gujrathi sahitya 7th

â’dph©rÑ : 2017 © dlpfpô²$ fpÄe ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs A“¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^“ d„X$m, ‘yZ¡-411004.

‘y“d®yÖZ: 2020 dlpfpô²$ fpÄe ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs A“¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^“ d„X$m ‘pk¡ Ap

‘yõsL$“p b^p l½$ fl¡i¡. Ap ‘yõsL$“p¡ L$p¡C ‘Z cpN k„QpgL$, dlpfpô²$ fpÄe

‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs A“¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^“ d„X$m“u g¡rMs ‘fhp“Nu hNf R>p‘u

iL$pi¡ “rl.

dy¿e kdÞheL$ : îudsu âpQu fhuÞÖ kpW¡$ âõsph“p

NyS>fpsu cpjp kyîu. L$ë‘“p dl¡sp, AÝen S|>“-2017 ’u iê$ ’sp “hp i¥nrZL$ hjd® p„ Ap‘
krdrs kv$õe : X$p¸.d^y k„‘V$ kp¥“y„ õhpNs R>¡. kpsdp ^p¡fZ“y„ "kprlÐe ‘qfQe'“y„
îudsu [õdsp v$h¡ “hy„ ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ sdpfp lp’dp„ d|L$sp M|bS> Ap“„v$
îu. Bg¡iLy$dpf Apf. Np„^u ’pe R>¡. Apip R>¡ L¡$ Ap ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ Ap‘“y„ rdÓ b“u

NyS>fpsu kyîu. Bgp iy¼g fl¡i¡.

AæepkS|>’ : îudsu cNhsu A¡. ‘„X$ép Ap ‘pW$é‘yõsL$dp„ bp¡^pÐdL$, NyZpÐdL$, op“pÐdL$

X$p¸. qv$àsu iy¼g L©$rsAp¡ kp’¡ fpô²$uesp“¡ ‘p¡jL$, d|ëer“›$, A¡L$pN°sp“¡

îudsu S>“L$ v$phX$p, r“d„rÓs L$¡mh¡ sh¡ u A“¡ gpNZukcf L$©rsAp“¡ p¡ kdphi¡ L$fhpdp„
îudsu L¡$sL$u r“s¡i Å“u,
kv$õe-k„ep¡S>L$ Apìep¡ R>¡. ‘ep®hfZ A„N¡ ÅN©rs gph¡, h¥opr“L$
×rô$L$p¡Z“p¡ rhL$pk ’pe, bp¥qÙL$ rhL$pk“u kp’¡ âhpk

k„ep¡S>“ âdyM : îudsu L¡$sL$u r“s¡i Å“u A“¡ dprlsu“p op“dp„ h©qÙ L$f¡ A“¡ v$f¡L$ cprjL$
rhi¡jpr^L$pfu NyS>fpsu, L$p¥iëep¡“p¡ rhL$pk ’pe s¡ dpV¡$ ‘|f¡‘|fp¡ âeГ L$fhpdp„
‘pW$é‘yõsL$ d„X$m, ‘yZ¡ -4 Apìep¡ R>¡. cprjL$ kdS>“u M|bS> kfm iåv$p¡dp„
fS|>Aps rhÛp’}Ap¡ kl¡gpC’u kdÆ iL$i¡. Al]

rQÓp„L$“ A“¡ dyM‘©›$ : îu. k„S>e ‘V¡$g, dy„bC Ap‘¡gp âL$ë‘p¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“u kS>®“i[¼s Mughi¡
"L©$rsdp„’u iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡', "r“funZ L$fp¡', "QQp® L$fp¡',
r“rd®rs : îu. k[ÃQsp“„v$ Apam¡, A“¡ rhQpfiug õhpÝepep¡ rhÛp’}Ap“¡ u ApL$g“i[¼s“¡
h¡N Ap‘i¡.
dy¿e r“rd®rs Ar^L$pfu

îu. k„v$u‘ ApS>Np„hL$f,

r“rd®rs Ar^L$pfu Ap ‘pW$é‘yõsL$“p AÝee“ ‘R>u hj®“p A„s¡

rhÛp’}Ap¡ A‘¡rns ndspAp¡ Qp¡½$k âpàs L$fu iL$i¡

Anfp„L$“ : NyS>fpsu rhcpN, s¡hp¡ rhðpk R>¡. rinL$p¡, rhÛp’}Ap¡ A“¡ hpguAp¡

‘pW$é‘yõsL$ d„X$m, ‘yZ¡ - 4. ‘yõsL$“¡ AphL$pfi¡ s¡hu A‘¡np.

L$pNm : 70 GSM Creamwove ‘yZ¡
dyÖZpv$¡i :N/PB/2020-21/ spfuM : 28/03/2017, NyX$u ‘X$hp¡,
cpfsue kp¥f : 7 Q¥Ó 1939

dyÖL$ :M/s

âL$piL$ : îu. rhh¡L$ Np¡kphu, r“e„ÓL$ X$pµ. kyr“g dNf
(k„QpgL$)
‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs d„X$m,
dlpfpô²$ fpÄe ‘pW$é‘yõsL$
âcpv$¡hu, dy„bB - 25. r“rd®rs d„X$m, ‘yZ¡

ipk“ r“Z®e ¾$dp„L$ : Aæepk-2116/(â.¾$.43/16) A¡kX$u-4 qv$“p„L$ 25-4-2016 AÞhe¡ õ’‘pe¡g
kdÞhe krdrs“u qv$. 3-3-2017 fp¡S>“u b¡W$L$dp„ Ap ‘yõsL$ r“^p®qfs L$fhp dpÞesp Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

kprlÐNySe>fps‘u qfQe
^p¡fZ - kpsdy„

dlpfpô²$ fpÄe ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs A“¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^“ d„X$m, ‘yZ¡-411004.

sdpfp„ õdpV®$ap¡“dp„ DIKSHA App Üpfp ‘pW$é‘yõsL$“p„ ‘l¡gp
‘p“p„ ‘f“p„ Q.R. Code’u qX$rS>V$g ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ A“¡ v$f¡L$ ‘pW$dp„
Ap‘¡gp Q.R. Code’u s¡ k„b„r^s ‘pW$“p„ AÝee“ - AÝep‘“
dpV¡$ D‘ep¡Nu ×íe-îpìe kprlÐe D‘gå^ ’i¡.





A“yL$drZL$p

¾$d. ‘pW$/L$rhsp“y„ “pd g¡ML$/L$rh“y„ “pd ‘©›$ ¾$. A‘¡rns r‘qfeX$

1. âp’®“p rQÓcp“y 1 7

2. N©lgÿdu gp¡L$L$’p 5 8

3. rÓf„Np¡ drZgpg A¡d. îudpmu 11 7

4. d|rs® X$p¸. ApC. L¡$. huS>muhpmp 14 8

* cprjL$ kdS> 18 6

5. Mçdp hufp“¡ ! Þlp“pgpg 19 7

6. kyN„^ L$ÃR>“u v$i®“p ^p¡mL$uep 22 8

7. sfyhf qL$ip¡fgpg diê$hpmp 27 7

8. rhV$pdu“ tTv$pbpv$ dN“gpg N„^p 31 8

* D‘¾$d 38 6

* cprjL$ kdS> 38 3

* L$rh-g¡ML$ ‘qfQe 40 2

rinL$rdÓp¡,

Ap ‘pW$é‘yõsL$dp„ âÐe¡L$ L©$rs“p AÝep‘“ dpV¡$ A“y¾$drZL$pdp„ r‘qfeX$ apmhp“p¡ “|s“ ArcNd AphL$pfip¡
s¡hu A‘¡np R>¡.

Al] apmh¡gp r‘qfeX$ dpN®v$i®“ dpV¡$ R>¡. sd¡ sdpfp k„Å¡Np¡ âdpZ¡ h^OV$ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. âÐe¡L$ L©$rs“p
AÝee““¡ ‘ep®às r‘qfeX$ Ap‘hp“p¡ ApN°l fpMhp¡.

"lº„ hp„Qy„............sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡' dpV¡$ ‘Z r‘qfeX$ apmhhp AphíeL$ R>¡.

1. âp’®“p

Qpgp¡ r“funZ L$fuA¡.

d¥Óucph“y„ ‘rhÓ TfÏ„ dyS> l¥epdp„ hüp L$f¡,
iyc ’pAp¡ Ap kL$g rhð“y„ A¡hu cph“p r“Ðe fl¡,
NyZ’u cf¡gp, NyZuS>“ v$¡Mu, l¥ey„ dpfy„ “©Ðe L$f¡,
A¡ k„sp¡“p QfZL$dgdp„, dyS> Æh““y„ AÝe® fl¡;

d¥Óucph“y„....
v$u“, ¾|$f “¡ ^d® rhlp¡Zp, v$¡Mu qv$gdp„ v$v$® fl¡,
L$fyZp cu“u Ap„Mp¡dp„’u, Aîy“p¡ iyc õÓp¡s hl¡.

d¥Óucph“y„....
dpN® c|g¡gp Æh“ ‘r’L$“¡, dpN® Q]^hp Ecp¡ flº„,
L$f¡ D‘¡np A¡ dpN®“u, sp¡ e¡ kdsp rQÑ ^fy„.

d¥Óucph“y„....
rQÓcp“y“u ^d® cph“p, l¥e¡ kp¥ dp“h gph¡,
h¡f-T¡f“p„ ‘p‘ sÆ“¡, d„Ng Nusp¡ A¡ Nph¡.

d¥Óucph“y„....
- rQÓcp“y

1

õhpÝepe

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$rhspdp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.
(1) v$p¡õsu - ................................ (2) ùv$e - ................................
(3) Nfub - ................................ (4) v$ep - ................................
(5) fõsp¡ - ................................ (6) AhNZ“p - ................................
(7) OpsL$u - ................................ (8) dykpaf - ................................

k.2 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ iåv$ L$p¦kdp„’u ip¡^p¡.

(v$epmy, Aiyc, ‘yÎe, Ad„Ng, d©Ðey, A^d®, vy$íd“u, AhNyZ)

(1) Æh“ Í d©Ðey (2) d¥Óu Í

(3) iyc Í (4) ¾|$f Í

(5) NyZ Í (6) ^d® Í

(7) ‘p‘ Í (8) d„Ng Í

k.3 Dv$plfZ dyS>b A’®c¡v$ gMp¡. v$u“ = Nfub, fp„L$
v$p.s. qv$“ = qv$hk, (2) h^y : h^|
(1) ‘prZ : ‘pZu (4) kyf : k|f
(3) frh : fhu (6) ‘yf : ‘|f
(5) Quf : Quf

k.4 Dv$plfZ dyS>b "BL$' gNphu rhi¡jZ b“php¡.

v$p.s. (1) ^d® - ^prd®L$ v$p.s. (2) v$¡l - v$¥rlL$

(1) d„Ng - (1) h¡v$ -

(2) kdpS> - (2) v$¡i -

(3) A’® - (3) v$¡h -

v$p.s. (3) Brslpk - A¥rslprkL$ v$p.s. (4) c|Np¡m - cp¥Np¡rgL$

(1) qv$“ - (1) ‘yfpZ -

(2) “urs - (2) d|g -

(3) rhð - (3) byqÙ -
2

k.5 rhi¡jZ A“¡ rhi¡óe“¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡.

(A) (b)

(1) L$fyZp cu“u (1) Æh“ ‘r’L$

(2) iyc (2) Nusp¡

(3) dpN® c|g¡gp (3) Ap„Mp¡

(4) d„Ng (4) ”p¡s

k.6 L$pìe‘„[¼sdp„ M|V$sp¡ iåv$ gMp¡.
(1) ..........¾|$f “¡ ^d® rhlp¡Zp, v$¡Mu qv$gdp„ v$v$® fl¡.
(2) h¡f, T¡f“p„ ‘p‘ sÆ“¡, ................ Nusp¡ A¡ Nph¡.
(3) A¡ k„sp¡“p QfZL$dgdp„ dyS> Æh““y„.................. fl¡.
(4) iyc ’pAp¡ Ap kL$g ................ “y„ A¡hu cph“p r“Ðe fl¡.

k.7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u Mpgu S>Áepdp„ gMp¡.
(1) L$rh“p d“dp„..............“y„ ‘rhÓ TfÏ„ hl¡ R>¡.
(L$) v$epcph (b) L$fyZpcph (N) d¥Óucph
(2) klº dp“hu“p„ l¥e¡.................Aph¡ A¡hy„ L$rh BÃR>¡ R>¡.
(L$) Års cph“p (M) ^d® cph“p (N) d„Ng cph“p
(3) L$rh BÃR>¡ R>¡ L¡$ k„sp¡“p QfZL$dmdp„ dpfp Æh““y„ .................fl¡.
(L$) “©Ðe (M) ”p¡s (N) AÝe®

k.8 sdpfp rdÓ rhi¡ ‘p„Q hp¼ep¡ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ

* sd¡ L$p¡C v$u“vy$:rMep“¡ dv$v$ L$fu lp¡e sp¡ s¡ âk„N“y„ hZ®“ hN®“p rhÛp’}Ap¡ kdn fS|> L$fp¡.
* V$lºL$p¡ X$p¡V$ L$p¡ddp„ "Æh“ A„S>rg ’pÅ¡' L$pìe kQ® L$fu hN®dp„ NpAp¡.

3

âL$ë‘
* kh®^d® kdcph“u A¡L$pv$u L$rhsp L$pX®$bp¡X®$ ‘f gMu, ^d®“p„ âsuL$p¡“p„ rQÓp¡ v$p¡fp¡.

lº„ hp„Q„y............... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡.

Ap¡ âcy àepfp,
v$¡hvy$gpfp;
d“d„qv$fdp„ Aphp¡“¡.
Ap rhð“p spfZlpfp
kh® Æhp¡“p fnZlpfp,
Ap¡ âcy àepfp,
“„v$vy$gpfp d“d„qv$fdp„ Aphp¡“¡.
“p“p„ “p“p„ c|gL$p„ àepfp„,
v$i®“ L$fhp Aph¡ spfp„,
Ap¡ âcy àepfp
dp¡fguhpmp d“d„qv$fdp„ Aphp¡“¡.
b¡ L$f Å¡X$u âp’®“p L$fuA¡,
r“iqv$“ spfy„ Ýep“ S> ^fuA¡,
Ap¡ âcy àepfp..........

AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s
Ap L$rhsp“y„ kd|lNp“ L$fphhy„. hky^¥h Ly$Vy„$bL$d¹“u cph“p rhÛp’}Ap¡dp„ ×Y$ ’pe A¡hp„
Dv$plfZp¡ Ap‘hp„. L$pìedp„ Ap‘¡gp„ rQÓp¡“y„ r“funZ L$fu Sy>v$p Sy>v$p ^d®“p„ âsuL$p¡“u kdS> Ap‘hp
rhÛp’}Ap¡ kp’¡ kq¾$e QQp® L$fhu A“¡ kpQp dp“h^d® s¡dS> d¥Óu^d®“u hpsp¡ Dv$plfZ Ap‘u
õ‘ô$ L$fhu. v$u“-vy$:rMep“¡ dv$v$ L$fhu s¡d S> k„h¡v$“iugsp“p NyZ rhÛp’}Ap¡dp„ L¡$mhpe A¡hp
A¡L$pv$-b¡ âk„Np¡ L$l¡hp. L$rhspdp„ Aphsp b¡ Anf“p, ÓZ Anf“p A“¡ Qpf Anf“p iåv$p¡“y„
A“yg¡M“ s¡dS> îysg¡M“ L$fphhy„.

rdÓ A¡hp¡ ip¡^hp¡, Y$pg kfuMp¡ lp¡e;
kyMdp„ ‘pR>m ‘X$u fl¡, vy$:Mdp„ ApNm lp¡e.

4

2.N©lgÿdu

Qpgp¡ hpsp® kp„cmuA¡......
A¡L$ “Nfi¡W$ - Qpf v$uL$fp - i¡W$“u Jdf ’hu - L$pfcpf kp¢‘sp ‘l¡gp„ v$uL$fpAp¡“u L$kp¡V$u
L$fhp“p¡ r“Z®e - Qpf¡e“¡ bp¡gphhp - ‘p„Q ê$r‘epdp„ Ap¡fX$p¡ cfhp“u hps - ‘l¡gp¡ v$uL$fp¡
hp‘fu “p„M¡ R>¡ - buÅ¡ v$uL$fp¡ OJ Mfuv$u“¡ Nd¡ s¡d h¡fu v$¡ R>¡ - ÓuÅ¡ ê$“p Y$Ngp L$f¡ R>¡
- Qp¡’p¡ Ou, L$p¡qX$ey„, ê$, dpQuk Mfuv$u“¡ v$uhp¡ L$f¡ R>¡ - âL$pi’u Ap¡fX$p¡ cfpC Åe R>¡ -
lp¢riepfu’u i¡W$ âkß - L$pfcpf Qp¡’p v$uL$fp“¡ kp¢‘hp¡ -

^“‘pg i¡W$“y„ “pd v|$f-v|$f ky^u ÅZusy„ lsy„. v|$f v$¡iphf kp’¡ A¡d“p¡ h¡‘pf Qpgsp¡ lsp¡.
A¡d“¡ Ap„NZ¡ gÿdu“u R>p¡mp¡ ER>msu lsu. Ofdp„ MfQsp„ M|V¡$ “rl, s¡V$gy„ ^“ lsy„. Apd
R>sp„ i¡W$ NZsfuhpmp lsp. A¡ kdS>sp lsp L¡$ Of“u fpZu AphX$shpmu “ lp¡e, sp¡ AY$mL$
^“ ‘Z M|V$u Åe.
i¡W$“¡ Qpf v$uL$fp lsp. v$uL$fpAp¡“u Qpf hlºAp¡ lsu. v$uL$fp sp¡ Æh ‘fp¡hu“¡ h¡‘pf-^„^pdp„
‘X$u Nep lsp. A¡d“u lp¢riepfu A“¡ kdS>v$pfu’u i¡W$“¡ k„sp¡j lsp¡. v$uL$fpAp¡“u hlºAp¡ QpgpL$
A“¡ OffMy R>¡ L¡$ “rl A¡ ÅZhp“u i¡W$“¡ BÃR>p ’C. A¡d“y„ ‘pfMy„ L$fhp dpV¡$ i¡W¡$ A¡L$ ey[¼s
rhQpfu L$pY$u.

