1
BEN WABLE:
SCIENCE
PORTFOLIO
2018
S3
2
Blue Science Portfolio
Directions: Y ou have been asked to create a digital science portfolio that represent your growth
towards specific skills throughout the year. The portfolio will showcase your lab reports,
assessments and presentations that you will complete in science class. You will be expected to
edit and revise the additions to the portfolio throughout year. The final project will be submitted
to http://anyflip.com/ in June.
Table of Contents
● Scientific discoveries
● Scientific Method Readings practice
● Scientific Method Quiz
● Cassini articles with pictures and links
● Metric Practice
● Density
● Density Lab Report
● Density Quiz
● Density Reflection
● Phase Change of Water Activity
● Phase Change Review
● Phase Change Quiz
● Classification of Matter
● QUIZ: Classification of Matter
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Topic List
Scientific Method
1. Scientific Discoveries Presentation
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2. QUIZ: Scientific Method
Directions: R ead the following description of an experiment and complete the
components of the scientific method.
Experiment:
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Option #1: Patrick believed that fish would become smarter and complete a maze
faster if they ate food that was placed in a microwave first. He had 100 fish that he
could use for the experiment. He evaluated their intelligence based on their time to
complete the maze.
Option #2: Mr. Smithers believed that Caffeine may make people more alert. Mr.
Smithers tested 100 people by using their scores in the same video game. Devin had 3
different brands of drinks with 10 g, 20 g, and 30 g of caffeine respectively. He
measured their scores on a video game that had a range of 0-1000 points. Some of the
players were not given caffeine drinks. on the game
*Help Mr. Smithers design an effective experiment and write a conclusion that analyzes
your results.
Problem Statement
How does microwaved food affect how smart and fast the fish complete the maze?
Hypothesis
If the fish eat the microwaved food then they will complete the maze faster because the
microwaved food makes the fish become more smarter and faster.
Independent Variable
25% microwaved 50% microwaved 75% microwaved 100% microwaved
Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is the time that was required to complete the maze.
Constants (Pick 2) They fish that are experimenting
The maze that the fish are experimenting in
Control
The fish that eat the regular food.
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Basic Procedures:
(List 5-8 steps)
1.Patrick gathers 100 fish for the experiment
2.He makes that maze for the fish to experiment in
3.First the fish with no microwaved food goes first, Patrick collects his data
4.Next the fish with 25% microwaved food, Patrick collects his data
5.Than the fish with 75% microwaved food, Patrick collects his data
6.Finally the fish with 100% microwaved food go, Patrick collects his data
7. Patrick thanks the fish and gives them a 10 dollar gift card to the Krusty Karab
Data Table: (Place data table here) Time (Seconds)
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Percentage of Microwaved food 40
0% 32
25% 19
50% 10
75%
100%
Graph: (Place graph here)
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Conclusion:
Purpose, Hypothesis, Description, Data or evidence, Improvements, Conclusion
The purpose of the experiment was to see if microwaved food affects the time the fish go
through a maze. The hypothesis was supported because it was correct. The more microwaved
food used the faster the fish were. According to the data the experiment that was the quickest
was 10 seconds in the maze. (100% microwaved food) and the slowest was 45 seconds (no
microwaved food). The improvements that could be made could be making the experiment more
organized and more accurate. In conclusion, the hypothesis was right and the experiment was a
success.
Back to Saturn? Five missions proposed to
follow Cassini
For 13 years, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft sent back captivating observations of
Saturn, and its rings and moons, solving some mysteries but raising plenty of
new questions. With the spacecraft’s demise Friday, the stream of data from
Saturn has dried up.
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“Until we go back, that’s a very distant world now,” Linda Spilker, project
scientist for Cassini, said during a news conference Friday. “The details of the
rings, and those small moons snuggled in so close — those are all gone until
we go back.”
NASA has no plans to return to Saturn, but that could change. In the latest
round in a scientific competition called New Frontiers, NASA specified
categories of missions it would consider. Those include a probe to study
Saturn’s atmosphere or a mission to go to Titan or Enceladus, two moons
known to have oceans.
The New Frontiers program solicits ideas for missions from teams of scientists
and engineers. These projects can be ambitious, costing up to about $1 billion.
Earlier proposals included Juno, now orbiting Jupiter, and Osiris-Rex, which
is en route to the asteroid Bennu.
