Education

The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4
dated 25.04.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.01.2020

and it has been decided to implement it from the academic year 2020-21

EDUCATION

STANDARD TWELVE

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Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and
Curriculum Research, Pune

First Edition : © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004.

2020 The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves
all rights relating to this book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written
permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and
Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune - 411004.

Education Committee Education Study Group

Dr. Sunita V. Magre - Chairperson Shri. Dhanaji D. Khebde Smt. Mamata J. Dalal

Dr. Megha M. Upalane - Member Dr. Bhausaheb S. Aandhale Dr. Mahadeo S. Disale

Dr. Dattatreya P. Tapkeer - Member Dr. Dnyaneshwar G. Magar Shri. Rajendra S. Gadekar

Dr. Lalita R. Vartak - Member Dr. Vandana S. Patil Siraj Anwar Md. Miran

Dr. Chitra R. Sohani - Member Dr. Maheshwar G. Kallave Shri. Prakash A. Pise

Dr. Suresh G. Isave - Member Shri. Amol L. Deshpande Dr. Kalpana Tiwari-Upadhyay

Dr. Prachi R. Chaudhari - Member Dr. Aparna R. Ukale Dr. Pallavi N. Vartak

Dr. Aarti P. Gangurde - Member Dr. Vidyullata N. Kolhe Dr. Archana S. Desai

Dr. Santosh K. Khirade - Member Dr. Shekhar P. Patil Dr. Manisha N. Telang

Dr. Pratibha S. Patankar - Member Dr. Shaikh M. Vakhiyoddin Dr. Anjusha J. Gawande

Dr. Atul P. Kulkarni - Member Dr. Vijay B. Kapase Dr. Pallavi Y. Soman

Dr. Prabhakar S. Budharam - Member Shri. Dayashankar S. Vaidya Dr. Rewati P. Namjoshi

Dr. Alaka S. Potdar - Member Secretary Co-ordination
Dr. Alaka S. Potdar, Special Officer Hindi,
Special Contribution
Dr. Pravin Subhashrao Mohite Textbook Bureau, Pune-4
Mrs. Sandhya V. Upasani, Asst. Special Officer Hindi,
Research Officer
Textbook Bureau, Pune-4 Textbook Bureau, Pune-4

Typesetting Cover & Illustrations : Shri. Yashwant Deshmukh
Runa Graphics,
Sinhgad Rd., Pune - 41 Production
Shri Sachchitanand Aphale
Paper :
70 GSM Creamwove Chief Production Officer
Shri Liladhar Atram
Print Order : Production Officer

Printer : Publisher
Shri. Vivek Uttam Gosavi

Controller
Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau,

Prabhadevi, Mumbai-25



NATIONAL ANTHEM

Preface

My Dear Friends,

I warmly welcome you to Twelfth Standard. Last year you had entered into a new
optional subject ‘Education’. You were introduced with various sub branches of this subject.
You also understood that this subject of Education includes many allied subjects like
Educational Philosophy, Educational Psychology, Educational Sociology, Educational
Management, Educational Research etc. The subject of Education helps in understanding
the entire educational process.

Through the present textbook you will be introduced with Education at still deeper
level. Last year you could study the educational thoughts and the educational contribution
of some educational thinkers in Maharashtra. This year you would get an opportunity to
study some Indian educational thinkers out of Maharashtra. It is also very essential for you
to know about various Education Commissions in India and Right to Education Act 2009.
Similarly it would be very useful for you to understand basic concepts and the characteristics
of learning, the characteristics of good educational management, the principles of
curriculum development, the features of evaluation methods, various methods of educational
research and the new trends in education that have entered in the field of Education recently.

Education is a very progressive and research based knowledge discipline. Hence
there has been a constant addition of new knowledge and concepts in the content of
Education. Similarly Education being an interdisciplinary subject, there seems to be give
and take of knowledge from various other subjects. Through this, Education is becoming
an enriched subject.

If you are going to enter in the field of Education in your educational or professional
future, and if you are intending to become a teacher or teacher educator, then this textbook
is going to be a very basic reference and guide. I am sure that through the study of all the
chapters in this book you would get the best knowledge and skills in Education.

I sincerely hope that this textbook of Education will inspire you for more and deeper
study of education. It is expected that you are supposed to support your study with additional
reading, have discussions with your friends and teachers and complete the assignments or
activities given. This will make your study perfect.

Please note that the QR Code is given on the front page for experiencing the joy of
Digital Book.

I wish all the very best to you for your educational progress !

Pune (Vivek Gosavi)
Date : 21 February 2020 Director
Bharatiya Saur : 2 Phalguna 1941
Maharashtra State Bureau of
Textbook Production and

Curriculum Research, Pune-04

Following competencies should be developed in students at the end of Standard 12th

Sr.No. Chapter Competency Statements

1. Indian * To be able to tell educational thoughts of Rabindranath Tagore.

Educational * To be able to tell educational contribution of Rabindranath Tagore.
Thinkers * To be able to tell educational thoughts of Swami Vivekananda.

* To be able to tell educational contribution of Swami Vivekananda.
* To be able to tell educational thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi.
* To be able to tell educational contribution of Mahatma Gandhi.
* To be able to tell educational thoughts of Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan.
* To be able to tell educational contribution of Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan.
* To be able to tell educational thoughts of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
* To be able to tell educational contribution of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.

2. Education * To be able to tell the background of University Education Commission.

in Post * To be able to explain the main objectives of University Education Commission.

Independence * To be able to tell the main recommendations of University Education Commission.
India * To be able to tell the background of Secondary Education Commission.

* To be able to explain the main objectives of Secondary Education Commission.
* To be able to tell the main recommendations of Secondary Education Commission.
* To be able to tell the background of Indian Education Commission.
* To be able to explain the main objectives of Indian Education Commission.
* To be able to tell the main recommendations of Indian Education Commission.
* To be able to tell the background of National Education Policy 1986.
* To be able to explain the main objectives of National Education Policy 1986.
* To be able to explain the salient features of National Education Policy 1986.
* To be able to tell the background of National Curriculum Framework 2005.
* To be able to tell the educational aims stated in National Curriculum Framework 2005.
* To be able to tell the nature of National Curriculum Framework 2005.
* To be able to tell the background of State Education Framework 2010.
* To be able to explain the main principles of State Education Framework 2010.
* To be able to explain the salient features of State Education Framework 2010.
* To be able to tell the background of Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education

Act, 2009.

* To be able to tell the main provisions of Right of Children to Free and Compulsory

Education Act, 2009.

3. Socialization * To be able to tell the concept of socialization.
* To be able to explain the role of teacher in socialization.
* To be able to tell the concept of social transformation.
* To be able to explain the characteristics of social transformation.
* To be able to explain the factors which bring in social transformation.
* To be able to explain the role of teacher in social transformation.
* To be able to tell the concept of mass communication media.
* To be able to explain the types of mass communication media.
* To be able to tell the benefits of mass communication media.
* To be able to tell the limitations of mass communication media.

4. Learning * To be able to tell the concept of learning process.
Process * To be able to tell the nature of learning process.
* To be able to explain the characteristics of learning process.
* To be able to explain the factors affecting learning.
* To be able to tell the definition of transfer of learning.
* To be able to explain the types of transfer of learning.
* To be able to explain the factors that can be transferred through learning.
* To be able to tell benefits of transfer of learning.
* To be able to tell the features of theory of trial and error on the basis of experiment.
* To be able to explain the laws of learning as given by Thorndike.
* To be able to tell the educational importance of learning by theory of trial and error.
* To be able to tell the stages of learning on the basis of experiment of insightful learning

theory.

* To be able to tell the educational importance of theory of insightful learning.

5. Educational * To be able to tell the qualities of a good educational manager.
Management * To be able to explain the functions of the teacher as a classroom manager.
and * To be able to explain the major functions of Secretary of Education.
Administration * To be able to explain major functions of Commissioner of Education.
* To be able to explain major functions of Director of Education.
* To be able to explain the major functions of State Council of Educational Research

and Training, Maharashtra.

* To be able to explain the major functions of Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook

Production & Curriculum Research.

* To be able to explain the major functions of Maharashtra State Board of Secondary

and Higher Secondary Education.

* To be able to tell the names of the examinations conducted by Maharashtra State

Council of Examination.

* To be able to explain the major functions of Maharashtra State Council of Examination.

6. Curriculum * To be able to tell the concept of curriculum.
and * To be able to explain the factors or elements of curriculum.
Educational * To be able to explain the principles of curriculum development.
Evaluation * To be able to tell the concept of educational evaluation.
* To be able to explain the factors of educational evaluation.
* To be able to tell the difference between measurement and evaluation.
* To be able to tell the meaning of continuous comprehensive evaluation.
* To be able to explain the methods of continuous comprehensive evaluation.
* To be able to explain the meaning of formative evaluation.
* To be able to tell the tools and techniques used in formative evaluation.
* To be able to explain the meaning of summative evaluation.
* To be able to tell the difference between formative and summative evaluation.
* To be able to explain the objectives to be considered for continuous comprehensive

evaluation.

* To be able to tell the benefits and limitations of written examination.
* To be able to tell the benefits and limitations of oral examination.
* To be able to tell the difference between oral examination and written examination.
* To be able to explain the requirements for practical examination.
* To be able to tell the benefits and limitations of practical examination.
* To be able to tell the benefits and limitations of online examination.

7. Educational * To be able to tell the meaning of historical research method.
Research * To be able to explain the characteristics of historical research method.
Methods * To be able to tell the meaning of descriptive research method.
* To be able to explain the characteristics of descriptive research method.
* To be able to tell the meaning of experimental research method.
* To be able to explain the characteristics of experimental research method.
* To be able to tell the general steps followed for research.
* To be able to tell the tools of data collection.
* To be able to tell the benefits of questionnaire.
* To be able to tell the limitations of questionnaire.
* To be able to tell the benefits of interview schedule.
* To be able to tell the limitations of interview schedule.
* To be able to tell the benefits of achievement test.
* To be able to tell the limitations of achievement test.

8. New Trends in * To be able to tell the concept of inclusive education.
Education * To be able to explain the characteristics of inclusive education.

* To be able to tell the government schemes for 'Divyang'.
* To be able to tell the benefits of inclusive education.
* To be able to tell the limitations of inclusive education.
* To be able to tell the concept of open education.
* To be able to explain the functions of open education.
* To be able to explain the characteristics of open education.
* To be able to tell the concept of blended learning.
* To be able to explain the characteristics of blended learning.
* To be able to tell the benefits of blended learning.
* To be able to tell the limitations of blended learning.
* To be able to tell the concept of constructivism.
* To be able to tell the process of knowledge construction.
* To be able to explain the characteristics of constructivism.
* To be able to explain the benefits of constructivism.
* To be able to tell the role of the teachers with constructivism approach.
* To be able to tell the role of students with constructivism approach.
* To be able to tell the concept of skill based education.

* To be able to explain the characteristics of skill based education.

* To be able to tell the benefits of skill based education.



For Teachers

 The main objective of teaching the subject of Education is to make students

understand the process of education in detail. Hence teachers are supposed to present
the content in the textbook in an effective way.

 This textbook is going to be your help and guide. However it is not going to be the
whole and sole. It is also essential to present additional information in an attractive
way.

 Various pictures, figures and charts given in the textbook should be used in teaching
to make it easier.

 Try to develop among the students the habit of self-learning. Provide them the
guidance accordingly. The feature called "Internet my friend" will be very useful in
this regard.

 Make constant efforts to make your students more activity oriented, reflective and
innovative.

 Along with the lecture method, you should also use various other methods and
techniques like question-answers, discussions, group-discussions, debate, role-play,
exhibitions etc.

 You should also arrange lectures by external experts occassionally.

 You can give additional definitions of the terms apart from the ones given in the
textbook.

 While explaining every point more and more appropriate examples should be given.

 Frequent evaluation should be done of the content that is taught.

 Help your students in working on the features like, "Lets tell", "Discuss it", "Enlist",
"Classify it" etc. Attract their attention towards "Remember it", "Do You Know?"
etc.

 It is not expected to read aloud the textbook in the class. Students should read it
silently and then have good discussion over it. They can be given the opportunity to
express their thoughts and opinions.

 Your teaching and students' learning should not remain restricted to material in the
textbook. It should be supported by additional appropriate reading.

 You can encourage the students to get additional information about various
educational institutes that have been mentioned in the textbook.



* Contents *

Sr. No. Name of the Chapter Page No.

