Master TOEFL Junior Basic LFM Preview

Language Form and Meaning Grammar
Contents







Introduction to the TOEFL Junior Test
Overview of LFM



Official Examinee Score Report .................................................................................... 011
Diagnostic Test ........................................................................................................................... 013



Chapter 1 Sentence Formation
Unit 1 Sentence Elements ................................................................................ 022

Unit 2 Agreement ..................................................................................................... 030


Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 036




Chapter 2 Verb Forms
Unit 1 Tenses .............................................................................................................. 040

Unit 2 Voice ................................................................................................................... 046
Unit 3 Helping Verbs ............................................................................................. 050



Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 054



Chapter 3 Verbals
Unit 1 Infinitives .......................................................................................................... 058

Unit 2 Gerunds ........................................................................................................... 064
Unit 3 Participles ....................................................................................................... 068



Chapter Test ................................................................................................................................. 072

Overview of LFM





The Language Form and Meaning Portion of the TOEFL Junior





The TOEFL Junior test is used to judge whether or not a non-native English speaking student
has the reading skills appropriate for learning in mid-level English learning environments. Mid-
level English learning environments include middle school and high school in North America.

1 One of the purposes of the TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test is to
measure a test taker’s grammar and vocabulary. A test taker’s abilities to use and
recognize appropriate grammatical structures and vocabulary in English are important
enabling skills. Though these enabling skills may not seem so important by themselves,
they allow a student to be able to participate in an English learning environment. These
skills are a tool. Language Form tests students on sentence structure, verb form, modifier,
relative clause, comparison, and word form. Language meaning tests students on their
vocabulary.


2 The second purpose of the TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test is to
measure how well a student can apply their knowledge of grammar and vocabulary
to a variety of academic (exposition, biography, fiction) and non-academic
(announcement, advertisement, correspondence) texts. Students need to be able to
read a text and understand the meaning of it while grasping how the language form and
language meaning contribute to the texts. Students must be able to do this for a wide
variety of school-related texts.

The Structure of the Language Form and Meaning Test





The Language Form and Meaning test assesses the ability to demonstrate proficiency in key
enabling skills such as grammar and vocabulary in context.


Topics or subjects found 4 Passages Word Count
in a school curriculum

˝ Exposition
˞ Biography
Academic
˟ Fiction
8 Questions / Passage 120~170
ˠ History
ˡ Language
Passage ˢ Magazine Article
Type
Form and meaning in a range 4 Passages Word Count
of school-based texts

˝ Announcement

Non-academic ˞ Advertisement
˟ Correspondence 4~6 Questions / Passage 60~120
ˠ Instruction
ˡ Student Language


Sentence structure


Verb form

Modifier
Language Form
Question Type Relative clause

Comparison


Word form

Language Meaning Vocabulary


Time Given 25 minutes


Possible Score 200 ~ 300

Question Types Summarized





Here are the seven different types of questions on the Language Form and Meaning test,
grouped into two different categories. This book will look at each type of question, and
provide grammar points on how to answer each question type, and test material to practice
with. For now, here is a summary of the question types:

A. Language Form

1. Sentence structure _ Asking about the way a sentence is put together.


2. Verb form _ Asking what form of the verb should be used. (past, future, present, etc.)


3. Modifier _ Finding the correct adjective, adjective phrase, verb or adverb that modifies
a noun, or the adverb or adverbial phrase that modifies the entire sentence.


4. Relative clause _ Finding the correct relative clause based on the relationship between
two sentences.


5. Comparison _ Finding the appropriate comparative or superlative(the most, the
best, the biggest) phrase in a sentence.


6. Word form _ Finding the appropriate words based on the grammar of the sentence
and text.

B.Language Meaning

7. Vocabulary _ Finding the appropriate noun, adjective, modifier, preposition, or
conjunction for a given sentence.

What’s in This Book?





This book contains eight parts.





1The Orientation ~ This portion of the book.

2The Diagnostic Test ~ This section of the book will assess your current grammatical
knowledge and vocabulary. The diagnostic test tells you your strengths and also what you
should focus on to improve your skills. Additionally, the diagnostic test gives you a grade you
can refer back to once you have taken the practice tests. You’ll be able to see how much
your skills have improved since you began this book.

3Grammar Points ~ Each unit has grammar points to help you understand the types of
grammatical questions that will be on the test. The grammar points in this book are based on
the knowledge necessary to score well on the test. This information may be a review or may
be brand new. Either way, it’s important to understand these particular grammar points
before taking the test.


4The Check-up Tests ~ This section will review and test what you learned in the
grammar parts. You will read a sentence and be given two or three choices of words or
phrases and you must choose the one that is correct.

