaintiffs suit claim under summary procedure prescribed under Order XXXVII CPC by ordering
summons of suit in accordance with provisions of Order XXXVII CPC;
(b) pass a decree for money in the sum of Rs. 1,15/000/- (Rupees One Lac fifteen Thousand Only) in
favour of the plaintiff and against the defendants liable jointly and severally;
(c) allow interest pendente lite and future @ 18% p.a. on the suit amount in favour of the plaintiff and
against the defendants liable jointly and severally together with cost of the suit;
(d) Hon’ble Court may also pass such further order(s) considered just, fit, proper and expedient in the facts
and circumstances of the case.
THROUGH: PLAINTIFF
ADVOCATE FOR THE PLAINTIFF,
NEW DELHI
DATED: April, 2013
VERIFICATION:
I......................, the plaintiff above named, do hereby verify that the contents of paras 1 to 9 of the above plaint
are true to my knowledge while those of paras no. 10 to 13 are based on legal advice received and believed to
be true. Last para is the prayer to this Hon’ble Court.
Verified at Delhi on this the ................... day of April, 2013.
SUIT FOR PERMANENT INJUNCTION
An injunction is a specific order of the Court forbidding the commission of a wrong threatened or the continuance
of a wrongful course of action already begun, or in some cases (when it is called a ‘mandatory injunction’)
commanding active restitution of the former state of things.
Injunctions are two types- (i)temporary and (ii) permanent”.
Permanent injunction restrains a party for ever from doing the specified act and the same can be granted only
on merits at the conclusion of the trial after hearing both the parties to the suit. It is governed by Sections 38 to
42 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963.
A temporary or interim injunction on the other hand restrains a party temporarily from doing the specified act and
can be granted until the disposal of suit. It is regulated by the provisions of Order 39 of the Code of Civil
Procedure and it may be granted at any stage of the suit.Injunctions are preventive, prohibitive or restrictive i.e.
when they prevent, prohibit or restraint some one from doing some thing or mandatory, i.e. when they compel,
command or order some persons to do some thing.
It is not the plaintiff alone who can apply for interim injunction. A defendant can also make an application for
grant of an injunction against the plaintiff. Injunction may be issued only against a party and not against a
stranger or third party. The various circumstances under which the temporary injunction can be granted has
been provided for under Order 39 Rule 1 C.P.C.
The power to grant temporary injunction is at the discretion of the court. The discretion however should be
exercised reasonably, judiciously and on sound legal principles.
Specimen Suit for Temporary Injunction Restraining Waste
In the Court of the Civil Judge at ........................
Original Suit No. ........ of ..........
AB, s/o ................................................................aged ................................ r/o ................................ Plaintiff
versus
CD, s/o ............................................................... aged ................................ r/o ................................ Defendant
Lesson 8 Pleadings 305
The above-named plaintiff states as follows:
1. The plaintiff is the absolute owner of (describe the property).
2. The defendant is in possession of the same under a lease from the plaintiff.
3. The defendant has cut down a number of valuable trees, and threatens to cut down many more for the
purpose of sale, without the consent of plaintiff.
4. The plaintiff claims that the defendant be restrained by injunction from committing or permitting any
further waste on the said premises.
Specimen Suit for Permanent Injunction Restrain Breach of Contract
In the Court of the Civil Judge at ........................
Original Suit No. ........ of ..........
AB, s/o ................................................................aged ................................ r/o ................................ Plaintiff
versus
CD, s/o ............................................................... aged ................................ r/o ................................ Defendant
The above-named plaintiff states as follows:
1. The plaintiff let plots Nos. 142 and 678 in village___ to the defendant, by a deed of lease, dated July 6,
2010, for purposes of a nursery for 7 years, and the defendant agreed by the said deed of lease not to
use the land for any other purpose.
2. The defendant has, since July 1, 2013 commenced to dig earth from the said plots for the purposes of
his adjoining brick-kiln.
3. The removal of earth from the land would make it unfit for cultivation for several years and would even
otherwise reduce its quality and value and compensation in money would not afford adequate relief to
the plaintiff.
4. The defendant threatens and intends, unless restrained from so doing, to continue to dig earth from the
said plots.
The plaintiff claims a perpetual injunction restraining the defendant, his servants, or agents, from digging earth
from any portion of the said plots Nos. 142 and 678.
SUIT FOR SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
Specific performance is an order of a court which requires a party to perform a specific act, usually what is
stated in a contract. It is an alternative to awarding damages, and is classed as an equitable remedy commonly
used in the form of injunctive relief concerning confidential information or real property. While specific
performance can be in the form of any type of forced action, it is usually used to complete a previously
established transaction, thus being the most effective remedy in protecting the expectation interest of the
innocent party to a contract.
Orders of specific performance are granted when damages are not an adequate remedy, and in some specific
cases such as sale of land. Such orders are discretionary, as with all equitable remedies, so the availability of
this remedy will depend on whether it is appropriate in the circumstances of the case.
The Supreme Court in Babulal v. Hazari Lal Kishori Lal & others, AIR1982 SC 818;1982 SCC (1) 525 has held
that no special form of decree in a suit for specific performance is supplied by the Civil Procedure Code. Chapter
11 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 deals with the various circumstances under which a contract may be enforced
specifically and where it cannot be allowed. When a contract is to be specifically enforced, it means simply this
that when the parties do not agree to perform the contract mutually, the intervention of the Court is required and
306 PP-DA&P
the Court will do all such things as the parties would have been bound to do had this been done without the
intervention of the Court.
By the decree for specific performance, the court sets out what it finds to be the real contract between the parties
and declares that such a contract exists and it is for the executing court to do the rest. In may be noticed further
that a decree in a suit for specific performance has been considered to be somewhat in the nature of preliminary
decree which cannot set out in the fullest detail the different steps which are required to be taken to implement
the main portion of the order directing specific performance of the contract. The executing court is in such a case
vested with authority to issue necessary directions.
Specimen Suit by a Vendee for Specific Performance of Contract for Sale of Land
In the Court of the Subordinate Judge at ……………
Other Class Suit No. ……………… of 2013
A.B.
Son of late ……………………
By case Hindu, by occupation – agriculturist
Residing at …………...........
District …………................
……………. Plaintiff
C.D.
Son of …………
By case Hindu, by occupation – agriculturist
of Village ……………………
District ……………………...
……………. Defendant
Suit for specific performance of contract
Valued at Rs. 8,500
The above-named plaintiff states as follows:
1. That the defendant while owning and occupying the property, described in the Schedule below, had
entered into a contract in writing on ……….. agreeing therein to sell to the plaintiff the land, described in
the Schedule below, at a consideration of Rs. 8,500 and received from the plaintiff a sum of Rs. ……….
as earnest money.
2. That is was agreed therein that the defendant would sell the said property to the plaintiff by executing a
proper sale deed and register the same on receipt of the balance sum of Rs. ............ within six months
from the date of the ‘Bainanama’ referred to above.
3. That the plaintiff has been always willing to pay to the defendant the balance of consideration money
and as a matter of fact, the plaintiff offered to the defendant the said balance of consideration by a notice
dated............served by the plaintiff on the defendant by registered post with A/D through his lawyer
Shri............ (Advocate).
4. That in the said notice the defendant was requested for compliance with the terms in the notice within 15
Lesson 8 Pleadings 307
days from the date of receipt of the plaintiff’s notice. The defendant received the notice on............ but
did not comply with the request made therein.
5. That the plaintiff is entitled to specific performance of the said contract dated............
6. That the cause of action for this suit arose first on........... .(the date fixed for performance of the contract)
and thereafter on ................ after expiry of 15 days’ period after receipt of notice by the defendant at
Mouja...............P.S............. within the jurisdiction of this court.
7. That for the purpose of jurisdiction and court-fees, the suit is valued at Rs. 8,500 and ad valorem court-
fees of Rs. 660 are paid.
The plaintiff, therefore, prays:
(1) that the suit be decreed directing the defendant to execute and register the sale deed in question in
favour of the plaintiff in respect of the property in the Schedule below, on accepting the contracted
purchase money less the amount already paid as an earnest money;
(2) that the defendant be directed to execute and register the sale deed within a time specified by the court,
failing which the said deed be executed and registered according to the provisions of O. 21, R. 34 (5)
and 6(a) of C.P.C.;
(3) all costs of suit.