5

A¡L$ qv$hk¡ i¡W¡$ Qpf¡ hlºAp¡“¡ bp¡gphu“¡ L$üy„, ""b¡V$p, lº„ ApS>¡ sd“¡ v$f¡L$“¡ X$p„Nf“p Ap
‘p„Q-‘p„Q v$pZp Ap‘y„ Ry>„. L$p¡CL$ hpf A¡ v$pZp lº„ sdpfu ‘pk¡’u ‘pR>p dpNui; dpV¡$ A¡ v$pZp
S>s“ L$fu“¡ kpQhu fpMÅ¡.'' A¡V$gy„ L$lu A¡dZ¡ v$f¡L$ hlº“¡ ‘p„Q-‘p„Q v$pZp Ap‘u rhv$pe L$fu.
hlºAp¡ v$pZp gC lksu-lksu Qpgu NC.

dp¡V$u hlº S>fp DR>p„R>mu A“¡ R>uR>fu byqÙ“u lsu. A¡“¡ ’ey„, ""X$p¡kpe L¡$hp TuZp Æh“p
R>¡ ! Ap‘u-Ap‘u“¡ X$p„Nf“p ‘p„Q v$pZp Apàep R>¡ ! A¡d rhQpfu, v$pZp bpfu blpf a¢L$u v$C
A¡ r“fp„s¡ k|C NC. kkfpÆ“u hps“p¡ dd® A¡ kdÆ iL$u “rl.

buÅ R>p¡L$fp“u hlº S>fpL$ gpNZuhpmu ‘Z gl¡fu lsu, s¡“¡ ’ey„ ""kkfpÆA¡ cg¡ ‘p„Q
v$pZp Apàep. A¡ sp¡ A¡“u âkpv$u NZpe. A¡“¡ dpd|gu QuS> NZu a¢L$u “ v$¡hpe. ‘pR>p dpNi¡
Ðepf¡ Å¡ey„ S>i¡. L$p¡W$udp„’u L$pY$u“¡ buÅ v$pZp Ap‘sp„ iu hpf gpNhp“u R>¡?'' A¡hp¡ rhQpf
L$fu, v$pZp ap¡gu L$Z MpC NC. A¡“¡ ‘Z kkfpÆ“u hps“p¡ dd® “ kdÅep¡.

ÓuÅ R>p¡L$fp“u hlº S>fpL$ TuZp õhcph“u lsu. A¡Z¡ rhQpey¯, ""kkfpÆA¡ Ap‘¡gp ‘p„Q
v$pZp v$pbX$udp„ d|L$u“¡ kpQhu fpMhp A“¡ dpN¡ Ðepf¡ v$pbX$u Mp¡gu“¡ L$pY$u Ap‘hp. A¡dp„ L„$C
dp¡V$u hps “’u.'' A¡d rhQpf L$fu A¡Z¡ A¡ v$pZp“¡ v$pbX$udp„ d|L$u k„Ofu fp¿ep. ÓuÆ hlº ‘Z
i¡W$“u hps“p¡ dd® kdÆ iL$u “rl.

kp¥’u “p“p v$uL$fp“u hlº Qsyf A“¡ kdSy> lsu. A¡“¡ ’ey„, ""kkfpÆ“u hpsdp„ L$p„CL$ KX$p¡
dd® lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. Ap v$pZp k„Ofu fpMhp A¡ hps sp¡ kpQu, ‘Z k„Of¡gp v$pZp hMs S>sp„
bNX$u Åe, A¡“p L$fsp„ A¡ v$pZp M¡sfdp„ hhfphu v$J sp¡ L¡$hy„? L$Zdp„’u dZ ’sp„ A“pS>“¡
L¡$V$gu hpf? A“¡ kkfpÆ“¡ ‘Z A¡ S>ê$f Ndu S>i¡.''

Apd rhQpf L$fu A¡Z¡ Ap ‘p„Q v$pZp ‘p¡sp“p r‘efdp„ dp¡L$gphu“¡ hhfpìep. A¡L$ kpg NC.
buÆ kpg NC. ‘pL$ ‘pL$sp¡ Nep¡ “¡ hlº A¡“¡ afu-afu hhfphsu NC. Ap fus¡ ‘¡gp v$pZp
h^sp S> Qpëep. ‘¡gu ÓZ¡e dp¡V$u hlºAp¡ sp¡ Ap v$pZp“u hps ‘Z c|gu NC lsu. ‘Z Qp¡’u
hlº“¡ sp¡ Ap hps lfl„d¡i epv$ fl¡su. ‘R>u A¡L$ qv$hk i¡W¡$ Qpf hlºAp¡“¡ bp¡gphu“¡ L$üy„, ""hlº
b¡V$p, X$p„Nf“p ‘¡gp ‘p„Q v$pZp ‘pR>p Ap‘p¡.'' ‘l¡gu b¡ hlºAp¡ L$l¡, ""A¡ v$pZp sp¡ s¡ v$lpX¡$
S> ‘|fp ’C Nep. lh¡ A¡ v$pZp ¼ep„’u gphuA¡? L$lp¡ sp¡ L$p¡W$udp„’u ‘p„Q-‘p„Q v$pZp gC
AphuA¡.'' ÓuÆ hlº L$l¡, ""kkfpÆ, d¢ A¡ v$pZp bfpbf kpQhu fp¿ep R>¡. ’p¡cp¡, lº„ v$pbX$u
gC Aphy„.'' A¡d L$lu A¡ Ofdp„ NC A“¡ v$pbX$udp„’u L$pY$u A¡Z¡ ‘p„Q¡e v$pZp kkfpÆ“p lp’dp„
d|¼ep. “p“u hlº Ap b^y„ Å¡su, ^udy„-^udy„ lku flu lsu. i¡W¡$ L$üy„, ""v$uL$fp, sy„ L¡$d L„$C
bp¡gsu “’u? Å, spfp v$pZp gC Aph. L¡$d, gphu iL$ui “¡?''

A¡Z¡ L$üy„, ""kkfpÆ, A¡ v$pZp gphhp dpV¡$ Ap‘“¡ dpf¡ r‘ef NpX$p„ dp¡L$ghp„ ‘X$i¡. ApS>¡
lh¡ A¡ v$pZp ‘p„Q “’u füp. A¡ h^u-h^u“¡ NpX$p„ cfpe s¡V$gp ’ep R>¡.''

‘R>u “p“u hlºA¡ A¡ v$pZp“u hps dp„X$u“¡ L$lu k„cmphu. A¡ ‘f’u ^“‘pg¡ ÓZ¡ dp¡V$u
hlºAp¡“¡ L$üy„, ""sdpfp kp¥dp„ Ap “p“u hlº W$f¡g A“¡ Qsyf R>¡. ApS>’u Ap‘Zp ApMp Of“p¡
L$pfcpf A¡ Qgphi¡. sd¡ kp¥ A¡“p ipZ‘Z“p¡ gpc g¡Å¡.''

6

A“¡ ‘R>u i¡W$ “p“u hlº sfa Å¡C“¡ bp¡ëep, ""v$uL$fu, ApS>’u Ofdp„ L$p¡W$pf“p¡ L$pfcpf s“¡
kp¢‘y„ Ry>„. d“¡ Mpsfu ’C R>¡ L¡$ sy„ Ap Of“u gÿdu R>¡. spfp lp’dp„ Aph¡gu k„‘rÑ h^su
S> S>i¡. sy„ S> dpfp Of“¡ kpfu fus¡ kpQhu iL$i¡.''

‘R>u A¡dZ¡ ÓuÆ hlº“¡ L$üy„, ""b¡V$p, ApS>’u fkp¡X$p“p¡ L$pfcpf spf¡ kpQhhp“p¡. buÆ hlº“¡
L$üy„, “p¡L$fQpL$f D‘f v$¡Mf¡M spf¡ fpMhp“u. A“¡ dp¡V$u hlº“¡ L$üy„, hlºÆ, Of“u kpak|au“u
S>hpbv$pfu sdpf¡ k„cpmu g¡hp“u.''
‘R>u i¡W¡$ b^u hlºAp¡“¡ L$üy„, ""kp¥ ‘p¡s‘p¡sp“u k|T âdpZ¡ A“¡ õhcph âdpZ¡ hl¢Qu“¡
Of“y„ L$pd L$fip¡, sp¡ Of“u ip¡cp fl¡i¡ A“¡ b^p„ kyMu ’ip¡.''

õhpÝepe

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.
(1) flõe - ................................ (2) kdS> - ................................
(3) “L$pdu - ................................ (4) ‘yóL$m - ................................
(5) ‘funp - ................................ (6) qv$hk - ................................
(7) kpQhhy„ - .............................. (8) gpeL$ps - ................................

k.2 “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$ gMp¡ : v$p.s. “p¡L$f ´ i¡W$
(1) L$pQy„ ´ ............... (2) h^hy„ ´ ...............
(3) k„sp¡j ´ ............... (4) S>hpbv$pfu ´ ...............
(5) BÃR>p ´ ............... (6) ‘l¡gy„ ´ ...............

k.3 Dv$plfZ dyS>b ‘pW$dp„’u b¡hX$psp iåv$ ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡.
Dv$p. lksu lksu
(1) ................................ (2) ................................
(3) ................................ (4) ................................

7

k.4 iåv$kd|l A“¡ A’®“u ep¡Áe Å¡X$u b“php¡.

(A) (b)
(1) Æh ‘fp¡hhp¡ (A) ’p¡X$pdp„’u h^pf¡ ’hy„.
(2) TuZp Æh“p lp¡hy„ (b) Mgpk ’C S>hy„
(3) L$Zdp„’u dZ ’hy„ (L$) hps rhNshpf L$l¡hu
(4) ‘|fy„ ’C S>hy„ (X$) V|„$L$p õhcph“p lp¡hy„
(5) hps dp„X$u“¡ L$l¡hu (B) ‘yóL$m âdpZdp„ ^“ lp¡hy„.
(6) gÿdu“u R>p¡mp¡ EX$hu (C) Ýep“ fpMhy„.

k.5 (A) Års bv$gu iåv$ gMp¡.

v$p.s. hlº - hf

(1) kkfp¡ - ( 2) i¡W$ - (3) bl¡“ -

(4) v$uL$fu - ( 5) dp¡f - (6) kp„Y$ -

(b) dpÞe DÃQpfZ dpV¡$ Dv$plfZ dyS>b "f' “u S>ÁepA¡ "X$'$ d|L$u iåv$ afu’u gMp¡.

v$p.s. hhfphhy„ - hhX$phhy„

Mhfphhy„, “hfphhy„, ‘uhfphhy„, g¡hfphhy„

k.6 “pd“¡ Ap^pf¡ q¾$ep‘v$dp„ a¡fapf L$fu hp¼e afu’u gMp¡.
v$p.s. s¡Z¡ v$pbX$udp„’u v$pZp L$pY$u“¡ Apàep.
(lpf)

s¡Z¡ v$pbX$udp„’u lpf L$pY$u“¡ Apàep¡.
(dpmp)
(dp¡suAp¡)
(b„NX$uAp¡)
(lufp¡)
(Of¡Ï„)

k.7 “uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡ L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡ s¡ gMp¡ :
(1) ""A¡ v$pZp S>s“ L$fu“¡ kpQhu fpMÅ¡.''
(2) ""A¡ v$pZp sp¡ s¡ S> v$lpX¡$ ‘|fp ’C Nep.''
(3) ""kkfpÆ, d¢ A¡ v$pZp bfpbf kpQhu fp¿ep R>¡. ’p¡cp¡, lº„ v$pbX$u gC Aphy„.''
(4) ""kkfpÆ, A¡ v$pZp gphhp dpV¡$ Ap‘“¡ dpf¡ r‘ef NpX$p„ dp¡L$ghp„ ‘X$i¡.''
(5) ""b¡V$p, ApS>’u fkp¡X$p“p¡ L$pfcpf spf¡ kpQhhp“p¡ R>¡.''

8

k.8 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu hp¼e ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :
(1) ^“‘pg i¡W$“u ‘qf[õ’rs............
(A) kp^pfZ lsu.
(b) ‘¥k¡ V$L¡$ kpfu lsu.
(L$) kpfu “lp¡su
(2) ^“‘pg i¡W$“u ‘yÓh^|Ap¡ ............
(A) QpgpL$ lsu.
(b) TOX$pmy lsu.
(L$) X$ap¡m lsu
(3) dp¡V$u hlºA¡ kkfpA¡ Ap‘¡gp v$pZp a¢L$u v$u^p L$pfZ L¡$ ............
(A) v$pZp kpQhu fpMhpdp„ ipZ‘Z “lp¡sy„.
(b) “L$pdp kdÆ a¢L$u v$u^p.
(L$) kkfpA¡ Ap‘¡gp v$pZp“p¡ dd® kdÅe s¡V$gu kdS> s¡“pdp„ “lp¡su.

k.9 i¡W¡$ “p“u hlº“¡ ApMp Of“p¡ L$pfcpf kp¢àep¡ L$pfZ L¡ ......
(1) “p“u hlº W$f¡g A“¡ Qsyf R>¡.
(2) “p“u hlº L$p¡W$pf cfu b^p“u c|M k„sp¡j¡ R>¡.
(3) “p“u hlº Of“y„ b^y„ S> k„cpmu iL¡$ A¡d R>¡.

k.10 ApX$pAhmp iåv$p¡“¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hu“¡ A’®‘|Z® hp¼e b“php¡.
(1) lsu õhcph“u ÓuÅ TuZp S>fpL$ R>p¡L$fp“u hlº
(2) Qpgsp¡ v|$f h¡‘pf lsp¡ A¡d“p¡ kp’¡ v$¡iphf
(3) “’u ‘p„Q füp ApS>¡ v$pZp A¡ lh¡
(4) kdSy> “p“p hlº v$uL$fp“u kp¥’u lsu Qsyf A“¡

k.11 sdpfp rhQpf A“ykpf S>¡ î¡›$ hlº R>¡ s¡ rhi¡ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ
* sdpfp hX$ugp¡ ‘pk¡’u L$p¡C ‘pf„‘pqfL$ hpsp® ÅZu gphu hN®dp„ L$lp¡.
* BÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f gp¡L$L$’p (Folkstory) kQ® L$fp¡. AÞe v$¡i“u A¡L$pv$ gp¡L$L$’p hp„Qu Of“p

hX$ug“¡ L$lp¡.
9

âL$ë‘

Of“p„ b^p„ L$pd ‘p¡sp“u k|T-b|T, AphX$s dyS>b hl¢Qu“¡ L$fhp’u apev$p¡ ’pe R>¡. sdpfp
hN®dp„ ‘Z Aphy„ ’C iL¡$? L$pe® hl¢QZu“p¡ A’hp hN®krdrs“p¡ s¼sp¡ b“phu“¡ hN®dp„ gNpX$p¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ ...... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡

â¿eps> kdpS> ky^pfL$ BðfQ„Ö rhÛpkpNf k„õL©$s cpjp“p ‘Z dlp“ ‘„qX$s lsp. s¡d“u
rh^hp dpspA¡ s¡d“¡ A“¡L$ sL$guap¡ h¡W$u“¡ cZph¡gp. v$uL$fp“¡ cZphhp s¡dZ¡ ‘p¡sp“p„ kp¡“p“p„
Of¡Zp„ ‘Z h¡Qu v$u^¡gp„. s¡dZ¡ OZu b^u dyíL¡$guAp¡ kl“ L$fu lsu.
kde ‘kpf ’sp„ BðfQ„Ö cZuNZu“¡ dp¡V$p âp¡a¡kf bÞep. A¡L$ qv$hk s¡dZ¡ dpsp“¡ L$üy„,
""dp, ApS>¡ lº„ S>¡ ‘Z L„$C Ry>„ s¡ spfp ÐepN A“¡ ddsp“¡ âsp‘¡ Ry>„. spfy„ F>Z lº„ L$v$u
Q|L$hu iLy„$ s¡d “’u. dpfp Aæepk ‘pR>m spfp„ qL„$dsu Of¡Zp„ h¡QpC Nep„. dpfu BÃR>p R>¡
L¡$ lº„ s“¡ “hp„ Of¡Zp„ gphu Ap‘y„.''
dpA¡ lmh¡’u A“¡ ky„v$f S>hpb Apàep¡. ""b¡V$p ! dpf¡ lh¡ A¡hp„ Of¡Zp„ iy„ L$pd“p„? A“¡
lp, R>sp„ ‘Z spfu BÃR>p lp¡e sp¡ lº„ L$lº„ A¡hp„ Of¡Zp„ s¥epf L$fu Ap‘ !'' BðfQ„Ö¡ DÐkpldp„
Aphu L$üy„, ""dp! bp¡g spf¡ L¡$hp„ Of¡Zp„ Å¡CA¡ R>¡?'' dpspA¡ L$üy„, ""sy„ au rh“p“u ipmpAp¡
iê$ L$f. Äep„ bpmL$p¡ das A“¡ kpfy„ rinZ d¡mh¡. gp¡L$p¡“p„ v$v$® A“¡ ‘uX$p v|$f ’pe s¡hp„ au
rh“p“p„ v$hpMp“p„ iê$ L$f. Nfub A“¡ Ai¼s, gpQpf gp¡L$p¡“¡ ‘¡V$ cfu“¡ S>dhp“y„ dm¡ A¡hp„
kv$ph°s iê$ L$f. Aphp„ Of¡Zp„ S> Ap‘Zu A“¡ kdpS>“u ip¡cp b“u fl¡i¡.''