Chapter 1. Indian Educational Thinkers 1 to 12
13 to 21
Chapter 2. Education in Post-Independence India 22 to 33
34 to 39
Chapter 3. Socialization 40 to 46
47 to 57
Chapter 4. Learning Process 58 to 64
65 to 74
Chapter 5. Educational Management and Administration 75 and 76

Chapter 6. Curriculum and Educational Evaluation

Chapter 7. Educational Research Methods

Chapter 8. New Trends in Education

Terminology

1.Chapter Indian Educational Thinkers

1 .1 Rabindranath Tagore 1.3.2 Educational contribution of

1.1.1 Educational thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi
Rabindranath Tagore
1.4 Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan
1.1.2 Educational contribution of
Rabindranath Tagore 1.4.1 Educational thoughts of
Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan
1.2 Swami Vivekananda
1.4.2 Educational contribution of
1.2.1 Educational thoughts of
Swami Vivekananda Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan

1.2.2 Educational contribution of 1.5 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

Swami Vivekananda 1.5.1 Educational thoughts of
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
1.3 Mahatma Gandhi
1.5.2 Educational contribution of
1.3.1 Educational thoughts of
Mahatma Gandhi Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

India has seen many eminent educational in 1913. He was also awarded the apex
thinkers. In this chapter, we shall study degree D. Lit. by Kolkata University. In
educational thoughts and educational 1915, British Government conferred the
contribution of some of them. greatest honour 'Sir' upon him. He died on
7th August 1941.
1.1 Rabindranath Tagore
Debendranath Tagore, father of
Lets tell Rabindranath Tagore was a follower
of Brahmo Samaj, established by Raja
 Who was the first Indian poet to get the Rammohan Roy and his mother Sharadadevi
worldwide prestigious Nobel prize of was religious by nature. Rabindranath Tagore,
therefore, experienced religious as well as
literature? progressive environment in his childhood.
 Who wrote the Indian National Anthem
'Jana-Gana-Mana' ? Do you know?

Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7th May Rabindranath Tagore visited England in
1861 in Kolkata. He completed his primary 1878 to pursue higher education. However,
he did not feel interested in studies there and
education from returned to India in 1880 without securing
private tutors any degree.
at his home
and higher He found the schools offering formal
education at education suffocating. With a passion
Saint Xavier to help children out of the burden of
College, formal education, he established an
Kolkata. He innovative school called Shantiniketan.
was awarded He implemented various innovative
the Nobel prize experiments in Shantiniketan. As a result
for literature he was recognized as a great educationist
for his poetry worldwide.
'Geetanjali'

1

1.1.1 Educational thoughts of Rabindranath (6) Medium of Education should be
Tagore Mother-tongue - If a subject is to be
explained to a child in simple manner,
(1) Definition of Education - Rabindranath in shortest time and in an integrated
Tagore has defined education as manner, then there is no option for
'Education is Self-expression.' mother-tongue.

(2) Freedom to Children in Teaching- (7) Teachers must Emphasize Self-
Learning Process - According to discipline in Classroom Teaching - In
Rabindranath Tagore, children must classroom teaching, self-discipline is
get freedom while learning. Natural vital. In order to imbibe the same in the
environment must be ensured for pupils, it should not be forced through
learning. He believed that children can punishments or other exterior means
learn better in natural environment but should be nurtured from within.
as against artificial one. Teachers, Internalized self-discipline lasts longer.
therefore, must design and use teaching
methods giving scope to freedom and (8) Education must be Correlated with
natural expression of children. Life - Rabindranath Tagore insisted that
Education must be correlated with life.
(3) Education must Ensure All-round A child must be engaged in life centred
Development of Children - Through education in addition to books. Any
education, intellectual, emotional, learning must be situation based and
activity oriented development of a the knowledge must be imparted in the
child should be ensured. Also, through form of application in real-life.
overall nurturance of physical, social
and creative abilities should lead (9) Education for Character Building -
to development of correlations and Character building needs appropriate
harmony. Teachers and educationists, environment and appropriate education.
while designing the curriculum and If a child's intellectual and mental
teaching should consider these aspects. development is ensured through
education, then it certainly leads to
(4) Education for Child's Mental Freedom character building. Rabindranath Tagore
- For development of an independent, used to quote quite often :
decisive, creative child, it must be given
freedom of choice to select the subjects When wealth is lost, nothing is lost.
and medium of instruction. This would
definitely lead to excellence in their When health is lost, something is lost.
own careers and mastery in their own
subject. But when character is lost, everything is lost.

(5) Spiritual Development for the (10) Education for Harmony with Nature
Achievement of Educational Goals - Rabindranath Tagore in his book
- For any educational aim, inspiration 'Personality' has mentioned key thoughts
from within is a prerequisite. More the on education. He says that the best
intensity of the inspiration, earlier the education is the one that facilitates
achievement of educational goals. For the learner to create harmony with the
a child's spiritual development one must nature. The state of harmony is the
get a free and open environment. supreme stage in the development of
human being.

2

Do you know? (5) Teachers and pupils experienced
teaching and learning in a free and
Our National Anthem 'Jana-Gana- liberated environment.
Mana' is originally in Bengali language.
Only one stanza from the original song is (6) Pupils had to complete the hostel chores
considered as our National Anthem on their own.

Internet my friend (7) The school focused on activity oriented
and learning.
With the help of internet, seek the
original national anthem with five stanzas (8) Medium of instruction was mother-
written in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore tongue.
and listen to it.
(9) The school had three sections. Shishu
1.1.2 Educational Contribution of Vibhag for children up to the age of 10
Rabindranath Tagore years, Madhya Vibhag for children of
the age group 10 to 15 years and Adya
(1) Shantiniketan School - Shantiniketan Vibhag for children above 15 years of
School was established in 1901, in Bolpur
Village near Kolkata. Implementing age.
his own educational thoughts was the
objective behind establishment of this Discuss it
School. In Shantiniketan, classes had
no walls and were conducted in open D iscuss in groups the similarities and
spaces. The teachers and pupils stayed
together in the proximity of nature. differences between the natural learning
Through common lunch and dinner, environment of Shatnti Niketan and the
values of self-dependence and dignity of formal education system being followed
labour were nurtured. This school had today.
subjects like gardening, book binding,
carpentry, music, drama, dance, literature (2) Vishwabharati University - In 1921,
etc. Mother tongue was the medium of Rabindranath Tagore converted Shanti
teaching and learning. In addition to Niketan School to Vishwabharati
mother tongue, additional languages Vidyapeeth (University). The word
such as English and Hindi were also Bharati in Vishwabharati means
used. There was in true sense a natural Sanskriti, i.e. culture. Hence, the
environment at the school. University that creates global culture is
Vishwabharati, is the meaning derived
 Key features of Shantiniketan from this name. This is a well known
international university with the moto
(1) Shanti Niketan was a residential school. 'Yatra Vishvam Bhavati Ek Needam.' It
(2) The school commenced and ended with means, 'where the world makes a home
in a single nest.' This spirit is reflected
melodious music. in the name Vishwabharati.
(3) The school had a natural environment.
 Key features of the Vishwabharati
Pupils learnt under the open skies.
(4) All the teachers were proficient in their University
(1) The University offered education from
own subject and art.
early childhood to post graduate and
research studies.
(2) The University had interdisciplinary
research center for the study of
international languages and culture.
(3) The University stipulated uniform for

students.

3

(4) International students were allowed to Internet my friend
study Indian arts, literature and culture
in English language. Study the characteristics of the teaching
learning methods used in Shantiniketan.
(5) Based on the merit, the University 1.2 Swami Vivekananda
offered concessions in fees.
Lets tell
(6) The University offered hostel facilities
to the students.

(7) Every department had a separate library Whose birthday is celebrated as National
as well as a central library for students' Youth Day?
learning.

(8) The University environment was homely Swami Vivekananda was born on 12th
and spiritual.
January, 1863, in Kolkata. He completed his
(9) There was a nice confluence of Eastern primary
and Western cultures in the University. schooling at
Metropolitan
(10) Apart from intellectual development, school, Kolkata
the University focused on cultural and higher
development. education at
Presidency
(3) Shriniketan - Rabindranath Tagore College,
established Shriniketan in Surul village Kolkata. He
near Kolkata on 6th February 1922. died on 4th July
'Shri' in the name 'Shriniketan' means 1902.
welfare or development. This is a
vocational school and it focused on Childhood name of Swami Vivekananda
vocational and technical education. was Narendra. His father - Vishwanath Dutt,
Sustainable development of people, was a practising lawyer at Kolkata High
community and environment by using Court. His mother Bhuvaneshwaridevi was
local natural resources through education religious by nature. The religious atmosphere
to rural people is the core objective of at home had a great impact on the life of
Shriniketan.

 Key features of Shriniketan Swami Vivekananda.

(1) Shriniketan was a rural secondary school Since his childhood, Swami Vivekananda
imparting vocational and technical was bright and talented. He got obsessed with
education. philosophy. After knowing about his interest

(2) Shriniketan school was also regarded as in philosophy, Principal Rev. Hasty led him
Shiksha-satra. to Ramakrishna Paramhamsa. In 1881, he
met Ramakrishna Paramhamsa. Quest for
(3) Shriniketan school offered foundation experiencing divine power led him to ask
level education. the question to Ramakrishna Paramhamsa,
'Have you seen the God?' Ramakrishna
(4) Shriniketan facilitated education, Paramathamsa clearly responded with
agriculture and service to society. confidence, 'Yes, I have seen Him. I shall
also let you see Him. This was the moment
(5) Shriniketan was under the purview of
Vishwabharati University.

4

of transformation in the life of Vivekananda. education. According to him - strength

He became a disciple of Ramakrishna is life and weakness is death.

Paramahamsa. (5) Education for Development of

Do you know? Concentration - Concentration of mind
is the key to knowledge. Brahmacharya

In 1893, World Parliament of Religions and reverence are the means for
was convened at Chicago, America. Swami attainment of knowledge and not just
Vivekananda was representing India and for education but concentration of mind
Hindu religion. While addressing the is necessary in all walks of life.
conference, Swami Vivekananda started
his speech with the words - "My Brothers (6) Medium of Instruction should be
and Sisters" and the parliament applauded. Mother-tongue - Comprehension is
Swami Vivekananda through his speech better in mother tongue. Remembering
presented his clear thoughts on philosophy and recalling is also easy in mother-
of vedas and integrity of Hindu religion. tongue. Hence, according to Swami
It is because of this representation, Hindu Vivekananda, the medium of instruction
religion proliferated worldwide. in education should be mother-tongue.

1.2.1 Educational thoughts of Swami (7) Education must Harness National and
Vivekananda Global Harmony - Education is the
means to broaden and universalize the
(1) Definition of Education - According to perspectives. Through education, spirit
Swami Vivekananda, "Education is the of national and global harmony can be
manifestation of the perfection already harnessed.
within man."
(8) Education for Eradicating
(2) Education for Character Building Superstitions - Education has the
- While explaining the importance of capacity to transform ideologies of an
character building, Swami Vivekananda individual. The ill effects of superstitions
says, empowering the expression of and benefits of scientific attitude can
willpower within in controlled manner be explained through education. Only
is the objective of education. Role of when awakened, individuals can do
teachers and parents is to inculcate culture away with unjust customs, traditions
for character building. Inculcating good and superstitions. Education is must for
habits can lead to character building.
eradicating superstitions.

(3) Equal Opportunity of Education to Do you know?
Men and Women - Men and women

as human beings hold the same Atman Swami Vivekananda travelled
within. Hence men and women deserve extensively across India during 1888 to
the same birth rights. They both must 1891 to understand our nation, issues and
get equal opportunity for education. challenges before our nation, the spiritual
divine culture we have and the challenges
(4) Importance of Physical Education
- Just like spiritual education, Swami in exercising national integrity.
Vivekanada has emphasised on physical

5

1.2.2 Educational Contribution of Swami 1.3 Mahatma Gandhi

Vivekananda Lets tell
For proliferation of his thoughts
on spirituality and education, Swami  Who is known as the father of the nation?
Vivekananda established the Ramkrishna  Who practised and promoted non-
Mission on 1st May 1897. The Mission was
run by 'Maths'. The disciples and brahmachari violence for the first time in India's
sadhoos stayed in the 'Math'. Teachers and freedom struggle?
followers were nurtured. Service to society
Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October
was the objective of the Mission. 1869 at Porbandar in Gujrat. He completed
his matriculation from Rajkot High school
 Key features of the Ramkrishna Mission and passed Law examination from University
College of London Law School, London. He
(1) Ramkrishna Mission had two groups - died on 30th January 1948.
Math and Mission.
Mahatma
(2) The Math focused on proliferation of Gandhi's father
educational thoughts. was the Diwan
of Rajkot
(3) Pre-primary, primary, secondary schools province.
and colleges were established for His mother
spreading education. Putalabai was
religious by
(4) Teachers' training programmes were nature. She had
organized at the Math. a big influence
on the life
(5) Schools and Colleges had provision of Mahatma
for education of philosophy as well as Gandhi.
vocational education.