Schedule
Verification
COMPLAINT
Complaint under section 2(d) of the Criminal Procedure Code means any allegation made orally or in writing to
a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under this Code, that some person, whether known or unknown,
has committed an offence, but it does not include a police report.
However, a report made by the police officer in a case which discloses after investigation, the commission of a
non-cognizable offence shall be deemed to be a complaint, and the police officer making the report as a
complainant. In general a complaint into an offence can be filed by any person except in cases of offences
relating to marriage, defamation and offences mentioned under Sections 195 and 197.
A complaint in a criminal case is what a plaint is in a civil case. The requisites of a complaint are:
(i) an oral or a written allegation;
(ii) some person known or unknown has committed an offence;
(iii) it must be made to a magistrate; and
(iv) it must be made with the object that he should take action.
There is no particular format of a complaint. A petition addressed to the Magistrate containing an allegation that
an offence has been committed, and ending with a prayer that the culprit be suitably dealt with is a complaint.
(Mohd. Yousuf v. Afaq Jahan, AIR 2006 SC 705). Complaint need not be presented in person. A letter to a
magistrate stating facts constituting an offence and requesting to take action is a complaint.
Police report is expressly excluded from the definition of complaint but the explanation to Section 2(d) makes it
clear that such report shall be deemed to be a complaint where after investigation it discloses commission of a
non-cognizable offence. Police report means a report forwarded by a police officer to a Magistrate under Sub-
section (2) of Section 173.
308 PP-DA&P
CRIMINAL MISCELLANEOUS PETITION
In any case Civil/Criminal/Writ when any Miscellaneous Petition is moved, the same is registered as Civil
Miscellaneous Petition/Criminal Miscellaneous Petition/or as Civil/Criminal Writ Miscellaneous Petition. There is
no worrying distinction, all are subject to jurisdiction invoked by the petitioner.
BAIL
Bail means the release of the accused from the custody of the officers of law and entrusting him to the private
custody of persons who are sureties to produce the accused to answer the charge at the stipulated time or date.
An “anticipatory bail” is granted by the High Court or a Court of Session, to a person who apprehends arrest for
having committed a non-bailable offence, but has not yet been arrested (Section 438). An opportunity of hearing
must be given to the opposite party before granting anticipatory bail (State of Assam v. R.K. Krishna Kumar AIR
1998 SC 144).
Specimen Bail Application before a Magistrate during Police Enquiry under s. 437, Cr.PC 1973
In the Court of............... Magistrate ......
The State ...................
Versus
Accused AB son of TZ, Village: .............
Thana: .........
In the matter of petition for bail of accused
AB, during police enquiry
The humble petition of
AB the accused above-named
Most respectfully sheweth:
1. That your petitioner was arrested by the police on 5th March 2013 on mere suspicion. That nearly a month
has passed after the arrest but still the Investigating Police Officer has not submitted a charge-sheet.
2. That your petitioner was not identified by any inmate of the house of CM where the burglary is alleged to have
taken place, nor any incriminating article was found in his house.
3. That your petitioner has reason to believe that one GS with whom your petitioner is on bad terms and who is
looking after the case for complainant has falsely implicated your petitioner in the case out of grudge.
4. That your petitioner shall fully co-operate with the police.
5. That your petitioner is not likely to abscond or leave the country.
Your petitioner prays that your Honour may be pleased to call for police papers and after perusing the same be
pleased to direct the release of your petitioner on bail.
And your petitioner, as in duty bound, shall ever pray.
Advocate AB
Verification
I, AB, son of TZ, residing at................ by occupation business, do hereby solemnly affirm and say as follows:
1. I am the petitioner above-named. I know and I have made myself acquainted with the facts and
circumstances of the case and I am able to depose thereto.
Lesson 8 Pleadings 309
2. The statements in paragraphs 1 to 5 of the foregoing petition are true and correct to my knowledge and
belief.
3. I sign this verification on the 6th day of May 2013.
Solemnly affirmed by the said AB AB
on 6th May 2013 at the Court
House at.........................
Before me
Notary/Magistrate.
Specimen Petition by Wife under section 125, Cr.PC 1973 for Maintenance
In the Court of ........ ... Judicial Magistrate 1st Class
Case No. ………… under s. 125, Cr PC
Petitioner W (wife) Opposite Party H (husband)
Daughter of........... versus Son of...............................
Village .................... Village...............................
Thana .................... Thana ................................
Occupation............ Occupation........................
In the matter of petition for maintenance of petitioner W from the husband H under S.125, CrPC
The humble petition of W (wife), the petitioner above-named
Most respectfully Sheweth :
1. Your petitioner W is the married wife of the opposite party. The marriage between them was solemnised
according to the Hindu rites on ……………
2. The opposite party H is a clerk on the staff of AB & Co. Ltd. holding a responsible position and drawing
salary of Rs. 15,000 per month.
3. The opposite party severely assaulted the petitioner on ................................. and drove her away from
the matrimonial house on ....................................... in presence of several gentlemen of the locality.
4. That the opposite party leads a life of drunkenness and debauchery. He is besides a man of uncertain
temperament and would fly into rage in season and out of season without any reason whatsoever. He
has lost all sense of decorum and would use extremely filthy language.
5. Your petitioner after being driven out of the house by the opposite party, came over to her father’s place
on the same day and has been staying at father’s house with his family members.
6. The opposite party was served with a pleader’s notice to send your petitioner Rs. 2000 every month for
her maintenance but with no result. Having regard to the violent temper of H and his inhuman way of
beating your petitioner she does not venture to go back to the place of the opposite party.
Your petitioner, therefore, prays that Your Honour may be pleased to issue notice on the opposite party and after
taking evidence of both sides be pleased to order the opposite party to pay the petitioner maintenance at the
rate of Rs. 2000 per month.
And your petitioner, as in duty bound, shall ever pray.
310 PP-DA&P
Verification
I, W daughter of MN resident at ……… do hereby solemnly affirm and say as following:
1. I am the petitioner above-named and I know the facts and circumstances of the case and I am able to
depose thereto.
2. The statements in the paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the foregoing petition are true to my knowledge
and that I have not suppressed any material fact.
Solemnly affirmed by the said
Mrs. W on the …….. day of ……. 2013
in the Court House at Calcutta
Before me
Notary
FIRST INFORMATION REPORT (FIR)
Section 154 Cr.P.C 1973 deals with information in cognizable cases. Section 154 reads:
(1) Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in
charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing by him or under his direction, and be read over to
the informant; and every such information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as aforesaid,
shall be signed by the person giving it, and the substance thereof shall be entered in a book to be kept
by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe in this behalf.
(2) A copy of the information as recorded under Sub-section (1) shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the
informant.
(3) Any person, aggrieved by a refusal on the part of an officer in charge of a police station to record the
information referred to in Sub-section (1) may send the substance of such information, in writing and by
post, to the Superintendent of Police concerned who, if satisfied that such information discloses the
commission of a cognizable offence, shall either investigate the case himself or direct an investigation
to be made by any police officer subordinate to him, in the manner provided by this Code, and such
officer shall have all the powers of an officer in charge of the police station in relation to that offence.
In Lallan Chaudhary and Ors. v. State of Bihar, AIR 2006 SC 3376, the Supreme Court held that section 154 of
the Code thus casts a statutory duty upon police officer to register the case, as disclosed in the complaint, and
then to proceed with the investigation. The mandate of Section 154 is manifestly clear that if any information
disclosing a cognizable offence is laid before an officer in charge of a police station, such police officer has no
other option except to register the case on the basis of such information.
The provision of Section 154 is mandatory. Hence, the police officer concerned is duty-bound to register the
case on receiving information disclosing cognizable offence. Genuineness or credibility of the information is not
a condition precedent for registration of a case. That can only be considered after registration of the case.
[Ramesh Kumari v. State (NCT of Delhi) and Ors., 2006 Cri.LJ 1622].
Specimen Form of First Information Report
To
The Officer-in-Charge
———— (Name of the Police Station)
Sir
This is to inform you that my cycle has been stolen from the cycle stand in the daily market last evening.
Lesson 8 Pleadings 311
Last evening, before I went to the market, I placed my green model Hero Cycle in the cycle stand No. 1 as usual.
