Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [2] © 2024: Ένωση Αθλητικής Ναυαγοσωστικής Ελλάδος Greek Lifesaving Sports Association ISBN: 978-618-87013-0-4 Authors: Dr Stathis Avramidis, PhD – Dr Ioanna Mastora, PhD Title: Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport Translation: Ioanna Mavria, MA Cover Editing: Ioannis Salogiannis Thanks: Dr. Harald Vervaecke PhD, Bob Burnside, Elena Kirikou BEd, Stratis Sideris, Ioannis Dimakopoulos MSc, Greg Allum AM, Dr Peter Wernicki MD Printing: Xartino Karavi Covers: Front: Ancient Greek goddess Nike who personifies the win. Back: Greg Allum and his teammates during a lifesaving championship. Photos: Greek Lifesaving Sports Association, Prof. Dr. Arturo Abraldes PhD, Dr. Harald Vervaecke PhD, Dan Martin, Royal Life Saving Society UK, Nikos Charalambopoulos, Dr. Rena Anagnostou PhD, Royal Spanish Lifesaving Federation, Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation, International Swimming Hall of Fame, Greg Allum. GLSA: Address: PO Box 30015, PC 19001, Kouvaras, Saronikos Municipality, Greece. Tel: +30-22990-68552. Email: [email protected] Citation: Avramidis, S. and Mastora, I. (2024). Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport. Athens: Greek Lifesaving Sports Association. Endorsed by (alphabetically): Greek Lifesaving Sports Association International Federation of Swimming Teachers’ Association International Life Saving Federation International Life Saving Federation of Europe International Pierre de Coubertin Committee International Swimming Hall of Fame Mediterranean Lifesaving Confederation Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced, distributed or used in any manner whatsoever including mechanical or electronic means, photocopying or recording without the written permission of the authors of the book except in the case of book review, complying with the international legislation for copyright.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [3] Dedicated to those that compete in lifesaving, inspired by the ancient Greek spirit that idolised excellency and morality in sports, and to those that act as guarantors of fair play.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [4] Contents Dedication, 3 Contents, 4 Prologue, 5 Reflections, 7 Graham Ford AO, 8 Dr Harald Vervaecke PhD, 9 Gregory J. Bonann,10 Stavroula Zygouri OLY, 11 Voula Kozompoli OLY, 12 Dr Detlev Mohr PhD, 13 Brendon Ward, 14 Dott. Giorgio Quintavalle, 15 Dara Torres, 16 Dr Bill Kent PhD, 17 Prof. Stephan Wassong PhD, 18 Dr Kyriaki Oudatzi PhD, 19 H.S.H. Princess Charlene of Monaco, 20 Landmarks and Legends, 21 The Golden Rules of Fair Play, 27 Sportsmanship concerns everyone, 29 Code of Sport Ethics, 33 Governments, 35 Sports Federations and Clubs, 35 Committees, 36 Judges, 36 Competitors, 36 Team Managers and Coaches, 37 Parents, 37 Parents – Competitors – Trainers, 38 Physicians, 38 Spectators and fans, 38 Researchers, 39 Media, 39 Sponsors, 39 Sports Spirit Committee, 40 Fair Play Principles and Strategies, 41 Examples of Unfair Play, 45 Examples of Fair Play, 49 Learn and Play on “Fair Play”, 63 Fair Play Award, 70 References, 71 The authors, 74 Organisations, 75
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [5] Prologue
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [6] Prologue The ancient Olympic Games were born in Greece. The Olympian competitors were idolised. Fair play was important in the Greek society. The founder of the modern Olympic Games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, was inspired by the ancient glory and dedicated his life to resurrect the Olympic spirit. This may explain why the International Olympic Committee created the “Barron Pierre de Coubertin Medal” for Sportsmanship. Every sporting activity should be governed by the rules of the sport. Everyone involved in sports is obliged to abide by the sport rules. The cultivation of lifesaving sport is no exception. Throughout the world, fair play seems to be established as a term in the minds of those who engage with sports. It is not certain though that it is always followed by everyone. The Greek Lifesaving Sports Association publishes this book, with the desire to establish a solid foundation based on which lifesaving sport can be built, seeking to create a mindset of a healthy behaviour that preserves public health. We hope that its content will be the ultimate guide for competitors, parents, coaches, supporters, governments, journalists, and everyone involved in training and championships. We warmly thank the international organizations that endorsed it and the prestigious authorities that contributed their salutations and reflections. To enhance the fair game, without the use of illegal substances and practices, we recommend that every organizing committee at any championships may introduce and present a “Fair Play Award”. Such award may honour the right actions of the right people and act as a shining beacon for the rest ones. This book was published in Greek language several years ago to serve the need of fair championships in our country, the motherland of the Olympic Games. Because the International Life Saving Federation (ILS) strives to include lifesaving sport in the Olympic Games, these rules are extremely essential and may be an invaluable tool to preserve the Olympic values. It was this need that forced us, the authors, to review the literature, adapt the existing fair play rules into lifesaving context and finally to revise and publish it in English, so that it will benefit a wider audience. Dr Stathis Avramidis and Dr Ioanna Mastora
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [7] Reflections
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [8] Greece gave birth to the Olympic Games and teaches us fair play The Greek Lifesaving Sports Association (GLSA) entered the family of the International Life Saving Federation (ILS). It has been evident that since then and even before, they have taken serious initiatives to enrich our field with noteworthy publications. After the previous success of bringing into light the reason of why lifesaving should become an Olympic sport, the GLSA scholars are raising now another important issue that strengthens this aspiration by ensuring that certain Olympic standards are met. Fair play is “must-to-do” for every competitor, coach, parent, team, club, organisation, reporter, judge and government that is involved in a sporting activity. We, the lifesavers, understand that more than anybody else, because of the distinctive nature of our sport that was born as a need to prepare the aquatic safety professionals for saving a human life in or around the water. On behalf of the ILS, I highly commend the authors for their initiative to review and adapt the international bibliography, to produce these easily read and important in scope set of rules. Greece gave birth to the Olympic Games and teaches us how to compete in a fair play manner. Congratulations! Graham Ford AO President International Lifesaving Federation
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [9] Sport lifesavers prepare not only for medals but for saving lives Το οrganise safe traffic and transportation on the streets, the societies realised that they needed a code of road behaviour. Likewise, to ensure that sporting activities should take place in a goodwill spirit, the national and international organisations set up sport rules, but besides this, they also set up rules for how to behave at the championships in a fair and sportsmanship matter, better known as “fair play”. Fair play implies that everyone involved in sports are encouraged to follow these rules to safeguard the smoothness and wellness of training and competition. The International Life Saving Federation, is the world authority of the only humanitarian and most important sport of the world; lifesaving. Lifesaving is the sport that makes lifeguards fit to save lives from drowning. As such, it is easy to understand why the application of fair play rules not only should govern our organisation and our national member-organisations but also the true spirit of our activities. Having in mind that lifesaving competitors prepare not only for winning the glory of a medal but more than that, for saving a person in distress in an emergency, the application of rules that will act as guarantors for that are welcome and necessary. I congratulate the authors of this booklet and the Greek Lifesaving Sports Association for their initiative. Dr. Harald Vervaecke PhD Secretary General International Lifesaving Federation