BðfQ„Ö¡ dpsp“u d“p¡L$pd“p ‘|fu L$fhp dpV¡$ s¡ S> qv$hk’u iyc L$pe®“p¡ Apf„c L$fu v$u^p¡.

AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s
Ap hpsp® iuMhsp„ ‘l¡gp„ "Qpgp¡ hpsp® kp„cmuA¡dp„' Ap‘¡gp dyØpAp¡ ‘f’u hpsp®
b“phu rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ âñp¡ ‘|R>hp.
Ap bp¡^L$’p ‘Z A¡“p S>¡hu S> A¡L$ hpsp® R>¡ S>¡ Æh“dp„ Dspfhu S>ê$fu R>¡. gOyâñp¡
‘|R>u ‘pW$“p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡. v$f¡L$ hlº“p õhcphdp„ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ iy„ rhi¡j gpÁey„ s¡ s¡d“u
‘pk¡’u Ahíe ÅZhy„. kkfpA¡ gu^¡gu hlºAp¡“u L$kp¡V$u“u ep¡Áesp - Aep¡Áesp rhi¡ ‘Z QQp®
L$fhu.

v$uO®×rô$’u L$f¡gp„ L$pep£ kamsp“¡ hf¡ R>¡.

10

3. rÓf„Np¡ gl¡fpsp¡

L©$rs L$fp¡ : * ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡

(A) (b) * L$lp¡ Å¡CA¡......
(1) ip„rs“p¡ k„v$¡i (A) L¡$kqfep¡ f„N
(2) lqfepmu ¾$p„rs (b) ka¡v$ f„N (1) rÓf„Nu (2) ‘„Qf„Nu
(3) brgv$p““p¡ f„N (L$) Aip¡L$Q¾$
(4) kss L$pe®fs (X$) gugp¡ f„N (3) káf„Nu (4) “hf„Nu

glf glf glfpsp¡
dpfp¡ rÓf„Np¡ R>¡ T„X$p¡
dpfp¡ rÓf„Np¡ R>¡ T„X$p¡
L¡$kqfep¡ f„N R>¡ ‘l¡gp¡
v$¡i L$pS> EW¡$ R>¡ hl¡gp¡;

L¡$kqfep„ L$fu bsgphp¡........ dpfp¡
ka¡v$ ‘Ë$p¡ ky„v$f v$uk¡
rhðip„rs“p ‘pW$ S> rhi¡

kÐe, Atlkp A‘“php¡....... dpfp¡
gugp f„N“u gugp Þepfu
“e“ fçe “¡ ¾$p„rs lqfepmu

dp cpfs“p¡ S>e NhX$php¡ ......... dpfp¡
Aip¡L$Q¾$“u ApZ OZ¡fu
rÓf„Npdp„ ip¡c¡ A“¡fu

fpô²$Np“ NhX$php¡......... dpfp¡
âÅkÑpL$ qv$“ r“rdÑ¡
âcps¡ NyZ NpAp¡ l¡s¡.
huf brgv$p“ rbfv$php¡,
dpfp¡ rÓf„Np¡ R>¡ T„X$p¡

- drZgpg A¡d. îudpmu (rdg“)

11

õhpÝepe

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$rhspdp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) ÝhS>................................ (2) Ap„M ................................

(3) Apv$¡i ............................. (4) Ly$fbp“u .............................

(5) qv$hk................................ (6) khpf ................................



k.2 L$pìedp„’u âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡ : Dv$p. ‘l¡gp¡ - hl¡gp¡

(1) v$uk¡ (2) OZ¡fu (3) Þepfu (4) bsgphp¡

k.3 L$p¦kdp„’u rhfp¡^u A’® v$ip®hsp¡ iåv$ gMp¡. (L$pef, fps, tlkp, AkÐe, AhNyZ, k„Ýep,

dp¡X$p¡, ‘fpS>e)

1) âcps 2) huf

3) Atlkp 4) NyZ

5) kÐe 6) hl¡gp¡

7) qv$“ 8) S>e

k.4 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fu d“Ndsp„ hp¼e b“php¡.

1) T„X$p¡ 2) rhðip„rs 3) kÐe 4) ¾$p„rs 5) brgv$p“

k.5 A) ÓZ f„Nhpmy„ lp¡e sp¡ rÓf„Nu sp¡ -

(1) Qpf f„Nhpmy„ ................ (2) ‘p„Q f„Nhpmy ...............

(3) kps f„Nhpmy ............... (4) “h f„Nhpmy..................

b. "rÓf„Nu'“u S>¡d "rÓ' gpNu“¡ b“sp buÅ 7 (kps) iåv$p¡ b“php¡.

k.6. Dv$plfZ dyS>b hp¼e“y„ blºhQ“ L$fp¡. v$p.s. T„X$p¡ ip“’u gl¡fpe R>¡.
S>hpb - T„X$p ip“’u gl¡fpe R>¡.
1. k¥r“L$ kflv$“u fnp L$f¡ R>¡.
2. hÃQ¡ hÃQ¡ gugy„ ‘p„v$Xy„$ d|L$p¡.
3. bl¡“¡ sp¡fZ b“pìey„.
4. Ap„NZpdp„ kpr’ep¡ ‘|ep£.

k.7 L$pìe‘„[¼sdp„ M|V$sp¡ iåv$ gMp¡.
(1) .............. L$pS> EW¡$ R>¡ hl¡gp¡. (2) kÐe ................ A‘“php¡.
(3) dp.............. “p¡ S>e NhX$php¡. (4) Aip¡L$Q¾$“u............ OZ¡fu

k.8 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡.
(1) Ap‘Zp¡ T„X$p¡ ............. R>¡. (L$) ‘„Qf„Np¡ (M) “hf„Np¡ (N) qÓf„Np¡

12

(2) rÓf„Npdp„ ‘l¡gp¡ f„N ................... R>¡.

(L$) gugp¡ (M) L¡$kqfep¡ (N) ka¡v$

(3) ka¡v$ f„N ................... “p¡ k|QL$ R>¡.

(L$) lqfepmu (M) ip„rs (N) kd©qÙ

(4) Ap‘Z¡ ................... “p brgv$p““¡ rbfv$phuA¡ R>uA¡.

(L$) huf (M) L$pef (N) X$f‘p¡L$

k.9 rÓf„Np T„X$p“¡ sd¡ S>¡ fus¡ dp“ Ap‘p¡ R>p¡ s¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ
"Ap‘Zp¡ fpô²$ÝhS>' Ap rhje ‘f Qpf-‘p„Q hp¼ep¡ L$lp¡.

âL$ë‘

Ap‘Zp v$¡i“p fpô²$ÝhS> âdpZ¡ AÞe v$¡ip¡“p ‘Z fpô²$ÝhS> R>¡. s¡“p„ rQÓp¡ c¡Np„ L$fu s¡
rhi¡ b¡-b¡ hp¼ep¡dp„ dprlsu BÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f’u ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡ A“¡ s¡“y„ L$p¡gpS> b“php¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ ............ sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡

Ap Adpfp¡, Ap Adpfp¡, Ap Adpfp¡ v$¡i R>¡.dlp“ cpfs, dlp“ cpfs, dlp“ cpfs v$¡i R>¡.
Adpfp v$¡idp„ Np„^ubp‘y fpô²$r‘sp L$l¡hpep. kÐe-Atlkp“p¡ ‘pW$ iuMhu kpv$pC“¡ A‘“pìep.
N„Np-S>d“p dp¡V$u “v$uAp¡, ‘rhÓsp f¡gphsu. F>rj-dyr“Ap¡“u Adf Np’p, cpfs Äep¡s S>gphsu.
rh“p¡bp S>¡hp dlp“ k„s¡, c|v$p“ eo L$fpìep„. “|s“ cpfs“p OX$h¥ep, S>hplf L$l¡hpep.
gpg-bpg “¡ ‘pg S>¡hp iluv$ hufp¡ lp¡dpep, “uX$f ‘yfyj, kfv$pf ‘V¡$g, gp¡M„X$u ‘yfyj L$l¡hpep.
rlÞvy$-dyõgud-iuM-CkpC, A¡L$sp Äep¡s S>gphsp, dlp“ cpfs“p k„sp¡, kpQp ‘pW$ cZphsp,
rhðip„rs“p d„Ó¡ Ad¡ ip„rsv|$s kpQp, âÐe¡L$ ‘qf[õ’rs“p¡ kpd“p¡ L$fsp, “ NZÅ¡ L$pQp.

AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s

iê$Apsdp„ Ap‘¡gu L©$rs L$fphu rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ rhjeprcdyM L$fhp AphíeL$ dprlsu Ap‘hu.
Ap‘Zp rÓf„Np T„X$p“p rQÓ“¡ “S>f kdn fpMu s¡“y„ hZ®“ L$fphhy„. fpô²$ÝhS>“p ep¡Áe âdpZdp‘“u
dprlsu Ap‘hu. fpô²$Nus“p Np“ kde¡, fpô²$ue sl¡hpfp¡“u DS>hZu kde¡ s¡dS> AÞe ¼ep
âk„Np¡A¡ rÓf„Np“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$C fus¡ ’pe R>¡ s¡ kdÅhhy„. Ap‘Zp¡ T„X$p¡ Ap‘Zu Ap“, bp“
A“¡ ip“ R>¡ s¡ rhi¡ rhi¡j dprlsu Ap‘hu. s¡“¡ L¡$hu fus¡ dp“ Ap‘hy„, s¡“y„ Np¥fh L¡$hu
fus¡ Åmhhy„, s¡“u rhõs©s dprlsu Ap‘hu. fpô²$â¡d“u ÅN©rs dpV¡$“p AÞe âk„Np¡ L$l¡hp. Nusp¡
NhX$phhp„, L$pìedp„ Aphsp Å¡X$pnfey¼s iåv$p¡“y„ A“yg¡M“ L$fpìep bpv$ îysg¡M“ L$fphhy„.

v$¡ifnp Ap‘Zp¡ ‘fd ^d® R>¡.

13

4. d|rs®

Qpgp¡ r“funZ L$fuA¡.

A¡L$ dpZk A¡L$ hMs ‘p¡sp“p Npddp„ b“u fl¡gp “hp d„qv$f“y„ r“dp®ZL$pe® Å¡hp Nep¡
lsp¡. A¡ L$p¡C ÅZL$pf “lp¡sp¡. bk, A¡d S> Å¡hp dpV¡$ Nep¡ lsp¡. Ðep„ S>C“¡ A¡Z¡ Å¡ey„
sp¡ A¡L$ rië‘u M|b S> A¡L$pN°sp’u Apfk‘lpZ“p ‘Õ’fdp„’u cNhp““u d|rs® OX$u füp¡ lsp¡.
‘¡gp dpZk“¡ A¡“p L$pddp„ fk ‘X$u Nep¡. A¡ rië‘u“u bpSy>dp„ b¡ku Nep¡. AQp“L$ A¡“y„ Ýep“
bpSy>dp„ ‘X¡$gu A¡hu S> AÞe A¡L$ d|rs® ‘f ‘X$éy„. A¡“¡ “hpC gpNu A¡Z¡ rië‘u“¡ ‘|R¹>ey„,
d„qv$fdp„ A¡L$kfMu Ap b¡ d|rs®Ap¡“u S>ê$f R>¡?

"“p' rië‘uA¡ S>hpb Apàep¡. "Aphu A¡L$ S> d|rs®“u S>ê$f R>¡, ‘f„sy Ap buÆ d|rs®dp„
’p¡Xy„$ “yL$kp“ ’hp’u R>¡ëgu OX$uA¡ ‘X$su d|L$hu ‘X$u R>¡.'

‘¡gp dpZk¡ Ecp ’C“¡ ‘X$su d|L$pe¡gu d|rs®“¡ Qpf¡ sfa’u s‘pku Å¡C. A¡“¡ L$p¡C
S>ÁepA¡ L$p„C ‘Z “yL$kp“ “ v$¡Mpey„. A¡Z¡ Apòe® kp’¡ rië‘u“¡ afu’u ‘|R¹>ey„,' Ap d|rs®dp„
d“¡ sp¡ L$p¡C S> “yL$kp“ v$¡Mpsy„ “’u. sd“¡ Apdp„ L$C S>ÁepA¡ “yL$kp“ v$¡Mpe R>¡?'

"A¡“p “pL$ ‘pk¡ A¡L$ “p“p¡ OkfL$p¡ ’C Nep¡ R>¡.' rië‘uA¡ L$üy„. ‘¡gp dpZk¡
afuhpf Ýep“’u Å¡ey„ Ðepf¡ A¡“¡ A¡ “p“p¡ OkfL$p¡ v$¡Mpep¡. A¡Z¡ rië‘u“¡ ‘|R¹>ey„, "sd¡ Ap d|rs®“u
õ’p‘“p L$C S>ÁepA¡ L$fhp“p R>p¡?'

14

"‘¡gp huk aŸV$ KQp õs„c D‘f' rië‘uA¡ S>hpb Apàep¡.
‘¡gp dpZk“p Apòe®“p¡ ‘pf “ füp¡. A¡“p’u L$l¡hpC Ney„, "cgp Apv$du ! Å¡ Ap “p“L$X$u
d|rs®“u õ’p‘“p A¡V$g¡ b^¡ KQ¡ S> L$fhp“u lp¡e sp¡ Aphu Mp¡V$u dl¡“s iy„ L$pd? Ðep„ hmu
L$p¡Z Å¡hp“y„ R>¡ L¡$ A¡“p “pL$ ‘f “p“p¡ OkfL$p¡ R>¡.'

rië‘uA¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ L$pd AV$L$phu“¡ A¡ dpZk kpd¡ Å¡ey„. ‘R>u lku“¡ bp¡ëep¡, "cpC, buSy>„
L$p¡C Ap hps ÅZ¡ R>¡ L¡$ “l] A¡“u d“¡ Mbf “’u, ‘f„sy lº„ A“¡ dpfp¡ cNhp“ sp¡ Ap
ÅZuA¡ R>uA¡ “¡?'

A¡V$gy„ L$lu A¡V$gu S> A¡L$pN°sp’u A¡Z¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ L$pd afu’u iê$ L$fu v$u^y„.
r“:iåv$ b“u ‘¡gp¡ dpZk A¡ rië‘u“¡ Å¡C füp¡.

- X$p¸. ApB L¡$. huS>muhpmp

õhpÝepe
k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) ‘qfîd - ............................. (2) DÑf - .............................
(3) “hpC - ............................. (4) ’p„cgp¡ - .............................
(5) ârsdp - ............................. (6) rgkp¡V$p¡ - .............................
k.2 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fu hp¼e b“php¡.

1. õs„c 2. d„qv$f 3. dpZk 4. Apòe®

k.3 L$p¦kdp„’u ep¡Áe iåv$ ‘k„v$ L$fu gMp¡.
(b¡Ýep“, ‘l¡gu, buÅ“y„, “ap¡, rb“S>ê$fu, Mfu)
(1) Ýep“ - ................... (2) Mp¡V$u - ...................
(3) “yL$kp“ - ................... (4) S>ê$fu - ...................
(5) R>¡ëgu - ................... (6) ‘p¡sp“y„ - ...................

k.4 "Apfk‘lpZ' iåv$dp„’u S>¡V$gp “hp iåv$p¡ b“u iL¡$ s¡V$gp b“php¡. Nd¡ s¡V$gp Anf“p
iåv$ b“phu iL$pe

k.5 "sp' âÐee gNpX$u iåv$p¡ b“php¡.

“d°

kd A¡L$pN°
sp

dlp“ Dv$pf

A¡L$

15

k.6 Dv$plfZ dyS>b a¡fapf L$fu hp¼edp„ D‘ep¡N L$fp¡.

v$p.s. ‘p¡sp“y„ Of+dp„ = ‘p¡sp“p Ofdp„

hp¼e : ‘p¡sp“p Ofdp„ Å¡CA¡ s¡hp¡ a¡fapf L$fu iL$pe.