I had locked the cycle. The cycle bears the No. __ I had bought it only a month ago and it was almost new. The
cycle had a full gear case, a carrier and a side basket. When such mishap occurred I was buying vegetables in
the market. I asked everybody who were present there about the cycle. It was all in vain.
I request you to kindly register a case of theft and initiate the necessary investigation to recover the stolen cycle.
Yours faithfully,
________ (Your Name)
LESSON ROUND-UP
– Pleadings generally mean either a plaint or a written statement. A suit is instituted by filing a plaint,
which is the first pleading in a civil suit. It is a statement of the plaintiff’s claim and its object is simply
to state the grounds upon, and the relief in respect of which he seeks the assistance of the court.
– It is incumbent on the defendant to file his defence in writing. If the defendant fails to file written
statement, the court may pronounce judgment against him or may under Order 8, Rule 10, make such
order in relation to the suit as it deems fit.
– When the defendant appears and files a written pleading by way of defence, his pleading should
conform to all the general rules of pleadings. All the rules relating to defendant’s written statement
apply, mutatis mutandis to such written statement of the plaintiff also. One has to keep in view various
points at the time of drafting the reply or written statement.
– Pleadings filed by a defendant/respondent in answer to the claims set out by the plaintiff/petitioner in
the form of an affidavit and/or supported by an affidavit are referred to as a counter affidavit.
– A written statement/reply of the plaintiff/petitioner by way of defense to pleas’ raised in the counter
affidavit/written statement from the defendant/respondent, is termed as a rejoinder or replication.
– The provisions of Sections 101, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110 and 111 of the Indian Evidence Act must be
carefully gone through before one proceeds to draft the affidavit-in-evidence. It is well settled that
evidence should be tailored strictly to the pleadings. No extraneous evidence can be looked into in
absence of specific pleadings.
– It is incumbent upon a party in possession of best evidence on the issue involved, to produce such
evidence and if such party fails to produce the same, an adverse inference is liable to be drawn
against such party.
– Preliminary submissions should primarily confine to the true and correct facts regarding the issue
involved and which have been suppressed or not disclosed by the other side in the pleadings.
– Legal pleadings/submissions should be taken under the heading “preliminary submissions/objections”.
While taking such plea one should ensure that the legal provisions and/or interpretation thereof, is
very clear and directly applicable to the issues involved in the matter
– After the suit is instituted by the plaintiff and before it is finally disposed off, the court may make
interlocutory orders as may appear to the court to be just and convenient..
– An affidavit being a statement or declaration on oath by the deponent, is an important document and
the consequences of a false affidavit are serious. Therefore, great care is required in drafting it.
– Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 deals with revisionary jurisdiction of the High Courts.
312 PP-DA&P
– An injunction is a specific order of the Court forbidding the commission of a wrong threatened or the
continuance of a wrongful course of action already begun, or in some cases commanding active
restitution of the former state of things.Injunctions are two types- (i)temporary and (ii) permanent.
– Complaint means any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking
action under this Code, that some person, whether known or unknown, has committed an offence, but
it does not include a police report. A complaint in a criminal case is what a plaint is in a civil case.
– Bail means the release of the accused from the custody of the officers of law and entrusting him to the
private custody of persons who are sureties to produce the accused to answer the charge at the
stipulated time or date
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
(These are meant for recapitulation only. Answers to these questions are not to be submitted for evaluation)
1. What is meant by pleadings? What is the objective behind formulating the rules of pleadings? Explain
the fundamental rule of pleadings.
2. Explain the general rules of drafting in respect of applications and petitions.
3. What are the important considerations to be kept in mind while drafting a reply/written statement?
4. Explain the important considerations while drafting Affidavit in Evidence.
5. Define ‘appeal’. Explain in brief various kinds of appeals provided under the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908. Discuss the circumstances in which and the Court to which each kind of appeal can be preferred
by an appellant.
6. Briefly outline various components of an appeal.
7. Draft a Specimen of Appeal to the High Court.
8. Define ‘affidavit’. What rules and guiding principles should be followed while drawing up an affidavit?
9. Distinguish between F.I.R. and Complaint.
10. Your friend has been arrested on a mere suspicion. Draft a bail application to get him released on bail.
11. What do you understand by Specific relief? Draft a suit for specific performance, assume facts.
12. Write short notes on:
(i) Bail
(ii) Interlocutory application
(iii) Temporary Injunction
Lesson 9 Lesson 9 Appearances 313
Appearances
LESSON OUTLINE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
– Introduction A Company Secretary has been recognized
– Right to legal representation under various Acts to appear as an authorized
– Appellate authorities under the representative before various tribunals/quasi
judicial bodies such as Company Law Board,
Companies Act, 2013 National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT),
– Appellate authorities under TRAI Act, National Company Law Appellate Tribunal
(NCLAT), Securities Appellate Tribunal,
1997 Competition Commission of India and
– Appellate authorities under SEBI Act, Competition Appellate Tribunal etc. Apart from
being conversant with the provisions of various
1992 corporate and other laws, rules and regulations,
– Appellate authorities under the it is equally important for professionals to
possess a professional look and demeanor to
Competition Act, 2002 project a professional and competent image in
– Drafting of Affidavit in Evidence the corporate world as well as while appearing
– Arguments on Preliminary Submissions before the tribunals and other quasi judicial
– Arguments on Merits bodies.
– Legal Pleadings and Written Submissions
– Dress Code The objective of this study lesson is to acquaint
– Etiquettes the students with the legal provisions pertaining
– Court Craft to appearance before various tribunals/quasi
– LESSON ROUND UP judicial bodies as well as the drafting of written
– SELF TEST QUESTIONS submissions, affidavit of evidence etc. Further
the students will also be acquainted with the
importance of dress code for professionals,
etiquettes and court craft.
313
314 PP-DA&P
INTRODUCTION
The corporate sector has recognized the role of the Company Secretaries as a compliance officer and as a
nodal point of contact between the company and its shareholders, debenture holders, depositors, financial
institutions and the Government. The Company Secretaries in practice are rendering value added services to
corporate sector as independent professionals. That apart, a Company Secretary can appear as an authorized
representative before Company Law Board*/NCLT**, Competition Commission of India (CCI), Securities Appellate
Tribunal (SAT) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and various other Tribunals.
RIGHT TO LEGAL REPRESENTATION
Under the Companies Act
Section 432 of the Companies Act, 2013 dealing with right to legal representation envisages that the applicant or
the appellant may either appear in person or authorise one or more chartered accountants or company secretaries
or cost accountants or legal practitioners or any officer to present his or its case before the Tribunal or the
Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be.
The expression ‘authorised representative’ has been defined under Regulation 2(d) as a person authorized in
writing by a party under Regulation 19(2) to function before a Bench as the representative of such party.
Therefore, a person to be authorized must be one of the persons specified in Regulation 19(2) viz. Advocate or
Secretary in whole-time practice or a Practising Chartered Accountant, or Practising Cost and Works Accountant.
However, a company may also appoint and authorize its Director or Company Secretary to appear in its behalf,
in any proceeding before the Bench. The Central Government, the Regional Director or the Registrar may
authorize an officer to appear on its behalf (Regulation 19).
Company Secretaries who are in job can appear for and on behalf of Employer Company, by virtue of powers
given under a power of attorney while appearing before CLB/NCLT or Authority Letter but preferably Power of
Attorney.
Under the TRAI Act
Section 17 of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act, 1997 (as amended in 2002) authorizes
Company Secretaries to present his or its case before the Appellate Tribunal. As per the Explanation appended
to the Section ‘Company Secretary’ means a Company Secretary as defined in clause (c) of sub-section (1) of
Section 2 of the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 and who has obtained a certificate of practice under sub-
section (1) of Section 6 of that Act.
Under the SEBI Act
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act, 1992 under Section 15V permits the appellant either to
appear in person or authorise one or more of practising Company Secretaries, Chartered Accountants, Cost
Accountants or Legal practitioners or any of its officers to present his or its case before the Securities Appellate
Tribunal.
Under the Competition Act
Competition Authorities and the companies world over avail services of professionals to guide and advise them
on various aspects of competition law. Professionals also assist companies in designing, implementing and
maintaining effective competition compliance programmes.