(6) Periodicals and literature were regularly
published by the Math.

(7)\ The mission focused on service to society.
Healthcare services for the disabled,
hospitals, services to drought affected

people, etc. were undertaken.

Remember it Do you know?

This was the message which he originally Mahatma Gandhi passed Bar-at-law
borrowed from ancient Upnishads : examination in 1891 and started practising
law at Rajkot. In 1893, he had to visit
"CpËVîR>V, OmJ«V, àm߶ dampÝZ~moYV' South Africa to prosecute a legal matter.
There was racial discrimination in South
Swami Vivekananda's message to youth Africa. He experienced this discrimination
- 'Arise ! Awake ! And stop not till the goal himself while travelling through a train and
is reached !' was asked to get down at Durban. This
instigated him to rebel against this racial
Internet my friend discrimination.

Collect information about the various
initiatives of Ramkrishna Mission.

6

1.3.1 Educational thoughts of Mahatma her age, interests, world of experiences,

Gandhi background, capabilities etc.

(1) Definition of Education - According to (8) Education should Create Responsible
Mahatma Gandhi, "Literacy is not the Citizens - Nurturance and development
end of education, not even the beginning. of ethical, industrious, self reliant and
By education, I mean, drawing out of responsible citizens who believe in
the best in man's body, mind and spirit." democracy, having an ethical character
and spirit of nationality must be the core
(2) The Medium of Instruction should objective of education.
be Mother-tongue - Mother-tongue
facilitates ease of listening, speaking, (9) Importance of Physical Education
reading, writing and thinking while - Healthy body has a healthy mind.
learning. This harnesses nurturance of Hence education should give importance
creativity. Hence Mahatma Gandhiji to physical development as well as to
said that the medium of instruction intellectual development.
should be mother tongue.
(10) Character Building is the Core
(3) Primary Education should be Free Objective of Education - Mahatma
and Compulsory - From six to fourteen Gandhi believed that character building
years of age, education of each child is more important than literacy. The
should be free and compulsory. This ultimate goal of education must be
will allow children from all strata of character building.
the society to have education, leading
to educational, economic and social 1.3.2 Educational contribution of Mahatma
equality in India. Gandhi

(4) Education should Employ Some Craft (1) 1904 - Establishment of 'Phoenix'
as a Medium of Education - Through Ashram in South Africa.
handicraft activism in students will get
(2) 1911 - Establishment of 'Tolstoy' Ashram

motivated and development of mental in Transwal, South Africa.

and intellectual faculties of students will (3) 1915 - Establishment of Satyagraha
be possible. So handicraft should have Ashram at village Kochrab near
importance in education. Ahmedabad, Gujrat.
(5) Nurturance of Self Independence
through Education - For a child to be (4) 1917 - Village education experiment
self reliant, s/he must be self dependent. initiated at Champaranya in Bihar.
Hence education must nurture self
dependence. (5) 1920 - Establishment of Gujrat
(6) Life-centered Education - Learning University.
can be relevant, engaging and intense
only if it is integrated with life. So every (6) 1936 - Establishment of Sevagram
subject must be connected to life and Ashram near Wardha, Maharashtra.
related to practical living.
(7) Education with Psychological (7) 1937 - Presented Basic Education Policy
Foundation - Teaching-learning process - Nai Talim at All India Education
must be based on the psychological Conference at Wardha, Maharashtra.
foundation. While designing and
reciprocating curriculum, one must (8) In Gandhiji's Basic Education Scheme
consider the learner's profile including his/ there seems to be a beautiful balance
of various philosophical schools of
thoughts like idealism, naturalism,
pragmatism, experimentalism and social

reconstructionism.

7

Let us know Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan's father
Veeraswami was a tahsildar. His mother
Characteristic features of Basic Education Sitamma was religious by nature.
Policy :
(1) Primary education must be free and Do you know?

compulsory for all. In 1962, when Dr. Sarvapalli
(2) Medium of instruction for education Radhakrishnan was the President of
India, his students approached him with
should be mother tongue. a request of celebrating his birthday
(3) Education must be self reliant and self as the 'Teachers' Day' to express their
gratitude towards him. Dr. Radhakrishnan
sustaining. cordially agreed with a note that he
(4) Productive craft or industry should be would be really happy if every teacher of
the country is felicitated on his birthday.
given priority in education. Then onwards our country celebrates
5th September as 'Teachers' Day'.
Internet my friend
1.4.1 Educational thoughts of Dr. Sarvapalli
Collect information of schools run on Radhakrishnan
Nai Talim methodology.
(1) Definition of Education - According to
1.4 Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Dr. Radhakrishnan, education is not mere
literacy. Education must create human
Lets tell beings. It must include not only the
training of the intellect but the refinement
 What do we celebrate 5th September as? of the heart and the disciplined spirit.
 Who was the first Vice President of
(2) Education for Humanity - Education
independent India ? must offer nurturance of empathy,
kindness, trust, ethics, morality, harmony,
Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan was born on collaboration, respect etc.
5th September 1888 in Tiruttani, Tamil Nadu.
(3) Education for Democracy - Education
He completed must nurture democratic values.
his primary Today's students have to be nurtured as
education in responsible citizens of tomorrow, strong
Tiruttani and and able to lead our country. Hence
Vellore. He democratic values must be inculcated
matriculated through education.
from Luther
Mission (4) Development of Scientific Attitude
Highschool, - For developing India in 21st century
Tirupati. He and youth with scientific attitude, we
completed must nurture scientific attitude through
his B.A. in education.
Philosophy and M.A. from Madras Presidency
College, Madras, He died on 17th April 1975
in Madras.

8

(5) Education for Balanced Personality Government of India constituted
University Education Commission in
Development - Education must develop 1948, for educational transformation.
Commission was assigned with the
cognitive, emotional, constructive responsibility to offer guidelines for
necessary transformation to higher
abilities of students for nurturing a education in India. Dr. Sarvapalli
Radhakrishnan, as the Chairman of this
responsible citizenship among them. commission played a crucial role.
(2) Vice Chancellor - Dr. Sarvapalli Radha-
(6) Education for Preservation, krishnan was the Vice Chancellor of
two important universities- Andhra
Enrichment and Transmission of University (1931-1938) and Banaras
Hindu University (1939-1948). He set
Culture - Culture, that includes the benchmark of how to function
as an efficient Vice Chancellor of a
religion, traditions, customs, thoughts, University.
(3) Indian Ambassador, Vice President
social conduct etc. comes under a and President of India - Dr. Sarvapalli
Radhakrishnan served as Indian
threat under the influence of western Ambassador to Russia (1948), served
twice as the Vice President of India (1952
culture. Education must contribute - 1962) and served as the President of
India (1962). He played a crucial role,
to its preservation, enrichment and working on these positions.

transmission. Students must be made Internet my friend

aware of the values of our culture. Search on internet about Dr. Sarvapalli
Radhakrishnan's literature.
(7) Curriculum should Impart
1.5 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Comprehensive Knowledge about
Lets tell
People, Society and Nature - Educational
 Who is called as the Architect of Indian
curriculum must include information Constitution ?

and knowledge about the environment  Who gave the message 'Educate, Unite
and Struggle' to Indians ?
we live in, our nature, the characteristics
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was born on
and the needs of nature. It must also 14th April 1891, in Mahoo, Madhyapradesh.
He completed his primary education in
include the efforts we must take for Satara at Camp Military school. He did

addressing the needs of the nature and

our environment.

(8) Education for Self-discipline - Self

discipline is crucial for personality

development. It has a potential to bring

about ever lasting transformation in our

behaviour. Hence education must impart

self discipline.

(9) Women should get an Apportunity

of Education and Self Development -

Spiritual and cultural character of any

society depends on the status of women

of that society. Hence women education

must be planned systematically for

development of family, society and the

nation.

1.4.2 Educational contribution of

Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan

(1) Chairman of University Education

Commission - After independence,

9

his B.A. at Elphinstone college, Mumbai individual, the only option we have is

and earned his M.A., Ph.D. and LLD at education. Education is the only path for

Columbia University. He earned M.Sc. and eradicating inequality.
D.Sc. at London University. He died on 6th
December 1956. (3) Education Leads to Abolition of
Oppression - According to Dr.
Ambavade village in Ratnagiri district is Babasaheb Ambedkar, oppression of an
native place of individual or society can be abolished
Dr. Babasaheb only through education. Hence for the
Ambedkar. His fellow brothers and sisters of the society
original who had been oppressed for decades he
surname was appealed-Educate, Unite and Struggle !
Ambavadekar.
Babasaheb's (4) Education for Equality - Dr. Babasaheb

father was in Ambedkar believed 'Equality means

the army. upliftment of people of lower strata to
Environment at higher level. For this education is must.
his home was However, there must be some special
very strict. He benefits or concessions.
grew up with
strict discipline. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (5) Education is Like Food for Human
Mind - Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar has
wrote a book 'The Buddha and His Dhamma'. compared education with food and

Do you know? strength. Like food gives strength to
body, education strengthens human

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was brain, human mind through nurturance
struggling to pursue higher education due to of thoughts. Healthy thoughts lead to
lack of funds. Maharaj Sayajirao Gaikwad healthy body and it would give strength
of Baroda province offered scholarship to throughout life.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar to pursue higher (6) Education for Discipline - Discipline
education. is important for individual's personal

1.5.1 Educational Thoughts of Dr. development. Hence education must
Babasaheb Ambedkar inculcate importance of discipline.

(1) Definition of Education - Education (7) Education for Character Building -

makes an individual aware of self-the History or roots of a person and his/

rights as well as duties. It is education her character are two different things.
that empowers an individual to fight Every individual when born has some
against injustice. history, but may not have the character.

(2) Education to Eradicate Inequality - Character is built through nurturance
In our society inequality can be seen of wisdom, modesty, compassion and
over castes, religions, isms, gender, comradeship. Education must focus on
regions etc. These create hindrance character building.
to the national integrity and national
development. In order to eradicate (8) Education should be Value Based -
this inequality from the minds of each Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, believed that

10

education must be value based. Values while pursuing education were offered
of humanity, philanthropy, politeness, the hostel facility. Looking at the noble

gentleness, decisiveness, morality should cause, government awarded permission

be inculcated in every child through to five such hostels. Dr. Babasaheb
education. This would lead to all round Ambedkar, was chief executive of this
personality development of a child. society.

(9) Universalization of Primary Education (3) Establishment of 'Peoples Education

- Primary education must be free and Society' - 'Peoples Education Society'
compulsory for the children of age was established in Mumbai on 8th July
group 6 to 14. That enables people from 1945 with an objective to promote
all strata of society to get educational higher education amongst backward
opportunity. class, especially scheduled castes.

(10) Education to Girl Child should be Students deprived of higher education
Encouraged - Educating women is the for various reasons were offered
need of the hour. Offering education opportunity of education through
to women means respecting them. The Siddharth Arts and Science College
reason for deprived condition of women established by the Society on 20th June

in our society is lack of education. 1946. This college is known as Siddharth

Parents must equally encourage the College. Similarly in order to address
higher education needs of backward
daughters and sons to have education. class and untouchable students, and
with an objective of character building
1.5.2 Educational contribution of through higher education, Milind Arts
and Science College was established in
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Aurangabad on 19th June 1950.