1) dp¡Vy„$ d„qv$f + dp„ = (2) L¡$fu“y„ TpX$ + dp„ =

3) ‘¡gp¡ dpZk + “¡ = (4) KQp¡ õs„c + D‘f =

k.7 iåv$p¡“¡ ep¡Áe¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hu A’®‘|Z® hp¼e b“php¡.
1. ‘pf ‘¡gp Apòe®“p¡ “ füp¡ dpZk“p
2. Nep¡ b¡ku A¡ bpSy>dp„ rië‘u“u
3. OkfL$p¡ “pL$ A¡L$ “p“p¡ Nep¡ A¡“p ‘pk¡ ’C

k.8 L$lp¡ Å¡CA¡
1. A¡L$pN°sp’u d|rs® OX$“pf ..............................
2. S>¡ ‘Õ’fdp„’u d|rs® OX$hpdp„ Aphu R>¡ s¡ ‘Ð’f ..............................
3. huk aŸV$ KQp¡ ..............................
4. Apòe® ‘pd“pf ..............................

k.9 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu“¡ hp¼e ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

(1) A¡L$ rië‘u M|b A¡L$pN°sp’u...............
(L$) N°¡“pBV$“p ‘Õ’fdp„’u d|rs® OX$u füp¡ lsp¡.
(M) L$X$à‘p“p ‘Õ’fdp„’u d|rs® OX$u füp¡ lsp¡.
(X$) Apfk‘lpZ“p ‘Õ’fdp„’u d|rs® OX$u füp¡ lsp¡.

(2) d|rs®“p “pL$ ‘pk¡..............................

A) A¡L$ rsfpX$ ‘X$u NC
b) A¡L$ “p“p¡ OkfL$p¡ ’C Nep¡
L$) A¡L$ “p“y„ L$pÏ„ ‘X$u Ney„

(3) r“:iåv$ b“u ‘¡gp¡ dpZk..............................

A) A¡ rië‘u“¡ Å¡C füp¡.
b) A¡ d|rs®“¡ Å¡C füp¡.
L$) A¡ L$gpL©$rs“¡ Å¡C füp¡.

k.10 “uQ¡“u âq¾$ep“¡ ‘pW$“p Ap^pf¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡.

1) ‘¡gp dpZk“p Apòe®“p¡ ‘pf “ füp¡.

2) A¡L$pN°sp’u A¡Z¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ L$pd afu’u iê$ L$fu v$u^y„.
16

3) ‘X$su d|L$pe¡gu d|rs®“¡ Qpf¡ sfa’u s‘pku Å¡C.
4) rië‘u Apfk‘lpZdp„’u d|rs® OX$u füp¡ lsp¡.

k.11 d|rs®Ap¡ i¡dp„’u b“¡ R>¡ s¡ rhi¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.
k„cpjZ

NZ‘rs DÐkh v$fçep“ L$p¡C‘Z rië‘L$pf S>¡ d|rs® b“phsp¡ lp¡e Ðep„“u dygpL$ps gC s¡
A„N¡ sdpfy„ r“funZ Qpf’u ‘p„Q hp¼ep¡dp„ fS|> L$fp¡.

âL$ë‘
Qp¡L$kpC’u L$pe® L$fhp“p apev$p A„N¡ A¡L$ ‘Ó sdpfp “p“pcpC“¡ gMp¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ ............ sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡
Mpdu

rië‘u L$p¡C d|rs® OX$u füp¡ lsp¡. rië‘L$pd ‘|fy„ ’ep ‘R>u s¡Z¡ d|rs®“¡ ^pfu ^pfu“¡ r“lpmu,
dp’„y ^yZpìey„ A“¡ ‘R>u Ðep„ b¡ku fX$hp gpÁep¡.

""L¡$d iy„ ’ey„?'' A¡L$ rdÓ¡ ‘|R¹>ey„. ""d|rs® sd“¡ k„sp¡j ’pe s¡hu “’u b“u?''
Ap„kycfu Ap„M¡ rië‘u bp¡ëep¡, ""Ap d|rs®dp„ lº„ L$iu Mpdu Å¡C iL$sp¡ “’u.''
""sp¡ ‘R>u vy$:Mu ip dpV¡$ ’ph R>p¡?''
A¡V$gp dpV¡$ S>. L¡$d L¡$ dpfp L$pddp„ d“¡ Å¡ L$iu Mpdu v$¡Mpsu b„^ ’pe, sp¡ A¡“p¡ A’®
A¡ L¡$ dpfu i[¼s“u lh¡ Esfsu L$mp R>¡.''

AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s
iê$Apsdp„ Ap‘¡gp„ rQÓp¡“y„ r“funZ L$fphu s¡“p rhi¡ âñp¡ ‘|R>u bpmL$p¡“y„ ‘|h®op“ s‘pku
g¡hy„. v$f¡L$“p L$pe®“u dprlsu Ap‘u rQÓL$pf / d|rs®L$pf / Ly„$cpf hN¡f¡ L$pfuNfp¡“p¡ saphs kdÅhu
l¡syL$’“ õ‘ô$ L$fhy„.

rhÛp’}Ap¡“p ‘|h®op““¡ Ap^pf¡ âñp¡ ‘|R>u“¡ ‘pW$“p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡. qv$hpmu, NZ‘rs,
“hfprÓ, v$ipdp“p sl¡hpfp¡dp„ s¡d“p rhõspfdp„ Äep„ d|rs®Ap¡ b“su lp¡e s¡“u dygpL$ps g¡hp
â¡fZp Ap‘hu. d|rs®L$pf, rië‘u S>¡hu A¡L$pN°sp L¡$mhhp âp¡Ðkprls L$fhp. s¡ dpV¡$ ASy>®““y„
Dv$plfZ ‘Z Ap‘hy„. A¡L$pN°sp kp’¡ Qp¡L$kpC“p¡ NyZ L¡$mhhp’u dmsu kamsp dpV¡$ hN®dp„
S> b“u Ne¡gu OV$“p“p¡ k„v$c® Ap‘hp¡.

^¥e® A“¡ M„sugp‘Ï„ dykubsp¡“p„ hpv$mp¡“¡ rhM¡fu “p„M¡ R>¡.

17

cprjL$ kdS>

kh®“pd“p âL$pf
“uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡. s¡dp„ “uQ¡ guV$u L$f¡gp iåv$p¡“¡ Ýep“dp„ fpMp¡.
s¡ L$p¡“p dpV¡$ h‘fpep R>¡? s¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fp¡.
1. d¥r’guA¡ L$üy„, lº„ ÅJ Ry>„. 2. rdrlf, sy„ de„L$“¡ ¼epf¡ dmhp“p¡ R>¡?
3. kyf¡icpC, sd¡ sp¡ ApS>¡ Adv$phpv$ S>hp“p lsp “¡?
4. ApS>¡ Of¡ dl¡dp“ Apìep, s¡Ap¡A¡ Ad“¡ c¡V$ Ap‘u.

lh¡ Ap âñp¡“p S>hpb Ap‘p¡.
1. ‘l¡gp hp¼edp„ "lº„' L$p¡“p dpV¡$ h‘fpey„ R>¡?
2. buÅ hp¼edp„ "sy„' L$p¡“p dpV¡$ h‘fpey„ R>¡?
3. Adv$phpv$ L$p¡Z S>hp“y„ lsy„?
4. Qp¡’p hp¼edp„ dl¡dp“ dpV¡$ ¼ey„ kh®“pd h‘fpey„ R>¡.

epv$ fpMp¡ : ‘yfyjhpQL$ kh®“pd :

â’d ‘yfyj buÅ¡ ‘yfyj ÓuÅ¡ ‘yfyj
kh®“pd kh®“pd kh®“pd

A¡L$hQ“ blyhQ“ A¡L$hQ“ blyhQ“ A¡L$hQ“ blyhQ“
lº„ Ad¡ sy„
d“¡, dpf¡ Ad“¡, Adpf¡ s“¡, spf¡ sd¡ s¡ s¡Ap¡
d¢,dpfy„ Ad¡, Adpfy„ s¢, spfy„
dpfp’u Adpfp’u spfp’u, sd“¡, sdpf¡ s¡“¡ s¡Ap¡“¡
dpfpdp„ Adpfpdp„ spfpdp„
sd¡, sdpfy„ s¡Z¡/ s¡“y„ s¡Ap¡A¡/s¡Ap¡“y„

sdpfp’u s¡“p’u s¡Ap¡’u

sdpfpdp„ s¡“pdp„ s¡Ap¡dp„

õhpÝepe

k.1 “uQ¡“p hp¼ep¡dp„’u ‘yfyjhpQL$ kh®“pd Ap¡mMu S>Zphp¡.

v$p.s. Ad¡ q¾$L¡$V$ fduA¡ R>uA¡.-"Ad¡' â’d ‘yfyj blºhQ“

1) s¡Z¡ ky„v$f d|rs® OX$u. 2) d“¡ L„$C S> Å¡Csy„ “’u.

3) spfu L$v$f S>ê$f ’i¡. 4) s¡Ap¡“y„ Of OÏ„ dp¡Vy„$ R>¡.

5) sd¡ Ap v$pZp M¡sfdp„ hphp¡. 6) s¢ v$pbX$u ¼ep„ d|L$u?

k.2 L$p¦kdp„ Ap‘¡gp kh®“pd“y„ ep¡Áe ê$‘ Mpgu S>Áepdp„ cfp¡.
1) (s¡) ............... OZp¡ kfk r“b„^ g¿ep¡ R>¡.
2) (lº„) ...............(lº„) ..................... Of¡ kdekf ‘lp¢Qhy„ R>¡.
3) (s¡) .............. ‘¡‘k® OZp kpfp„ Nep„ R>¡.
4) (Ad¡) .............. âL$ë‘“¡ ‘l¡gy„ B“pd dþey„ R>¡.
5) (s¡Ap¡) ................. (sd¡) .................. bp‘yÆ kp’¡ hps L$fu R>¡.

18

5. Mçdp hufp“¡ !

L$lp¡ ¼epf¡ Aph¡? L$lp¡ Å¡CA¡....
1) bm¡h 1) ap¡C“p ‘rs .......... 2) dpsp“u bl¡“.........
2) huf‘kgu 3) dpku“p ‘rs .......... 4) dpdp“u ‘Гu.........
3) S>Þdpô$du 5) r‘sp“u dpsp .......... 6) ‘Гu“p cpC.........
4) cpCbuS> 7) bl¡““p ‘rs .......... 8) kpmp“u ‘Гu.........

Mçdp ! hufp“¡ ÅJ hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g
dp¢Opd|gp¡ R>¡ çlpfp¡ huf Å¡ !

Mçdp ! hufp“¡ ÅJ hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g
A¡L$ sp¡ kylpNu NN“Qp„v$gp¡ f¡ gp¡g
buÅ¡ kp¡lpNu çlpfp¡ huf Å¡ !

Mçdp ! hufp“¡ ÅJ hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g
fpS> sp¡ rhfpS>¡ fpS>d„qv$f¡ f¡ gp¡g;
‘pfZ¡ rhfpS>¡ çlpfp¡ huf Å¡ !

Mçdp ! hufp“¡ ÅJ hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g
Q„‘p¡ Mug¡ R>¡ aŸghpX$udp„ f¡ gp¡g;
Ly$mdp„ Mug¡ R>¡ dpfp¡ huf Å¡ !

Mçdp ! hufp“¡ ÅJ hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g
Ap„NZ¡ DÅk çlpf¡ k|e®“p¡ f¡ gp¡g;
Ofdp„ DÅk çlpfp¡ huf Å¡ !

Mçdp ! hufp“¡ ÅJ hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g
A¡L$ sp¡ Ap“„v$ çlpfp Df“p¡ f¡ gp¡g
buÅ¡ Ap“„v$ çlpfp¡ huf Å¡ !

Mçdp ! hufp“¡ ÅJ hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g
v$¡h¡ v$u^u R>¡ çl“¡ dphX$u f¡ gp¡g;
dphX$uA¡ v$u^p¡ çlpfp¡ huf Å¡ !

Mçdp ! hufp“¡ ÅJ hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g

- Þlp“pgpg

19

õhpÝepe

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$rhspdp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.
(1) cpC................................. (2) AS>hpmy„ ................................
(3) Op¡qX$ey„ ................................ (4) armey„ ................................

(5) qv$g ............................ (6) qL„$dsu ................................

k.2 Års bv$gp¡.
(1) kpky................................. (2) aŸAp ................................
(3) h¡hpC................................. (4) b“¡hu ................................
(5) “Z„v$................................. (6) cÓuÅ¡ ................................

k.3 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fu hp¼e b“php¡. 4) dp¢Opd|gp¡
1) aŸghpX$u 2) Ap“„v$ 3) NN“

k.4 ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡. (A) (b)
(1) Q„‘p¡ (1) k|e®“p¡ DÅk R>¡$
(2) fpS> (2) aŸghpX$udp„ Mug¡
(3) Ap„NZ¡ (3) dphX$u v$uOu
(4) v$¡h¡ (4) fpS>d„qv$f¡ rbfpS>¡

k.5 L$p¦kdp„ Ap‘¡gp kh®“pd“y„ ep¡Áe ê$‘ Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ gMp¡.
v$p.s. (lº„) dpfp¡ hufp¡ ‘pfZpdp„ ‘p¡Y¡$g R>¡.
(1) (lº„) ................... bl¡“ A“¡ (lº„) ............ cpC bÞ“¡ rhipm¡ Nep„ R>¡.
(2) (sº„) ................... Qp¡‘X$uAp¡ v$ãsfdp„ fpM.
(3) (sd¡) ................... rdÓp¡ kp’¡ fdp¡.
(4) bl¡“ (Ad¡) ................... L$pd ’C Ney„.
(5) (s¡) ................... ‘¡“ OZu kfk R>¡.

k.6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡.
(1) v$¡h¡ d“¡ ................... v$u^u R>¡. (A) dpsp (b) cpC (L$) bl¡“
(2) dpfp Ap„NZ¡ .............. “p¡ DÅk R>¡. (A) spfp (b) k|e® (L$) Q„Ö
(3) A¡L$ Ap“„v$ dpfp ................... “p¡ R>¡. (A) d“ (b) Df (L$) s“
(4) Q„‘p¡ ................... dp„ Mug¡ R>¡. (A) aŸghpX$u (b) L„|$X$p (L$) ¼epfp

k.7 “uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡. s¡ A’® v$ip®hsu L$pìe‘„[¼s gMp¡.
(1) dpfp¡ cpC ‘pfZpdp„ ‘p¡Y¡$gp¡ R>¡.

20

(2) bNuQpdp„ S>¡d Q„‘p“p„ aŸgp¡ Mug¡ R>¡ s¡d dpfp¡ cpC aŸg“u S>¡d lk¡ R>¡.
(3) Ap„NZpdp„ k|e®“p¡ âL$pi s¡d Ofdp„ cpC“u lpS>fu’u S> AS>hpmp“p¡ A“ych ’pe R>¡.

k.8 L$p¡Z s¡ L$lp¡.

(1) dp¢Opd|gp¡ (2) aŸghpX$udp„ Mug“pf (3) dphX$u v$¡“pf (4) huf v$¡“pf

k.9 ep¡Áe iåv$p¡ afs¡ Np¡m L$fp¡.
1) L$pìedp„ Dëg¡M L$fpe¡g aŸg : Q„‘p, Qd¡gu, Åk|v$
2) L$pìedp„ Dëg¡M L$fpe¡g Ly$v$fsu sÐh : Q„Ö, spfp, k|e®
3) L$pìedp„ Dëg¡M L$fpe¡g Of“p¡ cpN : fkp¡Xy$„, Ap„NÏ„, ie“M„X$

k.10 sd“¡ kp¥’u râe lp¡e s¡ ìe[¼s rhi¡ kps¡L$ hp¼ep¡“p¡ ‘qfÃR>¡v$ s¥epf L$fp¡ A“¡ gMp¡.
k„cpjZ

"cpCb¡““p sl¡hpf rhi¡ sd¡ S>¡ ÅZsp lp¡ s¡ L$lp¡.

âL$ë‘

BÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f’u Q„.Qu. dl¡sp“p„ L$pìep¡ ip¡^u L$pY$p¡.
s¡dp„’u sd“¡ Nd¡ s¡ L$p¡C ‘Z A¡L$ cpCbl¡““y„ L$pìe ip¡^u L$pX®$‘¡‘f D‘f gMp¡.$

lº„ hp„Qy„ ............ sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡

cpC-bl¡““u Å¡X$u; L$fsu v$p¡X$pv$p¡X$u.
Al] Åe, sl] Åe; v|$^ ‘uA¡; v$l] Mpe.

v$l]“u R>pi ’C, cpC-bl¡““¡ lpi ’C.
R>pidp„ dpMZ, cpC v$p¡Y$-X$lp‘Z
A¡L$d¡L$“¡ QuY$hhp“p¡ b„“¡“¡ QkL$p¡;

bl¡“ ‘uA¡ gõku “¡ cpC dp„N¡ dkL$p¡

- kyf¡i v$gpg

AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s

L$pìe“u iê$Apsdp„ Ly$Vy„$b“p„ k„b„^p¡“u epv$u s¥epf L$fphhu. gOy âñp¡“u dv$v$’u k„hpv$ kp^hp¡
A“¡ L$pìe“p rhjehõsy“y„ õ‘ô$uL$fZ L$fhy„. Ap D‘fp„s cpC-bl¡““p„ â¡d“p„ Nusp¡“y„ Np“,
Å¡X$L$Zp„ Üpfp rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ rhjeprcdyM L$fhp. âõsys L$pìe“y„ kd|lNp“ L$fphhy„. fnpb„^“,
cpCbuS> S>¡hp sl¡hpfp¡“u kdS> Ap‘u Ap‘Zp Q„.Qu. dl¡sp“p„ L$pìep¡ ip¡^hp“u â¡fZp Ap‘hu.

cpC-bl¡““p¡ â¡d b^p k„b„^p¡dp„ A“¡fp¡ R>¡.