Lesson 9 Appearances 315
Sections 35 and 53S of the Competition Act, 2002 (as amended in 2007) authorises Company Secretaries in
practice to appear before Competition Commission of India and Competition Appellate Tribunal. Besides, there
are a number of concepts and terms such as value of assets, turnover, determination of market, relevant market,
geographic market which require active professional involvement and advice. Further, Competition Act, 2002
provides a number of factors to be considered by the Competition Commission of India in determining appreciable
adverse effect on competition.
It is important to mention here that the Competition Act has not come into force fully. Most of the provisions of the
said Act are yet to be enforced.
APPELLATE AUTHORITIES UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013
Appeal against Refusal to Register Transfer of Shares
Section 58 of the Companies Act, 2013 lays down that if a company refuses, whether in pursuance of any power
of the company under its articles or otherwise, to register the transfer of, or the transmission by operation of law
of the right to, any shares or interest of a member in, or debentures of, the company, it shall, within two months
from the date on which the instrument of transfer, or the intimation of such transmission, as the case may be,
was delivered to the company, send notice of the refusal to the transferee and the transferor or to the person
giving intimation of such transmission, as the case may be, giving reasons for such refusal.
Section 58 further lays down that the transferor or transferee, or the person who gave intimation of the transmission
by operation of law, as the case may be, may appeal to the Board/Tribunal against any refusal of the company
to register the transfer or transmission, or against any failure on its part within the period referred to in the
preceding paragraph, either to register the transfer or transmission or to send notice of its refusal to register the
same.
The appeal under above paragraph shall be made within two months of the receipt of the notice of such refusal
or, where no notice has been sent by the company, within four months from the date on which the instrument of
transfer, or the intimation of transmission, as the case may be, was delivered to the company.
Appeal to Supreme Court
Any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the appellate Tribunal may file an appeal to the Supreme
Court within sixty days from the date of communication of the decision or order of the Appellate Tribunal to him
on any question of law arising out of such decision or order. However, the Supreme Court may, if it is satisfied
that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal within the said period, allow it to be
filed within a further period not exceeding sixty days [Section 423]
APPELLATE AUTHORITIES UNDER TRAI ACT
Appeal to the Supreme Court
Section 18 of the TRAI Act (as amended in 2000) provides that notwithstanding anything contained in the Code
of Civil Procedure, 1908 or in any other law, an appeal shall lie against any order, not being an interlocutory
order, of the Appellate Tribunal to the Supreme Court on one or more of the grounds specified in
Section 100 of that Code.
It further says that no appeal shall lie against any decision or order made by the Appellate Tribunal with the
consent of the parties.
Every appeal under this section shall be preferred within a period of ninety days from the date of the decision or
order appealed against.
316 PP-DA&P
The proviso appended to the Section 18 says that the Supreme Court may entertain the appeal after the expiry
of the said period of ninety days, if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from
preferring the appeal in time.
APPELLATE AUTHORITIES UNDER SEBI ACT
Appeal to the Securities Appellate Tribunal
Section 15T of the SEBI Act lays down that any person aggrieved:
(1) (a) by an order of SEBI made, under this Act, or the rules or regulations made thereunder; or
(b) by an order made by an adjudicating officer under this Act;
may prefer an appeal to a Securities Appellate Tribunal having jurisdiction in the matter.
(2) No appeal shall lie to the Securities Appellate Tribunals from an order made
(a) by SEBI;
(b) by an Adjudicating Officer,
with the consent of the parties.
(3) Every appeal under sub-section (1) shall be filed within a period of 45 days from the date on which a
copy of the order made by SEBI or the Adjudicating Officer, is received by him and it shall be in such
form and be accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed. This details have been prescribed in the
Rules.
Provided that the Securities Appellate Tribunal may entertain an appeal after the expiry of the said
period of 45 days if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not filing it within that period.
(4) On receipt of an appeal, the Securities Appellate Tribunal may, after giving the parties to the appeal, an
opportunity of being heard, pass such orders thereon as it thinks fit, confirming, modifying or setting
aside the order appealed against.
(5) The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall send a copy of every order made by it to SEBI and the parties to
the appeal and to the concerned Adjudicating Officer.
(6) The appeal filed before the Securities Appellate Tribunal shall be dealt with by it as expeditiously as
possible and endeavour shall be made by it to dispose of the appeal finally within six months from the
date of receipt of the appeal.
Appeal to Supreme Court
Section 15Z lays down that any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the Securities Appellate Tribunal
may file an appeal to the Supreme Court within 60 days from the date of communication of the decision or order
of the Securities Appellate Tribunal to him on any question of fact or law arising out of such order.
It has been provided that the Supreme Court may, if it is satisfied that the applicant was prevented by
sufficient cause from filing the appeal within the said period, allow it to be filed within a further period not
exceeding 60 days.
APPELLATE AUTHORITIES UNDER THE COMPETITION ACT
Appeal to Appellate Tribunal
As per Section 53B of the Act,–
(1) The Central Government or the State Government or a local authority or enterprise or any person, aggrieved by
Lesson 9 Appearances 317
any direction, decision or order referred to in clause (a) of Section 53A may prefer an appeal to the Appellate
Tribunal.
(2) Every appeal under sub-section (1) shall be filed within a period of sixty days from the date on which a copy
of the direction or decision or order made by the Commission is received by the Central Government or the State
Government or a local authority or enterprise or any person referred to in that sub-section and it shall be in such
form and be accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Appellate Tribunal may entertain an appeal after the expiry of the said period of sixty days if it
is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not filing it within that period.
(3) On receipt of an appeal under sub-section (1), the Appellate Tribunal may, after giving the parties to the
appeal, an opportunity of being heard, pass such orders thereon as it thinks fit, confirming, modifying or setting
aside the direction, decision or order appealed against.
(4) The Appellate Tribunal shall send a copy of every order made by it to the Commission and the parties to the
appeal.
(5) The appeal filed before the Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1) shall be dealt with by it as expeditiously
as possible and endeavour shall be made by it to dispose of the appeal within six months from the date of receipt
of the appeal.
Appeal to Supreme Court
Section 53T of the Act provides that the Central Government or any State Government or the Commission or
any statutory authority or any local authority or any enterprise or any person aggrieved by any decision or order
of the Appellate Tribunal may file an appeal to the Supreme Court within sixty days from the date of communication
of the decision or order of the Appellate Tribunal to them:
Provided that the Supreme Court may, if it is satisfied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause from
filing the appeal within the said period, allow it to be filed after the expiry of the said period of sixty days.
APPELLATE AUTHORITIES UNDER THE INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961
Appeal against the order of the Income-tax Officer lies with the Appellate Assistant Commissioner or the
Commissioner (Appeals) or Commissioner of Income-tax. Appeal against the order of the Appellate Assistant
Commissioner or the Commissioner (Appeals) can be preferred by the assessee or the income-tax department
and such appeal lies with the Appellate Tribunal. Appeal against the order of the Appellate Tribunal by way of
reference by the Tribunal can also be preferred by the assessee or the income-tax department and such appeal
lies to the High Court. The Order of the High Court on the reference can be challenged either by the assessee
or by the income-tax department by preferring an appeal to the Supreme Court which is the final appellate
authority.
Appeal to Commissioner (Appeals)
Section 246 A (1) of the Income-tax Act provides that any assessee aggrieved by any order of an Income-tax
Officer, as prescribed in the section may appeal to the Commissioner (Appeals) against such order.
Every appeal against an order specified in sub-section (2) which is pending immediately before the appointed
day before a Deputy Commissioner (Appeals) and any matter arising out of or commenced with such appeal
and which is so pending shall stand transferred on that day to the Commissioner (Appeals) and the Commissioner
(Appeals) may proceed with such appeal or matter from the stage at which it was on that day:
Provided that the appellant may demand that before proceeding further with the appeal or matter, the previous
proceeding or any part thereof be re-opened or that he be re-heard.
318 PP-DA&P
Such an appeal shall be in the prescribed Form No. 35.
Appeal by Person Denying Liability to Deduct Tax
Section 248 of the Act states that where under an agreement or other arrangement, the tax deductible on any
income, other than interest, under section 195 is to be borne by the person by whom the income is payable, and
such person having paid such tax to the credit of the Central Government, claims that no tax was required to be
deducted on such income, he may appeal to the Commissioner (Appeals) for a declaration that no tax was
deductible on such income.