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [10] Words matter only when shining fair play examples set fire to our hearts! The World Health Organization says that anyone can drown but no one should. Life is born but it can also end in the water. As a swimmer, lifeguard, lifesaving athlete and TV and Olympic Games film director, I understand the value of sports. However, sports without rules can be dangerous, physically, emotionally, socially and financially. Some sporting event organizations might look like a 6- member committee, in which five wolves ask a sheep to vote what they would have for lunch. Sport rules are necessary so they can be followed and inspire imitators. The power of imitation was perfectly used by Nelson Mandela, when South Africa won the 1995 World Rugby Cup. Mandela’s biography says that the supreme importance of that win, was the belief that if something good happens once, it can happen again! Therefore, we need shining examples of sportsmanship and kindness. Stathis is driven by that motive, and that’s why I support his endeavors. Together with Dr. Mastora, they wrote these rules. Rules however are only words. Words alone mean nothing - but the shining examples of fair play of those that follow them can set fire to our hearts. When Baywatch aired, people became imitators of lifesaving and became lifeguards, because we had exposed them to a compelling and entertaining show that taught them about water rescues and resuscitation. Congratulations to the authors of this booklet, hopefully it will benefit the world lifesaving community and become a beacon for the next generation of lifesaving heroes. Gregory J. Bonann Creator-Director-Producer, Baywatch
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [11] The true meaning of sports is not winning but the joy of participation As a certified lifeguard, Olympic competitor and president of an association that represents the elite of the elite competitors who walked the road of success towards Olympic glory, I have full understanding and appreciation of the huge sacrifices that it takes for someone to train, participate, win and be safe. Winning in sports always requires sweat and tears. Saving lives is the same. Sometimes it is tears of joy and others of sorrow. The sweat is always the same. Lifesaving is the sport that teaches us how to be better people. To do that, we need a set of rules to govern our actions. This book is written by two accomplished authors with a successful track record in advancing lifeguarding, lifesaving sport and the ideals of the Olympic Games in Greece and internationally. I congratulate them for the current publication because it is a useful guide that reminds us that the true meaning of sports is not winning but the joy of participation under safe conditions, where the first and the last competitors in the ranking co-exist and respect each other because without them the championships would not exist. Stavroula Zygouri, OLY President Hellenic Olympic Winners Association
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [12] Sport lifesavers compete for the “trophy” to keep fit for saving a life As an Olympic winner in aquatics and mother of two children, I appreciate the importance of sports for moulding personalities and of championships to take place in a fair way. As a Greek and President of the Olympians Association that is based in the homeland of the Olympic Games, I understand our obligation to follow on the footsteps of our ancestors, who beared the torch that enlightens the world with their wisdom through the centuries. We have a duty to preserve their spirit alive. Although lifesaving was not naturally part of the ancient Olympics, however, its spirit corresponds with the ancient values. The ancient competitors competed for the “trophy” of an olive wreath. The sport lifesavers compete for the “trophy” to keep fit for saving a human life. Lifesaving sport by nature serves the humanity. This booklet gives examples and educates us about the terms of “fair” and “unfair” play. It is a simple and yet crucial guide that should be obeyed by competitors, parents, coaches, referees, clubs, organisations, reporters, federations, governments and others. It was written to serve the Olympic values. It was written to help us save lives through sport. I applaud the authors for their noble intention and for the result. Voula Kozompoli, OLY President Hellenic Olympians Association
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [13] This book may inspire young heroes Lifesaving has different dimensions. In the centre is always the humanitarian aspect – the prevention of drowning and in case that prevention fails the rescue of people out of acute danger to drown. Lifesavers may act as professionals or volunteers, but in the best case in a team with others. This needs co-ordination, collaboration, understanding and trusting each other – in emergency situations without any words. Education, training and fitness are essential to rescue safe and quickly. Lifesaving sport helps to develop these skills. Friendship and camaraderie are the base for success in reality and in our competitions which shall mirror the reality. Fairness and to respect others are core elements to become a great and successful lifesaver. The booklet reminds us with examples and in simple words how important these values are. Not only competitors, parents, coaches and judges are addressed to “Play Fair”. Also, those who are setting the rules and selecting the equipment for our young sport have to take care, that the participants at lifesaving competitions from all regions of the developing world would have the same chance to train, to win and to make friends. This is the success of soccer around the globe. Everywhere to play by everyone with a simple ball – small or big. Lifesaving as the only humanitarian sport should become successful as soccer because it develops not only fitness, but also ethical skills more than other. Lifesaving sport creates role models in fairness for humanity, convincing with physical strength even under worth outdoor conditions, ready to risk the life to save others. The booklet inspires young kids to follow the examples of fair play. It will become basic literature for young heroes. Dr Detlev Mohr PhD President, International Life Saving Federation of Europe
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [14] This book allows us to look at the bright side of the moon with safety Water gives life. Dreamers who stay at the beach after dark, see only the bright side of the moon, neglecting the dark one; water takes lives too! It is up to us as water safety professionals to provide safer communities through various means of education and preparation. One such invaluable aid is the sport of lifesaving. In many countries only a few people understand the distinction and similarities between the professional, voluntary and sport dimensions of lifesaving. Even fewer know the existence of the sporting dimension. The sport of lifesaving is more than 100 years old. It is arguably the most important dimension as it has all the advantages of the known sports and also helps us gain and hone skills that may save a life. Like every other sport and human activity, training, administration and championships should be governed by fair play rules. The Greek Lifesaving Sports Association, reviewed the literature and adopted a set of rules that have been previously published to serve the ideals of the Olympic Games. Then it offered them to serve the world drowning prevention community and all the lifesaving championships around the world. I congratulate and thank the authors for this elegant and easy to understand small book that may act as a beacon of training and championships. In some way, it will allow us to continue looking only at the bright side of the moon with safety! Brendon Ward Vice President International Federation of Swimming Teachers’ Association
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [15] It is in our blood to save lives and compete in a fairly manner Lifesaving Sport implies that we educate people to save lives through championships. Fair Play implies that we compete following a set of rules that ensure honesty, safety and respect. Unlike other popular and commercial sports, the core values of lifesaving sport are deeply humanitarian. It was born to serve the human in peril. Therefore by nature, it cannot take place under unfair circumstances. Because of that, it is unlike to witness bad practice at training or competition. However, every organisation is obliged to ensure that its members (board of directors, competitors, coaches, judges, clubs) have the same code of practice regarding morality, solidarity, kindness and altruism. The authors of the Greek Lifesaving Sports Association, Dr. Stathis Avramidis and Dr. Ioanna Mastora, put in words formalising what we are actually practicing since the sport was born over 100 years ago. As it is in our blood to take pride for saving a human life, similarly, it is in our blood to compete in a fairly manner. The booklet “Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport” is a simple and yet important guide that reminds us the common values that led to evolution of the most important sport in the world. Bravo! Dott Giorgio Quintavalle President Mediterranean Lifesaving Confederation