34.2 cm = ______m 9
Your Answer: 0 .342 Correct
4500.0 mg = _____g +1 / 1 point(s)
Your Answer: 4 .5 Correct
7.2 L = _____mL +1 / 1 point(s)
Your Answer: 7 200 Correct
2.35 km = ______m +1 / 1 point(s)
Your Answer: 2350 Correct
8600.0 m = ______ km +1 / 1 point(s)
Your Answer: 8 .6 Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
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Name Benjamin Wable
Class: S3
Teacher: Mr. Lopez
Date: 10/4/17
Investigation Title:
I. Investigation Design
A. Problem Statement:
How does the density of different metals affect how we identify them?
B. Hypothesis:
If density is known then unknown metals can be correctly identified.
C. Independent Variable: x
Levels of IV
copper bronze aluminum zinc tin brass
D. Dependent Variable:y
Density (g/cm3 )
E. Constants: balance surface
Water
F. Control:
water
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G. Materials: (List with numbers)
1. Graduated Cylinder
2. Beaker
3. Dropper
4. Scale
H. Procedures: (List with numbers and details)
1. Weighed metal
2. Measured the water before adding metal
3. Dropped metal into the water
4. Measured water after adding metal
5. Calculated the difference between water before and after and found the volume
6. Divided the mass of the metal by the volume and found density
II. Data Collection
A. Qualitative Observations:
● Some metals were cylindrical
● Others were cubed
● Metallic, dull colors
● Metal itself shiny
B. Quantitative Observations: (Key data)
1. Data Table
Density Density
Metals Day 1 Day 2
Copper 9.6 9.6
Aluminum
Zinc 2.75 2.8
Brass
Bronze 9.7 7.3
Tin
8.5 8.4
13.4 13.4
3.2 4.8
2. Graph
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3. Calculations
Show 3 Math Examples
Copper
D = m/v
D= 27 g
3 cm3
D = 9 g/cm3
Aluminum
D=m/v
D=29.5/11
D=2.7
Brass
D=m/v
D=68.3/8
D=8.5
Bronze
D=m/v
D=267.4/20
D=13.4
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III. Data Analysis/Conclusion
The purpose of this experiment was to identify the density of unknown metals. The
hypothesis we originated with was, “If density is known, then unknown metals can be correctly
identified because every metal has it's own density.” This hypothesis proved to be correct, as
we correctly identified the metals after finding their densities. In this experiment, we found the
densities of the metals by weighing mystery metals, and then measuring the volume of the
water before putting the metals in. Then we placed the mystery metals into the cylinder of water,
and measured the volume of the water after. We took the difference between the volume of the
water before and the volume after to find the volume of the metal. Then we took the mass of the
metal and divided it by the volume to find the density. Throughout the two days, the mystery
metal stayed consistent and we identified them correctly. Overall, this experiment was
successful, supported our hypothesis, and was a good introduction into calculating density.
IV. Research and Applications
5 6-8 sentences about your topic
*How does Density relate to Plate Tectonics?
Density and Plate Tectonics are related in one main sense, and that is mantle
convection. Convection is the process of a less dense matter rising and a matter of
more density sinking. The temperature of the matter also plays a role in convection, as
the hotter material is less dense, and the colder material is more dense. When two
matters of the same density clash, they slowly start to rise, and mountains form. Also,
The driving force behind plate tectonics is buoyancy. Buoyancy arises from density
differences. In the mantle, density differences are a function of variations in
temperature. Warm areas expand and become less dense (more buoyant) than their
surroundings and rise.
V. References and Citations
● 2 or 3 web links
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/amnh/earthquakes-and-volcanoes/plate-tectonic
s/a/plates-on-the-move
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/amnh/earthquakes-and-volcanoes/plate-tectonic
s/a/mantle-convection-and-plate-tectonics
http://education.seattlepi.com/role-density-play-convection-4329.html
Scientific Method Test 2017
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Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
1. A scientist conducted an experiment to determine how the amount
of salt in a body of water affects the number of plants that can live in
the water. In this experiment the dependent variable is
_____________.
Your Answer: the number of plants in the water
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
2. A scientist hypothesizes that the temperature at which an
alligator's egg is incubated will determine whether the alligator will
be male or female. The independent variable is ____________.
Your Answer: t he temperature
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
3. In an experiment, the factor that we measure and is on the Y-axis
is called the ____________.
Your Answer: dependent variable
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
4. In an experiment, the one variable that is changed by the
experimenter is called the _____________.
Your Answer: i ndependent variable
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Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
5. If you were measuring the mass of a fly, you should use
____________.
Your Answer: g rams
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
6. If you wanted to know the volume of water in a small can of soda,
you would use ______________.
Your Answer: milliliters
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
7. A scientist who wants to study the affects of fertilizer on plants
sets up an experiment. Plant A gets no fertilizer, Plant B gets 5 mg.
of fertilizer each day, and Plant C gets 10mg. of fertilizer each day.