Appeals to Appellate Tribunals
According to Section 253 of the Act:
(1) Any assessee aggrieved by any of the following orders may appeal to the Appellate Tribunal against such
order -
(a) an order passed by a Deputy Commissioner (Appeals)before the 1st day of October, 1998 or, as the
case may be, a Commissioner (Appeals) under section 154, section 250, section 271, section 271A or
section 272A; or
(b) an order passed by an Assessing Officer under clause (c) of section 158BC, in respect of search initiated
under section 132 or books of account, other documents or any assets requisitioned under section
132A, after the 30th day of June, 1995, but before the 1st day of January, 1997; or
(ba) an order passed by an Assessing Officer under sub-section (1) of section 115VZC; or
(c) an order passed by a Commissioner under section 12AA or under clause (vi) of sub-section (5) of
section 80G or under section 263 or under section 271 or under section 272A or an order passed by him
under section 154 amending his order under section 263 or an order passed by a Chief Commissioner
or a Director General or a Director under section 272A;
(d) an order passed by an Assessing Officer under sub-section (3) of section 143 or section 147 or section
153A or section 153C in pursuance of the directions of the Dispute Resolution Panel or an order passed
under section 154 in respect of such order.
(e) an order passed by an Assessing Officer under sub-section (3) of section 143 or section 147 or section
153A or section 153C with the approval of the Commissioner as referred to in sub-section (12) of
section 144BA or an order passed under section 154 or section 155 in respect of such order.
Sub-section (2) of the section allows an Income-tax officer, on the direction of the Commissioner, if he objects to any
order passed by a Deputy Commissioner (Appeals) before the 1st day of October, 1998 or, as the case may be, a
Commissioner (Appeals) under section 154 or section 250, to appeal to the Appellate Tribunal against the order.
Sub-section 2A lays down that the Commissioner may, if he objects to any direction issued by the Dispute
Resolution Panel under sub-section (5) of section 144C in respect of any objection filed on or after the 1st day
of July, 2012, by the assessee under sub-section (2) of section 144C in pursuance of which the Assessing
Officer has passed an order completing the assessment or reassessment, direct the Assessing Officer to appeal
to the Appellate Tribunal against the order.
Sub-section (3) lays down that every such appeal shall be filed within sixty days of the date on which the order
sought to be/ appealed against is communicated to the assessee or to the Commissioner, as the case may be.
In accordance with the Sub-section (6) of the Section, an appeal to the Appellate Tribunal shall be in the prescribed
form (Form No. 36 and Form 36 A) and shall be verified in the prescribed manner and shall except in the case
of an appeal referred to in Sub-section (2) or a memorandum of cross-objections referred to in Sub-section (4)
be accompanied by a fee of:-
Lesson 9 Appearances 319
(a) where the total income of the assessee as computed by the Assessing Officer, in the case to which the
appeal relates, is one hundred thousand rupees or less, five hundred rupees,
(b) where the total income of the assessee, computed as aforesaid, in the case to which the appeal relates
is more than one hundred thousand rupees but not more than two hundred thousand rupees, one
thousand five hundred rupees,
(c) where the total income of the assessee, computed as aforesaid, in the case to which the appeal relates
is more than two hundred thousand rupees, one per cent of the assessed income, subject to a maximum
of ten thousand rupees,
(d) where the subject matter of an appeal relates to any matter, other than those specified in clauses (a), (b)
and (c), five hundred rupees.
Statement of the Case to the High Court
Section 256(1) of the Act lays down : "The assessee or the Commissioner may within sixty days of the date upon
which he is served with notice of an order under Section 254, by an application in the prescribed form (Form No.
37) accompanied where the application is made by the assessee by a fee of two hundred rupees require the
Appellate Tribunal to refer to the High Court any question of law arising out of such order and, subject to the
other provisions contained in this Section, the Appellate Tribunal shall, within one hundred and twenty days of
the receipt of such application, draw up a statement of the case and refer it to the High Court.
Provided that the Appellate Tribunal may, if it is satisfied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause
from presenting the application within the period hereinbefore specified, allow it to be presented within a further
period not exceeding thirty days.
Sub-section (2) of the section lays down that if, on an application made under Sub-section (1) the Appellate
Tribunal refuses to state the case on the ground that no question of law arises, the assessee or the Commissioner,
as the case may be, may, within six months from the date on which he is served with notice of such refusal apply
to the High Court, and the High Court may, if it is not satisfied with the correctness of the decision of the
Appellate Tribunal, require the Appellate Tribunal to state the case and to refer it, and on receipt of any such
requisition, the Appellate Tribunal shall state the case and refer it accordingly.
Statement of Case to the Supreme Court
Section 257 of the Act makes provisions for reference of a case by the Appellate Tribunal to the Supreme Court.
It lays down: "If, on an application made under Section 256 of the Act, the Appellate Tribunal is of the opinion
that, on account of a conflict in the decisions of High Courts in respect of any particular question of law, it is
expedient that a reference should be made direct to the Supreme Court, the Appellate Tribunal may draw up a
statement of the case and refer it through its President direct to the Supreme Court."
Appeal to the Supreme Court
According to Section 261 of the Act, an appeal shall lie in Supreme Court from any judgment of the High Court
delivered on a reference made under Section 256 or an appeal made to High Court in respect of an order passed
under Section 254 in any case which the High Court certifies to be a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court.
DRAFTING OF AFFIDAVIT IN EVIDENCE – IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
The provisions of Sections 101, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110 and 111 of the Indian Evidence Act must be carefully
gone through before one proceeds to draft the affidavit-in-evidence. It is well settled that evidence should be
tailored strictly according to the pleadings. No extraneous evidence can be looked into in absence of specific
pleadings (Habib Khan v. Valasula Devi, AIR 1997 A.P 52). The following must be kept in mind while preparing
the affidavit-in-evidence by the parties –
320 PP-DA&P
(i) The best evidence is that of a person who was personally involved in the whole transaction. In case,
that person is not available for any reason, then any other person who has joined in his place to make
deposition by way of his affidavit.
(ii) In case, the petitioner himself was involved in the execution of a contract, he should file affidavit-in-
evidence.
(iii) The allegations or charges or grounds relating to facts should be re-produced duly supported by
documentary evidence.
It may be noted that in the affidavit in evidence, the position of law or legal provisions or principle of law
are not reproduced because the position of law or settled principles of law are not required to be proved
by any party and they are deemed to exist and any party can argue and take help of those settled
position of law while arguing their case before the Court or Tribunal or Forum and need to be proved by
filing an evidence. [Section 5, Indian Evidence Act.]
(iv) In case, the point or issue pertains to engineering, medical, technology, science or other complex or
difficult issues, then the evidence of expert is to be filed in the form of his Affidavit. If necessary, the said
witness has to appear before the Forum for the purpose of cross-examination by the counsel for the
other party. For example, hand-writing or finger print experts etc.
(v) Besides the leading evidence on the points raised by the petitioner or by the opposite party in his written
statement/reply, if possible, the party who is filing the affidavit-in-evidence should also file documents,
papers or books or registers to demolish the defence or case set up by the opposite party.
(vi) It is also permissible for any party to bring any outside witness (other than the expert witness) in
support of his case if the facts and circumstances of the case so warrant and permitted by the Court/
Tribunal.
(vii) At the time of tendering affidavit-in-evidence, the party must bring alongwith it either the original of
papers, documents, books, registers relied upon by it or bring with it the carbon copy of the same.
It may be noted that only photocopy of any paper or document (in the absence of its reply, original or
carbon copy) can not be relied upon and tendered as an evidence.
Evidence, as defined in Section 3 of the Evidence Act, 1872 means and includes–
(1) all statements which the Court permits or requires to be made before it by witnesses in relation to
matters of fact under inquiry; such statements are called oral evidence;
(2) all documents including electronic records produced for the inspection of the Court; such documents
are called documentary evidence.
No evidence is required of matters which are, either formally admitted for the purposes of the trial, in civil cases,
by the pleadings, by answer to interrogatories, by agreement or otherwise and in criminal cases, as regards
proof of those documents admitted under Section 294, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
Rule of Adverse Inference
It is incumbent upon a party in possession of best evidence on the issue involved, to produce such evidence and
if such party fails to produce the same, an adverse inference is liable to be drawn against such party. The Court
will be justified in drawing an adverse inference against that party. [Ms. Shefali Bhargava v. Indraprastha Appollo
Hospital & Anr., 2003 NCJ 787 (NC)].