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [16] Fair play protects the essential values of lifesaving sport and saves lives Sports have the ability to shape our lives, whether we play for health, rehabilitation, work, fun, or competition. Swimming has the added benefit of being able to save lives in emergencies. Among all sports, lifesaving has a special purpose: it prepares us for the worst. To make sure everyone is playing fairly during training and competition, we need rules. This book is a valuable resource that sets standards for fair play in sports, especially lifesaving. The authors, Dr Stathis Avramidis and Dr Ioanna Mastora, deserve praise for raising awareness about the importance of mutual respect among all participants, which is more important than winning. I have seen the stories of many aquatic heroes who achieved greatness and even immortality through their achievements in the water and by inspiring and saving lives. But when you look at the walls of our museum at the International Swimming Hall of Fame, you realize that mutual respect is more important than winning. That's because only three competitors can stand on the podium. If winning was the only goal, all the other competitors would be considered less. But as Antoine de Saint Exupery said in "The Little Prince," "what is essential is invisible to the eye." As a Board Member of the "Mecca” of Aquatics and Olympian, I understand that the "Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport" was written to protect the essential values of the sport. Dara Torres Board Member, International Swimming Hall of Fame 12-time Olympic Medalist
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [17] Fair lifesaving sport games remind us the neglected Olympic term “safer” Earth, a planet blanketed by water, is a playground for human endeavors, but tragically, many of these activities end in drowning. There are four potent solutions to combat this: play, swimming, lifesaving sport, and fairness. Firstly, play is ingrained in our DNA, offering a joyous way to connect with others, especially in aquatic environments. Numerous water-based games captivate and entertain. Secondly, swimming is crucial. It equips individuals with vital skills to safeguard themselves against drowning. Embracing the International Swimming Hall of Fame's mission, "Every Child A Swimmer," is essential. Third, lifesaving sport elevates this further by teaching people to save others, a noble and lifesaving skill. Lastly, the concept of fairness, as outlined in this vital publication, reinforces the efforts of lifesaving sport. It aligns with the proposed addition to the Olympic motto: "faster, higher, stronger, safer." This fourth element advocates for safety in sports. Kudos to the authors for their laudable initiative. They set the benchmark for fair championships that not only promote competition but also prioritize safety in water, truly embodying the spirit of "Compete fair. Be safer!" Dr Bill Kent Chairman of the Board International Swimming Hall of Fame
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [18] Fair Play exists in the Olympic Oath I congratulate Dr Stathis Avramidis and Dr Ioanna Mastora, who have contributed to this issue of Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport. It brings the concept of Fair Play to a wide international audience, who will benefit from learning about the different aspects of Fair Play in different social contexts. Fair Play integrates a variety of insights that will bring readers from different cultures closer to the Olympic idea of Pierre de Coubertin. For Coubertin, Olympism is a school of nobility and moral purity as well as of endurance and physical energy. Honesty and sportsmanlike selflessness are as highly developed as muscular strength. Fair Play is a horizon that encompasses all other values in sport and in life. It is particularly present in the Coubertinian Olympic Oath, which is sworn by athletes and judges at the Olympic Games. It is one of the most symbolic and important parts of the Opening Ceremony and has been adapted to highlight the importance of solidarity, inclusion, non-discrimination and equality. It brings together the competitors as a viable form of social morality: “We promise to take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules and in the spirit of fair play, inclusion and equality. Together we stand in solidarity and commit ourselves to sport without doping, without cheating, without any form of discrimination. We do this for the honour of our teams, in respect for the Fundamental Principles of Olympism, and to make the world a better place through sport.” Prof. Stephan Wassong PhD President International Pierre de Coubertin Committee
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [19] Lifesaving sport connects the dots of Olympics, health, and emergency The Olympic Games focus on humanism and ideals such as fair play and on shaping of a better society. Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles (IOC, 2020). The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute in building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport, practiced without discrimination of any kind and within the Olympic spirit. This requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. An everyday tool to succeed this vision is the cultural, educational and sports activities of Olympic Museums, that are dedicated in protecting our Olympic Heritage and promoting the Olympic Ideals. After 126 years since the revival of the modern Olympic Games, it is important to focus on unknown sporting dimensions, such as lifesaving, one of the most important sports, as it is crucial for the human life. As we all need inspiration, innovation and education, lifesaving sport can play an essential role and connect the dots of the Olympic Games, health, emergency and lifesaving. As a Director of an educational organisation that preserves and highlights the Olympic ideals, I strongly support any new venture that inspires the youth by highlighting the Olympic values. Dr Kyriaki Oudatzi PhD Director/CEO, Olympic Museum of Thessaloniki Vice President, Hellenic Olympic Academy, President of “OLYMPiA”
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [20] Lifesaving sport teaches us how to help a person in distress The Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation is committed to building a world where children from all backgrounds can thrive in a safe environment and learn to live together. The Foundation saves lives by fighting against drowning and develops the education of children through the values of sport. H.S.H. Princess Charlene of Monaco, witness to the devastating reality of drowning and aware of the positive changes that sport can bring to one’s life, created Her Foundation with the will to provide better opportunities for children around the world. With the GLSA, we share the feeling that lifesaving sport goes one step beyond other physical activities: it teaches us how to help another person in distress in or around the water and to save our own life in case of an aquatic emergency. However, just like in any other sport activity, in order to achieve a better preparedness during training and competition, we need rules. This book is a respected attempt to set the standards of achieving fair play for everyone involved in sports, particularly in lifesaving. The authors, Dr. Stathis Avramidis and Dr. Ioanna Mastora, should be congratulated for their work as it reminds us that mutual respect among those involved, is more important than winning, and it helps us to overcome the difficulties with dignity at any age and any step of our lives. Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [21] Landmarks and Legends