Which plant is the control?
Your Answer: P lant A
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
8. Victoria grows the same bacteria in 20 petri dishes. She places 10
of the dishes in a container with a normal atmosphere. The
remaining dishes she places in a container in which the oxygen level
is double the normal level. She labels the first group "A" and the
second group "B". Which of the following best describes the
groups?
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Your Answer: Group A is the control group; Group B is the experimental group
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
9. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green
slime. Homer decides to spray half of the shower with coconut juice
thinking this will kill the slime. He sprays the other half of the shower
with water. After 3 days of "treatment" the green slime on the
coconut juice side of the shower dies. The dependent variable in his
experiment is _____________.
Your Answer: the amount of the green slime
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
10. For an experiment, a scientist put lime at the base of tomato
plant A and baking soda at the base of tomato plant B. She then
sealed the plants in plastic bags. Tomato plant A eventually died,
and tomato plant B stayed healthy. What is the Independent Variable
in this experiment?
Your Answer: t he substance at the base of each plant
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
11. I am trying to clean my bathroom because it has mold on the
bottom. I was told to use oxy clean to get it up. I use oxy clean on
half of the bathroom and water on the other half. The control is:
Your Answer: water
Correct
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+1 / 1 point(s)
12. A scientist plants two rows of corn for experimentation. She puts
fertilizer on row 1 but does not put fertilizer on row 2. Both rows
receive the same amount of water and light intensity. She checks the
growth of the corn over the course of 5 months. What is a constant
in this experiment.
Your Answer: A mount of water
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
13. A student wants to conduct an experiment to find out how pulse
rates changes as the length of time spent exercising increases. The
dependent variable will be _____.
Your Answer: p ulse rate
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
14. A student hypothesized that the amount of sunlight a sunflower
plant receives determines the number of sunflower seeds the plant
produces. In her experiment, the number of seeds produced is the
_____.
Your Answer: d ependent variable
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
15. In a controlled experiment, the independent variable is ____.
Your Answer: changed to test the hypothesis - it goes on the x-axis
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
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16. Sarah wanted to find out if temperature has an effect on the
growth of bread mold. She grew the mold in nine Petri dishes
containing the same amount and type of nutrients. Three were kept
at 0 C, three were kept at 90 C, and three were kept at room
temperature, 27 C. The containers were examined and the growth of
the bread mold was recorded each Friday for five weeks. Which of
the following is her hypothesis?
Your Answer: If the temperature changes then the amount of bread mold will change.
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
17. Sarah wanted to find out if temperature has an effect on the
growth of bread mold. She grew the mold in nine Petri dishes
containing the same amount and type of nutrients. Three were kept
at 0 C, three were kept at 90 C, and three were kept at room
temperature, 27 C. The containers were examined and the growth of
the bread mold was recorded each Friday for five weeks. The
independent variable is:
Your Answer: temperature of the containers
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
18. What is the independent variable in the experiment found in the
link below?
Your Answer: color of the light
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
19. In the experiment found on the link, all of the following variables
must be held constant EXCEPT
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Your Answer: c olor of the light
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
20. An unknown substance from planet X has a density of 10 g/mL. It
occupies a volume of 80 mL. What is the mass of this unknown
substance?
Your Answer: 8 00 g
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
21. A graduated cylinder has 22 mL of water placed in it. An
irregularly shaped rock is then placed in the graduated cylinder and
the volume of the rock and water in the graduated cylinder now
reads 30 mL . The mass of the rock is 24 g. What is the density of the
rock?
Your Answer: 3 g/cm3
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
22. A rectangular solid of unknown density is 5 cm long, 2 cm high,
and 4 cm wide. The mass of this solid is 300 grams. Given this
information for this homogeneous material, calculate the density.
Your Answer: 7 .5 g/cm3
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
23. Silver has a density of 10.5 g/cm3 and gold has a density of 19.3
g/cm3 . Which would have a greater mass, 5 cm3 of silver or 5 cm3
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of gold?
Your Answer: G old
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
24. A 28.5 g of iron is added to a graduated cylinder containing 45.5
mL of water. The water level rises to the 49.1 mark. Calculate the
density.
Your Answer: 7 .92 g/cm3
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
25. 43.2 m = __________ mm
Your Answer: 4 3200
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
26. 8700 mL = ________ L
Your Answer: 8.7
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
27. 5.9 km = _____________ m
Your Answer: 5900
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
28. 756.0 cg = _____________ g
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Your Answer: 7.56
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
29. 23,000 mm = _____________ m
Your Answer: 23
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
30. Metric Unit for Mass
Your Answer: GRAMS
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
31. Metric Unit for Density of a Solid
Your Answer: g/cm3
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
32. Metric Unit for Density of a Liquid
Your Answer: g/mL
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
33. Which appliance is used twice as many hours on the weekends
as it is on weekdays?