(1) Establishment of Bahishkrit Hitakarini Internet my friend

Sabha - Dr. Babasheb Ambedkar

had initiated a special movement of

establishing hostels for common people

especially semi literate, deprived,

backward and untouchables. For this With the help of internet, seek and
he established Bahishkrit Hitakarini collect information about 10 books by
Sabha on 20th July 1924. 'Educate, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
Unite and Struggle" was the moto of

this organization. Bahishkrit Hitkarini Discuss it
Sabha also started a magazine called

'Saraswati Vilas' in order to inculcate Prepare a comparative chart of
among students the love and interest educational thoughts, educational
regarding knowledge, learning and also contribution and literature of the educational
social service. thinkers which you have studied in this
chapter. Organize the discussion on this
(2) Establishment of Dalitwarg Education chart in your classroom. Also discuss on the
Society - For offering quality education issues which are specially emphasized by
to Dalit students, Dalitwarg Education these thinkers.
Society was established in 1928.
Students facing financial challenges

11

Exercise

Q.1 (A) Complete the statements by selecting (D) Write the answers in one sentence.
the appropriate option from the given (1) What is the motto of Vishwabharati
options.
Vidyapeeth?
(1) Rabindranath Targore established .................. (2) Who established Dalitwarg Education
(a) Shantiniketan School
(b) Gujrath University Society?
(c) People's Education Society (3) What is Swami Vivekananda's definition of
(d) Ramakrishna Mission
(2) Ramakrishna Mission was established education?
Q.2 Complete the concept design.
by ..................
(a) Rabindranath Targore Educational
(b) Swami Vivekananda thoughts of Swami
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Vivekananda
(3) 'My experiments with Truth' is the famous
 
autobiography of .................. Q.3 State your opinion about the following
(a) Rabindranath Targore
(b) Mahatma Gandhi statements.
(c) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (1) Medium of instruction should be mother
(d) Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan
(B) Identify the correct correlation between tongue.
(2) Concentration of mind is a key to knowledge
column 'A' and column 'B' and match
them. acquisition.
(3) Education is a pathway for eradicating
Column 'A' Column 'B'
(Educational Thinkers) (Educational contribution) inequality.
Q.4 Write the short notes.
(1) Rabindranath (a) Chairman of (1) Shantiniketan
Targore University Education (2) Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha
Commission (3) Ramkrishna Mission
(4) People's Education Society
(2) Swami (b) Father of Basic Q.5 Explain the following in about 50 to 80
Vivekananda Education (Nai Talim)
words.
(3) Mahatma Gandhi (c) Establishment of (1) Salient features of Vishvabharati Vidyapeeth
Belloor and Hrishikesh (2) Basic Education Scheme
Math Q.6 Write the answers for the following in 100

(4) Dr. Babasaheb (d) Establishment to 150 words.
Ambedkar of Vishwabharati (1) Explain Swami Vivekananda's contribution
Vidyapeeth
to education.
(5) Dr. Sarvapalli (e) Establishment of (2) What were the educational thoughts of
Radhakrishnan People's Education
Society Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan?
Q.7 Write the long answers based on the points
(C) Write the answers in one to two words.
(1) Name the school established by Rabindranath given.
(1) Compare educational thoughts of Mahatma
Targore for vocational education.
Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore.
(2) Who was the spiritual guru of Swami (2) Write about following aspects of
Vivekananda ?
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
(3) Name the ashram established by Mahatma (a) Educational thoughts
Gandhi in South Africa. (b) Educational contribution

(4) Who wrote 'The Buddha and his Dhamma'? 

(5) Name the university led by Dr. Sarvapalli
Radharkrishnan as its Vice Chancellor during
1931 to 1938.

12

2.Chapter Education in
Post-Independence India

2.1 Main Education Commissions in the 2.2 National Education Policy 1986

Post-independence Period 2.3 National Curriculum
Framework 2005
2.1.1 University Education
2.4 Maharashtra State Curriculum
Commission (1948-49) Framework 2010

2.1.2 Secondary Education 2.5 Right of children to Free and
Commission (1952-53) Compulsory Education Act, 2009
2.1.3 Indian Education
Commission (1964-66)

2.1 Main Education Commissions in the Higher Education system after independence
Post-Independence Period which would help to reconstruct the societal
structure and help build the skilled manpower
On August 15, 1947 India gained required for the country’s progress.
independence from the British Rule. Education
became a priority of Indian government The Indian government appointed the
after independence. The constitution came University Education Commission under the
into force on 26th January 1950 and India Chairmanship of Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan
became a Republic and functional under on 4th November 1948 to reconstruct the
the guidelines of the constitution. In 1976, Education in Independent India.
under constitutional amendment, education
included as a subject in concurrent list and it In the University Education Commission,
became the responsibility of both Center and there were a total of ten members including
States. After independence many education Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan. Shri. Nirmal
commissions were formed, educational policies Kumar Siddhanta was appointed as Secretary
were framed and curriculum frameworks of this Commission.
were made. The recommendations given by
these commissions were implemented. In this  Major Objectives of University Education
chapter, we are going to study some important
commissions, policies, curricular frameworks Commission
and Right of children to Free and Compulsory (1) To set the goals and objectives of
Education Act, 2009.
2.1.1 University Education Commission university education and research in
India.
(1948-49) (2) To suggest measures to ensure
transparency of admission procedures to
 Background of University Education university courses.
(3) To prepare the framework of the
Commission qualifications, terms of service, salary
and scope of work of university teachers.
The curriculum which was taught in (4) To suggest appropriate provisions with
respect to students, students’ welfare,
universities and colleges in India before hostel facilities, discipline and students'
independence was not suited to the Indian development in the jurisdiction of
societal structure. Only examinations university.
and degrees mattered more. This kind of (5) To provide guidance for maintaining
education was not able to address to the high quality of teaching and examination
needs, and problems faced by the country.
This emphasized the need to reframe Indian in universities and its affiliated colleges.

13

 Major Recommendations given by situation and the education which was being
provided at that time. There was no reflection
University Education Commission of this changed social situation and political
(1) There should be uniformity at all and national affairs in the secondary education.
Secondary education had to be improved in order
India level in degree examination and to improve the higher education. Therefore, in
evaluation in order to maintain the 1948, in a meeting of Central Advisory Board
quality of higher education. of Education, after thorough discussion, it was
(2) Scholarships should be given to the proposed that a separate commission should be
researcher in order to promote the set up for secondary education. A committee
research work. was set up by the government to study this
(3) Establish colleges with adequate proposed commission under the chairmanship
resources and staff, in the jurisdiction of of Dr. Tarachand. In 1949, the commission
university. Attendance should be made submitted the report to Central Advisory Board
mandatory upto graduation level in of Education. As per the report, a Secondary
colleges. Education Commission was set up under the
(4) The university teachers should have chairmanship of Vice Chancellor of Madras
three categories : Lecturer, Reader and University Dr. A. Laxmanswami Mudliyar on
Professor. The retirement age of teachers 23rd September 1952.
should be 60 years. However, professors
should be given extention to serve up to

the age of 64 years. Secondary Education Commission

(5) A student welfare advisory council consisted of 10 members along with Dr.

should be established in each university. Mudaliyar. Principal A.N. Basu was appointed

Good quality hostels should be built as the member secretary of the commission

attached to university and the colleges. while Dr. S. M. S. Chari was appointed as

(6) Every university should have a permanent Assistant Secretary of the Commission.

full-time Board of Examination in order  Major Objectives of the Secondary
to identify and rectify the defects in Education Commission

examination system. (1) To study the Secondary Education

(7) The work done in the classroom comprehensively in all its perspectives.

throughout the year should be evaluated (2) To restructure and improve the secondary
through examination. Inclusion of written education.
as well as oral tests at postgraduate and
vocational examinations should be done. (3) To think about the objectives,
External examiners should be appointed management and content knowledge of
for evaluation. secondary education.
(8) Every university and college should have
large and comprehensive library. The (4) To connect secondary education with
staff of the library should be trained. primary and higher education.
2.1.2 Secondary Education Commission
(1952-53) (5) To create a uniform system of secondary
education for the entire nation considering
 Background of Secondary Education the problems of secondary education.

Commission  Major Recommendations given by
After independence, the social situation
Secondary Education Commission
in the country changed rapidly. But there was
absence of any correlation between changing (1) Establish Multipurpose Schools which
will offer diversified curriculum
according to the interests of the students.

14

(2) Government should provide trained  Major Objectives of Indian Education
guidance officers and vocational
guidance services in all educational Commission
institutes. (1) To make recommendations on

(3) Public schools, residential schools should restructuring of education.
be established. (2) To provide guidance related to the school

(4) A curriculum based on vocational skill admission, evaluation scheme,
development should be framed which interrelation between education and
would inculcate the value 'Dignity of local community, curriculum and
Labour' in students. textbook etc.
(3) To give directions related to classroom
(5) Encourage students to choose technical teaching and teaching methods.
and vocational courses and to complete (4) To suggest recommendations regarding
them. religious and moral education.
(5) To provide guidance to schools related to
(6) The examination system should be importance of subjects, work experience
followed for evaluation of students. and social service.
(6) To recommend regarding co-curricular
(7) The medium of instruction for secondary activities at school and college level.
level education should be the mother
tongue or the regional language of the  Major Recommendations given by Indian
state.
Education Commission
(8) Activity or experimentation based (1) Curriculum at pre-primary level should
methods should be used in teaching.
include various games, educational
2.1.3 Indian Education Commission processes and activity based
(1964-66) programmes.
(2) Textbooks and educational material
 Background of the Indian Education should be given free of cost in primary
schools.
Commission (3) There should be a separate and
autonomous mechanism for production
To achieve development of education at of quality textbooks.
national level, various levels of education and (4) At upper primary level, in addition to
departments should be thought integratively. written examination, there should be an
To achieve this, Government of India formed oral examination and internal evaluation.
Indian Education Commission under the (5) Vocational education should form large
chairmanship of Dr. Daulat Singh Kothari on portion of secondary education.
14th July 1964. (6) Mathematics and science should be
made compulsory at the secondary level.
There were a total of seventeen members (7) The curriculum should include social
along with Dr. Daulat Singh Kothari in Indian service, work experience and Arts.
Education Commission. Shri. J. P. Naik was (8) Students of standard 8th to 10th should
know three languages (mother tongue,
the Member Secretary of the Commission. national language (Rashtrabhasha) and
English).
Let us know (9) For evaluation, the State Board of
Examination should conduct external
The draft report of the commission
prepared by educationist J. P. Naik was very examinations and award certificates.
apt and effective. The first sentence of this
report 'The destiny of India is now being
shaped in her classrooms' is a very popular
quote everywhere.

15

(10) English should be the medium of With this ideology, India’s the then Prime

instruction in main universities at minister Rajiv Gandhi promised to launch a

national level. New National Policy on Education in his

(11) At university level, instead of traditional address to the nation on 5th January 1985. On
rote learning, there should be inclusion 20th August 1985, a report entitled 'Challenge
of good reading material which will lead of Education: A Policy Perspective' was
to thinking and contemplation. published. Through this report the working on
National Policy on Education started.
(12) Social science should be given 'Education is a unique investment in the present
importance at postgraduate level. and the future'. This cardinal principle is the

(13) More emphasis should be placed on key to the National Policy of Education 1986.
activity based teaching rather than on

mere rote learning so that students feel Remember it
encouraged to apply the knowledge

gained from learning in real life. A report 'Challenge of Education :

(14) Religious education should be voluntary. A Policy Perspective' which was published
It can be given with the permission of on 20th August 1985 is divided into 4 parts.
Parents and Management excluding Such as – (1) Education, Society
school hours. and Development (2) Overview of
Educational Development (3) Critical
(15) Co-curricular activities form important Evaluation (4) A perspective regarding
part of the school curriculum which Educational Reconstruction
should include activities like Balveer,
Veerbala, National Cadet Corps etc.  Major Objectives of National Educational

2.2 National Education Policy 1986 Policy 1986
(1) To strive for the development of
 Background of National Education Policy
personality with respect to physical,
1986 mental, intellectual and aesthetic aspects.
(2) To cultivate scientific and democratic
In the history of Indian education, Indian attitude.
Education Commission 1966 has a great (3) To build confidence in dealing with
importance. This is because the commission unfamiliar situations.
has made recommendations for pre-primary to (4) To create awareness regarding physical,
higher education level. The efforts were made social, technological, cultural and
for strict implementation of these economic situations.
recommendations that were important for (5) To inculcate the principles of secularism
Indian Education System. But due to various and social justice.
reasons such as Federal Government System in (6) To develop sound mind for the spirit of
India, regional diversity, lack of motivation dignity of labour.
and narrow ideologies, it could not be (7) To develop the spirit of nationalism and
implemented effectively. Keeping in mind the a sense of devotion in the honour of
competition with respect to global, financial

and technological progress and its constant nation.

changes and India’s need to imbibe democracy, (8) To prepare students for international

social and financial equality, a need was felt to understanding and cohesion.

have a new education policy . (9) To inculcate moral values.

