CULTURE AND INTERGROUP RELATIONS Tutty I. Sodjakusumah Julian Amriwijaya MKP Peran budaya Dalam Perilaku Sosial Fak.Psikologi unpad 2024
INGROUPS AND OUTGROUPS • Ingroups include individuals with a history of shared experiences and an anticipated future that produces a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust. Outgroups are individuals who lack these qualities. In all societies, enculturation involves learning who constitute ingroups and who do not. • Campbell, (1958): People perceive groups as real entities, not just collections of individuals, this is known as group entitativity.. • Robbins & Krueger, (2005): Differentiating between ingroups and outgroups, therefore, is associated with interesting psychological consequences. People tend to expect greater similarities between themselves and their ingroups relative to their outgroups
• Perceptions of outgroups are often association with infrahumanization— the belief that others are less human. • E.g. Ingrop: people tend to attribute more uniquely human emotions such as contentment, delight, or resignation. • Outgroup: more primary, basic emotions such as happiness or anger as well as values and adjectives thought to be uniquely human and to describe human essence.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN INGROUP/OUTGROUP RELATIONSHIPS • One of the important functions of culture is to ascribe different meanings to ingroup and outgroup relationships (Triandis, Bontempo, Villareal, Asai, & Lucca, 1988). For instance, work colleagues may be ingroups in one culture but outgroups in another, and we cannot assume that people from another culture will interpret and act on those relationships in exactly the same way. • Triandis et.al. (1988): Self-ingroup and self-outgroup relationships differ in individualistic and collectivistic cultures (Triandis et al., 1988). In individualistic cultures, people often belong to multiple ingroups. E.g. music groups, sports groups, church groups, social groups, and so forth.
• In contrast, members of collectivistic cultures typically belong to fewer ingroups. • People in collectivistic cultures have greater commitments to the groups to which they belong, and deeper quality of commitments and relationships. They also identify more strongly with those groups. • Members of individualistic cultures do not necessarily identify with their ingroups as much as people from collectivistic cultures. They have fewer commitments to their ingroups and move much more easily from ingroup to ingroup.
THE MEANING OF SELF-INGROUP RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES • Individualistic cultures depend less on groups and more on the uniqueness of their individuals. • individualistic cultures require less harmony and cohesion within groups and place less importance on conformity of individuals to group norms. • collectivistic cultures require a greater degree of harmony, cohesion, and cooperation within their ingroups and place greater burdens on individuals to identify with the group and conform to group norms. Sanctions usually exist for nonconformity
• In collectivistic cultures, people are more willing to make sacrifices for their ingroups in pursuit of group goals, and try harder to cooperate with one another, even if it means that they must suppress their feelings, thoughts, behaviors, or goals to maintain harmony and cohesion. Similarly, people in collectivistic cultures try to find ways of agreeing with each other, downplaying and minimizing interpersonal differences for the sake of harmony. • In individualistic cultures, people are less willing to sacrifice their individual goals, needs, and desires for the sake of a common good. People are more expressive of their own feelings, attitudes, and opinions, without as much fear or worry about the consequences for group harmony or cohesion.
SELF-OUTGROUP RELATIONSHIPS • In collectivistic cultures, relationships with outgroups are marked by a relatively greater lack of concern, distancing, aloofness, and even discrimination to outgroups compared to members of individualistic cultures. • In individualistic cultures, people are more likely to treat outgroup persons more equally, with relatively less distinction between ingroups and outgroups.
SUMMARY
INGROUP DEROGATION • the degree to which individuals have negative attitudes or beliefs about their own ingroup. E.g. East Asian individuals, relative to Americans, tend to rate their relationships, lovers, friends, universities, cities, countries, and sports teams s less favorably. • These attitudes may be related to cultural differences in dialecticism— the degree to which individuals can tolerate contradictory thoughts
THE CULTURAL ORIGINS OF INGROUP FAVORITISM