Your Answer: T V
22
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
34.On average, how many hours is the computer used on a
weekday?
Your Answer: 2
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
35. Which 2 objects are the same substance?
Your Answer: 1 and 4
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
36. What would the mass of the gold in B if the volume is 50% of A?
Your Answer: 500 g
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
37. Why does the Oceanic Plate sink below the Continental Plate in
the picture?
Your Answer: The Oceanic Plate made of Basalt is MORE DENSE than the
Continental Plate made of Granite.
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
38. Why are mountains such as the Himalayans formed? Study the
picture.
Your Answer: C ontinental plates collide with equal density Continental Plates and are
forced upwards.
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Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
39. What volume of silver metal will have a mass of exactly 300.0 g.
The density of silver is 10.5 g/cm3.
Your Answer: 28.6 cm3
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
40. The density of lead is 11.342 g/cm3. What would be the volume of
a 400.0 g sample of this metal?
Your Answer: 3 5.3 cm3
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
41. If two objects have the same volume but one has a greater mass,
the one with greater mass
Your Answer: h as a higher density
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
42. If the density of water is 1 gram/cm3, this means that the mass of
100 cm3 of water should be
Your Answer: 100 grams
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
43. The density of hot an cold water are different mainly because
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Your Answer: t he molecules in hot water move faster and are slightly further apart
QUIZ: Phase Changes 2017
Calculate Heat Energy:
Apply the following Equations:
Heat = Mass * Heat of Fusion
Heat = Mass * Change in Temperature * SH
Heat = Mass * Heat of Vaporization
Data Table:
Metal Mass Heat of Melting Boiling Heat of Specific Heat
Fusion Pt. (C) Pt. ( C) Vaporization Heat Energy
(cal/g) (cal/gC) (cal)
(cal/g)
Water 37 g 80 0 100 540 1
Silver 37 g 26 961 2212 2356 0.057
Directions: D etermine the Heat Energy required to completely evaporate the substances in the
data table.
*SHOW ALL MATH STEPS
Math Steps (____ out of 4)
A. Water
Heat=m x HFusion
Heat= 37g x 80 cal/g
Heat=2960 cal
Heat=m x ΔT x SH
Heat= 37g x 100oC x 1 cal/gC
Heat= 3700 cal
Heat= m x HVaporization
Heat= 37g x 540 cal/g
Heat= 19980 cal
Total= 2960 + 3700 + 19980
26640 cal
Scientific Notation: 2.6 x 104
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B. Silver
Heat=m x HF usion
Heat= 37g x 26 cal/g
Heat= 962 cal
Heat=m x ΔT x SH
Heat= 37g x 1251oC x 0.057 cal/gC
Heat= 2638.359 cal
Heat= m x HVaporization
Heat= 37g x 2356 cal/g
Heat= 87172 cal
Total= 87172 + 2638.359 + 962
90772.359 cal
Scientific Notation: 9.0 × 104
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Quizlet for vocab
https://quizlet.com/240180528/mixture-project-vocab-words-flash-cards/
QUIZ: Classifying Matter
I. Directions: I dentify the following as either a Heterogeneous Mixture, Homogeneous Mixture,
Element or Compound. Write the following letters in Column B for your choices:
A. Heterogeneous
B. Homogeneous
C. Element
D. Compound
Column A Column B
Salad A
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Copper C
Lemonade B
Rocks, sand, gravel A
Salt Water B
Gold C
Sodium Chloride ( NaCl) D
Air (Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide…) B
K2 SO4 D
Twix, snickers, pretzels, popcorn in a bag A
II. Directions: Determine the Mass % of each mixture and construct the appropriate graphs.
Mixture A Mass (g) %
Large Rocks 125 52
Small Rocks 75 31
Coarse Sand 32 13
Iron 9 4
Total is 241
Mixture B Mass (g) %
205 53
Large Rocks
Small Rocks 58 15
Coarse Sand 97 25
Iron 29 7
Total is 389
Calculation Examples ( Provide 2 Examples showing how you determined the Mass %)
Graphs:
Mixture A
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Mixture B
Part III. Determine the Mass % of Elements in each Compound:
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K2S O4 - Potassium Sulfate
(Show Math Here)
TOTAL IS 174
K(2)39=78/174 x 100 4 5%
S(1)32=32/174 x 100 18%
O(4)16=64/174 x 100 37%
Na3PO4 - Sodium Phosphate
(Show Math Here)
TOTAL IS 164
Na(3)23=69/164 x 100 42%
P(1)31=31/164 x 100 19%
O(4)16=64/164 x 100 39%
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IV. Conclusion:
1. Explain the difference between Mixtures and Compounds using data. Compare the pie
charts.