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [22] Landmarks and Legends In a book that speaks about fair play that aims to set the standards that will safeguard the sport that saves lives from drowning, it is essential to briefly overview landmark events and legends that popularised aquatics and water safety that preceded the evolution of lifesaving sport. Their life and work inspired the societies to swim. Those that swum, either drowned due to the increased exposure to water or were safe because they knew how to float and survive. In the timeline of aquatics and lifesaving history, several events took place with the following order. First, the societies noted the alarming drowning deaths and their consequences. Drowning has been evident in all societies and periods of history (picture 1). We have numerous reports of drownings from the mythological and ancient times (Avramidis, 2009) until today where drowning is attribute to claim hundreds of thousands lives annually across the globe (World Health Organisation, 2014). Picture 1: Drowning has been evident in all societies and periods of history. In the picture, Dirk Willems' captor, who had been chasing Willems prior to falling through the ice. Circa 1660. Jan Luyken (1649–1712). Available in the public domain.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [23] Second, we witnessed an increase in popularity and the desire of people to participate in swimming activities, thanks to the achievements and work of some people. It is debatable among the experts if the trend for swimming leads to more drownings due to increased exposure in the aquatic environment or to less drownings because the people learned how to float. In any case, there have been some remarkable individuals whose lives inspired the societies to love and participate in aquatic activities. One such individual was, Duke Kahanamoku (left), an Olympic legendary surfer and swimmer. On 1925, he rescued 8 men from a fishing vessel that capsised in heavy surf while attempting to enter the city’s harbour. Twenty-nine fishermen went into the water and seventeen perished. Using his surfboard, he made quick trips back and forth to shore to increase the number of sailors rescued. A police chief called Duke’s efforts “the most superhuman surfboard rescue act the world has ever seen” (Outrigger Canoe Club Sports, 2022; PBS, 2022). It is believed that this incident inspired the use of rescue boards as lifeguard equipment that consequently led to the creation of several lifesaving sport disciplines. Another such individual is Johnny Weissmuller (right), who was a famous Hollywood star well known for his roles as “Tarzan” and an Olympic winner. In 1926, when he was swimming for training in Lake Michigan accompanied by his brother who was in a rowboat timing him, they heard explosion and terrified screams as a ferryboat was sinking. The brothers rowed to the place of the accident. When they arrived, 85 children and their mothers were under the waves. They dived repeatedly into the lake, bringing up lifeless bodies. Of the 30 women and children the brothers lifted from the water, 15 were revived (Packer, 2004). His swimming achievements along his big screen popularity increased tremendously the desire of people to participate in swimming activities.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [24] Esther Williams (right) was another Hollywood actress and swimmer that popularised substantially aquatics. In 1940, she starred in the Aquacade with Johnny Weissmuller and later in many “swimming movies”. Because of her, pools became an American symbol of success, luxury, and romance. Williams also put her name on a line of backyard pools. Although in her autobiography she admitted that during the filming she almost drowned when she run out of oxygen in one of the underwater scenes, her illustrious career helped the growth of private swimming pools throughout the USA in the 1950s (Aquatics International Staff, 2003; Avramidis, 201a). Third, the societies attempted to organise amateur rescue teams and water safety organisations to cope with the phenomenon (Bistarakis et al, 2008). Indeed, this led to the formation of national and international foundations and federations, some of which stand out and merit reference. In 1910 Henry Pitet founded the Fédération Internationale de Sauvetage (FIS), which was at that time, the largest international lifesaving organisation (ILS, 2022a). On 1891, the renowned swimming champion William Henry founded the Swimmers’ Life Saving Society in England, in response to the huge annual toll of drownings. This organisation later became the cornerstone for the development of the Royal Life Saving Society Commonwealth (Pearsall,1991). The World Life Saving (WLS) was founded in 1971 (ILS, 2022b) by Kevin Weldon AM. The International Federation of Swimming Teachers’ Association was founded on 1977 (Union of International Association, 2022). The International Life Saving Federation was founded on 1993 after the successful merge of FIS and WLS (ILS, 2022c). The founding President Kevin Weldon AM and long Secretary General, Dr. Harald Vervaecke PhD, have been instrumental for this fusion and the tremendous expansion that this organisation made through the decades. The Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation (PCMF), was founded on 2012, by a former Olympic swimmer, H.S.H. Princess Charlene of Monaco, and has supported ever since water safety activities to 41 countries that have benefited over 1,000,000 people (PCMF, 2022).
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [25] Fourth, it was later realised the need to maintain professional (paid) lifeguards that would focus mainly on prevention rather than on rescue. In their post-swimming career, Olympic medalists in swimming, Dara Torres (right) and Janet Evans (below), have underlined that nobody is safe from drowning and thus there is a need for advanced drowning prevention measures. Gregory J. Bonann (right) is an accomplished professional, whose life has elevated the lifeguard profession in very high levels. He started as a swimmer and continued his career as a Los Angeles County lifeguard and Olympic Games documentarian. Later he combined his love of storytelling with his lifesaving and cinematography skills to produce the world’s most watched show in television history; Baywatch (Bonann, 2000). Through that, over 1.1 billion viewers were introduced weekly for 11 years the elements of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, first aid, lifeguard training and rescues and lifesaving sport competitions. Many people attempted successfully first aid and drowning rescues, imitating what they had learned from watching the series and countless others were inspired and worked as lifeguards in all over the world because of the show. Without a doubt, Bonann’s persistence and vision to make his dream come true, has benefited profoundly safety wise the entire world and created a positive mindset. Fifth, the lifeguards started exercising and competing to remain physically fit and mentally ready. From those informal competitions, rules were generated that eventually led to the birth and evolution of lifesaving sport (picture 2). Through the years, the sport changed in shape, duration and content. The championships take place at sea, swimming pool and on land in individual or team events. Sixth, as the sport gained a stability, popularity and appeared in many championships at national, regional (Europe, America, Africa, Asia-Pacific), Commonwealth, Mediterranean and world level involving civilians, military, students, persons with disabilities and masters competitors, the competitors and administrators started dreaming to include it in greater sporting stages such as the Olympic Games (Avramidis, Dimakopoulos, and Mastora, 2022). To achieve that, on 2023, the Greek Lifesaving Sports Association organized the International Experts Symposium on Lifesaving as an Olympic Sport that was hosted at the Hellenic Olympic Committee at the motherland of the Olympic Games, Greece. In that, 39 experts and 30 notable organizations from 18 nations, highlighted the importance of lifesaving sport as an innovative drowning prevention
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [26] means that corresponds with the ideals of the Olympic Games (picture 3; GLSA 2023). Picture 2: The lifeguards exercised and competed with each other to remain physically fit and mentally ready. From those informal competitions, rules were then generated that led to the birth and evolution of lifesaving sport. Photo: Royal Life Saving Society UK archives. Picture 3: The International Experts Symposium on Lifesaving as an Olympic Sport revealed the value of the world’s only humanitarian sport. Photo: Greek Lifesaving Sports Association archives. One of the many necessary building blocks for the Olympic aspiration, is that lifesaving championships should take place in a fair play manner. Thus, this book aims to present the golden rules of lifesaving sport and ways to protect and enforce them.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [27] The Golden Rules of Fair Play
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [28] The Golden Rules of Fair Play The list below summarises the golden rules of fair play which should be followed by those who are involved implicitly or explicitly with sports in general and specifically with the lifesaving sport (Mastora, 2004): Accept the win with modesty. Never humiliate the opponent. Refuse to win with illegal means. Acknowledge the opponent’s good game. I want to participate on equal terms in the race with the opponent and rely only on my ability and talent. Know the regulations and apply them. Reject any verbal or physical abuse. Keep my dignity in every case. Fight for the joy of the sport. Try to progress. Always be fair and honest. Give my best to the games, even if the win slips away. Congratulate the winner after the game. As your performance improves, your duty is to protect the principles of sportsmanship. Only in this way, you can be a role model for your peers and younger competitors. Lead the team when chosen without a hint of arrogance. Acknowledge your co-competitors without underestimating the rest. Stop the raise to help a fellow competitor whose life is in danger because helping is more important than winning.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [29] Sportsmanship concerns everyone
