molecules of life and cell functions

MOLECULES OF LIFE
& CELL STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS

Name: Nur Aina Safiah Binti Noor Azlan Sah
Matric Number: MS2213201454
Practicum: H6TO4B

CONTENTS

01 02 03 04

TYPES OF CARBOHY STRUCTURE ORGANELLE’S
MOLECULES -DRATES OF PLANTS RELATED TO

OF LIFE CELL CARBOHY
RELATED TO -DRATES
DIGESTION OF
HERBIVORES

TYPES OF 01
MOLECULES
OF LIFE

WHAT IS MOLECULES OF LIFE?

● Molecules of life is the fundamental to every organisms
that exist in this Earth.

● All of life on Earth is built from five different types of
molecules.

● These five types of molecules are often referred to as
the molecules of life.

● Each of the five groups is vital for every single organism
on Earth. Without any of these five molecules, a cell and
organism would not be able to live.

● All of the five molecules of life are important either
structurally or functionally for cells and, in most cases,
they are important in both ways.

● So molecules of life is always related to cell structures
and its functions.

5 TYPES OF MOLECULES OF LIFE:

WATER CARBOHYDRATES
o Polar molecule o Organics compound found in
o Consists of oxygen(O) &
food and body tissues
hydrogen(H) atom
o Consists of carbon (C),
o Universal solvent
hydrogen(H), oxygen (O) in
PROTEINS ratio 1:2:1
o Consist of 1 or more
LIPIDS
polypeptides in specific o Large and diverse group of
conformations
organics compounds

NUCLEIC ACIDS

o Basic composition consists
of nucleotide

o Types: DNA & RNA

CARBOHY 02
-DRATES

CLASSES OF CARBOHYDRATES

MONO DISACCHARIDES POLY
-SACCHARIDES -SACCHARIDES
Double sugar molecule;
Simple sugars; ▪ Consists of 2 Polymers formed when
Cannot be broken down monosaccharides hundreds of
into smaller molecules
▪ Linked by glycosidic monosaccharides joined
by hydrolysis linkage/bond by glycosidic linkages
(condensation)

CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Characteristics
Characteristics Characteristics
▪ Large molecules
▪ Sweet-tasting ▪ Sweet ▪ Not sweet
▪ Soluble in water ▪ Water soluble ▪ Insoluble in water
▪ Can be crystallized ▪ Can be crystallized
▪ Can be monomers for
*Glycosidic linkage:
disaccharides & Covalent bond formed
polysaccharides between two
monosaccharides by a
▪ General formula: condensation reaction

(CH2O)n

STRUCTURES OF CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

• Straight-chain form, Examples: Examples:
ring form in aqueous o Maltose & Lactose o Starch
o Glycogen
• A sugar has: • Reducing sugar o Cellulose
i. a carbonyl group o Sucrose
• Non-reducing sugar
(C=O)
ii. Many hydroxyl

groups (-OH)
• Two ring structure:
-Alpha glucose (below)
-Beta glucose (above)



STPRRLUEACLNATTUTSERCDEETOLOLF 03
DIGESTION OF
HERBIVORES

WHY HUMAN BODY CAN’T DIGEST PLANT WHILE
HERBIVORE CAN?

Human body and herbivore animals cells share the same structure of cells.
The things that differ between these two are their digestive system.

Human body Herbivore animals

✓ Glycosidic linkages ✓ The plant materials
in cellulose cannot that are chewed by
be broken down by the herbivores will
human digestive be broken down by
enzymes. special bacteria.

✓ Glucose molecules ✓ They also can
in cellulose are held digest cellulose
together with a because of the
different type of longer digestive
chemical bond than track compared to
the glucose human body.
molecule in starch.

HUMAN BODY AND HERBIVORE ANIMALS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

CELLULOSE IN PLANT CELL TISSUES

Plant cell consist of: Characteristics:
Cellulose • Tough
• Fibrous
The cell wall of plant cells • Water-insoluble
made up of various
sugar polymers. polysaccharide
• Arranged in microfibrils or

bundles of polysaccharide

that are arranged in fibrils

(bundles of microfibrils)

Functions:
▪ An integral role in keeping the structure of plant cell walls stable
▪ Arranged in fibrils which in turn make up the plant cell wall
▪ A biomaterial with high strength and other superior

mechanical properties

ORGANELLE’S 04
RELATED TO
C-ADRRBAOTHEYS

PLASTIDS IN CHLOROPLAST

❑ Plastids is the organelles that are found in the
cytoplasm of plant cells.

Functions:
▪ Pivotal subcellular organelles that have evolved to
perform specialized functions in plant cells including
photosynthesis and the production and
storage of metabolites

▪ Main organelle of synthesizing carbohydrates
in plant cell.

▪ Other function as storage locations for
carbohydrates like glucose and other foods.