The differences between Mixtures and Compounds are that mixtures are physical
mixtures that can be physically moved. Compounds are mixtures that are chemically mixed
together. I noticed that the categories of the pie charts for compounds are much wider, and
bigger numbers that are pretty similar to each other. The pie charts for mixture features feature
more random numbers, smaller categories, and are overall more diverse than compounds.
K2SO4 (Potassium Sulfate) will always be 45% Potassium, 18% Sulfur and 37% Oxygen. To
add, mixtures are heterogeneous mixtures since those kinds of mixtures consist of items that
can be separated by touching them. In addition, compounds are homogeneous mixtures since
those mixtures are chemically mixed by the elements. Mixtures and compounds are different by
mixtures are substances that are always different.
2. E xplain how you separated the Salt from the Sand. Use as much new vocabulary as you
can.
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The sand was separated from the salt by using heat. We used the sand and vaporized with
water, the solvent until it boiled until only salt was left in the beaker. The solvent caused the
sand to boil down until it became salt. The hot plates were used as a heat source to create
evaporation. The mixture of sand and small rocks got changed into a compound when it
reached the boiling point. In conclusion the solvent water, made the mixture of sand change into
a compound.
Salt Solubility Data*
Salt Name Chemical Tempe
Formula rature
Ammonium (○C)
Chloride 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Potassium 0
Nitrate
NH4Cl 29.4 33. 37.2 40 45.8 49 55.2 58 65.6 69 77.3
Sodium 3
Nitrate
KNO3 13.9 21. 31.6 45.3 61.4 83.5 106. 140 185 230 280
Barium 2 0
Hydroxide
Potassium NaNO3 73 87.6 102 122 148 180
Chloride Ba(OH)2 1.67
28.1 3.89 8.22 20.9 101.
Lithium KCl 4 4
Chloride
Potassium 31. 34.2 37 40.0 42. 45.8 48 51.3 53 56.3
Sulfate 2 5
Sodium LiCl 69.2 83.5 89.8 98.4 112 128
Chloride
Copper (II) K2 S O4 7.4 9.3 11.1 13.0 14.8 16.5 18.2 19.8 21.4 22.9 24.1
Sulfate NaCl 35.7
(A nhydrous) 35. 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.3 37.6 38.1 38.6 39.2
Potassium 8
Iodide
CuSO4 14.3 17. 20.7 24.2 28.7 33.8 40.0 47.0 56.0 67.5 80.0
KI 128 4
144 162 176 192 206
* Solubility values are given in grams of salt per 100 grams of water
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Salt Name Temper 15 25 35 45 55 65
ature 35 39 43 48 52 57
Ammonium Chloride (○ C) 39 54 73 88 117
Potassium Nitrate
5 36 39 41 44 47
30
15 26
Sodium Nitrate
Barium Hydroxide 30 33
Potassium Chloride
Lithium Chloride
Potassium Sulfate
Sodium Chloride
Copper (II) Sulfate (Anhydrous)
Potassium Iodide
Law of Conservation of Mass Presentation
Due: N ext Thursday 12/14
Directions: Your group must think of a company that needs a special compound that is
Insoluble for their new product. You will need to show how to create that compound in a
balanced chemical reaction. Please follow the below requirements:
1. Explain the Law of Conservation of Mass
2. Provide examples of the 4 types of chemical reactions.
3. Provide name of company
4. Discuss the solubility rules chart and how you used it.
5. Provide a video link that explains one concept in your presentation.
6. Provide the balanced chemical reaction that produces your compound.
7. Find the Mass% of the elements in your compound.
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8. How will the compound be used by your company?