5The Wrap Up Tests ~ This section will further review the grammar points under the
TOEFL Junior format. There are two types of questions. The first type requires you to fill in
the blank. The second type has sentences with grammatical errors. You must underline the
error and write in the correct word or words.


6The Unit Tests ~ Each unit (containing 5-10 grammar points) has a unit test with 8
questions. These tests are similar to the previous practice tests, only they have more
questions and cover more grammar points. Unit tests are usually a student essay, article from
a magazine, or passage from a textbook.

7The Chapter Tests ~ There are 3 chapters with 3-5 units each. At the end of each
chapter, there is a chapter test with a passage containing 8 questions. These chapter tests
contain material from the chapters’ units, along with the grammar points within those units.

8The Actual Test ~ The last section of this book is your chance to see what you have
learned and how much you have improved. It will give you a feeling for what you should
expect on the Language Form and Meaning section of the TOEFL Junior test.

PART 2





Questions 5-8 refer to the following announcement.








Mrs. Davis is organizing a clothing drive this month. Mrs. Davis, inspired by a television




(A) want
(B) wants
5. program, to get the school involved. Anyone who saw this program would
(C) wanting
(D) to want


(A) lunch
(B) ballot
6. have had the same reaction! There will be boxes outside each classroom.
(C) collection
(D) post office


(A) sent
(B) sends
7. At the end of the month, Mrs. Davis the clothes to children in need.
(C) has sent
(D) will send


(A) your old clothes of all to school.
(B) school to all of your old clothes.
8. Please bring
(C) to school all of your old clothes.
(D) all of your old clothes to school.
















GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
Answer Key pp. 2~3

Diagnostic Test 15

PART 2





Questions 9-14 refer to the following part of a short story.





(A) could
(B) might
9. Jameson leave his hometown when he was 10 because his parents died.
(C) had to
(D) used to


(A) that was
(B) who was
10. Jameson went to live with his aunt and uncle, evil shoe-makers.
(C) who were
(D) that were





Jameson liked shoes, but only when he was wearing them. He was unhappy to do






(A) repair
(B) repairing
11. the work that his aunt and uncle asked. They wanted him shoes for
(C) to repair
(D) to be repaired
























GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE



16 Master TOEFL Junior ↟ Language Form and Meaning

Chapter
2









Unit 1
↶ Tenses

Unit 2
↶ Voice


Unit 3
↶ Helping Verbs


↶ Chapter Test
















Verb Forms












Introduction

The TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test will also test you on your knowledge
about verbs forms. Beyond just the basic verb forms, you will be tested on tenses such as
the simple, continuous, and perfect. The subject of passive voice will be covered and you
will learn how passives relate to verbs with two objects or object complements. Finally, you
will discover the form and use of helping verbs and be able to relate them to tense and other
areas of language.

Unit 1 Tenses










01 Simple Tense


↟ The present, past or future tenses are frequently signaled by various time expressions.


A Present

1. Repeated action: My family goes out to dinner every Friday.

2. Fact or generalization: Gravity keeps things on the earth.
3. Timetabled future event: His flight arrives at 7 p.m.

Note Words used for present time: every month, always, usually, all the time etc.


B Past

1. Completed action in the past: Peter studied for the test last Saturday.

2. Past fact or generalization: John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.

Note Words used for past time: yesterday, in 2000, two years ago, last night, at that time etc.


C Future-will
1. Prediction: It will be cold tomorrow.

2. Voluntary action or promise: He will bring her a gift.

Note Words used for future time: tomorrow, by this week, in an hour, next year etc.














Check-up Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence.

1. Cindy (fix, fixed, will fix) your laptop tomorrow.

2. The teacher (gives, gave, will give) us a project last week.
3. Bats (work, worked, will work) actively at night.





40 Master TOEFL Junior ↟ Language Form and Meaning

02 Continuous Tense


A Present continuous: am/are/is + -ing

↟ The present continuous usually describes things that are happening now, but it can also be used
with a future meaning (for example, plans for a fixed time). Chapter 2

Are you brushing your teeth now? (now)
James is moving to New York next weekend. (near future)



B Past continuous: was/were + -ing

↟ The past continuous is used to say that an action was in progress at a particular time in the past
or every moment during a period of time.

I was doing my homework when Betsy came over. (interrupted action)
While Tom was washing the dishes, I was drying them. (parallel action)


B Future continuous: will be + -ing


↟ The future continuous can be used to talk about activities that will be happening at a particular
time in the future.
I will be going to Tokyo next weekend. (fixed action)
I will be cleaning the bedroom tonight. (decided action)






















Check-up Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence.