It is equally incumbent upon a party to produce evidence of some expert where the issue involved is a complex
or difficult one as for instance, issues pertaining to engineering, medical, technology or science etc. Since the
Lesson 9 Appearances 321
court cannot constitute itself into an expert body and contradict the claim/proposition on record unless there is
something contrary on the record by way of expert opinion or there is any significantly acclaimed publication or
treatise on which reliance could be based. [Dr. Harkanwaljit Singh Saini v. Gurbax Singh & Anr., 2003 NCJ 800 (NC)].
ARGUMENTS ON PRELIMINARY SUBMISSIONS
Preliminary submissions should primarily confine to the true and correct facts regarding the issue involved and
which have been suppressed or not disclosed by the other side in the pleadings. Additionally the provisions of
law or legal objections relevant and applicable to the issues involved in the matter should also be mentioned so
as to demonstrate that the relief being claimed by the opponent is not eligible to be granted and/or that the relief
being claimed by the party being represented by a lawyer/authorized representative should ordinarily be allowed
as per those provisions of law. Before incorporating such facts and/or provisions of law in the write-up, a lawyer/
authorized representative should be thorough with the provisions of law and interpretation, thereof, based upon
relevant judgments so as to ensure that the submissions being made on behalf of the client are accepted and
upheld by the Presiding Officer/Court/Tribunal as the case may be. Thus, for eg., if a claim being opposed by a
lawyer/authorized representative is evidently barred by limitation, such an objection should be taken in the
preliminary submissions/objections. Such type of submissions/objections should be duly supported by law on
the point or by relevant case law/judgments.
ARGUMENTS ON MERITS
Such arguments as relate to the facts pleaded by the parties are termed as arguments on merits. While addressing
arguments on merits, a lawyer/authorized representative should carefully point out the pleadings of the parties
and the relevant evidence in support thereof, lead by the parties, both oral as well as documentary. A lawyer/
authorized representative should ensure that all or any contradiction in the pleadings of the opponent and the
evidence in support of such pleadings are duly pointed out while submitting his/her arguments. Thus, where an
agreement/contract of service is pleaded and there is no evidence either oral or documentary on record in
support of such an agreement/contract, it should be specifically pointed out that the opponent has failed to
prove/establish that such an agreement/contract actually exists or that the same had actually been executed at
all. Similarly, where notice is alleged to have been served prior to filing of the case and there is no documentary
evidence like postal receipt/courier receipt placed on record by the opponent, it should be pointed out that the
opponent has failed to establish that the notice had actually been served. Furthermore, the relevant facts and/or
contradictions extracted from the opponent or his/her witness during the course of cross-examination and relating
to the factual issues involved in the matter, should be highlighted so as to draw attention of the Court/Tribunal
towards such facts/contradictions.
LEGAL PLEADINGS/WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS
As already pointed out above, legal pleadings/submissions should be taken under the heading “preliminary
submissions/objections”. While taking such plea one should ensure that the legal provisions and/or
interpretation, thereof, is very clear and directly applicable to the issues involved in the matter. Thus, where
an unregistered agreement/contract forms the basis of a claim set up by a party and such an agreement/
contract compulsorily requires registration under Section 17 of the Registration Act, a legal plea should be
taken that since the agreement/contract is not a registered document, the same could not be looked into or
relied upon by the Court for the reasons that the same cannot be read in evidence. Similarly, all other legal
submissions which go to the root of the controversy and which are sufficient as well as material for adjudication
of the issues involved, should be taken in opposition to the claims put forth by the opponent. Some illustrations
are as under:
(i) Suit is not maintainable for want of statutory notice etc.
(ii) Plaint does not disclose cause of action.
322 PP-DA&P
(iii) Plaintiff has no right to sue.
(iv) Suit barred by principles of res-judicata.
(v) Suit barred by principles of waiver, estoppel, acquiescence.
(vi) Suit is barred by special enactment.
(vii) Court has no jurisdiction.
(viii) Suit is barred by limitation.
(ix) Suit is premature, and so on.
Some of these are known technically as ‘special defences’. In a suit based on contract, defendant may admit
that he made the contract, but may avoid the effect of admission by pleading performance, fraud, release,
limitation etc.
DRESS CODE
In professional life it is important to look presentable because personal appearance counts. How you look can
be a major factor in how you are perceived by others. How you look, talk, act and work determines whether you
are a professional or an amateur. The way you dress, speaks volumes about who you are as a person and as a
professional. Whenever you enter a room for the first time, it takes only a few seconds for people you have never
met to form perceptions about you and your abilities. Your clothes and body language always speak first. So it
is important that your image gives people the right impression.
Some of the perceptions people can form solely from your appearance are: your professionalism; your level of
sophistication; your intelligence and your credibility. Whether these perceptions are real or imagined, they
underscore how your appearance instantly influences the opinions of strangers, peers, and superiors. Being
well dressed in a corporate setting can influence not just perceptions, but also promotions.
A dress code is a set of rules governing a certain combination of clothing. Apart from the legal profession,
professional dress code standards are established in major business organizations and these have become
more relaxed in recent decades. Dress codes vary greatly from company to company, as different working
environments demand different styles of attire. Even within companies, dress codes can vary among positions.
Getting dressed for work is to project a professional and competent image. It has been observed that the
professionals who do not take the time to maintain a professional appearance or those who have never learned
how to dress properly for their chosen field of work, are not being taken seriously by co workers and present the
image of not being able to perform satisfactorily on the job.
If you are concerned about your career, you will be more concerned with looking professional than looking cute
or trendy. If you look and behave like a highly-trained and well-groomed professional, you will win the respect
and honour of your valued clients.
Guidelines for Professional Dress of Company Secretaries
To enhance the visibility and brand building of the profession and ensuring uniformity, the Council of the Institute
of Company Secretaries of India has prescribed the following guidelines for professional dress for members
while appearing before judicial/quasi-judicial bodies and tribunals:
(a) The professional dress for male members will be Navy Blue suit and white shirt with a tie (preferably of
the ICSI) or navy blue buttoned-up coat over a pant or a navy blue safari suit.
(b) The professional dress for female members will be saree or any other dress of a sober colour with a
navy blue jacket.
Lesson 9 Appearances 323
(c) Members in employment may wear the dress/uniform as specified by the employer for all employees or
if allowed the aforesaid professional dress.
(d) Practising Company Secretaries appearing before any tribunal or quasi-judicial body should adhere to
dress code if any prescribed for appearing before such tribunal or quasi-judicial body or if allowed the
aforesaid professional dress.
It may be pointed out that any person whether a lawyer, pleader or authorized representative representing a
litigant before any Court of law or a Tribunal or any other authority discharging the functions of a Court/a quasi
judicial authority, should comport himself in a manner befitting his status as an officer of the Court, a privileged
member of the community and a gentleman.
PROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTES
Etiquette is the fine art of behaving in front of others. It is a set of practices and forms which are followed in a
wide variety of situations. Many people consider it to be a branch of decorum, or general social behavior. Each
society has its own distinct etiquette, and various cultures within a society also have their own rules and social
norms.
In today’s world of business, professionals need to know how to conduct themselves within the business world.
One of the best ways to do so is to practice good professional etiquette. Practicing good professional etiquette
is necessary for professional success in the emerging business scenario which is constantly changing and
making the market place more competitive and contestable. Corporates look for those candidates who possess
manners, a professional look and demeanor, and the ability to converse appropriately with business colleagues
and clients. Though your academic knowledge and skills may be spectacular, but not knowing proper etiquette
required to be successful in the professional career could be a roadblock preventing you to achieve success in
the professional life and business relationships. Good professional etiquette indicates to potential employers
that you are a mature, responsible adult who can aptly represent their company.
Dealing a client with confidence, acting appropriately at business interactions and knowing the proper table
manners at a business dinner are just some of the necessary skills today’s professionals must have in an
increasingly competitive environment, and that will leave a lasting impression – good or bad. Some manners
and behaviour remain constant. Nonetheless, other etiquette moments require you to conduct yourself differently
than you do when you are with professional colleagues or clients at any business meeting/get-together. It is in
these moments that you need to understand the particulars of etiquette. Being corporate professionals, you
must practice some basic etiquette tips that would help you to go up the ladder of success in the workplace.