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [30] Sportsmanship Concerns Everyone The idea of a fair game must prevail in all sports and in all age groups. Schools and universities must be the ones to apply this concept. With a sense of responsibility, they are obliged to promote the idea of sportsmanship. In turn, sports clubs must give emphasis in “fair play” through sports activities, games, and social life. It is known that without sportsmanship, sports cannot exist. Nonetheless, it is true that corruption, the plague of today’s society, started making its way into sports clubs and the worst part is that in a while, it would not come as a surprise at all. Fans are increasing every day, while supporters are decreasing. Beautiful sports grounds that used to be sites of joy, friendship, and celebration, are turning into sites of conflict and dispute. Children are exposed in sportsmanship degrading scenes, and everybody questions if sport realizes its deepest social goals. Each year, a plethora of conferences are taking place, books are written, instruction codes and declarations are being published by international organisations, sporting federations and governmental bodies are established, which deal with this issue. Are these endeavours enough? These days, a more practical, specific, and effective intervention is needed. Protective barriers and security forces do not seem to be sufficient. Our efforts should be guided towards the root of the problem, focus our attention on prevention and not just the suppression of negative degenerative phenomena which have been a scourge in sports. Prevention, in this sense, is the cultivation and the promotion of the ideology of the “Fair Play” and the globally recognised core values that it involves, in young people’s spirit and soul, through a systematic and enshrined approach. Picture 4: Simulated emergency rescue competition. Photo: Royal Spanish Lifesaving Federation archives.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [31] Without a doubt, children and young people should be the target of this approach, not only because they are more open to stimuli, but also because they are the future of the world. The fostering of sportsmanship, in general, can be a significant contribution for the 21st century developing societies and people can be given the opportunity to learn to live peacefully. Many leading figures of the current Olympic Movement share this belief, namely that the ideology of sportsmanship can shape a righteous citizen whom humanity is looking for in anguish. Sportsmanship goes beyond competition. It is expressed through mutual respect and understanding, communication and cooperation among people and teams (picture 4). If we install these social values to the new generation, then a better and fairer world will be built. If sportsmanship is put into practice, it will be an important means of the promotion of unity and understanding of multi-cultural distinctiveness, so as to prevent xenophobia, racism, violence, societal and racial discrimination. In this direction, sports clubs can play a huge societal role, helping youth form a personality with deep sense of communication and cooperation. This can be achieved, when besides competitors’ competing training, special gravitas is given to the cultivation and initiation to the principles of “fair play”, when young people have the opportunities and the motives to develop critical thinking for what is right or wrong, fair or not. The intended result will come gradually, when the new generation of competitors and supporters is prepared, who having been raised with the principles of sportsmanship, will be ready to show responsibility and behavioural integrity. This generation will lead sports and society towards a better future. Fair play is a positive concept. It incorporates friendship, dignity, respect, good behaviour, and equal opportunities. Sportsmanship is a way of thinking and not just a manner of behaviour. It encompasses issues that have to do with the rejection of cheating, doping, violence (physical and verbal) and the excessive commercialisation and corruption. Sportsmanship also, means fair game, which in turn entails compliance with rules and conducting games according to a way that offers something positive to co-competitors and opponents. The game should be conducted for the joy of competition and not for another ultimate goal. The problems that surround sports would become more and more intense in social consciousness, as sports commercial corruption increases. Particular responsibility goes upon those who implicitly or explicitly encourage sports experiences in young people. The absence of tolerance is the outcome of ignorance and misconception. Tolerance stems from knowledge and understanding. Therefore, the starting point of action should be the classroom and the practice at clubs and at home. High-performance sports become more problematic, and a specific conflict is noted. On one hand, there is the game for the joy of competition and on the other hand, for the win and a record achievement. The club serves a double mission. Both
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [32] competitors’ training, production of sports records and our country’s projection and also, the preservation of the sportsmanship principles, which will fixate our country’s presence, internationally, in supporters’ consciousness. A methodical instilment and preparation should start at once, for the presence of competitors and supporters and their reactions to be within sportsmanship boundaries. Everyone involved in sports is equally responsible for the future and the evolution of sports in general. Those are administrators, coaches, referees, competitors, managers, staff, sponsors, journalists, sport physicians and spectators. It is important for coaches and judges to explain the regulations, not only literally, searching for loopholes which justify injustices, but also to delve into the rules’ spirit, to come closer to the true sense of sports and get rid of external goals. Research has found the following in terms of fair play: Τhe role of fair play extends beyond the field of play (Serrano-Dura, Molina and Martinex-Baena, 2020). The sportsmen and women who practice individual sports have lower scores for fair-play in competitions and social conduct in comparison with those of team sports (Popescu, 2012). Therefore, it is essential to write and promote a set of rules at least for sport lifesavers of single events. Competitors with a fair-play behaviour in championships have the same behaviour in their social life. The rules they follow in sports leave their mark on the behavior of the competitors who internalize them and their behaviour of their rest life (Popescu, 2012). Τhe internalisation of social, sports and social cohabitation rules and norms, makes competitors more autonomous compared to those who are only aware of the existence of these rules and norms (Popescu, 2012). Sports education inspired by fair-play produces autonomous competitors who can correspond with the fair-play principles. This leads to a stable and lasting behaviour in various situations of life, that relies on the values to which the competitors anchor themselves on their spirit of fair-play (Popescu, 2012). The aim of the current guide is to encourage young people, not only to get actively engaged with sports, but also, to compete according to regulations and put “fair play” into practice. These behavioural codes have been formed to promote “sportsmanship” and the appropriate sports behaviour to children, young people, and older competitors. We encourage clubs and associations to promote these codes. The result will be a better sports future.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [33] Code of Sport Ethics