21

6. kyN„^ L$ÃR>“u

Qpgp¡ r“funZ L$fuA¡.

râe kyei
dp¡V$u bl¡““y„ M|b hlpg.

’p¡X$p kde ‘l¡gp„ S> ‘|fp ’e¡gp gp„.. bp h¡L¡$i““u epv$ lSy> ‘Z s“¡ ksphsu li¡,
Mfy„ “¡? hmu Aph“pfp qv$hpmu h¡L¡$i“dp„ ’“pfp L$pë‘r“L$ âhpk“p„ õhà“p„ spfu fprÓ“¡ duW$u
b“phsp„ li¡.

lp„, Å¡ A¡ k„v$c®dp„ S> d“¡ k|Èey„ L¡$ Aph“pfp qv$hpmu h¡L¡$i“dp„ sy„ Ap‘Zp dp¡kpm“u
c|rd L$ÃR>“p âhpk¡ Aphu“¡ Ap‘Zp L$ÃR>“u c|rd“p¡, s¡“u k„õL©$rs“p¡ ‘qfQe d¡mh¡ sp¡ L¡$hy„?
Qpg s“¡ A¡hy„ d“ ’pe A¡ dpV¡$ Ap‘Z¡ L$ÃR>“u hpsp¡ L$fuA¡.
s“¡ ’i¡ L¡$ A¡hy„ s¡ iy„ R>¡ L$ÃR>“u c|rddp„? AÐepf ky^u sp¡ A¡ fZ“p âv$¡i sfuL¡$
Ap¡mMpsp¡ âv$¡i lsp¡. lSy> ldZp„ ky^u blpf’u Aphsp gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$ L$ÃR> A¡L$ AÅÎep¡ âv$¡i
lsp¡. ‘Z Mf¡Mf S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ L$ÃR>dp„ füp, L$ÃR>“¡ dpÎep¡ A¡d“¡ kÐe kdÅey„. A¡ kp¥ L$ÃR>
âv$¡i“p â¡ddp„ ‘X$u Nep„ “¡ Aphp âv$¡i“u c|rd“¡ sy„ ‘Z Ap¡mM¡-ÅZ¡ A¡ dpV¡$ L$fu“¡ s“¡

22

Ap ‘Ó gMhp b¡ku NC.
cpC kyei, L¡$hp¡ R>¡ Ap‘Zp¡ Ap âv$¡i? "^]Nu ^fp, ^]Np ^p¡fu, ^]Np bp¡g, ^]Nu bp¡gu'
S>¡hy„ rh^p“ L$ÃR> dpV¡$ h‘fpey„ R>¡. cpfs“p¡ A¡L$ rhriô$ âv$¡i A¡V$g¡ L$ÃR>. âpQu“ kdedp„
cpfsdp„ âh¡i L$fhp dpV¡$ L$ÃR> ‘ròd cpfs“y„ âh¡iÜpf NZpsy„. kdyÖ, fZ A“¡ ‘h®s’u
h]V$mpe¡gp Ap âv$¡i“u rhi¡jspAp¡ ‘Z Þepfu S> R>¡.
L$ÃR> âv$¡idp„ sy„ bk L¡$ V²¡$“ b„“¡ Üpfp Aphu iL¡$. dpÓ NyS>fps“p S> “l] ‘Z cpfs“pe¡
kp¥’u dp¡V$p buÅ “„bf“p rS>ëgp L$ÃR>dp„ ‘|h®’u ‘ròd S>sp„ Ly$g “h L$gpL$ S>¡hp¡ kde gpN¡
R>¡.
L$ÃR>dp„ b¡ fZ R>¡ : “p“y„ A“¡ dp¡Vy„$. Ap fZ“u rhi¡jsp Mbf R>¡? A¡dp„ v$¡Musu fus¡
¼ep„e fZ“p„ gnZp¡ “’u. Al] ¼ep„e s“¡ f¡su Å¡hp “l] dm¡. ApMu vy$r“ep“p„ fZp¡’u Ap‘Ï„
fZ A¡ fus¡ Sy>vy$„ ‘X¡$ R>¡. Al] hj®dp„ ApW$ drl“p v$qfep“y„ ‘pZu lp¡e R>¡ “¡ Qpf drl“p Ap
fZ kyL$pe¡gy„ lp¡e R>¡. L$ÃR>dp„ âh¡i L$fhp dpV¡$ k|fS>bpfu“p¡ ‘yg s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. hjp£
‘l¡gp„ L$ÃR> Qpf¡ sfa ‘pZu’u O¡fpe¡gp¡ b¡V$ lsp¡. s¡“p¡ ApL$pf L$pQbp S>¡hp gpNsp¡ lp¡hp’u s¡“y„
“pd L$ÃR> ‘X$éy„ A¡hu dpÞesp R>¡. c|õsfue lg“Qg“’u L$ÃR>“u ^fsu kdyÖ sV$ ‘f’u D‘f
Aphsu NC A“¡ DÑf“p¡ cpN ‘pZu hNf“p, f¡su hNf“p k‘pV$ fZdp„ ‘qfhrs®s ’ep¡.
L$ÃR>“u Dsf-‘|h®dp„ fpS>õ’p“, ‘|h®dp„ b“pkL$p„W$p s’p ‘pV$Z, v$rnZ-‘|h®dp„ kyf¡ÞÖ“Nf A“¡
v$rnZdp„ L$ÃR>“p¡ AMps R>¡. v$rnZ-‘ròd A“¡ ‘ròd¡ Afbu kdyÖ O|Oh¡ R>¡.
L$ÃR>dp„ MX$uf A¡L$ A¡hp¡ cpN R>¡ S>¡ Qpf¡ sfa fZ’u O¡fpegp¡ R>¡. Ap fZdp„ ‘pZu cfpe¡gy„
fl¡ R>¡. MX$uf b¡V$“u hÃQ¡ ^p¡mphufp “pd¡ “p“y„ Npd R>¡. C.k. 1970-71dp„ ^p¡mphufpdp„ L¡$V$gpL$
‘yfpsÒhue ‘yfphp dþep “¡ Mp¡v$L$pd L$fsp„ S>du“dp„’u kdN° “Nf fQ“p“u rhipmsp Å¡hp dmu.
S>¡ lX$à‘ue k„õL©$rs“u epv$ A‘ph¡ s¡hu R>¡.
L$ÃR>“p R>¡hpX¡$ Aph¡gy„ cpfs“y„ ‘yfpZ ârkÙ AX$kW$ su’®^pddp„ NZpsy„ “pfpeZ kfp¡hf Aph¡gy„
R>¡. S>¡“u Qpf¡ sfa kdyÖ A“¡ hÃQ¡ ‘pZu“y„ kfp¡hf R>¡. Ðep„’u b¡ qL$.du.“p A„sf¡ L$p¡V¡$ðf“p¡
v$qfep¡ NpS>¡ R>¡.
L$ÃR>dp„ Aphy„ S> buSy>„ âpL©$rsL$ õ’m ^uZp¡^f“p¡ Xy„$Nf R>¡ Äep„ ^p¡fd“p’¡ s‘òep® L$f¡gu
sp¡ DÑf¡ fZ“p qL$“pf¡ L$pmp¡ Xy„$Nf rbfpS>dp“ R>¡ Äep„ Nyfy v$ÑpÓ¡e“p„ ‘Ngp„ R>¡; sp¡ L$ÃR>“u
fpS>^p“u cyS> il¡f sp¡ hk¡gy„ S> R>¡ cyrS>ep Xy„$Nf ‘f Äep„ cyS>„N “pN“y„ d„qv$f R>¡.
Apd, fZ, v$qfep¡ “¡ Xy„$Nf“u hQpm¡ hk¡gp L$ÃR> âv$¡i“¡ cÖ¡ðf, ky’fu, L$p¡V$pfp S>¡hp„
õ’p‘Ðe“p„ DÑd “d|“p v$ip®hsp„ S>¥“ d„qv$fp¡, fh¡Qudpsp“y„ fdZue õ’p“L$, lpÆ‘uf S>¡hu fZdp„
hk¡gu v$fNpl S>¡hp„ A“¡L$ õ’mp¡ h]V$mpep„ R>¡. L„$X$gp L$ÃR>“y„ dy„bC ‘R>u“y„ b„v$f sp¡ Np„^uNpd
L$ÃR>“y„ Ap^yr“L$ NZpsy„ “Nf.
fZdp„ flu“¡ gp¡L$p¡“u ApÆh“ k¡hp L$f“pf v$pv$p d¡L$fZ S>¡hp k„s L$rh’u L$ÃR>“y„ kprlÐe
Ap¡mMpey„ R>¡. ‘R>u’u OZp kprlÐeL$pfp¡A¡ s¡dp„ Dd¡fp¡ L$ep£ R>¡.
sp¡, hlpgp kyei, Ap R>¡ Ap‘Zp âv$¡i“u kyN„^. sy„ A¡ kyN„^ g¡hp S>gv$u S>gv$u Aphui
“¡? fpl Å¡J Ry>„.

rg. spfu dp¡V$u bl¡““p Aprij
- X$p¸. v$i®“p Op¡mqL$ep

23

õhpÝepe

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.
(1) àepfy„................................. (2) d“p¡lf ................................
(3) A“p¡Mu ............................ (4) dfyõ’g ................................
(5) AZÅZ ........................... (6) s‘õep ................................
(7) hpmy ............................... (8) dilŸf

k.2 Dv$p. dyS>b A’® bv$ëep rh“p hp¼e “L$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡.
v$p.s. dpfp il¡fdp„ âpQu“ hõsy“y„ k„N°lpge R>¡.
dpfp il¡fdp„ Ahp®Qu“ hõsy“y„ k„N°lpge “’u.
(1) AÅÎep Npddp„ dyíL¡$gu ‘X¡$ R>¡.
(2) ‘|“d“p qv$hk¡ kdyÖdp„ cfsu Aph¡ R>¡.
(3) Np„^u^pd L$ÃR>“y„ Ap^yr“L$ NZpsy„ “Nf R>¡.
(4) DL$fX$p ‘pk¡’u ‘kpf ’ph Ðepf¡ vy$N¯^ Aph¡ R>¡.

k.3 ‘pW$dp„ Aphsp Å¡X$pnf ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡.

k.4 ApX$pAhmp Anfp¡“¡ Np¡W$hu A’®‘|Z® iåv$ b“php¡.

qfQ‘Q - ‘qfQe (2) spji¡rh ...................................
(1) L©$rsâpL©$................................ (4) S>dpfprb“ ............................
(3) ^p’®dsu ............................ (6) “hp®QuA...................................
(5) qfv$ep¡ ...............................

k.5 ep¡Áe Å¡X$u b“php¡.

(A) (b)

(1) L$ÃR>“u DÑf ‘|h®dp„ (1) kyf¡ÞÖ“Nf

(2) L$ÃR>“u ‘|h®dp„ (2) L$ÃR>“p¡ AMps

(3) L$ÃR>“u v$rnZ ‘|h®dp„ (3) Afbu kdyÖ

(4) L$ÃR>“u v$rnZdp„ (4) fpS>õ’p“

(5) L$ÃR>“u ‘ròddp„ (5) b“pkL$p„W$p s’p ‘pV$Z

k.6 ‘pW$dp„ Aph¡gp A„s¡ "e¡gy„'“p ê$‘p¡ Aphsp iåv$p¡ hX¡$ Mpgu S>Áep cfp¡.

v$p..s L$ÃR>dp„ M„X$uf A¡L$ A¡hp¡ cpN R>¡ S>¡ Qpf¡ sfa fZ’u O¡fpe¡gp¡ R>¡.
(1) kdyÖ, fZ A“¡ ‘h®s’u ............ Ap âv$¡i“u rhi¡jsp Þepfu R>¡.
(2) Qpf drl“p Ap fZ................. fl¡ R>¡.
(3) hjp£ ‘l¡gp„ L$ÃR> Qpf¡ sfa ‘pZu’u............... b¡V$ lsp¡.
(4) MX$uf fZdp„ ‘pZu............. fl¡ R>¡.

24

k.7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu rh^p“ ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

(1) âpQu“ kdedp„ L$ÃR> A¡ cpfsdp„ âh¡i L$fhp dpV¡$......

(A) DÑf cpfs“y„ âh¡iÜpf NZpsy„ (b) ‘fhp“p¡ Ap‘hp“y„ õ’m NZpsy„.

(L$) ‘ròd cpfs“y„ âh¡iÜpf NZpsy„.

(2) hjp£ ‘l¡gp„ L$ÃR> Qpf¡ sfa...........

(A) ‘pZu’u O¡fpe¡gp¡ b¡V$ lsp¡ (b) ‘h®s’u O¡fpe¡gp¡ âv$¡i lsp¡.

(L$) h“fpÆ’u O¡fpe¡gp¡ v$¡i lsp¡.

(3) L$ÃR>“y„ ^d^dsy„ b„v$f ...................

(A) Op¡Op (b) L$„X$gp

(L$) dy„bC

(4) MX$uf b¡V$“u hÃQ¡ ..........“pd¡ “p“y„ Npd R>¡.

(A) cÖ¡ðf (b) ^p¡mphufp

(L$) cyS>

k.8 Qpgp¡ gMuA¡.
(1) L$ÃR> “pd ‘pR>m“u dpÞesp...........................
(2) Qpf¡ sfa fZ’u O¡fpe¡gp¡ âv$¡i...........................
(3) cpfs“y„ ‘yfpZârkÙ su’®^pd ...........................
(4) ^uZp¡^f Xy„$Nf“u rhriô$sp ...........................
(5) L$ÃR>“p k„s L$rh“y„ “pd ...........................

k.9 sd¡ lp¡õV¡$gdp„ flp¡ R>p¡. sdpfu ipmpdp„’u âhpk“y„ Apep¡S>“ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. s¡dp„ S>hp“u
‘fhp“Nu d¡mhsp¡ ‘Ó sdpfp r‘spîu“¡ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ
- sd¡ L$f¡gp âhpk rhi¡ hN®dp„ L$lp¡.

âL$ë‘

* L$ÃR>“p„ Å¡hpgpeL$ õ’p“p¡ BÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f’u ip¡^u "L$ÃR>-rhi¡j' “pd“y„ “p“L$Xy„$ Apëbd
b“php¡.

25

lº„ hp„Qy„ ............ sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡
L$ÃR>u cfs A¡ NyS>fps fpÄe“u Mpk L$fu“¡ L$ÃR> A“¡ kp¥fpô²$ âp„s“u rhriô$ L$gp R>¡.
cpfs A“¡ rhðdp„ s¡ M|bS> ârkÙ R>¡. cpfs kfL$pf Üpfp ‘Z Ap L$gp“¡ M|b S> âp¡Ðkprls
L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. ApL$j®L$ f„Np¡, rhõs©s cfsL$pd A“¡ Apcgp, dZL$p, L$p¡X$u hN¡f¡’u ’su
kÅhV$hpmp L$ÃR>u cfsdp„ dp¡Ng A“¡ Cfp“u L$gp“p¡ ‘Z âcph Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. ‘l¡gp„“p
kdedp„ L$ÃR>u cfs“y„ A“¡fy„ dlÒh lsy„. fpS>v$fbpfp¡“p„ h”p¡ A“¡ kÅhV$“u hõsyAp¡ ‘f L$ÃR>u
cfs L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ lsy„. rhrh^ ÅrsAp¡ Üpfp ‘p¡sp“u ApNhu fus¡ A“¡ ApNhp f„Np¡dp„ Ap
cfs rhL$kphhpdp„ Apìey„ ls„y.
L$ÃR>u cfs“p„ QrZepQp¡mu rhðdp„ dilŸf R>¡. D‘fp„s kpX$u, kghpf L$duT, Tæcp, L¡$qX$ep„,
S>¡L¡$V$, vy$‘Ë$p, Ly$sp® hN¡f¡ ‘f ‘Z Ap cfs L$fpe R>¡. L$p¡V$“ A“¡ f¡id S>¡hp„ L$‘X$p„ ‘f f¡idu
A’hp E““p v$p¡fp’u cfs L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$‘X$p„ ‘f dp¡f, ‘p¡‘V$, lp’u, KV$, dp“hpL©$rs,
aŸgp¡, ‘p„v$X$p„, Nfbp fdsp„ “f-“pfuAp¡ hN¡f¡“u qX$TpB“p¡’u cfsL$pd L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

L$ÃR>u D‘fp„s NyS>fps“p luf, L$pmu, Apfu A“¡ iuicfs S>¡hp„ cfsL$pd ârkÙ R>¡.
k„L$g“ - fpS>¡îu v$pZu

AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s
iê$Apsdp„ Ap‘¡gp “L$ip“y„ r“funZ L$fphu L$ÃR>“p¡ ‘qfQe L$fphhp¡. kp’¡-kp’¡ ‘Óg¡M“
A¡V$g¡ iy„? s¡ L¡$hu fus¡ ’pe? ip dpV¡$ ’pe? s¡“u kdS> Ap‘u, ApS>“p kdedp„ ‘Ó g¡M““u
L$gp c|gpsu Åe R>¡ s¡“p¡ ¿epg Ap‘u“¡ rhjehõsy kdÅhhp“p¡ âeГ L$fhp¡.
gOyâñp¡ ‘|R>sp S>C ‘pW$“p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡. QQp®dp„ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ kq¾$e fpMu s¡d“p-
dp„’u S>¡dZ¡ S>¡ rhõspf Å¡ep¡ lp¡e s¡“p rhi¡ h^pfp“u dprlsu Ap‘hu. i¼e lp¡e sp¡ L©$rs
L$fphsp„ ‘l¡gp„ ANpD BÞV$f“¡V$“u dv$v$’u "L$ÃR>' rhi¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ ÅZu gphhp L$l¡hy„. S>¡’u
rhÛp’}Ap¡ QQp®dp„ kq¾$e cpN gC iL¡$. õhpÝepep¡“p¡ ¿epg fpMu S>ê$fu dprlsu Ap‘hu.