16

 Salient Features of National Educational (13) Following 10 core elements will be
included in the curriculum.
Policy 1986
 History of India’s freedom movement
(1) The national system of education i.e.  Constitutional obligations
10+2+3 , a common pattern of education  Content essential to nurture national
was accepted.
identity
(2) More emphasis was given on free,  India's common cultural heritage
compulsory and quality education to  Egalitarianism, Democracy
children from age of 6 to 14. and Secularism
 Equality of sexes
(3) Under the campaign 'Operation  Protection of environment
Blackboard', basic minimum physical  Removal of social barriers
facilities and physical resources were  Observance of small family norm
provided in every school.  Inculcation of scientific temper
2.3 National Curriculum Framework 2005
(4) Navodaya Vidyalayas to be set up to
provide opportunity of education to  Background of National Curriculum
children of rural areas.
Framework 2005
(5) Open universities will be set up for those

who were educationally deprived but Education has a very important place

willing to pursue further education. in building modern society and nation. In

(6) Quality books at low cost will be made the later half of 20th century, there were a lot
available to encourage students' creative of government initiated education projects.
writing and reading habits. NCERT (National Council of Educational
Research & Training) organized a meeting on
(7) A district-based training institute will be 14th and 19th July 2004 to prepare the framework
set up for primary school teachers' related to important aspects such as real life
training. oriented education, activity based education,
child centered teaching, constructivist
(8) An opportunity will be provided to bring

differently abled people in the mainstream education and inclusive education. In this

of education. meeting, it was decided to reconstruct the
National Curriculum Framework.
(9) Residential schools, ashram schools for
the students of the Scheduled Castes and  Major Principles of National Curriculum
Scheduled Tribes will be set up. Framework 2005

(10) Priority will be given to women's primary (1) To correlate the knowledge and outside
education. A provision for separate world.
curriculum, jobs and employment for
women will be made. (2) To liberate education from rote learning
methods.
(11) More emphasis will be given on work
experience and physical education in the (3) Education should not be textbook
curriculum. oriented but should be helpful for overall
development of students.

(4) Examinations should be made flexible to

(12) It was suggested that importance to have them integrated with classroom

Value Education will be given. life.
17

 National Curriculum Framework 2005 – Internet my friend

Educational Aims Click on the link below and study chapter
(1) Freedom of thoughts and actions. 2 of National Curriculum Framework 2005.
(2) Sensitivity towards others' emotions and http://epathshala.nic.in/hi/programmes/
national-curriculum-frameworks/ncf-2005/
health.
(3) Be flexible and learn to respond to new 2.4 Maharashtra State Curriculum
Framework 2010
situations consciously.
(4) Mindset to participate in democratic  Background of Maharashtra State
Curriculum Framework 2010
processes.
(5) Capability to devote or work for financial When NCF 2005 was published, it was
suggested that all states should follow the
processes and social changes. directive principles suggested in this framework
and make their own State level framework
 National Curriculum Framework 2005 – keeping in mind the local needs and different
situations. Accordingly, in a meeting of
Nature Maharashtra Prathmik Shikshan Parishad held
(1) Chapter 1 : Perspectives – Emphasizes at Mumbai on 24th April, 2009 it was decided
to start implementation of restructuring State
the need of Directive principles of Curricular Framework. It was also decided
education, Quality criteria, Education that various study groups of educationists
with reference to society, educational would be formed. In this way the work of the
objectives. framework and draft was started. The
(2) Chapter 2 : Learning and Knowledge - Framework received the approval of the state
Discusses about nature of knowledge government on 12th October 2011. This
and what methods do children adopt to curriculum Framework is known as
learn ? Maharashtra State Curriculum Framework
(3) Chapter 3 : Curricular area - school 2010.
stages and assessment - recommendations
about curricular areas and need for  Major Principles of Maharashtra State
reconceptualisation of school subject &
other aspects of curriculum. Curriculum Framework 2010
(4) Chapter 4 : School and Classroom
Environment - Need for resources (1) Every child is important. It should be
required to improve the quality of school brought to school. It should feel
culture. interested, should be retained and should
(5) Chapter 5 : Systematic reforms - Need get best education.
for improvements of managerial
aspects so that students can construct (2) Not only intellectual but social, emotional
on their own knowledge with the help and psychomotor development of the
of the experiences gathered by them. child is also important. Every child
Also an emphasis on improvements in should get opportunity for development.
Examination system.
(3) Every child should get the good quality
education of his interest in the conducive

18

environment which will increase his (10) It emphasized the development of

confidence and will enrich his life. Inclusive Education system to remove

(4) Completing the syllabus is not the the inequality in education.
objective of education but making the
child capable to master the content of (11) It emphasized inclusion of agricultural
subject should be the aim. science and technology from primary
levels in the science subject.
(5) The relationship amongst students,
teacher and parents should be of trust, (12) It emphasized empowerment and
respect, affection and co-operation. modernization of State level education
institutes.
(6) Every aspect in education system should
be trustworthy and of good standard. (13) Physical education was made
compulsory.
 Salient features of Maharashtra State
(14) Optional provision to learn the subjects
Curriculum Framework 2010 Arts and Social Science in marathi
language in english medium schools.

(1) This was the first Framework in (15) It stressed on need of the evaluation of

continuation prepared for Primary, schools after a certain span of time.

Secondary and Higher secondary Levels 2.5 Right of Children to Free and

of School Education. Compulsory Education Act, 2009

(2) It emphasized enhancing learning skills  Background of Right of Children to Free

instead of unnecessary content load. and Compulsory Education Act, 2009

(3) It stressed the use of information Article 45 of Indian Constitution and
technology in curriculum and teaching. various committees, Commissions and
educational policies which were appointed till
(4) It emphasized the use of mother tongue now emphasized Universalization of
irrespective of the medium of instruction Elementary Education. For the universlization
in school, inclusion of colloquial of education, free and compulsory education
languages of Marathi in school for children of age 6 to 14 years was planned.
curriculum. But as Article 45 is a directive principle for all
states, there was difference in implementation
(5) It stressed on development of skills in Art

and Sports. of universalization of education from state to

(6) More stress on applied curriculum at state. So it was necessary to formulate and

higher secondary level. pass a law to bring uniformity in universalization
of elementary education. Also in 1990, the
(7) It Stressed on activity based self learning supreme court ordered that Primary Education
techniques such as Practicals, Projects is a right of every child. So, some amendments
etc. in the Constitution were expected. Hence
article 21(A) was added in the Indian
(8) It highlighted the process for pre-primary Constitution. This article included “Education”
education for the development of proper as the fundamental right of the children.
growth and healthy habits among President of India gave final approval to this
children of 3 to 6 years of age group.

(9) It stressed the Life skills development Act on 20th August 2009. It came into force on

through lifelong learning. 1st April 2010 in the whole country.

19

 Major Provisions in Right of Children to (10) Provisions are made to evaluate
the learning outcomes decided for
Free and Compulsory Education Act, standard 1st to 8th through Continuous
2009 Comprehensive Evaluation.

(1) Every child (male or female) of age from This is world’s first Act where the
6 to 14 years shall have the right to free responsibility of students’ primary school
and compulsory education. admission, attendance and completion of
curriculum is given to Government. In other
(2) According to this Act, the duties of countries, this is parent’s responsibility.
Central government, State government,
Parents, Guardians are mentioned. Internet my friend

(3) This act explains a set of rules and legal Find the document of Right of Children
provisions related to the responsibility to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
of school for education, age of the child with the help of Internet and study its details.
for school admission, rules of school
admissions, criteria for evaluation of Discuss it
child, punishment to be given to children,
duties of teachers, standards of schools (A) Organize a discussion in your
and school development plans.
classroom reagarding comparison
(4) As per this Act, no child admitted in any between National Education Policy
school shall be held back in any class or 1986 and National Education Policy
expelled from school, or it will not be 2019.
made compulsory to pass in examination
conducted by board till the completion of (B) Discuss about similarities and
elementary education.
differences in National Curriculum
(5) There is a special provision for dropout Framework 2005 and Maharashtra
children to take education with peers. State Curriculum Framework 2010.

(6) It is obligatory for every private school (C) Discuss in detail the provision laid
to keep 25% seats reserved for children
who belong to poor families. down in 'Right of Children to Free and
Compulsory Education Act, 2009.
(7) Taking child’s or parents’ interview, (D) Discuss the recommendations
donation or charging capitation fee regarding secondary education as
in government or private schools is given in the Secondary Education
prohibited. Commission (Mudaliyar Commission)
and Indian Education Commission
(8) Provision is made for conducting surveys (Kothari Commission).
and finding children who need to be
educated and also to admit them.

(9) Under this Act, central government gives
good financial assistance and entrusts
responsibility of its implementation to
state and local self government.

20

Exercise

Q.1 (A) Complete the statements by selecting (C) Write the answers in one sentence.
the appropriate option from the given (1) Who was the Chairman of University
options.
Education Commission ?
(1) 'The destiny of India is being shaped in her (2) Who prepared the draft of the report of
classroom' is said in ..................
Indian Education Commission ?
(a) University Education Commission (3) From when the 10+2+3 pattern of education
(b) Secondary Education Commission
(c) Indian Education Comisssion came into force ?
(d) National Education Policy 1986
(2) Navodaya Vidyalaya is established under (4) What is the age group of children mentioned
in Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
.................. Education Act, 2009?
(a) University Education Commission
(b) Secondary Education Commission Q.2 State your opinion about the following
(c) Indian Education Comisssion statements.
(d) National Education Policy 1986
(3) .................. is not a core element. (1) Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education Act, 2009 will surely help in
universalisation of primary education.

(2) Knowledge gained in school and university
education need to be applied in day to day
life.

(a) History of India’s Freedom Movement (3) Indian Education Commission considers of
(b) Neatness Pre-Primary to Higher education in totality.
(c) Protection of environment
(d) Equality of sexes Q.3 Write the short notes.
(4) 'Education is an unique investment for today
(1) Salient features of Maharashtra State
and tomorrow' is a cardinal principle of Curriculum Framework 2010
..................
(a) Secondary Education Commission (2) Major Recommendations given by
Secondary Education Commission

(3) Salient features of National Education
Policy 1986

(b) University Education Commission Q.4 Explain the following in about 50 to 80
words.
(c) National Education Policy 1986
(1) Aims of education mentioned in National
(d) Indian Education Commission Curriculum Framework 2005

(B) Identify the correct correlation between (2) Major objectives of National Educational
Policy 1986
column 'A' and column 'B' and match
them. (3) Major Principles of Maharashtra State
Curriculum Framework 2010
Column 'A' Column 'B'

(1) University Education (a) 2010 Q.5 Writes the answers for the following in 100
Commission to 150 words.

(2) Secondary Education (b) 1964 (1) Explain major objectives of Indian Education
Commission (c) 1948
(d) 1952 Commission.
(3) Indian Education (e) 2005
Commission (2) Write major provisions of Right of Children

(4) N ational Curriculum to Free and Compulsory Education Act,
Framework
2009.
(5) S tate Curriculum
Framework (3) Explain the importance of 10 core elements

mentioned in National Education Policy

1986 in your life. 

21

3.Chapter Socialization

3.1 Socialization 3.2.4 Role of Teacher in Social
Transformation
3.1.1 Concept of Socialization
3.3 Mass Communication Media
3.1.2 Role of Education in 3.3.1 Concept of Mass Communication
Socialization
Media
3.2 Social Transformation 3.3.2 Types of Mass Communication
3.2.1 Concept of Social
Media
Transformation 3.3.3 Benefits of Mass Communication
3.2.2 Characteristics of Social
Media
Transformation
3.2.3 Factors which bring in Social 3.3.4 Limitations of Mass
Communication Media
Transformation

3.1 Socialization secure a prestigious position in society evolves

Man is a social animal. He cannot live in them, they acquire skills necessary to obtain

alone. He exists as a part of the society. It is that position; then they attain a sense of

the process of socialization that ensures this responsibility are some of the many important

convergence. Socialization plays a vital role in things that are involved in the process of

the development of a human being. For a socialization. An individual adjusts oneself

progressive and mature society, its organization, first with familiar environment, then with the

growth and development of individuals; the educational environment and finally with

process of socialization is crucial. For an social environment before he/she is accepted

individual to function as a part of society, he/ by the society. This is the complete process

she must be well versed with the dynamics of of socialization.

the social environment around. This connection According to Watson, “Socialization is a

must get initiated at early stage of life, i.e. social and psychological process.”

childhood. Socialization facilitates this connect. According to Harry Johnson,

3.1.1 Concept of Socialization “Socialization is the education that empowers

Process of socialization is interdependent a learner to fulfill his/her role in the society.”
i.e. it takes place between an individual and

the society. It is an interaction through which Lets tell

the growing individual learns the habits, What is the comprehensive definition of
attitudes, values and beliefs of the social socialization ?
group in which he is born and he accepts

them. Because of socialization, we learn to 3.1.2 Role of Education in Socialization
understand and appreciate the societal norms
and behave accordingly. For proper According to Brown, Education ensures
development of children's personality, it is transformation of a child in a controlled
essential that we imbibe moral norms and environment in schools and with formal
values in them. The social, psychological methods, socialization of the children occurs
process related to this, is called socialization. in proper manner. School and teachers hold a
Children observe discipline, an ambition to great responsibility in this process.