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [34] Code of Sport Ethics For the promotion of “fair play”, the Sports Committee of the Council of Europe has adopted the Code of Sports Ethics (Council of Europe, 2001). The code’s basic principle is that the ethical factors that lead a fair game are integral and not optional parts of every sports activity, sports policy and administration and apply to all level of ability and commitment, entertaining and competing sports included. The code provides a stable ethic framework, to fight against modern society’s pressure which seems to undermine the traditional building blocks of sports. Blocks built upon the fair game, the genuine sports spirit, and the volunteer movement. The primary aim and the main focus of the code is the fair game for children and young people, acknowledging the fact that today’s children and young people are tomorrow’s adult competitors and sports stars. The code though addresses the clubs and the people who have an explicit or implicit effect on the participation and engagement of young people with sports. The code embraces the rights of children and young people on participating and enjoying sports, and the responsibilities of clubs and adults on promoting the concept of “fair play” and ensuring these rights. The concept of “fair play” is defined as something more than just playing by the rules. It includes the concepts of friendship, mutual respect and competing according to the sportsmanship spirit. “Fair play” is defined as a way of thinking, not just as a manner of behaviour. It encloses issues such as the dominance of the opponent with the use of unlawful means, illegal drugs, physical or verbal violence. The code acknowledges that the participation and the engagement with sports in case of children and young people is realised in a wider social environment. It acknowledges that the possible benefits that the society and the person will get from sports will be maximized only when “fair play” becomes the centre of importance of the sports event. It recognizes that greater priority should be given in “fair play” from all those who explicitly or implicitly, influence and promote sporting activities for children and young people. These are the governments, sports organisations and the clubs, the parents, teachers, coaches, factors, and journalists.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [35] Governments The governments have the following obligations (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004; Avramidis, 2010b): To encourage the adoption of high moral standards in all aspects of society in which sports are part of. To motivate and support bodies and people that show integral principles in sports. To include the promotion of sports and fair play as the primary aim of the physical education programme. To encourage and reward research on national and international level for “fair play” topics. Sports Federations and Clubs Sports federations and sports clubs have the following obligations (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004; Avramidis, 2010b; Buisman, 2011): To give clear instruction on what is considered moral or not behaviour on all levels of participation and engagement, giving consistently the appropriate motives and punishments. To promote fair play with programmes, awards, and educational material. To support and encourage media to promote good behaviour. To ensure the special requirements of the child and the teenager, enabling the engagement with sports in levels that start from entertaining and end up in competing sports. To modify the sports’ rules of particular sports so as the needs of very young competitors are met, giving emphasis on “fair play” and not just on competing success. To take protection and security measures, so as to prevent the exploitation of children who show early developed abilities. To ensure that all those who are responsible for children and young people are properly qualified to guide, train, educate and coach them, taking into consideration the biological and psychological changes referring to children’s maturation. To maintain a transparent sports policy. To maintain a responsible attitude for the setting, application and the enforcement of the rules. To guarantee and safeguard equal opportunities for everyone involved. To supervise the training and championships to protect the health of the competitors. To adapt rules and programmes to fit the skills of competitors with various age groups. To manage the influence of commercial, media and political interests in a way that the interests of the sport will be the top priority.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [36] Committees With a view to distribute and adopt fair play principles, the committees of the various organisations have these obligations (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004): To promote and encourage fair play among its members. To initiate competitors, coaches, judges, and bodies into the necessity of preserving high levels of sportsmanship in sport lifesaving. To ensure that the rules are fair, understood by competitors, coaches, judges, administrators and are properly applied. To work towards the assurance that rules are consistently and objectively applied. To treat each member equally in terms of gender, race or physical features. To honour with a “Fair Play Award” every praiseworthy action made by everyone that demonstrated fair play in lifesaving championships. Judges Lifesaving sport judges have these obligations (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004; ILS, 2009): Abide by the rules and the spirit of the championships. Be fair and ethical when socialising with others. Be prim when it comes to appearance, behaviour and word-wise. Solve conflicts in a just and quick way through standard procedures. Keep an objective behaviour. Ensure a safe environment for others. Respect and empathise with others. Be a positive role model for others. Competitors Competitors have the following obligations (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004; ILS, 2009): Abide by the rules and the spirit of the championships. Accept referees’ and judges’ decisions with no questions or complaints. Avoid cheating or improvement of performance with the use of doping. Have self-control at any time. Accept success and failure, win and defeat with grace and generosity. Respect opponents and team mates in and out of the sports area.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [37] Team Managers and Coaches Coaches have the following obligations (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004; ILS, 2009): Explain the meaning of “fair play” on competitors. Discourage the competitors from the use of doping. Avoid dangerous methods for the health/development of the competitors. Avoid any act of rule distortion for their benefit. Respect the rules and the power of the national and international organisations. Make sure they are role models of sportsmanship. Respect the rights of other teams and not to plot against them. Act in such a way that does not harm competitors, coaches, and judges. Try not to affect the result of the game, and comply with the fair play principles. Parents Parents are amongst the most important factors of socialization in young people’s sports. Most often behind a successful competitor there is a family that is making tremendous sacrifices (True Life 2021). Research has been conducted regarding the parents’ attitudes against fair play. Nevertheless, in practice it is noted that (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004; Avramidis, 2010b): Parents have lead their children towards unsportsmanlike behaviour. Many parents have shown bad behaviour at sports games by blaming verbally referees, competitors and coaches of the opponent team. The way that parents deal with sports has a huge impact on their children’s sports orientation in the future. There are three categories of parents. Those that do not support their children, those who over engage and those who show a healthy engagement with them. Parents who do not support (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004): They retract, instead of encouraging their children towards sports. They do not watch the games. They provide a little material and moral support. They do not understand their role. They usually have a little knowledge on the obligations that sports demand. Parents who over engage (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004): Their children’s activities maybe are the centre of family life. These parents are overprotective, watching practices and games fanatically, they often interfere with the coach and the coach-competitor relationship. They are not satisfied with their children’s performance, they constantly criticize the coach, and often but not rarely disagree with the judges. They are often uncapable of keeping the balance.