Resources:
1. https://drive.google.com/a/cheshire.k12.ct.us/file/d/0B4RmhXJlHvo1Wm1rTnpJZEZ5UU
k/view?usp=sharing
2. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Fx-wzIZfzvfBFFW24I5_jbt0J6RZWpQoSLIBzCa8j
GI/edit?usp=sharing
Solubility Rules Chart
Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds
Compounds Solubility Exceptions
Salts of alkali metals and Soluble Some lithium compounds
ammonia
Nitrate salts and chlorate Soluble Few exceptions
salts
Sulfate salts Soluble Compounds of Pb, Ag, Hg, Ba,
Sr, and Ca
Chloride salts Soluble Compounds of Ag, and some
Carbonates, phosphates, Most are Insoluble compounds of Hg and Pb
Compounds of the alkali
chromates, sulfides, and metals and ammonia
hydroxides
Polyatomic Ion Chart
Type 1 Ions
ION NAME
Zn+2 Zinc
Ag+ Silver
Type II Ions NAME ION NAME
ION Iron (III) Sn+4 Tin (IV)
Fe+3 Iron (II) Sn+ 2 Tin (II)
Fe+2 Copper (II) Pb+4 Lead (IV)
Cu+ 2 Copper (I) Pb+ 2 Lead (II)
Cu+ Cobalt (III) Hg+2 Mercury (II)
Co+3 Cobalt (II) Hg2+2 Mercury (I)
Co+2
NAME ION NAME
Polyatomic Ions Ammonium CO3 -2 Carbonate
ION HCO3 -1 Hydrogen carbonate
NH4 +1 Nitrite ClO- 1 Hypochlorite
NO2- 1 Nitrate ClO2-1 Chlorite
NO3 -1 Sulfite ClO3 -1 Chlorate
SO3-2 Sulfate ClO4-1 Perchlorate
SO4 - 2 Hydrogen sulfate
HSO4 - 1
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OH- 1 Hydroxide C2 H 3O 2 -1 Acetate
CN-1 Cyanide MnO4-1 Permanganate
PO4 -3 Cr2 O7 -2
HPO4 - 2 Phosphate CrO4-2 Dichromate
H2P O4-1 Hydrogen phosphate Chromate
O2 - 2 Peroxide
Dihydrogen
phosphate
GENERALLY S OLUBLE SOLUBILITY RULES
EXCEPTIONS
Na+, K+, NH4+ No common exceptions
Chlorides (Cl-) Insoluble: AgCl, Hg2Cl2
Soluble in HOT water: PbCl2
Bromides (Br- ) Insoluble: AgBr, Hg2 B r2, PbBr2
Moderately soluble: HgBr2
Iodides (I- ) Insoluble: many heavy METAL iodides
Sulfates (SO4 –2) Insoluble: BaSO4 , PbSO4, HgSO4
Moderately soluble: CaSO4 , SrSO4 , Ag2SO4
Nitrates (NO3-) and Nitrites (NO2 -) Moderately soluble: AgNO2
Chlorates (ClO3- ) , perchlorates Moderately soluble: KClO4
(ClO4-), and permanganates (MnO4 -)
Acetates (CH3 COO-) Moderately soluble: AgCH3COO
QUIZ REVIEW
Make Flashcards or Quizlet
1. What happens to mass when you burn gasoline in an engine?
A. Mass is lost
B. Mass is gained
C. New substances are created
2. In salt water, the SOLUTE is the ______________.
A. Water
B. Salt
C. Glass
3. What happens to matter when it is heated?
A. Molecules slow down and move closer
B. Molecules slow down and move further
C. Molecules move faster and move further apart
4. When iron and sulfur or rocks and sand are MIXED what happens to the properties?
A. stay the same
36
B. change
5. A _______________ is called a solution made up of metals.
A. Sublimation
B. Condensation
C. Alloy
6. When one element displaces another element in a compound, the reaction is a
_______________ reaction.
A. Synthesis
B. Single Displacement
C. Displacement
7. These 2 ways will speed up the dissolving of a solute:
A. Cool down and grind up the solvent
B. Stir and heat the solution
C. Look at it
8. Chemical reaction in which energy is released in the form of heat is called __________.
A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Density
9. What happens if you increase the surface area of a solid when dissolving?
A. Dissolves faster
B. Dissolves slower
C. Same
10. The number that comes before a chemical formula (2 H2 0) is called the __________
A. Subscript
B. Coefficient
C. Fractions
11. The smallest particles that make up matter (building blocks of matter) is/are called
________.
A. compound
B. Mixture
C. Atom
12. Iron rusting is an example of _________________.
A. Physical Property
B. Chemical Property
37
13. Changing directly from a solid to a gas is called ______________.
A. Density
B. Evaporation
C. Sublimation
14. Phase changes (boiling, melting) are called ________________.
A. Physical Changes
B. Chemical Changes
15. What should the coefficient be in the following reaction:
___ Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3
A. 2 B. 3 C. 3 D. 4
16. What should the coefficients be in the following reaction:
___Al + ____ HCl → ___AlCl3 + ___ H2
A. 2, 2, 2, 2
B. 4, 2, 2, 4
C. 2, 6, 2, 3
17. What should the coefficients be in the following reaction:
___ KClO3 → ___ KCl + ___ O2
A. 2, 2, 2, 2
B. 2, 2, 3
C. 4, 4, 6
18. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is called a ___________.