22

(1) Education is an effective medium Discuss it
for socialization. Language is a

primary medium of communication What should be the role of education

and interaction between individuals. in the process of socialization in the modern

This interaction drives and affects world ?

socialization. Abilities which are crucial 3.2 Social Transformation
for socialization such as understanding Change is innate nature of man. Society
others, expressing self as well as
empathizing with the others, learning a also changes continuously. Social
language, getting to know about people transformation means to change the existing
around us who have good character, parameters of a societal system with purpose.
tells us a lot about values and culture. Meaningful changes in the behaviours and
beliefs of an individual and a group of
(2) Education makes and ensures process of individuals which last long, lead to social
socialization to remain democratic. change. It leads to change in the social
structures, interactivities and interactions,
(3) Because of education, relation among

all staff members of school and the emerging trends and schools of thoughts. This

students becomes friendly and cordial. is called as social transformation.

(4) Because of education, moral values, 3.2.1 Concept of Social Transformation
rules are understood and social control is Social transformation refers to the changes
maintained. This leads to socialization.
in social organization and interrelations. The
(5) During the process of socialization consideration of modernization and futurology
through education, maintaining social are also important in social transformation.
balance is a priority. Education nurtures
the ability amongst the students to resist Not all changes in the society mean social
the destructive currents in the society. transformation. The change that has an impact
on the entire social structure, can be referred
(6) Education offers knowledge, values, to as social transformation. Social
competencies, perspectives, social transformation, at times, is slow or rapid. It
experiences necessary for socialization is, at times, peaceful or violent.
of the students.
 Definitions of Social Transformation
(7) Schools offer vocational education
leading to entrepreneurship. Thinkers have defined social
transformation as follows :
Education plays a vital role in the process
of socialization. Through education the (1) Dr. Harry Johnson : ''In its basic sense,
students are molded into responsible citizens. social transformation means change in
To achieve successful understanding of new social structure.''
ideas, education tries constructively through
(2) Spencer : ''Social transformation is

social evolution.''

socialization. Education tries constructively to Remember it
achieve socialization. Proper motivation, prize

and punishment should be used judicially for a 'Social system means a set of interrelated
new learner's good education. In order to and interdependent entities.' e.g., – Family
achieve proper socialization of the children, system, Education system, Governance
the school environment should be conducive system.

for it.

23

 Process of Social Transformation 3.2.3 Factors which bring in Social

Social transformation reflects desirable Transformation

changes in the social functions, framework Physical Factors

and relationships. It also reflects the changes Movements Political Factors
in attitude, various interrelationships, thinking
as well as socio-cultural organization. Social Tradition, Factors Economic
Values and Laws which bring Factors
e.g., In olden days, husband and wife had
different kind of relations. Husband was chief in Social Population
of the family and used to earn to run the Transformation

Modes of Transport

family. Women did not have access to Social and Industrial Factors
education and social life. She was confined
to only house hold duties. However, we see Cultural Factors Scientific and
women taking leading positions in the society
today in all fields like industry, education, Technology based Factors
politics, social work etc. She is not confined
to household chores. This fundamental change (1) Physical Factors - These include
in relation between husband and wife is 'social physical calamities such as earthquakes,
transformation'. eruption of volcanoes, fires and other
geographical aspects.
3.2.2 Characteristics of Social
Transformation (2) Political Factors - e.g., World war,
changes occurring due to freedom
(1) Social transformation is dynamic. obtained by a country.

(2) Social transformation is inevitable for (3) Economic Factors - Effect of Economic
the development. condition of an individual and that of
the country, poverty, inflation on human
(3) Social transformation is dependent on life.
changing needs of the society. It is
driven by the changing aspirations of (4) Industrial Factors - Industrialization
individuals, the new ecosystem that brought in significant social
transformation. e.g., Industrialization
caused urbanization and effects of

evolves to address the changing needs, urbanization.

new technology, new economy and new (5) Scientific and Technology based

work culture. Factors - Advances and researches in

(4) It is certain that transformation occurs science and technology have led to rapid

with support of rational thoughts. social transformation. e.g., Robotics,
Computers, Internet, Communication
However, its nature is uncertain. technologies.

(5) For conceptualizing social (6) Social and Cultural Factors - In today's
computer age, we can see rapid rise of
transformation, a comparative approach new social, moral and political values.
These cultural changes cause social
is required to be adopted. We cannot transformations. Great personalities also
bring about social transformation. e.g.,
make a statement about social Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Mahatma
Phule, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Panjabrao
transformation without comparison.
Deshmukh.
e.g., two communities, two societies,

two time-spans etc.

(6) Social transformation is a directional

concept. It has a direction. It may lead

to progress or regress.

24

(7) Modes of Transport - Fast modes of people. Their own viewpoint of social
transport and commutation have brought transformation should get developed.
major transformation in the pace of Teacher's role is very important in
living. nurturing the habit of thinking. By doing
so, they can make the students do away
(8) Social Traditions, Values and Law - with unacceptable social customs and
Examples of social transformation due traditions and on the other hand, they
to these factors are – French, Russian (teachers) can imbibe new thoughts and
and Chinese revolution. Law and customs into students' minds.
Judiciary can also enforce social
transformation. (2) Teacher should focus on nurturance of
thinking skills and creativity of a child,
(9) Movements - Various movements drive as it would empower him/her to bring
social transformation. e.g., Quit India about desirable and appropriate change
movement, Dalit movement, Women in the society.
liberation movement. Leaders like Gopal
Ganesh Agarkar, Maharshi Karve, (3) Empowering a child by nurturance of
Mahatma Phule led mass movements transformational attitude, approach, out
for social reforms and gave direction to of the box thinking abilities, should be
society. the primary objective of the teacher.

(10) Population - Population is not a stable (4) Teacher should encourage students to be
factor. It is dynamic in nature and lifelong learners by attaining learning
varies. Hence it has a significant impact skills.
on social transformation. e.g., change in
male-female ratio affects social customs (5) Teacher should ensure nurturance of
and traditions. social and moral values and scientific
attitude as per new social system.

Internet my friend (6) Teacher should ensure development and
attainment of skills by the student
 Search on internet for other factors relevant to economic growth.
affecting social transformation.
 Collect information about two great (7) Teacher should design innovative
personalities and social reformers through experiments, projects and syllabus to
search on internet. Understand and study develop various skills in the students.
how they brought about social
transformation. (8) Teacher plays an important role for
imbibing democratic culture and nurture
leadership qualities in students.

3.2.4 Role of Teacher in Social 3.3 Mass Communication Media
Transformation
3.3.1 Concept of Mass Communication
In the social transformation that happens Media
through school, role of a teacher is very
important. Teachers role in social In today’s world of science and technology,
transformation is as explained below : individuals learn, attain knowledge and get
experiences through formal and non-informal
(1) Students should get in touch with education modes. Mass communication media
different strata of society, understand are not just for entertainment but they offer

25

lots of information on various subjects. Using 3.3.2 Types of Mass Communication Media
mobiles and internet, one can reach out to
many people at once. News spreads from all Types of Mass Communication Media

over the world through mass media instantly.
Mass communication media are extremely Print media Broadcast media Web media

important in social education. Literate as well

as illiterate get access to knowledge and Newspapers Radio Internet
entertainment. Children, youth, women, men, Periodicals
farmers, artists, industrialists – everyone gets Television Teleconferencing
Books
Film Blog

useful knowledge and information through Encyclopedia Podcast
mass media. Happenings and events across
the world, including natural disasters, Mobile
discoveries and researches, entertainment
including drama, films, serials etc. can be (1) Print Media
accessed through mass media. Things relevant
for a better life including health and yoga are (1) Newspapers - Newspapers reflect our
also spread through mass media. In short, daily life. It is an important mass
mass media encompasses every aspect of our education media. It is also a very good
lives. Mass communication media saves time media for advertising. It is an informal
and money while making information, media of education.
knowledge, entertainment available to us.
 Benefits of Newspapers
'Media that effectively connect to a group
of people simultaneously, is called 'mass (1) Newspapers contribute to formation of
communication media.' public opinion.

'Media that communicates ideas, (2) Newspapers publish the opinions of
expressions, attitudes, opinions etc. to more social, political leaders, industrialists for
and more number of people simultaneously is public at large.

called as mass communication media.' (3) Newspapers play a major role in social
transformation.

(4) They provide information about nation's
economic status, production and national
income.

Do you know? (5) Newspapers spread knowledge for
children.

During the later half of 15th century, (6) Newspapers improve the general
invention of printing press gave us exposure knowledge of public.
to mass media, leading to publication of
newspapers and books on a large scale. In (7) Secondary education examination
1920, the word ‘media’ was coined. Concept related information also gets published
of mass media was earlier limited to print in newspapers.
media. Later, during post second world war,
television and radio media got introduced (2) Periodicals - Currently importance of
and became popular. Today, internet is the periodicals among the print media is
certainly notable. Periodicals function
most popular mass communication media. similar to the newspapers. They follow a
certain peridocity in publishing. Based
on this periodicity, they are classified as

26

weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bi-monthly, (7) Telephone directories, railway timetable,

quarterly, half yearly, yearly etc. ST time table, government gazette are

Although there are many similarities useful books for public communication.

between newspapers and periodicals, the (4) Encyclopedia - Encyclopedia are for
periodicals do not cover daily news.
 Benefits of Periodicals references. Libraries have special section
(1) Printed information is accessible for a
for encyclopedia. Different types of

encyclopedia related to different faculty

specific subject throughout. or discipline of knowledge are available.

(2) Just like newspapers, periodicals also Encyclopedia are written by many

contribute to people's education. experts in collaboration. Some

(3) Many periodicals have historical encyclopedia are about general

background and prestige. knowledge and some are about a specific

(4) Most of the periodicals are dedicated to subject. Some encyclopedia run through

specific subjects. many volumes. Wikipedia available on

(5) Although not as large as newspapers, the internet is an encyclopedia.

some space of periodicals is dedicated to Encyclopedia store and make the detailed

advertisements. information of an event, a person and a

(6) Reviews about theatre, films, television concept available to the researchers and

as well as books are published in common people.

periodicals and hence they have gained  Benefits of Encyclopedia

importance. (1) Important information can be retrieved
(7) Special periodicals dedicated to quickly with the help of encyclopedia.

education, medicine, science and (2) Detailed information is available in the
technology publish key researches and encyclopedia.
knowledge and are of specific importance
to experts from the respective fields. (3) Encyclopedia are easily available.
(3) Books - Books are the source of
knowledge. Since centuries, books are (4) Information in the encyclopedia is
companions of human beings as a organized in alphabetical order, so it is
knowledge resource. Considering this, it easy to find required information.
is said that books are our teachers.
 Benefits of Books : (2) Broadcast Media
(1) Books are the gateway to knowledge.
(2) Books store information related to life as (1) Radio - Radio takes knowledge even to
well. rural areas. It is considered as an effective
(3) Public communication is effectively medium for informal education. Many
programs for social education are
broadcast on radio. Those who are not
able to complete their education are

done through the books.

(4) Books spread thoughts to many readers.

(5) Books are also useful to communicate

government public schemes.

(6) People's education can be effectively

done through books.

27

benefitted from these programs. Gandhi National Open University
Continual education services are offered (IGNOU) runs such programs. Through
for people who want to learn while they television, many programs for different
earn. Since it is a mass media, many sectors and disciplines such as science,
people can listen to the audio programs technology, agriculture, health and yoga
simultaneously, i.e. at the same time. are broadcast even in regional languages.
Skillful audio lessons by experienced
school teachers, educators are braodcast (3) Films - Films contribute to establishing
through radio. Language learning national integration, social integration
programs are broadcast. News broadcast and global harmony. Films have a great
brings world news to the listeners. impact on society and minds of many
Listening to the programs on radio people as a group. Different types of
reduces mental stress, provides films create varied impact on the
entertainment.
audience.
(2) Television - In addition to entertainment,
television is also a mode for non-formal

and informal education. Different types

e.g., religious or historic or social movies

influence the students very much. This

media can be used effectively to spread

the importance of ethical values and

of programs on television are designed to presenting idols. Documentary films can
be explored as a good media for

impart meaningful and useful information educational communication. Because of

for the students. Students gain from movies, children get opportunities to

knowledge and experience at once. e.g., display their acting talents. Through

programs related to rarely found animals, movies, information about science,

wild life, healthcare, etc. It is observed social science, medical sciences can be
that if the programs are based on the given to people.

educational content being studied by the (3) Web Media

students, intense content is imparted in a (1) Internet - Internet is an important
short time period and also they are facility which we have got due to
entertained. Television, being an audio- computers. Innovations in information
visual media, helps the audience to technology has led us to a most effective

experience activities which cannot be mass media in today's world – internet.

seen physically. Different types of This is a revolutionary, trend setting,

programs add to educational value of technology that has enabled mass media
television, such as literacy campaign,

eradicating superstitions, health

education, national integration etc. Open

universities also use television as a

prominnent medium for telecast of

educational programs. e.g., Indira

28

of 21st century. It has opened up Through teleconferencing mode,

gateways of infinte knowledge and two or more people from two or more

information to the world. It empowers distant locations can be connected

global connect. through electronic media and internet. It

The use of e-mail is the most is also called as telecommunication

popular use of internet. F.T.P. and Telnet system.