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [38] The identification with their children leads to the manipulation of young competitors, over pressuring them. The excessive interest for their child’s success becomes a source of anxiety for young competitors. Parents who have a healthy engagement (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004): encourage their children to understand “what success means”. motivate their children to develop their sports potential, in an atmosphere that emphasizes on participation, personal growth, happiness and fun. keep a cooperative communication with the coaches. discuss openly with their child the success and failure of their sports experiences. understand the importance of their role as a model for their children, showing selfcontrol and sportsmanship. Parents – Competitors – Trainers The relationship between parents – competitors – trainers, is a valuable component of balance, necessary for the acquisition of sports experiences on young people. Coaches should always cooperate with parents, considering them as an inevitable part of their social system on young people’s sports. The below should be clear to parents from the first day of their children’s registration at the club. The parents do should the following (Council of Europe, 2001; Mastora, 2004): understand that it is not appropriate to interfere with the coaching and the general sports training of their children. are advised to attend the club’s sports and cultural events. should not interfere with the club’s administrative or competing programme. Physicians The doctors should do the following (Mastora, 2004; Buisman, 2011): Give priority to the health of their competitors. Underline the dangers of doping and fight against it. Encourage therapeutic treatments instead of pain-killing measures. Spectators and fans The spectators and the fans should do the following (Mastora, 2004; Buisman, 2011): Appropriate support for their own team/their personal favorite. Maintain friendly attitude with fans of theirs and other clubs and teams. Commending the fair and disapproving the unfair actions. Avoid actions that may impact the sporting performance. Respect the decisions of the trainers and the judges.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [39] Researchers The researchers should do the following (Mastora, 2004; Buisman, 2011): Maintain a critical reflection on sporting performance on training or competition. Conduct independent studies that remain away of any conflict of interest. Identify the wrong paths and actions and make suggestions of possible solutions. Conduct studies for enhancing performance based on the ideals of fair play. Media The media should do the following (Mastora, 2004; Buisman, 2011; ILS, 2009): Contribute to the objective observation and transmission of the sporting activity in the spirit of fair play. Maintain a critical reflection on what is shown and happening. Have self-awareness that their report of the sporting event is important for the image of the sport and may determine the fair or unfair play. Avoid comments that exaggerate the rule infringements. Avoid comments that undermine the unfair play. Maintain a conscious understanding of the importance of fair play. Accept the authority and decisions of technical officials. Respect the authority of the committee that organizes the championships. Abide by the spirit of the championships. Exercise self-control and display good behaviour all the time. Sponsors The sponsors should do the following (Mastora, 2004; Buisman, 2011): Appreciate that their interests will benefit not only by a high sporting performance but also by a positive image of the sport. Honour any demonstration of fair play. Protect the interests of the sport in contractual negotiations with organizers and organisations in cases when an arranged competition cannot take place if the safety of the competitors is not guaranteed.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [40] Sport Spirit Committee Among the committees that clubs run, it would be beneficial to create a Sports Spirit Committee for the cultivation and the transmission of social messages of sports and the Olympic philosophy on young competitors. The main aim of the Committee is to initiate the club’s competitors into the principles of sportsmanship and to help build a character with a deep sense of communication, cooperation and offer, not only in the club, but in wider society. To help become “pioneers”, who will not only put into practice, but also disseminate “fair play” principles afterwards. It is needless to understand that the only country in which diversion should not be forgiven is Greece, because this country first taught the Sports Spirit and Olympism. Every club, depending on the specific and general environment, will shape its way of expression and communication and will choose the personnel which will carry out this mission better. It is preferable that the Committee consists of club’s representatives, coaches, and competitors. We insist on competitors because they will be given the opportunity to participate actively and not as passive receivers but as transmitters, expressing their opinions with specific and practical interventions. Participation is also recommended for eminent people outside the club, who have excelled in social, educational, and national topics and they can contribute productively. Within this framework, we suggest the following activities: Monthly events and speeches for young competitors’ information, and awareness about the importance of exercise and the value of a good sports example. Creation of a library in the club with sports and educational material. Distribution of informational handouts and copies for the Committee’s action and relevant topics. Competitors’ awards for their exemplary sports behaviour.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [41] Fair Play Principles and Strategies
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [42] Fair Play Principles and Strategies Teaching Principles There is no magic formula to teach fair play. Children’s motivation to develop a wellmannered behaviour of respect and acceptance is a complicated procedure which involves the mind, the body, and the spirit as well as the life conditions. Parents and community play a very important role in children’s support to develop a healthy behaviour. Plus, different cultures have different moral systems. Research, however, provides some important instructions for fair play teaching. Teaching moral and social behaviour to young people is a specifically complicated procedure. There is no formula or guarantee for its success. Therefore, it is important to have realistic expectations concerning our goals, to give emphasis on positive elements and to celebrate minor success. Competitors’ moral and social education is affected by many factors. For example, family values and behaviour, radio, television and newspapers, religious catechism, tradition, and national and political priorities. Therefore, the participation of parents, coaches, teachers, judges, journalists, the whole community, and media is important in an Olympic educational programme. Children are not miniature adults. They overcome different stages of development of their moral and social values. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge that building character is a maturation procedure from early childhood towards adulthood. As young people mature, their character is influenced by educational interventions. Boys and girls build their moral and social character in a different way. For example, most boys are competition-driven opposite to girls. Most girls from a young age prioritize relationships, in contradiction to the boys who do not think good relationships are a priority. Therefore, during the teacher’s activity planning phase, children’s gender differences should be taken into consideration. Rules, commands, and lectures are not effective strategies for the development of the child’s proper moral and social behaviour. So, team coaches should create a positive learning environment in which young people will have the chance to ask and discuss stories regarding fair play and dilemmas, as well as exercise in the different ways of acting and behaving. Practical exercises, in which competitors should consider and discuss moral issues, are necessary in fair play teaching. Therefore, team coaches should incorporate fair play activities in regular activities of all their programmes and offer a lot of opportunities for the discussion of fair play issues. Young people have adults’ behaviour as a role model. So, adults, including those who appear on TV, should show respect to others and play fair in sports, work and their daily lives.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [43] Competition Strategies These suggestions will help young people experience fair play values instead of just abiding by the rules and following orders. In the following activities, there are many chances for competitors to ask questions, find their own solution and compare their ideas with others. Code and fair play philosophy development are common responsibilities of coaches, competitors, judges, journalists, clubs, and parents. Aim for young people and children’s participation into writing of a fair play code for equivalent behaviour at the schoolyard and the gym. Cooperate with a group of parents to create a fair play code for viewers. Share the code with the rest of the parents. Reinforce the code during team games. Parents and the rest of the viewers should know children and young people’s sake is their first priority. Consult your coaches. Coaches do not usually know much about children’s learning and development process. Sometimes, they are only concerned about winning, which has negative impact on young competitors. The development and the publication of a fair play policy for the team could ameliorate the situation. Discuss the fair play codes or philosophy with the school’s principal and parents. Make posters to advertise your fair play policy. Stick to the constant demonstration of honesty, self-control, and justice when around young people. Pause an exercise to discuss examples of fair and unfair behaviour. Take every opportunity to help young people develop respect towards others, their opponents, managers, and viewers included. Inside the classroom and during practice, delegate young people the responsibility of acknowledgement, discussion, and correction of violations of fair play. Focus on entertainment and personal growth through activities. Do not focus on winning. Encourage young people to set their own performance goals. Focus on self-control. Focus on team and personal element in an activity or a game. Refer to specific domains where there has been an improvement or need to be improved, instead of emphasising on the result (“win” or “defeat”). Award fair play behaviour. Discuss the ways in which fair play mentality can be applied into the daily life and society.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [44]