A. inhibitor
B. coefficient
C. reactant
D. catalyst
19. When rocks, sand and iron are mixed together, the properties of the final substances are
_______________ to those of the beginning substances.
A. same
B. different
20. Write an essay that explains the difference between a Homogeneous Mixture and a
Heterogeneous Mixture.
38
21. Explain how to use the Solubility Chart/graph - Use examples
*Review your Solubility assignment
22. Explain the difference between a Single Displacement Reaction and a Double Replacement
Reaction
(Silver nitrate and copper)
23. Explain the phase change chart using a specific example of an ice cube with a mass of 35 g
that completely evaporates.
24. Name compounds with: phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, hydroxide, nitrate, ammonium,
chlorate
25. Write the formulas if given the names of compounds.
What happens to mass when you burn gasoline in an engine?
New substances are created
In salt water, the SOLUTE is the....
Salt
What happens to matter when its heated?
Molecules move faster and move further apart
When iron and sulfur or rocks and sand are MIXED what happens to the properties?
They stay the same
A solution made up of metal is called...
An alloy
When one element displaces another element in a compound, the reaction is called...
A single displacement
What 2 ways will speed up the dissolving of a solute?
Stir and heat the solution
A chemical reaction in which energy is released in the form of heat is called...
Exothermic
What happens if you increase the surface area of a solid when dissolving?
It dissolves faster
The number that comes before a chemical formula (2 H20) is called the...
Coefficient
The smallest particles that make up matter (building blocks of matter) are called...
39
Atoms
Iron rusting is an example of...
Chemical property
Changing directly from a solid to a gas is called...
Sublimation
Phase changes (boiling, melting) are called...
Physical changes
What should the coefficient be in the following reaction?
_Fe + 3 O2 ----> 2 Fe2O3
4
What should the coefficients be in the following reaction?
__Al + __HCl ----> __AlCl3 + __H2
2, 6, 2, 3
What should the coefficients be in the following reaction?
__KClO3 ----> __KCl + __O2
2, 2, 3
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is called...
A catalyst
When rocks, sand and iron are mixed together,the properties of final substances are the
_____ to the beginning substances
same
B en Wable
Atomic Structure Project
Portfolio
Due: Friday 1/19/18
Directions: Construct a flipbook that covers the following categories related to Atomic Structure
and its relationship to the Periodic Table
Reading: https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html
*Use this site for notes
Cover Page: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table
History of the Atom: “A toms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of
elements. The term "atom" comes from the Greek word for indivisible, because it was
40
once thought that atoms were the smallest things in the universe and could not be
divided.” https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html. The first atom was
made after the Big Bang 13.7 million years ago, and the world continues to make
atoms. It took 380,000 years for the universe to cool down enough to slow down the
electrons so that the nuclei could capture them to form the first atoms. The earliest
atoms were primarily hydrogen and helium, which are still the most abundant elements
in the universe. Atoms are everywhere in the world and will continue to be a huge part
in chemistry.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSAgLvKOPLQ&t=490s
Link2:
a. Dalton
● British Chemist
● Created Dalton's Model of the Atom (1808)
● Matter consists of indivisible atoms
● Atoms arrange in different combinations to make different compounds
41
●
b. Thomson - Video
● Discovered the Electron in 1897
● Used the Cathode ray tube
● Cathode rays must be made of stuff that is negatively charged
● Particles that make up cathode rays are 1,000 times smaller than a hydrogen atom
● All different metals give off cathode rays
● Atoms have tiny, negatively charged particles inside them ELECTRONS
● Plum Pudding Model
42
c. Rutherford
● Created the Nuclear Model in 1911
● New-Zealand Britain physicist (Known to be the father of nuclear physicist)
● Discovered the Proton and the Atomic Nucleus
● Proved that positive energy comes from the nucleus
D. Bohr
● Danish physicist
● Niels Bohr came up w the Bohr model in 1913
● Believed that there was a nucleus in the middle
● Believed that electrons circled around the nucleus like planets
● Was very understanding about the atomic structure
43
Structure of the Atom
Video
Video2
a. Nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons
● Nucleus- t he central and most important part of an object, movement, or group,
forming the basis for its activity and growth.
● Proton- a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive
electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.
● Neutron-a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an
electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.