FTP have also become usual things.

FTP means File Transfer Protol. This

enables the transfer of files using

computers. Using Telnet, we can get

connected to other computers.

 Benefits of Internet Using this media, archived

(1) Internet facility enables us to search any documents, records and instructions
information that we need.
received through computer can be sent/
(2) The facility of Net news enables us to
upload information or articles on any received to/from other people. For such
subject.
communication, we need a computer
(3) Internet is very useful in commercial
transactions, buying-selling, service connected to internet, a video camera,
provisions, supply etc.
microphone, a speaker, a projector and a
(4) Through internet, online application for
examination can be sent. television or a monitor.

(5) Examination results can be declared Now-a-days this advanced
through internet.
technology is frequently used in corporate
(6) Internet enables us to appear for any
examination anywhere through online company set up, for education, for
mode.
training of employees and even by the
(7) Various games and books are made
available on internet. judiciary system. In accordance with the

(8) In the field of education and especially modern education system,
in research; internet is very important
for finding the references. telecommunication is used in universities.

(9) Because of internet, various websites Indian government officials confer with
are available to get information.
officials from different countries and
(2) Teleconferencing - Teleconferencing is
an electronically enabled medium for also carry out many international
communication. There are different
types of such conferencing. functions using this medium.

(1) Video conferencing  Benefits of Teleconferencing

(2) Audio conferencing (1) The mode of teleconferencing can be

(3) Audio-graphic conferencing especially useful in distance education.

(4) Computer conferencing (2) Students and teachers can get instant

feedback from each other.

(3) It helps in easily communicating with

teachers and experts.

(4) It is useful for spread-out population.

(5) Teleconferencing can help to motivate

small as well as large groups for work.

(6) It helps in time management.

(7) Teleconferencing is a good means of

29

exchanging information and experience, (5) We can write in any language.
writing reports, conducting surveys, (6) Blog writing does not need anyone's
joint researches etc.
(8) They help in achieving new suggestions permission.
and experiences in various fields. (7) In one blog, any number of articles can
(9) Teleconferences are useful for time
saving as well as cost saving. be written.
(3) Blog - Earlier the term used was web (8) Blogs never get deleted automatically.
log. John Berger, an American blogger (9) It enables to publish family album of
coined this term. Blog is known by the
tour or film review etc. by using different
name of its writer. audio visual media in an attractive way.
(10) It helps in contributing to our day-to-day
work.

(4) Media Store (Podcast) - Only writing or
reading does not add to our knoweldge.
To get information in various fields, we

use 'you-tube'. But now we are slowly

Writing on a blog is known as shifting to only listening. Many means/
blogging. Blog is a special kind of equipments are used for listening. One of
website. Anyone who thinks and wishes them is podcast. Podcast means 'Media
to tell one's own thoughts to others, can Store'. Audio file of stored data can be
create own blog and easily publish his/ listened using 'I Pod' or 'Media Player'.
her own thoughts. Almost all blogs are There are many websites that upload
in the form of online diary. This is, in podcast communication media, files
fact, a contradiction. Diary, by its own (documents) besides the articles and
nature, is very private. As against this, videos. These files can be downloaded
blogs are open to the world and anybody by user website and listened using own
can read them. Every new entry made computer or other audio players. This
on the blog appears at the top and process is known as podcasting. The
therefore anybody who opens the blog person who produces this audio file is
can first read those new entries. Blog is called podcaster.
an audio-visual medium. it is a kind of
website or part of a website. Own  Benefits of Podcast
thoughts, information about a program, (1) Using podcast, you can motivate people
sketches, videoclips, music and sounds
can be made available to all. for doing good work.
(2) If you are a good writer or singer, you
 Benefits of Blogs
(1) Our knowledge and experience can be can make use of podcast.
(3) In travelling we can listen to various
shared with others.
(2) Our opinions regarding points of interest programs through podcast.
(4) We can talk in various langauges and
can be shared.
(3) We can be connected with like minded search any information.

people.

(4) We can publish our writing for the world

at no cost.

30

(5) Mobile Phone - Mobile phones were (6) Culture Transition, Propagation - It is
used in 1969 in Japan for the first time. useful in propagating religious and
But from 1998 they evolved as mass cultural programs with factual
communication medium. Mobile phone information.
is a medium that creates interaction. Its
basic feature is that we can take it (7) Distance Education - Distance education
anywhere and always remain connected is delivered through mass media, thereby
offering opportunities of education to
to others. masses. Those who for any reason are

deprived of education – school or college

can complete the education in distance

mode. Doordarshan telecasts special

programs for distance education.

(8) Messages from National Leaders - on

 Benefits of Mobile Phone special occasions such as 15th August,
(1) Immediate contact can be done. 26th January or in some emergency
(2) Easy to handle. situation, national leaders, especially the
(3) Anytime available. President, the Governor, the Prime
(4) Multipurpose use like recording, sending Minister, the Chief Minister address the
nation or state. The message gets
messages and invitations. broadcast to people through these media.

3.3.3 Benefits of Mass Communication Media (9) News - Through news, people get the
information about the key events in the
(1) Visual Experience - Visual experience State, the Nation instantly. The visuals
is long lasting as well as easy to communicate the authenticity of the
comprehend as compared to just audio news. e.g., situation during the strike,
information. people present at a public meet. The
address is available in their own words.
(2) Benefit of Knowledge of Experts - Even the proceedings of the parliament
Lakhs of students can benefit from the are telecast through news channels
knowledge of an expert teacher and not giving information about the functining
just few. of the Government.

(3) Mass Education - Mass communication (10) Entertainment - Communication
media plays an important role in mass through mass media was basically
education. Society gets new values, new created for entertainment. Entertainment
thought processes through this. media can contribute to mass education
by spreading a message as in a suger
(4) Cultural Ethos - Television can coated pill. Value education for topics,
showcase the cultural ethos of the society. such as, importance of cleanliness,
e.g., – tribal culture, their traditions, threats of addiction, etc., if given through
customs, food etc. speeches, may not be effective. However,
if the same message is delivered in form
(5) Exhibit of different Special Places - of a story, the impact is much better.
World is full of amazing places. Each
place has its own special culture and
characteristics. It is always good to visit
the place, however it may not always be
possible.

31

3.3.4 Limitations of Mass Communication (8) Excessive impact of mass media may
Media cause cultural harm and decline in
socialization.
(1) Possibility of incorrect or vague message
can be spread. (9) Over use of mass media may lead to
loss of learnability.
(2) Commercialization increases because of
advertising. (10) Students may go away from earning real
life education and living an ideal life.
(3) Traditional forms of art and entertainment
take a back seat. (11) Publicity earned through media is two-
fold weapon. It can be earned quickly,
(4) Political parties may misuse broadcast but can malign the image quickly as
media for their agenda. well.
Mass communication media are proving
(5) Media, at times, promotes flamboyance
or exaggerated exhibits. to be effective for gaining knowledge as well
as entertainment everywhere. Urban-rural,
(6) Wrong policies and incorrect values literate-illiterate, poor-rich, employees,
may get spread quickly. entrepreneurs; every one’s daily life has a
continuous impact of mass media. Mass media
(7) Poor class programs broadcast on is also important and useful for education.
television may damage cultural and
social ethos. * Down *

Complete the Crossword (1) Application for examination can be
done through this media.
(1) (5)
(3) (3) This technology is useful in training
the employees in various industries.
(2)
(5) This medium is useful in publishing
the material related to examination at
secondary level.

* Across *

(2) Through this, many programs of open
university are transmitted.

(4) It is very useful for nurturing ethical
values and ideals.

(4)

32

Exercise

Q.1 (A) Complete the statements by selecting Q.2 State your opinion about the following
statements.
the appropriate option from the given
(1) Social transformation is dynamic.
options. (2) Internet has both advantages and

(1) Socialization is a .................. process. disadvantages.
(3) Publicity through mass media is two-fold
(a) Social (b) Psychological
weapon.
(c) Cultural (d) Economic Q.3 Complete the concept designs.
(1)
(2) Desirable transformations in social structure

means ..................

(a) Socialization (b) Social transformation Type of mass Benefits
communication
(c) Social control (d) Cultural transformation Sr. Media
No. media
(3) .................. is an effective medium for mass

education. (1) Newspaper ........................ (1) .............

(a) Television (b) Newspaper

(c) Books (d) Periodicals (2) .............

(4) Changing modern communication (2) Television ........................ (1) .............

technology is an example of .................. factor

affecting social transformation. (2) .............

(a) Movement (3) Mobile ........................ (1) .............

(b) Industrial

(c) Cultural (2) .............
(d) Scientific and Technology based
(5) Video conferencing is a .................. type of (2) Factors of social Examples
transformation
mass communication media. Sr. (1) .............
No. (2) .............
(a) One way visual (1) .............
(b) One way audio (1) Physical factors (2) .............
(c) Two way visual (1) .............
(d) Two way audio-visual (2) Scientific and (2) .............
(B) Identify the correct correlations between Technology based factors

items in Column 'A' and Column 'B' and (3) Movements
match the pairs.

Column 'A' Column 'B'

1. P eriodicals (a) W eb media Q.4 Write the short notes.

2 R adio (b) A uditary media (1) Importance of socialization

3. Television (c) Print media (2) Nature of social transformation

4. Podcast (d)Audio-visual media (3) Print media

(C) Write the answer in one or two words. (4) Benefits of mass communication media

(1) Name the factor causing socialization through Q.5 Explain the following in about 50 to 80
interactions amongst two groups of same
age. words.

(2) Men and women get equal right of (1) Various factors of social transformation
education by law. What does this example
connote ? (2) Any two web media in mass communication

(D) Write the answers in one sentence. media

(1) What is the meaning of socialization? Q.6 Write the answers for the following in 100

(2) Write the definition of social transformation. to 150 words.

(3) What are mass communication media? (1) Explain the role of education in socialization.

(4) Write two examples of print media. (2) Explain the meaning of mass communication

media and describe their types.

(3) Describe the role of a teacher in social

transformation.

33

4.Chapter Learning Process

4.1 Learning Process 4.2 Theories of learning

4.1.1 Concept of Learning Process 4.2.1 Theory of Trial and Error

4.1.2 Nature of Learning Process Learning
4.1.3 Characteristics of Learning
4.2.2 Theory of Insightful Learning
Process
4.1.4 Factors affecting Learning

4.1.5 Transfer of Learning

4.1 Learning Process environment. This change is supposed to be

Learning is an important process for the relatively permanent. Learning involves many

students. Students need to learn to gather physical and mental activities. Appropriate

information and knowledge, to excel in learning brings change in behaviour that is long

examination, to imbibe good study habits, lasting. Learning causes changes in knowledge,

for progress in education, for professional attitude, values, skills etc. of an individual,

progress, to elevate the living status, to be which are reflected through that individual's

a successful individual, to lead a happy behaviour. When change in behaviour of

and satisfied life and to achieve personality an individual's affective, cognitive and

development. In this unit, we will study about psychomotor domain occurs, we can say that

the learning process. learning has taken place. Change in cognitive

4.1.1 Concept of Learning Process domain means development of thinking power

An individual begins learning since birth, due to acquisition of knowledge. Change in

which goes on till death. Learning is a natural affective domain means change in individual’s

and continuous process. Our senses should emotions, values, interests and attitude.

be active for effective learning. Man has Change in cognitive or psychomotor domain

achieved progress due to constant learning. means change in individual’s physical

Psychologists have defined learning in various movement or activities. On the basis of this,

ways. Few of the definitions are given below : We can describe the nature of learning.

According to Norman L. Munn, 4.1.2 Nature of Learning Process

‘‘Learning is the permanent adaptation while (1) Goal (oriented) - Learning process

responding to the situation." leads to goal. Every person has a goal

According to Murphy, ‘‘The term learning in life for which he/she learns. Without

covers every modification in behaviour and a goal, learning will not happen.

perception.’’ (2) Motivation - Motivation is essential for

According to Crow and Crow, ‘‘Learning learning. Motivated individuals urge to

is the acquisition of habits, knowledge and achieve the goal through learning.

attitudes.’’ (3) Path Searching Movement - After

We can conclude from the above motivation, an individual tries to find

definitions that learning means the process the correct way to reach his/her goal.

of bringing purposeful change in one’s own (4) Adjustments - It is very important to

self, according to surrounding situation and do adjustments while learning.