Ap‘Zu k„õL©$rs Ap‘Zp¡ kpQp¡ hpfkp¡ R>¡.

26

7. sfyhf

* L$p¡Z iy„ Ap‘¡?

(iusmsp, v|$^, kyN„^, hfkpv$, d^, ‘pZu)

S>¡d - k|fS> - âL$pi Ap‘¡ R>¡.

“v$u ..................... Npe .....................

Q„Ö ..................... hpv$m .....................

d^dpMu ..................... aŸg .....................

sfy“p¡ blº Apcpf,
S>Ns ‘f sfy“p¡ blº Apcpf.
aŸgp¡ Ap‘¡, am blº Ap‘¡,
NpX¡$ NpX$p„ bu ‘Z Ap‘¡,
R>pep “¡ rhkpdp¡ Ap‘¡,
‘„Mu“p¡ dp¡V$p¡ Ap^pf ...........sfy“p¡
L$p‘p¡ sp¡e¡ L$p¡‘ “ L$fsy„.
kyL$pC Ås¡ bmsZ v$¡sy„.
Bdpfsp¡“y„ gpL$X$ v$¡sy„.
Of“p¡ fpQ-k„cpf. ...........sfy“p¡
L$qW$epfp“u A¡ ‘f fp¡Æ,
kyspf“u A¡ dp¡V$u ‘|„Æ,
‘©Õhu dpV¡$ hpv$m M¢Qu
hfkph¡ R>¡ S>m“u ^pf ...........sfy“p¡
sfyAp¡“u riMpdZ A¡hu
kp¥ Æhp¡“u k¡hp L$fhu,
sX$L$p¡ h¡W$u R>pep v$¡hu.
L$fhp¡ ‘f - D‘L$pf ...........sfy“p¡

- qL$ip¡fgpg diê$hpmp

27

õhpÝepe

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.
(1) h©n................................. (2) ‘nu ................................
(3) ^Þehpv$ .......................... (4) ¾$p¡^ ................................
(5) buS> ................................ (6) d|X$u ................................

k.2 “d|“p âdpZ¡ A„spnfu b“php¡.

S>Ns - sX$L$p¡ - L$p¡dg - gN“ - “Npfp - fpk

(1) dl¡g - - - -

(2) b„^“ - - - -

(3) qv$hk - - - -

(4) bNuQp¡ - - - -

k.3 L$p¡Z s¡ L$lp¡. (kp¡“u, L$qW$epfp¡, gylpf, Ly„$cpf)
gpL$Xy„$ L$p‘¡ s¡ - L$qW$epfp¡
gp¡M„X$“y„ L$pd L$f¡ s¡ - ..............
dpV$u“p„ hpkZ b“ph¡ s¡ - .............
kp¡“p“p v$pNu“p b“ph¡ s¡ - ............


k.4 Dv$plfZ dyS>b hp¼e“y„ blºhQ“ L$fp¡.
v$p.s. QuLy$“y„ bu dp¡Vy„$ lp¡e R>¡.

QuLy$“p„ bu dp¡V$p„ lp¡e R>¡.
1. TpX$ ‘f ‘„Mu“p¡ dpmp¡ R>¡.
2. dp¡f“y„ IXy„$ dp¡Vy„$ lp¡e R>¡.
3. TpX$“u X$pmu “uQu R>¡.
4. M¡X|$s M¡sf M¡X¡$ R>¡.

k.5 gMu sp¡ Sy>Ap¡.

(1) S>Ns“¡ am-aŸg Ap‘“pf ...................................

(2) L$qW$epfp“u fp¡Æ fp¡V$u ...................................

(3) S>m“u ^pf Ap“p D‘f hfk¡ ...................................

(4) TpX$“u riMpdZ ...................................

28

k.6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡.
(1) Ap‘Z¡ ..............“p¡ Apcpf dp“uA¡ R>uA¡.
(A$) hpv$m (b) ‘©Õhu (L$) h©n (X$) ApL$pi
(2) h©n kyL$pC Nep ‘R>u.................Ap‘¡ R>¡.
(A) am (b) bmsZ (L$) aŸg (X$) buS>
(3) sX$L$p¡ h¡W$u“¡ h©n .................Ap‘¡ R>¡.
(A) “©Ðe (b) ‘fp¡‘L$pf (L$) R>p„eX$p¡ (X$) dÅ
(4) h©n dp¡V$u ‘|„Æ R>¡.
(A) ky’pf“u (b) rQÓL$pf“u (L$) L$qW$epfp“u (X$) dpmu“u

k.7 L$pìe‘„[¼sdp„ M|V$sp¡ iåv$ gMp¡.
(1) .......... ‘f sfy“p¡ blº Apcpf.
(2) L$p‘p¡ sp¡ e¡ ................ “ L$fsy„.
(3) hfkph¡ R>¡.................. “u ^pf.
(4) kp¥ ................ “u k¡hp L$fhu.
(5) sX$L$p¡ h¡W$u.................... v$¡hu.

k.8 Dv$plfZ dyS>b "“p¡, “u “y„ “p„' âÐee gMp¡.
Dv$p. : S>m“u ^pf
(1) ‘„Mu....... dpmp¡
(2) Of.......... fpQ-k„cpf
(3) Bdpfsp¡........... gpL$Xy„$
(4) ‘„MuAp¡..... bÃQp„
(5) L$qW$epfp....... fp¡Æ
(6) sfyAp¡.......... riMpdZ

k.9 "Å¡ h©n “ lp¡e sp¡' .......... Ap rhje ‘f sdpfp rhQpfp¡ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ

Ap„bp¡, gudX$p¡, Nygpb, dp¡Nfp¡, sygku S>¡hp R>p¡X$ / h©n“p dyMhV$p ‘l¡fu s¡“p rhi¡
Qpf-‘p„Q hp¼ep¡ bp¡gp¡.

29

âL$ë‘

* Ofdp„ h‘fpsu “L$pdu àgp[õV$L$“u bp¡V$gdp„ ‘pZu A’hp dpV$u cfu s¡dp„ sd“¡ d“Ndsp¡
R>p¡X$ hphu s¡“¡ dp¡V$p¡ ’sp„ Sy>Ap¡... fp¡S> â¡d’u s¡“u kp’¡ hpsp¡ L$fp¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ ............ sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡

smph L$p„W¡$ ‘]‘m D‘f, L$uX$u A“¡ L$b|sf
A¡L$ L$uX$u “¡ A¡L$ L$b|sf
- v$u“p“p’ ìepk
lf¡ af¡ “¡ kp’¡ fl¡sp,
hpsp¡ L$fsp„ S>„sf d„sf
A¡L$ riL$pfu ^“yj gC“¡,
lZhp spL¡$ bpZ L$b|sf

L$uX$u QV$L$p¡ cf¡, riL$pfu
r“ip“ Q|L¡$, EX¡$ L$b|sf
‘pZudp„ L$uX$u kfL$u “¡
Åe sZpsu, Sy>A¡ L$b|sf
‘]‘m‘p“ smph¡ “pMu
aaX$ph¡ R>¡ ‘p„M L$b|sf
‘p“ D‘f L$uX$u b¡W$u “¡,
‘p“ gC“¡ EX¡$ L$b|sf
TpX$ D‘f lfsp„ “¡ afsp„
A¡L$ L$uX$u “¡ A¡L$ L$b|sf
v$p¡õsp¡“u hÃQ¡ “p lp¡e¡
Sy>v$pC L¡$fy„$ kl¡S>¡ A„sf

AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s

h©np¡“y„ Æh“dp„ dlÒh kdÅe A¡hp âñp¡ ‘|R>u“¡ QQp® L$fhu. sygku, ‘u‘mp¡, hX$,
gudX$p¡ S>¡hp ‘qfkfdp„ fl¡gp„ h©n-R>p¡X$“p Ap¥j^ue NyZp¡“u QQp® L$fhu, A¡ S> âdpZ¡ fkp¡Cdp„
h‘fpsp„ dkpgp - ipL$cpÆ - A“pS> A¡ ‘Z R>p¡X$ Üpfp dmsp OV$L$p¡ R>¡. A¡“p A“¡L$
D‘ep¡Np¡ S>Zphu L$rhsp“p dy¿e cph sfa Aphhy„. ‘ep®hfZ fnZ sfa rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ ÅN©s
L$fhp. hpsphfZ iyqÙ A“¡ S>gQ¾$dp„ hfkpv$ dpV¡$ h©np¡“y„ dlÒh kdÅhhy„.

h©np¡ hphp¡ - hfkpv$ gphp¡
30

8. rhV$prd“ tTv$pbpv$ - dN“gpg N„Op

r“funZ A“¡ QQp® L$fuA¡.

(X$pµ¼V$f, L„$‘pDÞX$f, 3 ’u 4 v$v$}Ap¡, rhV$prd“ A¡, bu, ku, X$u.)
v$hpMp“p“y„ ×íe - L„$‘pDÞX$f Nus NZNZsp¡ kapC L$f¡ R>¡ A“¡ OqX$epm sfa “S>f Lf¡ R>¡.

L„$‘pDÞX$f : l„.... 9 hpÁep ! lh¡ kpl¡b Aphhp Å¡CA¡. (Ðep„ S> A¡L$ v$v$} âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
v$v$} 1 : X$pµ¼V$f kpl¡b R>¡ L¡$?
L„$‘pDÞX$f : ldZp„ Aphi¡. Ðep„ b¡kp¡.
v$v$} 2 : R>¡ L¡$ X$pµ¼V$f kpl¡b?
L„$‘pDÞX$f : b¡kp¡. ldZp„ Aphi¡.
v$v$} 3 : (ifuf M„S>hpmsp) Af¡ f¡...kpl¡b! Ap M„S>hpm sp¡ cpf¡ l¡fp“ L$f¡ R>¡.
L„$‘pDÞX$f : Ðep„ S> b¡kp¡. kpl¡b lh¡ Aphi¡. Ðep„ ky^udp„ L¡$k L$Y$phu gp¡. (ÓZ¡ v$v$}

hpfpafsu L„$‘pDÞX$f ‘pk¡ Aph¡ R>¡.)

31

v$v$} 4 : Ap¡e..... Ap¡e..... dfu Nep¡ A¡ X$pµ¼V$f kpl¡b —&
L„$‘pDÞX$f : kpl¡b Aphu S> füp R>¡. sd¡ Ðep„ S> b¡kp¡ (Ðep„S> X$pµ¼V$f âh¡i L$f¡ R>¡.)
L„$‘pDÞX$f : "NyX$ dp¡r“¯N ..... kf'
X$pµ¼V$f : "NyX$ dp¡r“¯N' (s¡d“u L¡$rb“dp„ Åe R>¡.)
L„$‘pDÞX$f : v$v$}-1 A„v$f S>i¡.
X$pµ¼V$f : bp¡gp¡...... iy„ ’pe R>¡ sd“¡?
v$v$}-1 : dpfy„ ApMy„ ifuf s|V¡$ R>¡. L$msf füp S> L$f¡ R>¡. Ap„M¡ ‘|fy„ v$¡Mpsy„ “’u. fp¡N

S>sp¡ S> “’u.
X$pµ¼V$f : Al] k|C Åh. s‘pku Ap‘y„ Ry>„. (õV¡$’p¡õL$p¡‘’u s‘pk¡ R>¡. Æc L$Y$ph¡ R>¡.)
X$pµ¼V$f : blpf’u v$hp gMu Ap‘y„ Ry>„. ’p¡X$u hpf blpf b¡kÅ¡. (v$v$}-1 blpf “uL$m¡ R>¡

- b¡g hpN¡ R>¡. v$v$}-2 âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
X$pµ¼V$f : sd“¡ iy„ ’pe R>¡? L$lp¡.
v$v$}-2 : d“¡ c|M S> gpNsu “’u. Mphp“y„ cphsy„ ‘Z “’u. kp„^p vy$:M¡ R>¡, “bmpC

gpN¡ R>¡. dp¡Yy„$ ‘Z Aphu Ney„ R>¡.
X$pµ¼V$f : (b¡V$fu gC dp¡Yy„$ s‘pk¡ R>¡.) Ap sp¡ fp¡N“y„ S> Of R>¡. v$hp sp¡ Ap‘y„ Ry>„ ‘Z

’p¡X$uhpf b¡kÅ¡. (v$v$}-2 blpf “uL$m¡ R>¡, b¡g hpN¡ R>¡, v$v$}-3 âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
v$v$}-3 : (ifuf M„S>hpmsp„ M„S>hpmsp„ S>) Ap Sy>Ap¡“¡ M„S>hpm S>su S> “’u. A“¡ Ap

N|dX$p„ (‘N“p„ N|dX$p„ bsphsp„) ’ep„ R>¡.
X$pµ¼V$f : sdpfy„ gp¡lu AiyÙ ’C Ney„ R>¡. sdpf¡ gp¡lu sp¡ s‘pkphhy„ S> ‘X$i¡.
v$v$} : dp¢“p ‘¡Y$pdp„ fku ‘Z ’C R>¡.
X$pµ¼V$f : Ap v$hp gMu Ap‘y„ Ry>„. b¡ qv$hk ‘R>u afu’u bsphhp AphÅ¡. A“¡ ldZp„

’p¡X$uhpf b¡kÅ¡. dpf¡ L$pd R>¡. (v$v$}-3 Åe R>¡, b¡g hpN¡ R>¡, v$v$}-4 âh¡i¡
R>¡.)
v$v$}-4 : X$pµ¼V$f kpl¡b, Sy>Ap¡“¡ Ap ifuf ! cNhp“¡ dpfp D‘f L¡$hp¡ AÞepe L$ep£ R>¡ !
X$pµ¼V$f : Ap sp¡ ‘¡V$ NpNfX$u “¡ ‘N v$p¡fX$u R>¡. sd“¡ sp¡ "k|L$sp“' gpN¡ R>¡. lº„ v$hp
gMu Ap‘y„ Ry>„. blpf’u g¡hp“u R>¡. ’p¡X$uhpf b¡kp¡.
v$v$}-4 : cg¡ kpl¡b.
(X$pµ¼V$f b¡g dpf¡ R>¡. L„$‘pDÞX$f âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
X$pµ¼V$f : b^p v$v$}Ap¡“¡ A„v$f dp¡L$g.