These include Dressing Etiquette; Introduction and Greeting Etiquettes; Conversation Etiquette; Communication
Etiquettes; Invitation Etiquette and Dining Etiquettes etc.
Dressing Etiquette
With every organization program comes the inevitable question: What do I wear? Knowing what to wear, or how
to wear something, is key to looking great in any event.
– Always wear neat and nicely pressed formal clothes. Choose corporate shades while you are picking
up clothes for your office wear.
– Ties for men should compliment.
– Women should avoid wearing exposing dresses and opt for little but natural make-ups. Heels should be
of appropriate or modest height.
– Men need to keep their hair (including facial hair) neatly trimmed and set.
– Always polish your shoes.
324 PP-DA&P
– Keep your nails clean.
– Wear clothes which you are comfortable in and can carry well. This is very important while you are in a
business meeting or client presentation.
Handshake Etiquette
Etiquette begins with meeting and greeting. A handshake is a big part of making a positive first impression. A firm
shake is an indication of being confident and assertive. The following basic rules will help you get ahead in the
workplace:
– Always rise when introducing or being introduced to someone.
– Shake hands with your right hand.
– Shake hands firmly (but not with a bone crushing or fish-limp grip), and with only one squeeze.
– Hold it for a few seconds (only as long as it takes to greet the person), and pump up and down only once
or twice.
– Make eye contact while shaking hands.
Communication Etiquettes
– Always speak politely. Listen to others attentively. A good listener is always dear to every client.
– While speaking over telephones, always greet the other person while starting and ending the call.
– Speak only when the other person has finished talking instead of interrupting in between.
– Show interest in what other people are doing and make others feel good.
– Stand about an arm’s length away while talking to others.
– Question another person in a friendly, not prying, manner.
– Make eye contact when talking to others.
– Be polite. Avoid foul language, unkind statements, and gossip.
– Keep your conversations short and to the point.
– Maintain your sobriety and politeness even if the client speaks something offensive or rude and avoid
replying back in harsh tone/words.
Invitation Etiquette
How you respond to an invitation says volumes about your social skills. It reflects negatively on your manners if
your response (or lack of response) to an invitation costs time or money for your host.
– Reply by the date given in the invitation, so that the host or hostess knows what kind of arrangements to
make for the event, food is not wasted, and unnecessary expense is eliminated.
– If an RSVP card is not included, respond by calling or sending a brief note.
– If you cancel after initially accepting an invitation, phone your regrets as soon as possible. Send a note
of regret following the phone conversation.
– Don’t ask for permission to bring a guest unless the invitation states.
– Arrive at the event promptly, but not too early.
– Mingle and converse with the other guests.
Lesson 9 Appearances 325
– Don’t overstay your welcome.
– Extend your thanks as you leave.
Dining Etiquettes
– Always be courteous while official dinners. Offer the seat to your guest first. If you are the guest, be
punctual and thank the host for the dinner.
– Wait until you receive your host’s signal.
– Initiate conversations while waiting for the food.
– Never begin eating any course until everyone has been served or the host/hostess has encouraged you
to do so.
– Chew quietly; don’t speak with your mouth full.
– Avoid pointing the knife or fork towards the other person while eating and speaking.
– Allow your guest to select the menu and wine.
– If something unwanted has gone to your mouth, place the napkin in front of your mouth tactfully and
bring it out instead if putting your hand inside the mouth to get rid of it.
– Learn the basic table manners before you go out to dine with a potential client or an important business
meet.
That apart, you must pay special attention to the following general etiquettes: Always be punctual at your workplace;
During a meeting, turn off your mobile phone or put it on silent mode. It is considered extremely impolite to allow
a mobile phone to ring during a meeting and take a call while sitting in a meeting. In case it is a must to receive
a phone call, it is best to discreetly excuse yourself from the meeting and take it out into the hall or private area;
When in a meeting room, always stand up to greet the seniors if they arrive after you; Try to ignore and overlook
funny or embarrassing sounds when in a meeting or official conversation; If you have forgotten somebody’s
name ask him/her politely saying that you are sorry that you cannot remember the name; Always keep a
comfortable distance while conversing with others; Avoid standing or sitting too close to the other person. An
arm’s length would be ideal to maintain the comfort zone.
Practicing these etiquettes in your professional life, will make a great impact on everyone you are associated
with. You must always be conscious that your mannerisms reflect on your professionalism and your company.
COURT CRAFT
Company Secretaries act as an authorized representative before various Tribunals/quasi judicial bodies. It is
necessary for them to learn art of advocacy or court craft for effective delivery of results to their clients when they
act as an authorized representative before any tribunal or quasi judicial body.
For winning a case, art of advocacy is important which in essence means to convince the judge and others that
my position in the case is the proper interpretation. Advocacy/court craft is learned when we enter the practicising
side of the profession. The aim of advocacy is to make judge prefer your version of the truth.
Apart from the legal side of the profession, advocacy is often useful and sometimes vital, in client interviewing,
in negotiation and in meetings, client seminars and public lectures. It is a valuable and lifelong skill worth
mastering.
Technical and legal knowledge about the area in which Company Secretaries are acting is essential. Better their
knowledge, the better their advocacy skills and the greater their impact. Good advocacy or negotiating skills will
not compensate for lack of appropriate knowledge.
326 PP-DA&P
Preparatory Points
There are certain basic preparatory points which a Company Secretary should bear in mind when contacted by
a client.
– Take minute facts from the client;
– Lend your complete ears to all that client has to say;
– Put questions to the client while taking facts so that correct/relevant facts can be known;
– Convey to the client about exact legal position in context of relief sought by the client;
– Give correct picture of judicial view to the problem posed by the client.
Drafting of Pleadings
Pleadings could be both written and oral. Mastering both the kinds of pleadings is must for effective delivery of
results to the clients. Some of the important factors which may be borne in mind while making written pleadings
are as under:
– Quote relevant provisions in the petition and excerpts of observations made by the Courts relevant to
the point;
– Draft prayers for interim relief in such a manner which though appears to be innocuous but satisfy your
requirements;
– Do not suppress facts;
– Highlight material facts, legal provisions and Court decisions, if any;
– State important points at the outset together with reference to relevant provisions/judgements.
If you are opponent
– File your reply to the petition at the earliest opportunity;
– Take all possible preliminary contentions together with reference to relevant law point and judgements;
– Submit your reply to each paragraph of the petition.
If you are for the petitioner
– File your rejoinder upon receiving the reply at the earliest opportunity;
– Meet clearly with the specific points raised by the opponent in the reply affidavit.
Oral Pleadings
Effective oral pleadings are relevant both at the stage of preparation of the case before actual presentation and
also at the stage of actual presenting a case before CLB/NCLT or other tribunals. Following aspects could be
relevant at both these stages:
– Preparation before presentation of the case¬;
– Carefully read your petition, provisions of law and judgements;
– Jot down relevant points on a separate sheet of paper together with relevant pages of the compilation;
– Keep copies of judgements to be relied ready for the Court and for your opponent(s).
While Presenting Your Case
– Submit a list of citations to the Court Master before opening of case; Start your address with humble note;
Lesson 9 Appearances 327
– Refer to the order sought to be challenged or reliefs sought to be prayed;
– State brief facts;
– Formulate issues/points, categorise them and address them one by one;
– Take each point, state relevant facts, provisions of law and relevant binding decisions;
– Hand over xerox copies of binding decisions to the Court Master while placing reliance;
– Refer to relevant pages of the compilation, provisions of law and judgements;
– Complete all points slowly but firmly;
– Conclude your arguments by reiterating your points in brief;
– Permit the opponent counsel uninterruptedly. However, if facts are being completely twisted, interrupt
depending upon the relevant circumstances;
– Take instructions from client in advance with respect to alternative reliefs.