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [45] Examples of Unfair Play
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [46] Examples of Unfair Play Long observations reveal that except the heroic dimension and the good spirit, some negative incidents or behaviours may take place during the lifesaving championships. Here are some such examples: An increasing number of top competitors of developed nations, demonstrate low or no respect for the volunteers of the hosts and the judges. They feel that they are the “masters” and the others are their “servants”. They are not greeting them. They are ignoring them and complain if they believe something could be made better. They don’t realize that the funds for the sport come from donations for the humanitarian aspect of lifesaving. They should be more grateful and respectful to those who make their sport a reality at top level. Teams are leaving the competition venues before the victory ceremonies. Only those few teams which have competitors on the podium stay in the pool or at the beach until the end of the day. Competitors demonstrate no respect to competitors of other nations during the victory ceremonies. They are talking while the national anthems of other nations are played. Some representatives of the top nations in lifesaving sport try to arrange the competition rules in such a way that only their competitors will have an advantage and the other (smaller or weaker) nations would have a disadvantage. Bigger teams, more complicate events and expensive equipment may be the base for their leading positions also in the future. National organisations that are not legitimate to operate the sport neither to organize lifesaving championships according to the national sporting legislation, block competitors that participated and succeeded in legitimate national championships and select other competitors of their personal choice who did not compete at national level at all to form the National Team. National organisations organize qualifying championships to recruit the competitors that will form the National Team that will represent the country at international championships. Then they hide the results and recruit competitors that did not participate in the qualifying championships. This demoralizes those that deserved to represent their country and favors those that do not. National organisations that are legitimate to operate the sport and host national championships according to their constitution and the national sport legislation, are prevented from participating in the international championships. Competitors sometimes used sticky substances to aid the carry of manikins in pool competition. Prior to specifically being banned, this was identified by officials and seen as unfair play. This was made worse that residue of the sticky substances was often left on manikins disadvantaging competitors in subsequent heats. This led the ILS to add the following clause to their rules to clarify the competing unfairly: “The use of sticky, tacky or adhesive substances (liquid, solid or aerosol) on competitors’ hands or feet, or applied to the surface of the manikin or
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [47] rescue tube to improve grip, or to assist the competitor to push off the pool bottom, is not permitted in pool events.” Competitors have been known to use racing boards and surf skis that are outside of specification (examples include using crafts that are too narrow, the keel line that is too flat (skis only), or are under the prescribed weight (both boards and skis) to gain an advantage over other competitors. Prior to swimsuits standard being reviewed, Some competitors used to swim with multiple (rubberised) swimsuits to assist flotation/record faster times. When this was discovered, the swimsuit standards were reviewed. Competitors tampering with the engines or other mechanical elements to increase the speed of their craft and enhance their performance during IRB competitions. Although there are numerous “DQ” codes to disqualify a competitor during the competition, it is not easy to do so with inappropriate behaviours and mindsets such as the above. These examples of disrespect or non-fair-play, indicate what individuals, clubs and national federations should avoid.
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [48]
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [49] Examples of Fair Play
Fair Play in Lifesaving Sport [50] Examples of Fair Play The Greek Lifesaving Sports Association, invited national and international lifesaving organizations and experts to share stories of fair play and reviewed the literature. This chapter contains stories from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Greece, Haiti, Morocco, UK, and the USA. The following examples of sportsmanship show both the beauty and value of fair play and also how the values of sportsmanship, camaraderie can be taught and inspire healthy and moral mindsets. 1967: The American Team was at Kiama Beach, outside of Sydney, Australia for an event. The surf was 15 feet. They carried everywhere an Australian Surf Boat as a promotional stunt, but never raced it, as these crafts are not available in the USA. An Aussie asked Bob Burnside if they would participate at the surf boat race. Burnside replied: “No way, we don’t have a sweep oarsman on our team, just some American dory men.” “Mate, my name is SPAZ and there ain’t no better sweep in Australia than me. I’ll sweep for you if you want to enter.” Burnside discussed it with Rudy (who was an excellent dory man), Paul Mathies and Jim Richardson (another dory man) and agreed to try it. Spaz said: “Go and advise the officials that you want to enter, but ask them to seed you to the finals and that you do not want to interfere with the other finalist boats at the start. So ask for the South start position near the rocks.” The Australian organizers were delighted to have the American Team seeded directly to the finals, recognizing that it would be a big crowd pleaser because the surf boat race was the most exciting and popular event in Australia. Furthermore, they were pretty sure that the Americans would come to a crashing end at the start of the race. All these essential requests (participation of an American Team with an Australian sweep oarsman, a direct seeding to the finals and a privileged positioning at the start) were accepted. The gun went off and the other 6 boats launched as “Spaz” held the American team in the shallow water. Then he shouted: ”Now Yankees go like hell!” They rowed out alongside the cliffs away from the oncoming shore break, which was pounding the other 6 boats badly and out they went. Around the half way buoy far ahead of the closest boat, Burnside thought: ”Christ … we’re going to win this race in this Australian boat.” He remembered the rules that required all members of the boat as well as that the boat itself must arrive at the beach all together to win. So he yelled at their Aussie sweep: ”We got it won … let’s play it cool and carefully row to victory.” But he had other ideas and that’s why they called him Spaz. ”No way Yanks. We’re going to catch this “big Shelia” that’s coming at us and ride her right up them.” (“Sheila” was the big female wave that was approaching and “them” were the officials on the beach). As they caught the huge wave, there were four “yanks” cowering around his legs, as he sweep the craft perfectly toward the beach to a sandy first place finish. They had stunned everyone. After that race, Burnside refused to race again in the Australian Craft. It was to their advantage to leave Australia undefeated in their highlighted event. They had become the only nonAustralian surfboat crew to ever beat an Australian Team thanks to these three