● Electrons- a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found
in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.
b. Atomic Mass
● Atomic Mass-the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic
mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons
in the atom (the mass number) or to the average number allowing for the relative
abundances of different isotopes.
c. Charge
● Charge-a characteristic of a unit of matter that expresses the extent to
which it has more or fewer electrons than protons
44
d. Valence Electrons
● Valence Electrons- i s an outer shell electron that is associated with an
atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the
outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond
***Use models to explain the difference between:
Sodium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride or Sodium sulfide and C alcium Sulfide
Isotopes
Link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/isotopes-and-atomic-mass
e. Provide Example
45
f. How are they used by Scientists?
● Jobs including geologist, archaeologist and police officers need radioisotopes to
help determine the age and chemical composition of materials
● Isotopes help many medical imaging machines to detect health problems
● They are in batteries that help power NASA satellites that are in our solar system
● Isotopes make it easy to track to country of which food products have come from.
They use carbon and nitrogen isotopes to do so
● PET Scans produce three dimensional images of organs and tissues through
using radioactive isotopes
Families of the Periodic Table
46
*Describe the life of Mendeleev and how he created the Periodic Table.
● Dmitri Mendeleev was a russian scientist who developed the periodic
classifications of elements
● Mendeleev graduated Main Pedagogical Institute and got his first teaching job in
Simferopol in Crimea
47
● He went back to college and received his masters degree in 1856 where he
began researching organic chemistry
● In 1865, he became a professor at the University of St. Petersburg but then he
was a professor of general chemistry in 1867. He would teach until 1890
● He noticed when all of the elements were put in order of their atomic weight, it
created a recurring pattern of properties within groups of elements
● After study alkaline earths, he established that the order of atomic weights could
also be arranged in groups themselves
● He managed to create the periodic law by using his knowledge of chemical and
physical properties
● Mendeleev's law allowed him to build a systematic table of all 70 elements known
at the time of discovery
*What makes the elements the similar in each family?
● Elements in the same periodic group have the similar chemical properties
● This is due to their atoms having the same amount of electrons in the highest
occupied energy group
● Each family reacts a different way when subjected to the outside world
● Some families have the same physical properties
*What are some trends in the Periodic Table?
1. Atomic Radius
2. Melting point
3. Boiling point
4. Ionic energy
a. Alkali Metals
● Groups in the periodic table which consist of chemical lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium.
● They are found in group 1 on the periodic table
● Only have one electron on the outer shell
● Do not occur freely in nature
b. Alkaline Earth Metals
● Calcium, Magnesium, Strontium, Barium, Beryllium, Radium, Unbinilium
● Form basic oxides that react in water
● They are reactive and electropositive
● They are six chemical elements in the second group of the periodic table
● When these compounds are mixed in solutions, they are likely to form
c. Halogens
● Consist of five elements
● fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine (I), and astatine
● Comes from a Greek root word of Hal which means salt and gen which means to
produce
48
● Chlorine is the most common of the halogens
d. Noble Gases
● Argon, Helium, Neon, Xenon, Krypton, Radon, Oganesson
● seven chemical elements that make up Group 18
● They are considered to be inert gases
6. Choose an article to read from site and summarize:
Protons and neutrons are heavier yet electrons are very light weight which orbits the
nucleus while in a cloud. Both protons and neutrons are almost identical in mass but one proton
weighs more than 1,800 electrons. The cloud that the neutron is in is about 100,000 times
bigger than the nucleus. Atoms always an equal amount of protons and electrons but neutrons
and protons usually have to same amount as well. If you were to add a proton to an atom, it will
create a new element. Where as, if you added a neutrons to the atom it will form an isotope.
https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html
49
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
3. Identify the Independent Variable in the attached experiment.
Your Answer: Temperature
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
4. In an experiment to determine if the popping of popcorn is
affected by the temperature at which it is stored, counting the
popped kernels is an example of a(an)___________.
Your Answer: O bservation
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
5. When gasoline is burned in an engine, ___________.
Your Answer: mass is lost
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
6. Matter that has a definite shape and volume is called a _________.
Your Answer: s olid
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
7. Matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is a
_______________.
Your Answer: l iquid
50
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
8. Matter in which the particles are free to move in all directions until
they have spread evenly throughout their container is a
_____________.
Your Answer: gas
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
9. The amount of energy needed to change material from a liquid to a
gas is the Heat of ____________.
Your Answer: vaportization
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
10. When two or more substances are combined so that each
substance maintains its own properties, the result is a(n) ____.
Your Answer: m ixture
Correct
+1 / 1 point(s)
11. A solution that contains all of the solute it can normally hold at a
given temperature and is graphed ON the line is ____.
Your Answer: s aturated
Incorrect
0 / 1 point(s)
12. Increasing the surface area of a solid ____.
Your Answer: s lows speed of dissolving
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Benjamin Wable (Class of 2022) - Blue Science Portfolio
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