34

(5) Repetition - Learning should be repeated (13) Knowledge acquired by learning can be
several times to avoid forgetting. applied in another kind of learning.

(6) Insight - Learning should be done with (14) Learning helps in comprehension.
comprehension of gist, so that gained
knowledge shall last for a long duration. Think about it

(7) Restructuring of the behaviour - While We learn to use computers, music,
learning, as we go on enriching our
experiences, we also go on restructuring cooking, driving, swimming, playing games
the behaviour and planning the right and various other activities and also try to
become skillful in doing those activities.
actions. Think in order to learn, how the characteristics
mentioned above can be applied to learn and
Remember it become skillful.

None of the living organisms require 4.1.4 Factors affecting Learning
to be taught how to learn. Butterfly comes For effective learning, we need to consider
out of the cocoon woven by a larva around
itself, cow regurgitates, sparrows build their the factors that affect learning. Factors
nests, birds fly in circular movements, find affecting learning are as follows :
food for living, infant sucks a toy/thing etc.
Factors affecting Learning

All these activities are natural. Internal Factors External Factors

4.1.3 Characteristics of Learning Process (1) Age (1) Family and Social
On the basis of various definitions and
Background
nature of learning, we can state the following
characteristics of learning process : (2) Maturity (2) Previous Experience
(1) Learning is a fundamental process of (3) Motivation (3) Conducive Environment

human life which leads to the progress. (4) Attention and (4) Nature of the Content
(2) As Learning is a psychophysical process,
Interest
it is necessary that senses should be
active. (5) Will Power (5) Method of Learning
(3) Learning is a continuous process.
(4) Learning is a purposeful and goal  Internal Factors - These factors are related
oriented process. to individual learner.
(5) Learning involves a specific sequence. (1) Age - Learning ability increases with
(6) Internal and External motivation is
essential for learning. the increasing age. It increases upto a
(7) Learning brings desirable change in the certain age.
behaviour. (2) Maturity - Physical and mental maturity
(8) Capacity of adjustment increases due to makes learning easy.
learning.
(9) Learning is firmly rooted through (3) Motivation - For any kind of learning,
practice and constancy. urge of learning is essential. It means,
for learning, internal and external
(10) The changes in behaviour caused due to motivation are essential.
learning are progressive in nature.
(4) Attention and Interest - Students focus
(11) Acquisition of new things is expected to attention on a subject if they have
happen through learning. interest in the same.

(12) The knower, the knowable and the (5) Will Power - If there is a will to learn,
learning happens. Dynamism in learning
knowledge are trilo of learning. minimizes, if the person is exhausted
and bored.

35

 External Factors - These factors are related commands, understanding diagramatical
to the environment. representation are all parts of this learning.
Inspiration from different sources leads to
(1) Family and Social Background - learning, such as to know something new, self
The family and social background of progress, to be independent, to be happy, for
a student includes culture, language, improving qualification etc.
economical status, physical resources,
education of parents, values and so on. 4.1.5 Transfer of Learning
All these factors affect learning.
Experience gets transmitted if the
(2) Previous Experience - The quality knowledge, skills, techniques acquired in
of learning depends on the previous one condition, affect the knowledge, skills,
experience of the learner. Previous techniques acquired in another condition;
experience helps the learner to assimilate either in favourable or unfavourable manner
and understand learning. or do not affect at all (zero effect); then it is
known as transfer of learning.
(3) Conducive Environment - Learning
happens easily if there is a conducive  Types of Transfer of Learning
environment.
(1) Positive Transfer - Transfer of
(4) Nature of Content - Learning learning is said to be positive when
becomes simple, if the content is easy learning carried out in one situation
to understand. On the other hand, affects favourably the learning in other
incomprehensible content hinders situation or the learning a subject helps
learning. to learn another subject effectively. e.g.,
it is easy to ride a motorcycle, if you
(5) Method of Learning - Different know to ride a bi-cycle. The knowledge
individuals can have different methods of Mathematics helps while learning
of learning. The kind of learning method Physics.
affects the pace of learning and decides
whether it will help in attaining mastery (2) Negative Transfer - Transfer of learning
over the subject. is said to be negative; when learning
in one situation affects unfavourably
Every activity is goal oriented. Learning the learning in another situation. e.g.,
is also goal oriented e.g., an individual learns a Marathi speaking person may not
using computer for his business growth. Only be able to speak Hindi properly. In an
knowing about using a computer is not enough, intercaste marriage, the woman finds
but use of various softwares, imbibing the new it difficult to observe customs in the
knowledge is equally important. Learning is family of in-laws.
a continuous process. In learning, mental
processes like concentration, critical analysis (3) Zero Transfer - Transfer is said to be
and physical processes like-activeness, fitness ‘Zero’, when learning in one situation
etc. are included. does not have any influence over the
learning in another situation. e.g.,
Initially there are barriers while learning. knowledge of Mathematics will not
We cannot act easily, do not understand a help to learn music. Grammatical rules
topic due to which learning becomes difficult. of Marathi do not help to understand
Whatever efforts we take to understand the formula in Physics.
subject is known as adjustment. Learning
for comprehending the knowledge about  Factors transferred through Learning
computer includes understanding the relation
many parts of computer i.e. hardware (1) Knowledge - If one has the knowledge
and softwares, structure, process, various of Sanskrit, then it is easy to learn
Marathi or Hindi.

36

(2) Techniques, Methods and Skills - One Experiment - Thorndike placed a hungry cat
who can play tabla, can also play a in a cage. He kept fish in a plate outside the
dholki proficiently. box. He observed the movements and reaction
of the hungry cat. Hungry cat was randomly
(3) Specific Vision and Loyalty Values - moving trying to grab the fish. During these
One who always speaks truth, will never movements, suddenly the cat’s paw fell on
tell lies. One who behaves nicely will a lever due to which the door of the cage
never do anything wrong to others. opened and it could get the fish. In subsequent
experiments, it was observed that cat took less
 Advantages of Transfer of Learning and less time to come out of the cage and get
the fish. Finally, the cat learnt to immediately
(1) New skills are developed in the students. press the lever and grab the food as soon as it
was kept inside the box. On the basis of this
(2) It helps the students for generalization. experiment, the features of the trial and error
theory can be stated as follows :
(3) Helps in imbibing values within the (1) Motivation - As the cat was hungry, it
students.
tried to get the food.
(4) Qualities of having self confidence and
remain goal oriented are inculcated in (2) Path Searching Movements - The cat
the students. searched for various alternatives to
reach the goal.
(5) Creates interest for studies in students.
(3) Success by Chance - While searching
4.2 Theories of Learning for different alternatives, the cat by

Many psychologists have laid theories
on learning that are based on deep research.
We are going to study about Theory of Trial
and Error Learning and Theory of Insightful
Learning.

4.2.1 Theory of Trial and Error Learning

Remember it chance, put its paw on the lever and
succeeded in getting the food.
What efforts do we take while imbibing
the skills such as riding bicycle, swimming, (4) Fixation due to Success - Since the
cooking, playing games etc? What mistakes cat could get the food after pressing the
do we make? How do we overcome these lever, it learnt to get fish by eliminating
mistakes? How do we practise to master all useless movements and just pressing
these skills? What is the motivation for the lever.
doing these activities?
On the basis of this theory, Thorndike has
Edward Lee Thorndike, an American given three laws of learning :
Psychologist conducted many experiments on
animals to understand the process of learning. (1) Law of Readiness - Learning happens
He published this theory in 1898 in the book only if a person is physically and
‘Animal Intelligence : Experimental Studies’. mentally ready for learning.

(2) Law of Practice - For learning to do a
specific act or to reach a goal, one has
to constantly practise. Due to constant
practising, one understands that act and
it gets fixated.

(3) Law of Effect - Actions resulting in
happiness, pleasure, success are done
frequently. Actions causing unhappiness,

displeasure are avoided.

37

Experiment - Kohler placed two sticks which

Remember it could be inserted within each other separately

Theory of Trial and Error Learning is in the cage. He also kept some bananas
also known as 'Learning through Errors'. outside the cage. When ever the chimpanzee
While studying we commit many errors. felt hungry, he tried to pull the banana's with
Afterwards we correct these errors and try one stick alternately. This was tried by him
to avoid these errors in further study. ample times. Once when he was very hungry,
while playing with the sticks, suddenly they
 Educational importance of Theory of got inserted within each other due to which a
Trial and Error Learning long stick was formed. The chimpanzee was
surprised and was able to pull the bananas
(1) Consider the physical and mental placed outside the cage. By repeating the
maturity of students for learning. act, the chimpanzee could get bananas many
times.
(2) The content matter should be practised
enough. On the basis of this experiment, Kohler
stated three steps of learning :
(3) Proper motivation for learning should be
created among students. (1) Realize the problem pertaining to the
environment.
(4) There should be cordial relationship
between the student and the teacher for (2) Realize the interrelationship or insight
successful and effective learning. between various elements.

(5) Student's success in learning should (3) Finding the solution of the problem.
be rewarded and appreciated by the
teacher.

4.2.2 Theory of Insightful Learning  Educational Importance of Theory of
Insight means the capacity to gain holistic Insightful Learning

understanding of some event or action. In (1) Objectives of learning should be simple
this theory it is important to understand the and clear, so that it will be easy for the
correlationship between the various factors of students to understand and hence the
that environment or situation. learning will be successful.

At the end of 20th century, the impact (2) Teacher should use the maxim 'Whole
of behaviourism decreased and structuralism to Part' while teaching.
came into light. According to Wertheimer,
who was proponent of Gestalt theory and his (3) For successful learning, the teacher
colleague Koffka and Kohler, learning should should teach the skills to find out
be done as whole and not in parts. In 1925, correlation, understanding differences
German Psychologist Kohler proposed an and generalizations.
alternative for Trial and Error method with
(4) The level of subject matter should be
theory of Learning by Insight. as per the age of the learner because
problem solving ability increases with

the age and the experience.

(5) Student should try to solve the problem

with own efforts. Teacher should help

the student to solve the problem.

In this way the students should make use

of both theories of learning, namely 'Trial and

Error' and 'Learning by Insight'. This would

help to make their learning effective through

self-efforts and problem solving.
38

Exercise

Q.1 (A) Complete the statements by selecting Q.2 Complete the following concept designs.
the appropriate option from the given
options. (1) Write the steps followed by the hungry
cat for getting the food in Thorndike's
(1) According to Murphy, "Learning is experiment.

modification in .................."

(a) Attention and comprehension 12

(b) Comprehension and behaviour 43
(c) Knowledge and behaviour

(d) Behaviour and perception

(2) Change in individual's values, interests, and (2) Nature of Learning Process
attitude is related to .................. domain.

(a) Cognitive (b) Affective

(c) Psychomotor (d) Knowledge

(3) When a child uses his previous experience

while reacting to new situation, the law of Q.3 State your opinion about the following

.................. is observed. statements.

(a) Effect (b) Readiness (1) Motivation is necessary for learning.

(c) Practice (d) Proximity (2) Insight means a holistic understanding of a

(4) When teacher tells Atharva, your writing is particular situation or action.

very good; Atharva started writing stories. In Q.4 Write the short notes.

this case Atharva's learning was influenced (1) Advantages of Transfer of Learning

by .................. (2) Laws of Learning

(a) Motivation (b) Maturity (3) Characteristics of Learning Process

(c) Age (d) Willpower Q.5 Explain the difference.

(B) Identify the correct correlation between (1) Theory of Trial and Error Learning and
Column 'A' and Column 'B' and match
them. Theory of Insightful Learning

(2) Positive and Negative Transfer of learning

Column 'A' Column 'B' (3) Internal and External factors affecting

learning

(1) Path searching (a) External factors Q.6 Explain the following in about 50 to 80
movement
words.

(2) Holistic understanding (b) Trial and Error (1) Characteristics of theory of Trial and Error

Learning

(3) Learning method (c) Zero Transfer (2) Educational importance of theory of

(4) Maturity (d) Insight insightful learning

(3) Impact of today's social environment on

(e) Internal Factors students' learning

(C) Write the answers in one to two words. Q.7 Write the answers to the following
(1) Write two factors which are transferred
questions in 100 to 150 words each.
through learning.
(2) Write names of two theories of learning. (1) Explain with examples educational
(3) Write two external factors affecting learning.
(D) Write the answers in one sentence. importance of Thorndike's theory of Trial
(1) What is transfer of learning?
(2) What is repetition? and Error Learning.

(3) Write definition of learning. (2) Explain three stages of learning on the

basis of experiment in theory of Insightful

Learning.

(3) Explain with examples what problems you

are likely to face due to the lack of transfer

of learning. 

39