As Regards Advocacy
Company Secretaries should be able to formulate and present a coherent submission based upon facts, general
principles and legal authority in a structured, concise and persuasive manner. They should understand the
crucial importance of preparation and the best way to undertake it and be able to demonstrate an understanding
of the basic skills in the presentation of cases before the tribunals. They should be able to:
1. Identify the client’s goals;
2. Identify and analyse factual material;
3. Identify the legal context in which the factual issue arises;
4. Relate the central legal and factual issues to each other;
5. State in summary from the strengths and weaknesses of the case from each party’s perspective;
6. Develop a presentation strategy;
7. Outline the facts in simple narrative form;
8. Structure and present in simple form the legal framework of the case;
9. Structure the submission as a series of propositions based on the evidence;
10. Identify, analyse and assess the specific communication skills and techniques;
11. Demonstrate an understanding of the purpose, techniques and tactics of examination, cross-examination
and re-examination to adduce, rebut and clarify evidence;
12. Demonstrate an understanding of the ethics, etiquette and conventions of advocacy.
CONDUCT AND ETIQUETTE
Duty to the Court
(i) A Company Secretary shall, during the presentation of his case and while otherwise acting before a
Court/Tribunal, conduct himself with dignity and self-respect. He shall not be servile and whenever
there is proper ground for serious complaint against a judicial officer, it shall be his right and duty to
submit his grievance to proper authorities.
328 PP-DA&P
(ii) A Company Secretary shall maintain towards the Courts a respectful attitude, bearing in mind that the
dignity of the judicial office is essential for the survival of a free community.
(iii) A Company Secretary shall not influence the decision of a Court by any illegal or improper means.
Private communications with the judge relating to a pending case are forbidden.
(iv) A Company Secretary shall use his best efforts to restrain and prevent his client from resorting to sharp
and unfair practices or from doing anything in relation to the Court, opposing counsel or parties which
the Company Secretary himself ought not to do. A Company Secretary shall refuse to represent the
client who persists in such improper conduct. He shall not consider himself a mere mouthpiece of the
client, and shall exercise his own judgment in the use of restrained language in correspondence, avoiding
scurrilous attacks in pleadings, and using intemperate language during arguments in Court.
(v) A Company Secretary shall not enter appearance, act, plead or practice in any way before a Court/
Tribunal or any other Authority, if the sole or any member thereof is related to the Company Secretary.
(vi) A Company Secretary shall not appear in or before any Court or Tribunal or any other Authority for or
against an organization or an institution, society or corporation, if he is a member of the Executive
Committee of such organization or institution or society or corporation.
(vii) A Company Secretary should not act or plead in any matter in which he is himself pecuniarily interested.
Duty to Client
(i) A Company Secretary shall not ordinarily withdraw from engagements once accepted, without sufficient
cause and unless reasonable and sufficient notice is given to the client.
(ii) A Company Secretary shall not accept a brief or appear in a case in which he has reason to believe that
he will be a witness and if being engaged in a case, it becomes apparent that he is a witness on a
material question of fact, he should not continue to appear if he can retire without jeopardizing his
client's interest.
(iii) A Company Secretary shall at the commencement of his engagement and during the continuance
thereof, make all such full and frank disclosures to his client relating to his connection with the parties
and any interest in or about the controversy as are likely to affect his client's judgment in either him or
continuing the engagement.
(iv) It shall be the duty of a Company Secretary to fearlessly uphold the interest of his client by all fair and
honourable means without regard to any unpleasant consequences to himself or any other. He shall
defend a person accused of a crime regardless of his personal opinion as to the guilt of the accused,
bearing in mind that his loyalty is to the law which requires that no man should be convicted without
adequate evidence.
(v) A Company Secretary shall not at any time, be a party to fomenting of litigation. A Company Secretary
shall not act on the instructions of any person other than his client or his authorized agent.
(vi) A Company Secretary shall not do anything whereby be abuses or takes advantage of the confidence
reposed in him by his client.
Duty to Opponent
(i) A Company Secretary shall not in any way communicate or negotiate upon the subject-matter of
controversy with any party represented by an Advocate except through that Advocate.
(ii) A Company Secretary shall do his best to carry out the legitimate promise/ promises, made to the
opposite-party.
Lesson 9 Appearances 329
Important Principles
Some of the important principles of advocacy a Company Secretary should observe include:
1. Act in the best interest of the client;
2. Act in accordance with the client’s wishes and instructions;
3. Keep the client properly informed;
4. Carry out instructions with diligence and competence;
5. Act impartially and offer frank, independent advice;
6. Maintain client confidentiality.
Advocacy Tips
Some of the tips given by legal experts which professionals like Company Secretaries should bear in mind while
appearing before Tribunals or other quasi-judicial bodies are given herein below. They say while pleading, a
judge in your pleadings looks for:
(i) Clarity: The judge’s time is limited, so make the most of it.
(ii) Credibility: The judge needs to believe that what you are saying is true and that you are on the right side.
(iii) Demeanour: We don’t have a phrase “hearing is believing”. The human animal which includes the
human judge, is far more video than audio. The way we collect most of our information is through our
eyesight.
(iv) Eye contact: While pleading, maintain eye contact with your judge.
(v) Voice modulation: Voice modulation is equally important. Modulating your voice allows you to emphasize
the points you want to emphasize. Be very careful about raising your voice. Use your anger strategically.
But use is rarely. Always be in control of it.
(vi) Psychology: Understand judge’s psychology as your job is to make the judge prefer your version of the
truth.
(vii) Be likeable. At least be more likeable than your opponent. If you can convert an unfamiliar Bench into a
group of people who are sympathetic to you personally, you perform a wonderful service to your client.
(viii) Learn to listen.
(ix) Entertain your judge. Humour will often bail you out of a tough spot.
LESSON ROUND-UP
– A Company Secretary can act as an authorized representative before Company Law Board/NCLT,
Competition Commission of India (CCI), Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT), Telecom Regulatory
Authority of India (TRAI) and various other Tribunals/quasi judicial bodies.
– The provisions of Sections 101, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110 and 111 of the Indian Evidence Act must be
carefully gone through before one proceeds to draft the affidavit-in-evidence. It is well settled that
evidence should be tailored strictly to the pleadings. No extraneous evidence can be looked into in
absence of specific pleadings.
– It is incumbent upon a party in possession of best evidence on the issue involved, to produce such
330 PP-DA&P
evidence and if such party fails to produce the same, an adverse inference is liable to be drawn
against such party.
– Preliminary submissions should primarily confine to the true and correct facts regarding the issue
involved and which have been suppressed or not disclosed by the other side in the pleadings.
– Legal pleadings/submissions should be taken under the heading “preliminary submissions/objections”.
While taking such plea one should ensure that the legal provisions and/or interpretation thereof, is
very clear and directly applicable to the issues involved in the matter.
– How you look can be a major factor in how you are perceived by others. How you look, talk, act and
work determines whether you are a professional or an amateur.
– Some of the perceptions people can form solely from your appearance are: your professionalism; your
level of sophistication; your intelligence and your credibility.
– Besides legal profession, professional dress code standards are established in major business
organizations and these have become more relaxed in recent decades.
– To enhance the visibility and brand building of the profession and ensuring uniformity, the Council of
the Institute of Company Secretaries of India has prescribed guidelines for professional dress for
members while appearing before judicial/quasi-judicial bodies and tribunals.
– Practicing good professional etiquette is necessary for professional success in the emerging business
scenario which is constantly changing and making the market place more competitive and contestable.
– Corporate professionals must practice some basic etiquettes tips that would help them to go up the
ladder of success in the workplace. These include dressing etiquette; introduction and greeting
etiquettes; conversation etiquette; communication etiquettes; invitation etiquette and dining etiquettes
etc.
– For winning a case, art of advocacy is important which in essence means to convince the judge and
others that my position in the case is the proper interpretation. Art of advocacy/court craft is learned
when we enter the practicising side of the profession.
– There are certain basic preparatory points which a Company Secretary should bear in mind when
contacted by a client.
– Company Secretaries should be able to formulate and present a coherent submission based upon
facts, general principles and legal authority in a structured, concise and persuasive manner. They
should understand the crucial importance of preparation and the best way to undertake it.
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
(These are meant for recapitulation only. Answers to these questions are not to be submitted for evaluation)
1. Explain the Appellate Authorities under the Companies Act and SEBI Act.
2. Explain the general rules of drafting in respect of applications and petitions.
3. What are the important considerations to be kept in mind while drafting a reply/written statement?
4. Explain the important considerations while drafting Affidavit in Evidence.
5. What is a dress code and what is its significance for professionals in the changing global scenario?
6. Explain the guidelines that ICSI has prescribed for professional dress for members while appearing
before judicial/quasi-judicial bodies and tribunals.
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
DRAFTING, APPEARANCES
AND PLEADINGS
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search