32

(v$v$}Ap¡ kp’¡ S> A„v$f âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
X$pµ¼V$f : sd¡ Qpf¡e S>Zp ifuf“u k„cpm fpMsp “’u. kpQy„ kdS>sp “’u s¡’u lº„ sd“¡

A¡L$ ‘R>u A¡L$ Qpf ‘pÓp¡ Üpfp kdÅhy„ Ry>„. kdS>hp“p¡ âeГ L$fÅ¡.
(X$pµ¼V$f spmu ‘pX¡$ R>¡ - rhV$prd“ A¡ âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
rhV$prd“ A¡ : Sy>Ap¡, v$v$} “„.1, dpfu kpd¡ Sy>Ap¡. sdpfp ifufdp„ dpfu Mpdu R>¡.
v$v$}-1 : sdpfy„ “pd iy„ R>¡?
rhV$prd“ A¡ : dpfy„ “pd rhV$prd“ A¡ R>¡, d“¡ d¡mhhp sdpf¡ ‘p„v$X$p„hpmu cpÆ, v|$^, NpS>f,

aºv$u“p¡, ‘‘¥ep„, ‘pL$u L¡$fu hN¡f¡ Mphp„ Å¡CA¡. sp¡ S> sdpfu aqfepv$ v|$f ’i¡.
(X$pµ¼V$f spmu ‘pX¡$ R>¡. rhV$prd“ bu âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
rhV$prd“ bu : bp¡g cpC v$v$}, s“¡ ’C ifv$u; lº„ Ry>„ rhV$prd“ bu. dpfu Mpdu’u b¡fub¡fu

L¡$ ‘¡gpN°p S>¡hp fp¡N ’pe. Æc-dp¢ Aphu Åe. d“¡ d¡mhhp A“pS>“p„ ap¡sfp„,
L$W$p¡m, IX$p„, v|$^, ipL$cpÆ Mphp„ Å¡CA¡.
v$v$}-2 : Ap sp¡ kpfy„ L$l¡hpe. v$hp“p ‘¥kp “p lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z Ap b^y„ sp¡ Mhpe S>.
(X$pµ¼V$f spmu ‘pX¡$ R>¡. rhV$prd“ ku âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
rhV$prd“ ku : lº„ Ry>„ rhV$prd“ ku. v$v$} “„.3, sd¡ ApMy„ ifuf M„S>hpmp¡ R>p¡ “¡? sdpfp ifuf“¡
dpfu S>ê$f R>¡. L$p¡bu Mp, ãgphf Mp, V$pd¡V$p„-NpS>f A“¡ L$pL$X$u Mp. Apdmp„
g]by A“¡ k„sfp Mp, aZNph¡gp L$W$p¡m Mp.
(X$pµ¼V$f spmu ‘pX¡$ R>¡. rhV$rd“ X$u âh¡i¡ R>¡.)
rhV$prd“ X$u : dpfy„ “pd rhV$prd“ X$u. v|$^, L$p¡X$guhf ApµBg, dpMZ, k|fS> Ap b^y„ lp¡e sp¡
dpfu Mpdu “ fl¡. khpf“p¡ k|e®âL$pi-sX$L$p¡ sp¡ das dm¡ A“¡ s¡“p’u k|¼sp“
Åe.
X$pµ¼V$f : Sy>Ap¡, sdpfp fp¡Np¡ kpd¡ rhV$prd“ A¡,bu,ku,X$u L$C L$C hõsydp„’u dm¡ R>¡ s¡
sd¡ kdÄep“¡?
v$v$}Ap¡ : lp...... Ad“¡ b^y„ S> kdÅC Ney„.
rhV$prd“ A¡ : kpl¡b, lSy> h^y kdÅhhp Ad¡ kd|lNus NpCA¡ R>uA¡, v$v$}Ap¡ sd¡ ‘Z kp’¡
TugÅ¡ lp¢ !
Nus : (L|$QNus“p¡ Y$pm)
Ad¡ rhV$prd“, Ad¡ rhV$prd“
Ad¡ Æh“i[¼s v$CA¡ (2)

33

A¡ : (v$v$}-1 bsphu“¡)

Ap„M“u lsu Mpdu Apd“¡, lsu Ai[¼s kp’

dpfy„ k¡h“ L$fi¡ r“Ðe, ’C S>i¡ r“fp„s.... Ad¡ rhV$prd“

bu : b¡fub¡fu, kp„^p“p vy$:Mphp, Æc Ap„sfX$p“p fp¡N (2)

A“pS>, ap¡sfp„, v|$^, ‘“uf; L$W$p¡m, IX$p„ fp¡S>

ku : gp¡lu AiyqÙ, M„S>hpm “¡; vy$:M¡ v$p„s“p ‘¡Y$p„ (2)

L$p¡bu, ãgphf, V$d¡V$p„, NpS>f; L$pL$X$u, g]by, c¡mp„ (2)

X$u : v|$^, dpMZ, L$p¡X$guhf ApµBg g¡S>¡; k|e®qL$fZ sp¡ d...a.....s.

spfy„ Ap k|¼sp“ S>i¡ “¡; fpls ’pi¡. s...f....s.

b^p„ : Ad¡ rhV$prd“, Ad¡ rhV$prd“;

Ad¡ Æh“i[¼s v$CA¡ (2)

""rhV$prd“ tTv$pbpv$'', ""rhV$prd“ tTv$pbpv$.'' - dN“gpg N„^p

õhpÝepe

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.
(1) MZ................................. (2) L$pep ................................
(3) fk“p ................................ (4) DZ‘ ................................
(5) f¼s ................................ (6) fph ................................
(7) ‘fy ............................... (8) hX¡$ ................................

k.2 ApX$pAhmp Anfp¡ Np¡W$hu A’®‘|Z® iåv$ b“php¡.
(1) S>M„mhp................................. (2) kp‘pshy„ ................................
(3) C“mpb ................................ (4) ÆL$ipcp ................................
(5) fL$p¡hguX$ ................................ (6) hy„ZahNp ................................

k.3 iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ gMp¡.

(1) kp’¡ dmu“¡ Nhpsy„ Nus ..................

(2) Æh“ Æhhp“y„ bm ..................

(3) ifufdp„ ’su ‘uX$p ..................

(4) iyÝ^ “l] s¡hy„ ..................

(5) ^bL$pfp dp‘hp dpV¡$“y„ X$pµ¼V$f“y„ kp^“ ..................

34

k.4 “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$p¡ b“php¡.
L$pY$hy„ - L$Y$phhy„
(1) hp„Qhy................................. (2) gMhy„ ................................
(3) “pQhy„ ................................ (4) ‘X$hy„ ................................
(5) ‘|R>hy„ ................................ (6) Ap‘hy„ ................................
(7) kdS>hy„ ................................ (6) L$fhy„ ................................

k.5 ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡. (b)
(A) gp¡lu Aiy[Ý^
(A) (b) k|¼sp“
(1) huV$prd“ - A¡ (L$) Ap„M“u Mpdu
(2) huV$prd“ - bu (X$) b¡fub¡fu
(3) huV$prd“ - ku
(4) huV$prd“ - X$u

k.6 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fu hp¼e b“php¡.
(1) rhV$prd“ (2) M„S>hpm (3) k|L$sp“
(4) “bmpC (5) ipL$cpÆ (6) L$msf

k.7 f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$ ‘f’u buÅ¡ iåv$ b“phu Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡.

v$p.s. kp„^p vy$:M¡ R>¡. s¡“p¡ vy$Mphp¡ Akü R>¡.
(1) bpmL$p¡ r“v$p£j lp¡e R>¡. s¡d“u................. b^p„“¡ Nd¡ R>¡.
(2) L$pf¡gp„ L$X$hp„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡“u................... b^p„“¡ Ndsu “’u.
(3) s¡ “bmp¡ R>¡ s¡’u s¡“pdp„ ............. R>¡.
(4) s¡“¡ ‘N L$m¡ R>¡ A“¡ ................ “¡ gu^¡ s¡“p’u Qgpsy„ “’u.
(5) cpC A¡L$gp¡ L$dpe R>¡. s¡“u .................. ’u Of Qpg¡ R>¡.

k.8 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu hp¼ep¡ ‘|fp„ L$fp¡.

(1) X$pµ¼V$f v$hpMp“pdp„ kpdpÞe fus¡.......................
(A$) 8.00 hpÁep“u Apk‘pk Aph¡ R>¡.
(b) bfpbf 9 hpÁe¡ Aph¡ R>¡.
(L$) 9 hpÁep“u Apk‘pk Aph¡ R>¡.

(2) c|M “ gpN¡, Mphp“y„ “ cph¡ sp¡.....................
(A) dp¡Yy„$ Aphu Åe R>¡.
(b) ifufdp„ Ai[¼s gpN¡ R>¡.
(L$) Ap„M¡ bfpbf v$¡Mpsy„ “’u.

35

(3) khpf“p¡ k|e®âL$pi ifuf“¡ dm¡ sp¡ .......................................
(A) "k|¼sp“' “p¡ fp¡N ’sp¡ “’u.
(b) gp¡lu“u Aiy[Ý^ ’su “’u.
(L$) ifufdp„ M„S>hpm Aphsu “’u.
k.9 ‘pW$“p Ap^pf¡ Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ d|L$p¡.
(1) sdpfy„ gp¡lu.................... ’C Ney„ R>¡. sdpf¡ gp¡lu sp¡ ..............S> ‘X$i¡.
(2) Ad¡ rhV$prd“, Ad¡ rhV$prd“ Ad¡................... v$CA¡.
(3) Ap sp¡ ‘¡V$............... “¡ ‘N v$p¡fX$u R>¡. sd“¡ sp¡ .................. gpN¡ R>¡.
(4) Af¡f¡ ... kpl¡b ! Ap ......................... sp¡ cpf¡ l¡fp“ L$f¡ R>¡.

k.10 “uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡ L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡ A“¡ L$p¡“¡ L$l¡ R>¡ s¡ gMp¡.
(1) ""Ðep„ S> b¡kp¡, kpl¡b lh¡ Aphi¡. Ðep„ ky^udp„ L¡$k L$Y$phu gp¡.''
(2) ""Ap¡e.....Ap¡e..... dfu Nep¡ A¡ X$pµ¼V$f kpl¡b.''
(3) ""Ap sp¡ kpfy„ L$l¡hpe. v$hp“p ‘¥kp “p lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z Ap b^y„ sp¡ Mhpe S>.''
(4) ""lp ... Ad“¡ b^y„ S> kdÅC Ney„.''

k.11 kdÆ“¡ gMp¡.
(1) “pV$L$dp„“p„ ‘pÓp¡ ....................... , ........................... , ......................
(2) v$hpMp“p“u kapC L$f“pf ...........................
(3) v$hpMp“pdp„ b¡W¡$gp„ v$v$}Ap¡“u k„¿ep ...........................
(4) khpf“p k|e®âL$pi“p¡ sX$L$p¡ g¡hp ‘pR>m“y„ L$pfZ ...........................
(5) rhV$prd““u kdS> dpV¡$ v$v$}Ap¡A¡ kp’¡ dmu“¡ Npe¡gp Nus“u L$p¡C‘Z b¡ guV$u ..........
...................................................................................................................

k.12 "kdsp¡g Aplpf' rhi¡ Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p ÓZ-Qpf hp¼ep¡ gMp¡.

k„cpjZ

"kdsp¡g Aplpf' rhi¡ “uQ¡“p dyØp“¡ Ap^pf¡ QQp® L$fp¡.
1) âp¡V$u“ 2) npf 3) rhV$pdu“ 4) L$p„Æ 5) Qfbu 6) ‘pZu

36

âL$ë‘

"kdsp¡g Aplpf' “p dy¿e OV$L$p¡“p„ “pd gMu s¡ i¡dp„ i¡dp„’u dm¡ R>¡? s¡“p„ rQÓp¡
Qp¢V$pX$u“¡ A¡L$ c]s‘ÓL$ s¥epf L$fp¡.
lº„ hp„Qy„ ............ sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡

v$v$} A“¡ v$v$® hÃQ¡“p¡ k„hpv$...

v$v$} : s“¡ sp¡ Mbf lp¡hu Å¡CA¡ L¡$ lº„ dp¡V$u S>hpbv$pfuAp¡ dp’¡ gC“¡ b¡W$p¡ Ry>„ A“¡ A¡V$gy„
b^y„ L$pd L$fy„ Ry>„ L¡$ d“¡ gNuf¡ aºfkv$ dmsu “’u. dpfp S>¡hp dpZk“¡ ‘p„Q v$lpX$p
‘’pfudp„ ‘X$éy„ fl¡hy„ “ ‘pgh¡. dl¡fbp“u L$fu.... dpfp¡ ‘uR>p¡ R>p¡X$.

v$v$® : lº„ ¼ep„ hNf “p¡se£ Aphy„ Ry>„? lº„ sp¡ spfp ‘p¡sp“p S> Apd„ÓZ’u Aphy„ Ry>„.
v$v$} : d¢ s“¡ ¼epf¡ “p¡sep£?
v$v$® : spfp ‘¡V$“¡ sy„ ‘|R>u Å¡. spfu fl¡Zu L$fZu“¡ ‘|R>u Å¡. A¡ spfp ârsr“r^Ap¡ R>¡ “¡

A¡ d“¡ Mpk Qplu“¡ bp¡gph¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ S> lº„ Aphy„ Ry>„.
v$v$} : (rhõde ‘pdu) spfu Ap hps dpfu kdS>dp„ L¡$d Aph¡? S>fp rhNs¡ kdÅh.
v$v$® : ÓZ dpZk“¡ Å¡CA¡ A¡V$gy„ sp¡ sy„ A¡L$gp¡ S> MpC Åe R>¡. A¡ ‘Qphhp dpV¡$ îd

L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡ A¡ sy„ “’u L$fsp¡. A¡V$gy„ S> “rl, ‘Z b¡ X$Ngp„ Qpgsp¡ e “’u.
A“¡ Äepf¡ Sy>Ap¡ Ðepf¡ Myfiu ‘f S> b¡W$p¡ fl¡ R>¡. Ap“y„ ‘qfZpd A¡ S> dpfp
ApNd““y„ L$pfZ R>¡. kdÄep¡?
v$v$} : l„.... lh¡ kdÄep¡.

AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s

‘pW$“u iê$Apsdp„ Ap‘¡gp„ rQÓp¡“y„ r“funZ L$fphu hN®dp„ rhõs©s fus¡ kq¾$e QQp® L$fhu.
"s„vy$fõs ifufdp„ s„vy$fõs d“ fl¡ R>¡.' Ap kyhp¼e“¡ kdÅhu kdsp¡g Aplpf“u hps L$fu
rhop““p rhje kp’¡ A“yb„^ Å¡X$hp¡. rhV$prd“ bpbs rhÛp’}Ap¡dp„ fl¡gp op““u âñp¡ Üpfp
Mpsfu L$fu âõsys ‘pW$dp„ Ap‘¡gu dprlsu Ap‘hu. Ap L©$rs iuMu Nep ‘R>u rhÛp’}Ap¡
‘p¡sp“p Mp¡fpL$dp„ ‘qfhs®“ L$f¡ s¡ dpV¡$ â¡fZp Ap‘hu. X$pµ¼V$f“p ky„v$f ‘pÓ dpV¡$ âi„kp L$fu“¡
ApS>“p X$pµ¼V$f rhi¡ ‘Z QQp® L$fhu.

‘l¡gy„ kyM s¡ Ås¡ “ep®.

37

D‘¾$d gu - gudX$p¡
* “uQ¡ Ap‘¡gp “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$p¡ b“php¡.
Dv$p. dp R> gu dp - dpsp R> - R>gp„N

* S>Ns- S> ............... * hpv$m - hp ....... ...... . * rhkpdp¡ - rh ............

N .............. v ....... ...... . $ kp ............

s ............... m ...... ........ dp¡ .............

* “uQ¡“p iåv$Qp¡fkdp„’u "s fyhf' L$pìe dp„ A phsp ‘p„Q iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡ A“¡ hp¼e b“php¡.

b m s Z c|
Ap L$u d S> M¡
d Mp g N Ap
ri L$p¡ X$ s Op
k D ‘ L$p f

Dv$plfZ : bmsZ : TpX$ Ap‘Z“¡ bmsZ Ap‘¡ R>¡.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

cprjL$ kdS>

rhi¡jZ

rhi¡jZ“p âL$pf

“uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡.

1) N„Np ‘rhÓ “v$u R>¡. 2) “d° bpmL$p¡ kp¥“¡ Nd¡

3) Nfub dpZk“¡ dv$v$ L$fp¡. 4) s¡Z¡ “hu NpX$u Mfuv$u.

f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$ NyZhpQL$ rhi¡jZ R>¡ S>¡ L¡$hp¡, L¡$hu, L¡$hy„, L¡$hp„ S>¡hp âñ ‘|R>hp’u dm¡ R>¡.

(1) N„Np L¡$hu “v$u R>¡? (2) L¡$hp„ bpmL$p¡ kp¥“¡ Nd¡?

(3) L¡$hp dpZk“¡ dv$v$ L$fip¡? (4) s¡Z¡ L¡$hu NpX$u Mfuv$u?

“uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡.

1) hN®dp„ Óuk rhÛp’}Ap¡ R>¡. hN®dp„ L¡$V$gp rhÛp’} R>¡?

2) lp’dp„ b¡ b„NX$uAp¡ R>¡. lp’dp„ L¡$V$gu b„NX$uAp¡ R>¡?

f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$ k„¿ephpQL$ rhi¡jZ R>¡ S>¡ L¡$V$gp¡, L¡$V$gu, L¡$V$gp„ S>¡hp âñ ‘|R>hp’u dm¡ R>¡.

38

DÑf gMhp L$p¦kdp„“p iåv$p¡dp„’u ep¡Áe iåv$ ‘k„v$ L$fp¡ : (gpg, dp¡V$p¡, káf„Nu, ‘psmu, gp„bu,
ky„v$f, gugyR>d, f„Nb¡f„Nu, ÅX$p¡, Qsyf, gyÃQy„, gugp¡, hl¡su, i¡L¡$gp, ^p¡mp¡, hapv$pf)
1) ‘p¡‘V$“p¡ f„N L¡$hp¡ R>¡?....................... 9) “v$u L¡$hu R>¡?..................................
2) lp’u L¡$hp¡ R>¡?................................. 10) d¡O^“yj L¡$hy„ R>¡? .........................
3) L$pNX$p¡ L¡$hp¡ R>¡?....................... 11) M¡sf L¡$hy„ v$¡Mpe R>¡? .....................
4) Nygpb“p¡ f„N L¡$hp¡ R>¡?....................... 12) riepm L¡$hy„ lp¡e? .........................
5) ‘h®s L¡$hp¡ R>¡?................................ 13) dL$pC“p X$p¡X$p L¡$hp R>¡? ...................
6) rbgpX$u L¡$hu R>¡?............................. 14) ‘s„rNep„ L¡$hp„ lp¡e? ........................
7) rS>fpa“u X$p¡L$ L¡$hu R>¡?....................... 15) bNgp“p¡ f„N L¡$hp¡ R>¡? .....................
8) gpL$X$u L¡$hu R>¡?.............................. 16) L|$sfp¡ L¡$hp¡ lp¡e?

epv$ fpMp¡

* L¡$hp¡, L¡$hu, L¡$hy„, L¡$hp, L¡$hp„ ’u âñ ‘|R>u DÑf ê$‘¡ S>¡ iåv$ Aph¡,
s¡“¡ ìepL$fZ“u cpjpdp„ "rhi¡jZ' L$l¡hpe.