1. My brother (was driving, is driving) to our house right now.

2. The doctor (will be doing, was doing) a surgery at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
3. James (is, was) studying English at that time.


Answer Key p. 12

Verb Forms 41

Unit Test*





Questions 1-4 refer to the following announcement.





(A) building Chapter 2
(B) will built
1. This spring, the city of Turnip a new public swimming pool.
(C) will build
(D) will be built


(A) delays.
(B) delayed.
2. The city has been planning to build this pool for 3 years, but the project
(C) is delayed.
(D) was delayed.


(A) considers
(B) considering
3. A public swimming pool to be a great addition to any city.
(C) is considered
(D) has considered





We are happy that we’ll finally have one in Turnip! The expenses for the pool





(A) already covered
(B) has already covered
4. by the city, so thank your parents for paying
(C) have already been covered
(D) will have already been covered





their taxes.










Answer Key pp. 14~15

Verb Forms 49

Unit 3 Helping Verbs










01 Form and Use


A Can/may/will/must/should + base form of a verb

Sarah must walk the dog before school. NOT Sarah must walks...
My uncle can play basketball very well.



B Expressing mood

↟ Helping verbs are used to change the mood of the main verb and cannot function as main verbs.

è Ability Meredith can build with blocks. (present)
Tommy could play chess when he was five. (past)

è Permission The students can go home at 3:00.
Parents may visit the school on Tuesday.

è Possibility This picture may/might be valuable.
You can get someone at the company to help you.

è Certainty My mother will finish shopping soon.

Rachel must be on vacation this week.
This can’t be John’s book because he doesn’t read.

è Suggestion We should look after the environment.
è Obligation I must finish writing this paper before Friday.

è Request Can/Could you lend me some money?
(*‘Could’ is more polite and more formal than ‘can.’)








Check-up Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence.

1. Students (should, could) listen to the teacher.

2. If you want, you (can, will) come over to my house to play.
3. Lucas (can’t, can) be late for school because he has a dentist appointment.





50 Master TOEFL Junior ↟ Language Form and Meaning

02 Helping Verbs: Tense and Others


A Helping verbs + have + past participle

↟ We can use the perfect after should, could/may and must to talk about past events.

è Regret They should not have paid for the expensive taxi. Chapter 2

è Possibility Shante could have been a pilot.
Jerry may have upset his parents.
è Certainty The girl must have practiced very hard.


B Other helping verbs


1. Have to (= obligation or necessity)
She has to tell Margaret the truth.

Note must not vs. don’t have to
You must not smoke here. (Prohibition)
You don’t have to call her. (Necessity)


2. Used to (= past habit or past situation)
When I was young, I used to be very short.
Jackson used to travel to Florida every summer.

3. Had better (= strong advice)
You’d better clean your room before your Mom gets angry.

4. Would rather (= preference)

Samantha would rather go to the zoo than watch a movie.













Check-up Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence.

1. I (should have, could have) taken your advice.

2. Steve (used to, has to) study German before he came to our school.
3. I (have to, would rather) stay at home than go out.


Answer Key p. 15

Verb Forms 51

(A) Angered not,
(B) Angering not,
5. began crying. Compared to the crying girls, Rebecca remained serious.
(C) Not angered,
(D) Not angering,





she was sure that she was on the side of God. In the second trial, Rebecca was ruled guilty as









a witch and put to death. Later, Ann Putnam admitted she had accused innocent people of Chapter 3





(A) hear
(B) heard
6. being witches. It must have been strange her confession. The story is
(C) to hear
(D) to be heard


(A) prove
(B) proving
7. very sad, that human’s beliefs can be stronger than reason. When
(C) to prove
(D) being proved


(A) believe
(B) believing
8. people want something, as in this case, it seems that the evidence
(C) to believe
(D) to be believed





doesn’t matter.













Answer Key pp. 24~25

Verbals 73

TOEFL Junior

Chapter


4 ↶ Unit 1 Nouns and Articles








Unit 2
Pronouns and Quantifiers
↶

Unit 3
Adjectives and Adverbs
↶

↶


Unit 5
Prepositions
↶ Unit 4 Comparison

↶ Chapter Test








Noun Phrases











Introduction

For this chapter, the TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test will discuss noun
phrases. Upon finishing this chapter, you will be able to understand nouns and articles,
pronouns and quantifiers, adjectives and adverbs, comparison, and prepositions. Besides
the basics, you will also gain understanding of the functions, uses, and specific details of
each of these topics. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to master each of these
areas.