* rhi¡jZ “pd“p A’®dp„ h^pfp¡ L$f¡ R>¡.
* hp¼edp„’u rhi¡jZ“p¡ iåv$ L$pY$u g¡hp R>sp„ s¡ hp¼e“p¡ A’® bfpbf kdÅe R>¡.

Qsyf N^¡X$p¡ - gpg Nygpb - lp¢riepf NgyqX$ey„ - k„yv$f ‘nu

gpg, ky„v$f, lp¡riepf, Qsyf rhi¡jZ R>¡.
Ap ArhL$pfu rhi¡jZ R>¡. "A' A¡V$g¡ “rl A“¡ "rhL$pf' A¡V$g¡ a¡fapf.

“p“p¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ - “p“p R>p¡L$fpAp¡
“p“u R>p¡L$fu - “p“u R>p¡L$fuAp¡
“p“y„ bpmL$ - “p“p„ bpmL$p¡

“p“y„, dp¡Vy„$, dp¢Oy„, “hy„, S|>“„y, kp„L$Xy„$, ‘lp¡my„ hN¡f¡ rhi¡jZp¡ R>¡.

S>¡dp„ “pd“¡ L$pfZ¡ a¡fapf ’pe R>¡. Ap rhL$pfu rhi¡jZ R>¡.

õhpÝepe
“uQ¡“pdp„’u rhL$pfu A“¡ ArhL$pfu rhi¡jZp¡ R|>V$p„ ‘pX$p¡.
QpgpL$, KXy$, spSy>„, hpku, “d°, Nygpbu, ka¡v$, L$pmy„, kõsy„, guky„, AcZ, cZ¡gy„, gugy„, W$p¡W$

39

g¡ML$-L$rh ‘qfQe

(1) d¥Óucph“y„ ‘rhÓ TfÏ„ (âp’®“p)

rQÓcp“y : îu rQÓcp“y âdp¡v$Æ S>¥“ dyr“ R>¡. s¡d“p¡ S>Þd 1922dp„ fpS>õ’p“dp„ s¿sN°ldp„ ’ep¡
lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ S>¥“ ^d®“p sÐhop“u R>¡. 1970dp„ kp^y Æh“dp„’u ‘pR>p aep® bpv$ s¡ îphL$ b“u
füp. s¡dZ¡ S>¥“ Ýep“L¡$ÞÖ“u õ’p‘“p d¡“lV$“dp„ L$fu R>¡. s¡dZ¡ Ly$g 25 ‘yõsL$p¡ g¿ep„ R>¡.

(3) rÓf„Np¡ : gl¡fpsp¡ (v$¡ic[¼s)

drZgpg A¡d îudpmu "rdg“' : dZugpg îudpmu“p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1957dp„ Adv$phpv$“p ‘ukphX$pdp„
’ep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ Np„^u“Nf [õ’s õV¡$V$ b¢L$ Ap¸a HqX$ep“p X¡$àeyV$u l¡X$ L¡$rief sfuL¡$ afS> ‘f lsp.
"QqfÓ', "X$p¡gsp„ aŸ$gX$p„', "sfÏ„', "l]QL$p¡' s¡d“p„ ârkÙ âL$pi“p¡ R>¡.

(4) d|rs® (âk„NL$’p)

X$p¸. ApB. L¡$. huS>muhpmp * X$p¸. B“ykcpB L¡$ huS>muhpmp“p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1960dp„ cph“Nf
rS>ëgp“p AdfNY$dp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ A¡d.X$u. (bpmfp¡N r“óZps) ’e¡gp R>¡. s¡dZ¡ NyS>fpsu
‘yõsL$p¡“p¡ cphp“yhpv$ L$ep£ R>¡. D‘fp„s kÐeL$’pAp¡ ‘Z gMu R>¡. bpmkprlÐedp„ lufp“p¡ MÅ“p¡
A“¡ bpm Apfp¡ÁeipõÓ S>¡hu ÅZusu L©$rsAp¡ gMu R>¡. "Jv$fcpB“¡ Ap„Mp¡ Aphu.' Ap bpm
L$pìe“¡ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe ‘qfjv$ Üpfp A¸hp¡X®$ dþep¡ R>¡.

(5) Mçdp hufp“¡ (õ“¡lNus)

Þlp“pgpg : Þlp“pgpg“p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1877dp„ Adv$phpv$dp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ rh‘yg A“¡
fk-kcf kprlÐe kS>®“ Üpfp NyS>fpsu kprlÐe“¡ kd©Ù L$ey¯ R>¡. L$pìep¡, “pV$L$p¡, “hgL$’p,
rhh¡Q“, QqfÓ hN¡f¡ kprlÐe“p n¡Ódp„ s¡dZ¡ M¡X$pZ L$ey¯ R>¡.

(6) kyN„^ L$ÃR>“u (‘Óg¡M“)

X$p¸. v$i®“p ^p¡mqL$ep : v$i®“p ^p¡mqL$ep“p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1962dp„ L$ÃR>dp„ c|S> Mps¡ ’ep¡ R>¡.
s¡Ap¡ A¡d.A¡., ‘u.A¡Q.X$u. ’ep R>¡. îu. Apf. Apf. gpg“ L$p¸g¡S> c|S> Mps¡ ìep¿epsp sfuL¡$
L$pe®fs R>¡. NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ rhrh^ n¡Ó¡ s¡d“y„ âv$p“ R>¡. s¡d“¡ “ftkl QqfÓ A“¡
NyS>fps“p kS>®L$p¡“y„ âp’rdL$ rinZ ‘pqfsp¡rjL$ âpá ’ep„ R>¡.

(7) sfyhf - (‘ep®hfZ Nus)

qL$ip¡fgpg diê$hpmp : s¡Ap¡ Np„^ueyN“p g¡ML$ lsp. s¡d“p¡ S>Þd 1890dp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. kpdprS>L$
A“¡ ApÝep[ÐdL$ rhjep¡ ‘f s¡d“u ‘L$X$ lsu. ApW$ hj® ky^u s¡Ap¡ "lqfS>“'“p k„‘pv$L$ lsp.
"Np„^u A“¡ dpL$k®', "NuspÝhr“' "byÝ^ A“¡ dlphuf' A¡ s¡d“p„ ârkÝ^ ‘yõsL$p¡ R>¡.

(8) rhV$prd“ tTv$pbpv$ (“pV$L$)

dN“gpg N„^p : s¡d“p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1937dp„ Åd-Å¡^‘yf (fpS>L$p¡V$)dp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. bu.A¡.;
bu.A¡X$; lp¡hp’u s¡d“pdp„ rinL$ sfuL¡$“p klS> NyZp¡ lsp. s¡d“u "‘R>¡X$u S>¡hX$u kp¡X$' L©$rs
cpfs kfL$pf Üpfp ‘yfõL©$s lsu. sp¡ "fMX$‘Ë$u' NyS>fps kfL$pf Üpfp ‘yfõL©$s lsu. "BÃR>p“p„
lfZ' s¡d“p¡ L$pìek„N°l R>¡.

40

kprlÐe `qfQe - AÝee“ r“ó‘rÑ ^p¡fZ - kpsdy„

AÝee_-AÝep`_ âq¾$ep AÝee_ r_ó`rÑ

v$f¡L$ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ (Sy>v$u fus¡ knd bpmL$p¡ krls) ìe[¼sNs 07-LT-01 Å¡e¡gu A“¡ kp„cm¡gu OV$“p (v$p.s. õ’pr“L$,
kpdprS>L$ OV$“p, L$pe®¾$d) rhi¡ rh“p k„$L$p¡Q¡ âñ ‘|R>¡
A\hp kpd|rlL$ âp¡Ðkpl_ Ap`hy„. s¡d_¡ - R>¡, ds ìe¼s L$f¡ R>¡.
07-LT-02 Å¡e¡gu, kp„cm¡gu hpsp®/OV$“p ‘p¡sp“u cpjpdp„ fS|>
Ø `p¡sp_u cpjpdp„ bp¡ghp_u s¡dS> QQp® L$fhp_u sL$ Ap`hu.
L$f¡ R>¡, gM¡ R>¡.
Ø D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpsu cpjp_u bpqfL$pC rhi¡ QQp® L$fhp_u sL$ 07-LT-03 f¡qX$ep¡, v|$fv$i®“, hs®dp“‘Ó, IV$f“¡V$dp„ Å¡e¡gu,
Ap`hu.

Ø kq¾$e A_¡ ÅN©s b_phhp dpV¡$ s¥epf L$fpsy„ kprlÐe kp„cm¡gu OV$“pAp¡ ‘p¡sp“p iåv$p¡dp„ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡. s’p

(S>¡dL¡$ - hs®dp_ ‘Ó, `rÓL$p, QgrQÓ A_¡ ×íeîpìe s¡“p rhi¡ h^y dprlsu d¡mh¡ R>¡.

kprlÐe hN¡f¡) Å¡hp_u, kp„cmhp_u, hp„Qhp_u, gMhp_u 07-LT-04 rhrh^ âkpfdpÝedp¡dp„ âkpqfs ’sp„ kdpQpfp¡,
A_¡ QQp® L$fhp_u sL$ Ap`hu. QQp® A“¡ k„hpv$p¡ kdÆ“¡ kp„cm¡ R>¡.

Ø kd|ldp„ L$pe® L$fsu hMs¡ A¡L$buÅ_p L$pd bpbs¡ QQp® 07-LT-05 rhrh^ rhjep¡ dpV¡$, rhrh^ Dv¹$¡ip¡ dpV¡$ rhfpd
rQl¹“p¡“p¡ ep¡Áe D‘ep¡N L$fu“¡ gM¡ R>¡.
L$fhu, ds Ap`hp¡-g¡hp¡, âñ `|R>hp_u õhs„Ósp Ap`hu. 07-LT-06 Sy>v$p Sy>v$p âk„N¡, Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Dv¹$¡ip“ykpf gMsu
hMs¡ iåv$, hp¼e, ê$qY$âep¡N, L$l¡hsp¡“p¡ ep¡Áe D‘ep¡N
Ø NyS>fpsu_u kp\¡ S> `p¡sp_u cpjp_y„ kprlÐe hp„Qhp_u L$f¡ R>¡.
s¡dS> gMhp“u kyrh^p A“¡ s¡“p ‘f QQp® L$fhp“u R|>V$
Ap`hu. 07-LT-07 ‘pW$, L$rhsp, lpõeg¡M, Nusp¡ hN¡f¡ Ýep“‘|h®L$
kp„cmu“¡ s¡“p¡ Ap“„v$ g¡ R>¡, ep¡Áe Apfp¡l-Ahfp¡l krls
Ø `p¡sp_p `qfhpf A_¡ kdpS> kp’¡ k„b„r^s rhrh^ kprlÐe_y„

hp„Q_ A_¡ s¡_p `f QQp® L$fhp_u sL$ Ap`hu. Npe/hp„Q¡ R>¡.

Ø `p¡sp_u cpjp hp„Qsu hMs¡ gMhp k„v$c®_u q¾$epAp¡ `Z 07-LT-08 ‘p¡sp“¡ Nd¡gu hpsp®, lpõeg¡M, L$rhsp“y„ Arc“e
Apep¡rS>s L$fhu. v$p.s. iåv$ fds, L$p¡eX$p. krls âõsysuL$fZ L$f¡ R>¡.

Ø NyS>fpsu cpjp_p k„v$c®_¡ A_ykfu_¡ cpjp_y„ rhïg¡jZ 07-LT-01 hs®dp“ ‘Óp¡, dprkL$p¡ A“¡ ‘yõsL$p¡dp„“p bpmkprlÐe“y„
kdS>‘|h®L$ hp„Q“ L$fu“ Ap“„v$ d¡mh¡ R>¡, k„N°l L$f¡ R>¡.
(ìepL$fZ, hp¼efQ_p, rhfpdrQl¹_p¡, hN¡f¡) L$fhp_u sL$ 07-LT-09 kph®S>r“L$ õ’mp¡ ‘f“u k|Q“p kdÆ“¡ hp„Q¡ R>¡.

Ap`hu. 07-LT-10 Of s’p ‘qfkfdp„ ’sp A“p¥‘QpqfL$ k„hpv$p¡ kp„cm¡
R>¡, kdS>¡ R>¡.
Ø L$ë`_pi[¼s A_¡ kS>®_pÐdL$sp“p¡ rhL$pk, L$f_pfu q¾$ep
v$p.s. Arc_e, d|L$ Arc_e, L$rhsp, `pW$, kS>®_pÐdL$ 07-LT-11 hX$ugp¡ kp’¡“p k„hpv$dp„, rdÓp¡ kp’¡“u kd|lQQp®dp„
g¡M, rhrh^ `qf[õ\rsdp„ k„hpv$ hN¡f¡_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$fhy„ klcpNu ’C ‘p¡sp“p¡ õ‘ô$ ds fS|> L$f¡ R>¡.
A“¡ s¡_u s¥epfu k„b„r^s g¡rMs kprlÐe A_¡ Al¡hpg
g¡M__u sL$ Ap`hu. 07-LT-12 Ap‘¡gp iåv$p¡, iåv$ kd|lp¡, L$l¡hsp¡ A“¡
ê$qY$âep¡Np¡“p¡ v$¥r“L$ Æh“dp„ D‘ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡, s¡d“p¡ k„N°l
Ø kprlÐe A“¡ kprl[ÐeL$ sÐhp¡“u kdS|>su h^pfhp“u sL$ L$f¡ R>¡.

Ap‘hu. 07-LT-13 ep¡Áe Nrs krls kdS>‘|h®L$ âNV$hp„Q“ A“¡
Ø iåv$L$p¡i“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fhp âp¡Ðkprls L$fhp. d|L$hp„Q“ L$f¡ R>¡.

Ø kp„õL©$rsL$ L$pe®¾$dp¡dp„ Nhpsp gp¡L$Nusp¡“p¡ k„N°l L$fhp¡ s’p 07-LT-14 cprjL$ fdsp¡ k„b„r^s dprlsu Ap‘¡ R>¡.
07-LT-15 Of, ipmp, kdpS> A“¡ ‘qfkfdp„ ’sp D‘¾$dp¡dp„
s¡d“¡ ge krls âõsys L$fhp“u sL$ Ap‘hu. klcpNu ’pe R>¡.
07-LT-16 Ap‘¡gp aL$fp“y„ kdS>‘|h®L$ hp„Q“ L$fu“¡ ep¡Áe iuj®L$
Ø cpjp“¡ kd©Ù L$fhp dpV¡$ bpm kprlÐe“u kp’¡ AÞe
kprlÐe“p¡ k„N°l A“¡ s¡“u fS|>Aps L$fhp“u sL$ Ap‘hu Ap‘¡ R>¡.
v$¥r“L$ Æh“dp„ A“¡ AÞe L$pe®¾$dp¡ Üpfp rhrh^ rhjep¡ 07-LT-17 Ap‘¡gp rhje dpV¡$ âñphgu s¥epf L$fu“¡ gM¡ R>¡.
fS|> L$fhp“u sL$ Ap‘hu. 07-LT-18 ‘qfkfdp„“u kpdprS>L$ kdõepAp¡ rhi¡ ÅN©rs

Ø ‘qfkfdp„“p rhrh^ õ’mp¡, dmsu rhrh^ ìe[¼sAp¡ rhi¡ r“dp®Z ’pe s¡ dpV¡$ ep¡Áe rhQpfp¡ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡.
‘p¡sp“p rhQpf fS|> L$fhp“u sL$ Ap‘hu. 07-LT-19 lpõe L$’pAp¡ hp„Qu“¡ s¡“p¡ Ap“„v$ g¡ R>¡.

07-LT-20 g¡M“ L$fsu hMs¡ b¡ iåv$p¡“u hÃQ¡ ep¡Áe A„sf
fpM¡ R>¡.
07-LT-21 ‘qfÃR>¡v$“y„ ep¡Áe$ A“yg¡M“ A“¡ îysg¡M“ L$f¡ R>¡.
07-LT-22 ‘p¡sp“p iåv$p¡dp„ rQÓ/âk„N“y„ hZ®“ gM¡ R>¡.
07-LT-23 ìepL$fZ“p OV$L$p¡ rhi¡ dprlsu d¡mh¡ R>¡ A“¡ s¡“p¡
ep¡Áe D‘ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡. v$p.s. q¾$eprhi¡jZ Aìee,
iåv$ep¡Nu Aìee, DcepÞheu Aìee, L¡$hmâep¡Nu Aìee,
‘|Z®rhfpd, Aë‘rhfpd, âñp’®rQl“ A“¡ Å¡X$Zu“p
r“edp¡.
4107-LT-24 iåv$L$p¡i“p¡ ep¡Áe D‘ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡.