Environmental Science

biological pest control the use of certain organisms by cellular respiration the process by which cells
humans to eliminate or control pests (419) produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric
oxygen combines with glucose to form water and
control biológico de plagas el uso de ciertos carbon dioxide (128)
organismos por parte de los seres humanos para
eliminar o controlar plagas (419) respiración celular el proceso por medio del cual
las células producen energía a partir de los carbo-
biomagnification the accumulation of pollutants at hidratos; el oxígeno atmosférico se combina con la
successive levels of the food chain (312) glucosa para formar agua y dióxido de carbono
(128)
bioaumento la acumulación de contaminantes
en niveles sucesivos de la cadena alimenticia (312) chaparral a type of vegetation that includes broad-
leafed evergreen shrubs and that is located in areas
biomass fuel plant material, manure, or any other with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters (168)
organic matter that is used as an energy source (496)
chaparral un tipo de vegetación que incluye
combustible de biomasa material vegetal, arbustos de hoja perenne y ancha, y que se ubica
abono o cualquier otra materia orgánica que se en áreas donde los veranos son calientes y secos y
use como fuente de energía (496) los inviernos son templados y húmedos (168)

biome a large region characterized by a specific type chlorofluorocarbons hydrocarbons in which some
of climate and certain types of plant and animal or all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by
communities (153) chlorine and fluorine; used in coolants for refrigera-
tors and air conditioners and in cleaning solvents;
bioma una región extensa caracterizada por un their use is restricted because they destroy ozone
tipo de clima específico y ciertos tipos de comu- molecules in the stratosphere (abbreviation, CFCs)
nidades de plantas y animales (153) (359)

biosphere the part of Earth where life exists (84) clorofluorocarbonos hidrocarburos en los que
algunos o todos los átomos de hidrógeno son
biosfera la parte de la Tierra donde existe la vida reemplazados por cloro y flúor; se usan en líquidos
(84) refrigerantes para refrigeradores y aires acondi-
cionados y en solventes para limpieza; su uso está
biotic factor an environmental factor that is associated restringido porque destruyen las moléculas de
with or results from the activities of living organisms ozono de la estratosfera (abreviatura: CFCs) (359)
(100)
climate the average weather conditions in an area
factor biótico un factor ambiental que está over a long period of time (154, 351)
asociado con las actividades de los seres vivos o
que resulta de ellas (100) clima las condiciones promedio del tiempo en
un área durante un largo período de tiempo
C (154, 351)

canopy the layers of treetops that shade the forest climax community a final, stable community in
floor (158) equilibrium with the environment (138)

dosel vegetal las capas de las copas de los comunidad clímax una comunidad final y
árboles que dan sombra al suelo del bosque (158) estable, que está en equilibrio con el ambiente
(138)
carbon cycle the movement of carbon from the
nonliving environment into living things and back commensalism a relationship between two organ-
(132) isms in which one organism benefits and the other
is unaffected (223)
ciclo del carbono el movimiento del carbono del
ambiente sin vida a los seres vivos y de los seres comensalismo una relación entre dos organismos
vivos al ambiente (132) en la que uno se beneficia y el otro no es afectado
(223)
carrying capacity the largest population that an
environment can support at any given time (214) English and Spanish Glossary 679

capacidad de carga la población más grande
que un ambiente puede sostener en cualquier
momento dado (214)

English and Spanish Glossary

community a group of various species that live in control group in an experiment, a group that
the same habitat and interact with each other serves as a standard of comparison with another
(102) group to which the control group is identical
except for one factor (35)
comunidad un grupo de varias especies que
viven en el mismo hábitat e interactúan unas con grupo de control en un experimento, un grupo
otras (102) que sirve como estándar de comparación con otro
grupo, al cual el grupo de control es idéntico
competition the relationship between two species excepto por un factor (35)
(or individuals) in which both species (or individ-
uals) attempt to use the same limited resource convection the movement of matter due to differ-
such that both are negatively affected by the ences in density that are caused by temperature
relationship (218) variations; can result in the transfer of energy as
heat (74)
competencia la relación entre dos especies (o
individuos) en la que ambas especies (o individuos) convección el movimiento de la materia debido
intentan usar el mismo recurso limitado, de modo a diferencias en la densidad que se producen por
que ambas resultan afectadas negativamente por la variaciones en la temperatura; puede resultar en la
relación (218) transferencia de energía en forma de calor (74)

compost a mixture of decomposing organic matter, coral reef a limestone ridge found in tropical
such as manure and rotting plants, that is used as climates and composed of coral fragments that
fertilizer and soil conditioner (416, 526) are deposited around organic remains (195)

composta una mezcla de materia orgánica en arrecife de coral una cumbre de piedra caliza
descomposición, como por ejemplo, estiércol y ubicada en climas tropicales, formada por fragmen-
plantas en estado de putrefacción, que se usa tos de coral depositados alrededor de restos
como fertilizante y acondicionador del suelo orgánicos (195)
(416, 526)
core the central part of the Earth below the mantle;
conceptual model a verbal or graphical explanation also the center of the sun (65)
for how a system works or is organized (45)
núcleo la parte central de la Tierra, debajo del
modelo conceptual una explicación verbal o manto; también, el centro del Sol (65)
gráfica acerca de cómo funciona o está organizado
un sistema (45) correlation the linear dependence between two
variables (37)
condensation the change of state from a gas to a
liquid (77) correlación la dependencia linear entre dos
variables (37)
condensación el cambio de estado de gas a
líquido (77) crust the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth
above the mantle (64)
conduction the transfer of energy as heat through a
material (74) corteza la capa externa, delgada y sólida de la
Tierra, que se encuentra sobre el manto (64)
conducción la transferencia de energía en forma
de calor a través de un material (74) D

consumer an organism that eats other organisms or dam a structure that is built across a river to control
organic matter instead of producing its own nutri- a river's flow (300)
ents or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources
(126) presa una estructura que se construye a través de
un río para controlar el flujo del río (300)
consumidor un organismo que se alimenta de
otros organismos o de materia orgánica, en lugar data any pieces of information acquired through
de producir sus propios nutrientes o de obtenerlos observation or experimentation (36)
de fuentes inorgánicas (126)
datos cualquier parte de la información que
se adquiere por medio de la observación o
experimentación (36)

680 English and Spanish Glossary

decibel the most common unit used to measure desalination (DEE SAL uh NAY shun) a process of
loudness (abbreviation, dB) (334) removing salt from ocean water (303)

decibel la unidad más común que se usa para desalación (o desalinización) un proceso de
medir el volumen del sonido (abreviatura: dB) remoción de sal del agua del océano (303)
(334)
desert a region that has little or no vegetation, long
decision-making model a conceptual model that periods without rain, and extreme temperatures;
provides a systematic process for making decisions usually found in warm climates (170)
(47)
desierto una región con poca vegetación o sin
modelo de toma de decisiones un modelo vegetación, largos períodos sin lluvia y tempera-
conceptual que brinda un proceso sistemático para turas extremas; generalmente se ubica en climas
tomar decisiones (47) calientes (170)

decomposer an organism that feeds by breaking desertification the process by which human activi-
down organic matter from dead organisms; exam- ties or climatic changes make arid or semiarid areas
ples include bacteria and fungi (127) more desertlike (414)

descomponedor un organismo que desintegra la desertificación el proceso por medio del cual las
materia orgánica de organismos muertos y se ali- actividades humanas o los cambios climáticos
menta de ella; entre los ejemplos se encuentran las hacen que un área árida o semiárida se vuelva más
bacterias y los hongos (127) parecida a un desierto (414)

deep-well injection deep-well disposal of diet the type and amount of food that a person eats
hazardous waste (532) (408)

inyección a pozo profundo método de desecho dieta el tipo y cantidad de alimento que come
de residuos peligrosos por inyección a pozo (532) una persona (408)

deforestation the process of clearing forests (392) dispersion in ecology, the pattern of distribution of
organisms in a population (212)
deforestación el proceso de talar bosques (392)
dispersión en ecología, el patrón de distribución
demographic transition the general pattern of de organismos en una población (212)
demographic change from high birth and death
rates to low birth and death rates, as observed in distribution the relative arrangement of the mem-
the history of more-developed countries (239) bers of a statistical population; usually shown in a
graph (41)
transición demográfica el patrón general de
cambio demográfico de tasas de nacimiento y mor- distribución la organización relativa de los miem-
talidad altas a tasas de nacimiento y mortalidad bros de una población estadística; normalmente
bajas, tal como se observa en la historia de los se muestra en una gráfica (41)
países más desarrollados (239)
domesticated describes organisms that have been
demography the study of the characteristics of pop- bred and managed for human use (423)
ulations, especially human populations (235)
domesticado término que describe a organismos
demografía el estudio de las características de las que han sido reproducidos y criados para uso
poblaciones, sobre todo las poblaciones humanas humano (423)
(235)
dose the amount of a harmful substance to which a
density the number of individuals of the same person is exposed; the quantity of medicine that
species that live in a given unit of area (212) needs to be taken over a period of time (550)

densidad el número de individuos de la misma dosis la cantidad de medicina que se necesita
especie que viven en una unidad superficial tomar durante un período de tiempo; también, la
determinada (212) cantidad de una sustancia dañina a la que está
expuesta una persona (550)

English and Spanish Glossary 681

English and Spanish Glossary

dose-response curve a graph that shows the rela- ecotourism a form of tourism that supports the
tive effect of various doses of a drug or chemical on conservation and sustainable development of eco-
an organism or organisms (550) logically unique areas (262)

curva de dosis-respuesta una gráfica que mues- ecoturismo una forma de turismo que apoya la
tra el efecto relativo de varias dosis de un medica- conservación y desarrollo sustentable de áreas
mento o substancia química en un organismo u ecológicamente únicas (262)
organismos (550)
electric generator a device that converts mechani-
E cal energy into electrical energy (468)

ecological footprint a calculation that shows the descarga eléctrica la liberación de electricidad
productive area of Earth needed to support one almacenada en una fuente (468)
person in a particular country (19)
El Niño (el NEEN yoh) the warm phase of the El
huella ecológica un cálculo que muestra el área Niño–Southern Oscillation; a periodic occurrence
productiva de la Tierra que se requiere para man- in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which the surface-
tener a una persona en un cierto país (19) water temperature becomes unusually warm (356)

ecological succession a gradual process of change El Niño la fase caliente de la Oscilación Sureña "El
and replacement in a community (137) Niño"; un fenómeno periódico que ocurre en el
océano Pacífico oriental en el que la temperatura
sucesión ecológica un proceso gradual de cam- del agua superficial se vuelve más caliente que de
bio y sustitución en una comunidad (137) costumbre (356)

ecology the study of the interactions of living emergent layer the top foliage layer in a forest
organisms with one another and with their where the trees extend above surrounding trees
environment (6) (158)

ecología el estudio de las interacciones de los capa emergente la capa superior de follaje en
seres vivos entre sí mismos y entre sí mismos y un bosque, en la que los árboles se extienden
su ambiente (6) sobre los árboles circundantes (158)

economics the study of how individuals and groups endangered species a species that has been identi-
make decisions about the production, distribution, fied to be in danger of extinction throughout all or
and consumption of limited resources as the indi- a significant part of its range, and that is thus
viduals or groups attempt to fulfill their needs and under protection by regulations or conservation
wants (576) measures (263)

economía el estudio de cómo los individuos y especie en peligro de extinción una especie
grupos toman decisiones acerca de la producción, que se ha identificado como en peligro de extin-
distribución y consumo de recursos limitados, al ción en toda su zona de distribución o en una
mismo tiempo que estos individuos o grupos inten- parte importante de ella, y que, por lo tanto, se
tan satisfacer sus necesidades y deseos (576) encuentra protegida por normas y medidas de
conservación (263)
ecosystem (EE koh SIS tuhm) a community of organ-
isms and their abiotic environment (99) Endangered Species Act an act that the U.S.
Congress passed in 1973 to protect any plant
ecosistema una comunidad de organismos y su or animal species in danger of extinction (273)
ambiente abiótico (99)
Ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción una
ecosystem services the role that organisms play in ley que el Congreso de los Estados Unidos emitió
creating a healthful environment for humans (383) en 1973 cuyo fin es proteger las especies de ani-
males o plantes que están en peligro de extinguirse
servicios del ecosistema el papel que juegan los (273)
organismos en la creación de un ambiente salud-
able para los seres humanos (383)

682 English and Spanish Glossary

endemic species a species that is native to a erosion a process in which the materials of Earth's
particular place and that is found only there (266) surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away
and transported from one place to another by a
especie endémica una especie que es nativa de natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity
un lugar particular y que únicamente se encuentra (70, 414)
allí (266)
erosión un proceso por medio del cual los materi-
energy conservation the process of saving energy ales de la superficie de la Tierra se aflojan, disuel-
by reducing energy use and waste (504) ven o desgastan y son transportados de un lugar a
otro por un agente natural, como el viento, el
conservación de energía el proceso de ahorrar agua, el hielo o la gravedad (70, 414)
energía al reducir el uso y el gasto inútil de energía
(504) estuary an area where fresh water from rivers mixes
with salt water from the ocean; the part of a river
energy efficiency the percentage of energy put where the tides meet the river current (191)
into a system that does useful work (502)
estuario un área donde el agua dulce de los ríos
eficiencia energética el porcentaje de energía se mezcla con el agua salada del océano; la parte
que se pone en un sistema que realiza un trabajo de un río donde las mareas se encuentran con la
útil (502) corriente del río (191)

Environmental Impact Statement an assessment Eubacteria in a traditional taxonomic system, a
of the effect of a proposed project or law on the kingdom made up of all prokaryotes except mem-
environment (581) bers of the kingdom Archaebacteria; currently,
biologists prefer to classify members of this king-
Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental una evalu- dom into the domain Bacteria (108)
ación del efecto que una propuesta de proyecto o
ley tendrá en el ambiente (581) Eubacteria en un sistema taxonómico tradicional,
un reino que agrupa a todos los procariotes,
environmental science the study of the air, water, excepto a los miembros del reino Archaebacteria;
and land surrounding an organism or a commu- en la actualidad, los biólogos prefieren clasificar a
nity, which ranges from a small area to Earth's los miembros de este reino dentro del dominio
entire biosphere; it includes the study of the Bacteria (108)
impact of humans on the environment (5)
eutrophication an increase in the amount of nutri-
ciencias ambientales el estudio del aire, agua y ents, such as nitrates, in a marine or aquatic
tierra circundantes en relación con un organismo ecosystem (187)
o comunidad, desde un área pequeña de la Tierra
hasta la biosfera completa; incluye el estudio del eutrofización un aumento en la cantidad de
impacto que los seres humanos tienen en el nutrientes, tales como nitratos, en un ecosistema
ambiente (5) marino o acuático (187)

epidemiology (EP uh DEE me AHL uh jee) the study evaporation the change of state from a liquid to a
of the distribution of diseases in populations and gas (77)
the study of factors that influence the occurrence
and spread of disease (551) evaporación el cambio de estado de líquido a
gas (77)
epidemiología el estudio de la distribución de las
enfermedades en poblaciones y el estudio de los evolution a heritable change in the characteristics
factores que influyen en la incidencia y propagación within a population from one generation to the
de las enfermedades (551) next; the development of new types of organisms
from preexisting types of organisms over time
epiphyte a plant that uses another plant for support, (103)
but not for nourishment (158)
evolución un cambio hereditario en las caracterís-
epifita una planta que utiliza otra planta para ticas de una población que se produce de una gen-
sostenerse pero no para alimentarse (158) eración a la siguiente; el desarrollo de nuevos tipos
de organismos a partir de organismos preexistentes
a lo largo del tiempo (103)

English and Spanish Glossary 683

English and Spanish Glossary

exotic species a species that is not native to a par- food web a diagram that shows the feeding rela-
ticular region (265) tionships between organisms in an ecosystem
(130)
especie exótica una especie que no es originaria
de una región en particular (265) red alimenticia un diagrama que muestra las
relaciones de alimentación entre los organismos de
experiment a procedure that is carried out under un ecosistema (130)
controlled conditions to discover, demonstrate, or
test a fact, theory, or general truth (35) fossil fuel a nonrenewable energy resource formed
from the remains of organisms that lived long ago;
experimento un procedimiento que se lleva a examples include oil, coal, and natural gas (467)
cabo bajo condiciones controladas para descubrir,
demostrar o probar un hecho, teoría o verdad combustible fósil un recurso energético no ren-
general (35) ovable formado a partir de los restos de organis-
mos que vivieron hace mucho tiempo; algunos
experimental group in an experiment, a group ejemplos incluyen el petróleo, el carbón y el gas
that is identical to a control group except for one natural (467)
factor and that is compared with the control group
(35) fresh water water that contains insignificant
amounts of salts, as in rivers and lakes (83)
grupo experimental en un experimento, un
grupo que es idéntico al grupo de control, excepto agua dulce agua que contiene una cantidad
por un factor, y que es comparado con el grupo de insignificante de sales, como el agua de los ríos
control (35) y lagos (83)

exponential growth logarithmic growth, or fuel cell a device that produces electricity chemically
growth in which numbers increase by a certain by combining hydrogen fuel with oxygen from the
factor in each successive time period (213) air (502)

crecimiento exponencial crecimiento logarít- pila de combustible un aparato que produce
mico o crecimiento en el que los números aumen- electricidad químicamente al combinar
tan en función de un cierto factor en cada período combustible de hidrógeno con oxígeno del aire
de tiempo sucesivo (213) (502)

F fungus an organism whose cells have nuclei, rigid
cell walls, and no chlorophyll and that belongs to
famine widespread malnutrition and starvation in an the kingdom Fungi (109)
area due to a shortage of food, usually caused by a
catastrophic event (407) hongo un organismo que tiene células con
núcleos y pared celular rígida, pero carece de clo-
hambruna desnutrición e inanición generalizadas rofila, perteneciente al reino Fungi (109)
en un área debido a una escasez de alimento, nor-
malmente causada por un suceso catastrófico (407) G

fertility rate the number of births (usually per year) gene a segment of DNA that is located in a chromo-
per 1,000 women of childbearing age (usually 15 some and that codes for a specific hereditary trait
to 44) (237) (260)

tasa de fertilidad el número de nacimientos gene un segmento de ADN ubicado en un cromo-
(normalmente por año) por cada 1,000 mujeres en soma, que codifica para un carácter hereditario
edad de procrear (normalmente entre los 15 y 44 específico (260)
años de edad) (237)
genetic engineering a technology in which the
food chain the pathway of energy transfer through genome of a living cell is modified for medical or
various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of industrial use (421)
a series of organisms (130)
ingeniería genética una tecnología en la que el
cadena alimenticia la vía de transferencia de genoma de una célula viva se modifica con fines
energía través de varias etapas, que ocurre como médicos o industriales (421)
resultado de los patrones de alimentación de una
serie de organismos (130)

684 English and Spanish Glossary

geographic information system an automated groundwater the water that is beneath the Earth's
system for capturing, storing, retrieving, analyzing, surface (292)
manipulating, and displaying geographic data
(abbreviation, GIS) (387) agua subterránea el agua que está debajo de la
superficie de la Tierra (292)
sistema de información geográfica un sistema
automatizado que sirve para capturar, almacenar, growth rate an expression of the increase in the
obtener, analizar, manipular y mostrar datos size of an organism or population over a given
geográficos (abreviatura: SIG) (387) period of time (212)

geosphere the mostly solid, rocky part of Earth; tasa de crecimiento una expresión del aumento
extends from the center of the core to the surface en el tamaño de un organismo o población a lo
of the crust (63) largo de un cierto período de tiempo (212)

geosfera la capa de la Tierra que es principalmente gymnosperm (JIM noh SPURM) a woody vascular
sólida y rocosa; se extiende desde el centro del seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by an
núcleo hasta la superficie de la corteza terrestre (63) ovary or fruit (111)

geothermal energy the energy produced by heat gimnosperma una planta leñosa y vascular, la
within Earth (498) cual produce semillas que no están contenidas en
un ovario o fruto (111)
energía geotérmica la energía producida por el
calor del interior de la Tierra (498) H

germ plasm hereditary material (chromosomes and habitat the place where an organism usually lives
genes) that is usually contained in the protoplasm (102)
of germ cells (270)
hábitat el lugar donde un organismo vive
plasma germinal material hereditario (cromoso- normalmente (102)
mas y genes) que normalmente se encuentra con-
tenido en el protoplasma de las células germinales habitat conservation plan a land-use plan that
(270) attempts to protect threatened or endangered
species across a given area by allowing some
global warming a gradual increase in average trade-offs between harm to the species and addi-
global temperature (365) tional conservation commitments among cooperat-
ing parties (273)
calentamiento global un aumento gradual de la
temperatura global promedio (365) plan de conservación del hábitat un plan de
uso de la tierra que tiene como objetivo proteger a
greenhouse effect the warming of the surface and las especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción
lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when car- en un área determinada, permitiendo algunas com-
bon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the pensaciones entre el daño a las especies y compro-
air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation (76) misos adicionales de conservación entre las partes
en cooperación (273)
efecto de invernadero el calentamiento de la
superficie terrestre y de la parte más baja de la hazardous wastes wastes that are a risk to the
atmósfera, el cual se produce cuando el dióxido de health of humans or other living organisms (529)
carbono, el vapor de agua y otros gases del aire
absorben radiación infrarroja y la vuelven a irradiar residuos peligrosos residuos que son un riesgo
(76) para la salud de los seres humano y otros seres
vivos (529)
greenhouse gas a gas composed of molecules that
absorb and radiate infrared radiation from the sun heat island an area in which the air temperature is
(363) generally higher than the temperature of surround-
ing rural areas (386)
gas de invernadero un gas compuesto de
moléculas que absorben radiación infrarroja del isla de calor un área en la que la temperatura del
Sol y la vuelven a irradiar (363) aire es generalmente más alta que la temperatura
de las áreas rurales circundantes (386)

English and Spanish Glossary 685

English and Spanish Glossary

host an organism from which a parasite takes food L
or shelter (557)
landfill an area of land or an excavation where
huésped el organismo del cual un parásito wastes are placed for permanent disposal (521)
obtiene alimento y refugio (557)
entierro de residuos un área de terreno o una
hydroelectric energy electrical energy produced excavación donde se colocan los residuos para
by the flow of water (497) deshacerse de ellos permanentemente (521)

energía hidroeléctrica energía eléctrica pro- land-use planning a set of policies and activities
ducida por el flujo del agua (497) related to potential uses of land that is put in place
before an area is developed (387)
hypothesis (hie PATH uh sis) a testable idea or
explanation that leads to scientific investigation planeación del uso de tierras un conjunto de
(34) políticas y actividades relacionadas con los usos
potenciales de la tierra, que se establecen antes de
hipótesis una idea o explicación que conlleva a la desarrollar un área (387)
investigación científica y que se puede probar (34)
La Niña (la NEEN yah) the cool phase of the
I El Niño–Southern Oscillation; a periodic occurrence
in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which the surface-
infrastructure the basic facilities of a country water temperature becomes unusually cool (356)
or region, such as roads, bridges, and sewers
(241, 385) La Niña la fase fría de la Oscilación Sureña "El
Niño"; un fenómeno periódico que ocurre en el
infraestructura los servicios básicos de un país o océano Pacífico oriental en el que la temperatura
región, tales como caminos, puentes y drenaje del agua superficial se vuelve más fría que de
(241, 385) costumbre (356)

invertebrate (in VUHR tuh brit) an animal that latitude the distance north or south from the
does not have a backbone (112) equator; expressed in degrees (155, 352)

invertebrado un animal que no tiene columna latitud la distancia hacia el norte o hacia el sur
vertebral (112) del ecuador; se expresa en grados (155, 352)

K law of supply and demand a law of economics
that states that as the demand for a good or
keystone species a species that is critical to the service increases, the value of the good or service
functioning of the ecosystem in which it lives also increases (17)
because it affects the survival and abundance of
many other species in its community (260) ley de la oferta y la demanda una ley de
economía que establece que al aumentar la
especie clave una especie que es crítica para el demanda de un bien o servicio, el valor del bien
funcionamiento del ecosistema en el que vive o servicio también aumenta (17)
porque afecta la supervivencia y abundancia de
muchas otras especies en su comunidad (260) leachate a liquid that has passed through solid
waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended
Kyoto Protocol an international treaty according to materials from that waste, such as pesticides in the
which developed countries that signed the treaty soil (521)
agree to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide
and other gases that may contribute to global lechado un líquido que ha pasado a través de
warming by 2012 (369) desechos sólidos y ha extraído materiales disueltos
o suspendidos de los desechos, como por ejemplo,
Protocolo de Kyoto un tratado internacional en pesticidas en el suelo (521)
función del cual los países desarrollados que lo fir-
maron acceden a reducir sus emisiones de dióxido
de carbono y otros gases que pueden contribuir al
calentamiento global para el año 2012 (369)

686 English and Spanish Glossary

least developed countries countries that have M
been identified by the United Nations as showing
the fewest signs of development in terms of malnutrition a disorder of nutrition that results
income, human resources, and economic when a person does not consume enough of each
diversification (244) of the nutrients that are needed by the human
body (407)
países menos desarrollados países que la
Organización de las Naciones Unidas ha identifi- desnutrición un trastorno de nutrición que
cado como los que muestran las menores señales resulta cuando una persona no consume una canti-
de desarrollo en términos de ingresos, recursos dad suficiente de cada nutriente que el cuerpo
humanos y diversificación económica (244) humano necesita (407)

life expectancy the average length of time that an mangrove swamp a tropical or subtropical marine
individual is expected to live (238) swamp that is characterized by the abundance of
low to tall trees, especially mangrove trees (194)
esperanza de vida la longitud promedio de
tiempo que se espera que un individuo viva (238) manglar un pantano marino tropical o subtropi-
cal que se caracteriza por la abundancia de árboles
limiting resource a particular natural resource that, bajos a altos, especialmente árboles de mangle
when limited, determines the carrying capacity of (194)
an ecosystem for a particular species (215)
mantle in Earth science, the layer of rock between
recursos limitantes un recurso natural particular the Earth's crust and core (65)
que, si está limitado, determina la capacidad de
carga de un ecosistema para una especie en manto en las ciencias de la Tierra, la capa de roca
particular (215) que se encuentra entre la corteza terrestre y el
núcleo (65)
lithosphere the solid, outer layer of the Earth that
consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mathematical model one or more equations that
mantle (65) represent the way a system or process works (46)

litosfera la capa externa y sólida de la Tierra que modelo matemático una o más ecuaciones que
está formada por la corteza y la parte superior y representan la forma en que funciona un sistema o
rígida del manto (65) proceso (46)

littoral zone a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat mean the number obtained by adding up the data
where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants for a given characteristic and dividing this sum by
(186) the number of individuals (41)

zona litoral una zona poco profunda del hábitat media el número que se obtiene al sumar los
de agua dulce donde la luz llega al fondo y nutre a datos de una característica determinada y dividir
las plantas (186) esta suma entre el número de individuos (41)

livestock domesticated animals that are raised to be migration in general, any movement of individuals or
used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit populations from one location to another; specifi-
(426) cally, a periodic group movement that is characteris-
tic of a given population or species (237)
animales de cría animales domesticados que se
crían para usarse en una granja o rancho o para ser migración en general, cualquier movimiento de
vendidos con el fin de obtener una ganancia (426) individuos o poblaciones de un lugar a otro;
específicamente, un movimiento periódico en
lobbying an attempt to influence the decisions of grupo que es característico de una población o
lawmakers (583) especie determinada (237)

cabildeo un intento de ejercer una influencia en
las decisiones de los legisladores (583)

English and Spanish Glossary 687

English and Spanish Glossary

mineral a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a niche (NICH) the unique position occupied by a
characteristic chemical composition, an orderly species, both in terms of its physical use of its
internal structure, and a characteristic set of physi- habitat and its function within an ecological
cal properties (441) community (217)

mineral un sólido natural, normalmente nicho la posición única que ocupa una especie,
inorgánico, que tiene una composición química tanto en lo que se refiere al uso de su hábitat como
característica, una estructura interna ordenada y en cuanto a su función dentro de una comunidad
propiedades físicas y químicas características (441) ecológica (217)

model a pattern, plan, representation, or description nitrogen cycle the process in which nitrogen circu-
designed to show the structure or workings of an lates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals
object, system, or concept (44) in an ecosystem (134)

modelo un diseño, plan, representación o ciclo del nitrógeno el proceso por medio del
descripción cuyo objetivo es mostrar la estructura o cual el nitrógeno circula en el aire, suelo, agua,
funcionamiento de un objeto, sistema o concepto plantas y animales de un ecosistema (134)
(44)
nitrogen-fixing bacteria bacteria that convert
municipal solid waste waste produced by house- atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (134)
holds and businesses (520)
bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno bacterias que
desechos sólidos municipales desechos pro- transforman el nitrógeno atmosférico en amoniaco
ducidos por las casas y negocios (520) (134)

mutualism a relationship between two species in nonpoint-source pollution pollution that comes
which both species benefit (222) from many sources rather than from a single spe-
cific site; an example is pollution that reaches a
mutualismo una relación entre dos especies en la body of water from streets and storm sewers (305)
que ambas se benefician (222)
contaminación no puntual contaminación que
N proviene de muchas fuentes, en lugar de provenir
de un solo sitio específico; un ejemplo es la conta-
natural resource any natural material that is used minación que llega a una masa de agua a partir de
by humans, such as water, petroleum, minerals, las calles y los drenajes (305)
forests, and animals (14)
nuclear energy the energy released by a fission or
recurso natural cualquier material natural que es fusion reaction; the binding energy of the atomic
utilizado por los seres humanos, como agua, nucleus (476)
petróleo, minerales, bosques y animales (14)
energía nuclear la energía liberada por una reac-
natural selection the process by which individuals ción de fisión o fusión; la energía de enlace del
that are better adapted to their environment sur- núcleo atómico (476)
vive and reproduce more successfully than less well
adapted individuals do; a theory to explain the nuclear fission the process by which the nucleus of
mechanism of evolution (103) a heavy atom splits into two or more fragments;
the process releases neutrons and energy (476)
selección natural el proceso por medio del cual
los individuos que están mejor adaptados a su fisión nuclear el proceso por medio del cual el
ambiente sobreviven y se reproducen con más núcleo de un átomo pesado se divide en dos o más
éxito que los individuos menos adaptados; una fragmentos; el proceso libera neutrones y energía
teoría que explica el mecanismo de la evolución (476)
(103)
nuclear fusion the process by which nuclei of small
nekton all organisms that swim actively in open atoms combine to form a new, more massive
water, independent of currents (185) nucleus; the process releases energy (479)

necton todos los organismos que nadan activa- fusión nuclear el proceso por medio del cual los
mente en las aguas abiertas, de manera independi- núcleos de átomos pequeños se combinan y for-
ente de las corrientes (185) man un núcleo nuevo con mayor masa; el proceso
libera energía (479)

688 English and Spanish Glossary

O ozone hole a thinning of stratospheric ozone that
occurs over the poles during the spring (360)
observation the process of obtaining information
by using the senses; the information obtained by agujero en la capa de ozono un adelgazamiento
using the senses (33) del ozono estratosférico, el cual occure encima de
los Polos durante la primavera (360)
observación el proceso de obtener información
por medio de los sentidos; la información que se ozone layer the layer of the atmosphere at an alti-
obtiene al usar los sentidos (33) tude of 15 to 40 km in which ozone absorbs ultra-
violet solar radiation (359)
ocean thermal energy conversion the use of
temperature differences in ocean water to produce capa de ozono la capa de la atmó-sfera ubicada
electricity (abbreviation, OTEC) (501) a una altitud de 15 a 40 km, en la cual el ozono
absorbe la radiación solar (359)
conversión de la energía térmica del océano
el uso de diferencias en la temperatura del agua P
del océano para producir electricidad (abreviatura:
OTEC, por sus siglas en inglés) (501) parasitism a relationship between two species in
which one species, the parasite, benefits from the
oil reserves oil deposits that are discovered and are other species, the host, which is harmed (222)
in commercial production (474)
parasitismo una relación entre dos especies en
reservas de petróleo depósitos de petróleo que la que una, el parásito, se beneficia de la otra, el
son descubiertos y se encuentran en producción huésped, que resulta perjudicada (222)
comercial (474)
particulates (pahr TIK yoo lits) fine particles that are
ore mineral a mineral that contains one or more suspended in the atmosphere and that are associ-
elements of economic value (442) ated with air pollution (552)

mineral metalífero un mineral que contiene uno materia particulada partículas finas que se
o más elementos de valor económico (442) encuentran suspendidas en la atmósfera y que
están relacionadas con la contaminación del aire
organism a living thing; anything that can carry out (552)
life processes independently (101)
passive solar heating the use of sunlight to heat
organismo un ser vivo; cualquier cosa que pueda buildings directly (492)
llevar a cabo procesos vitales independientemente
(101) calentamiento solar pasivo el uso de la luz solar
para calentar edificios directamente (492)
overgrazing the depletion of vegetation due to the
continuous feeding of too many animals (390) pathogen a microorganism, another organism, a
virus, or a protein that causes disease; an infectious
sobrepastoreo el agotamiento de la vegetación agent (297, 557)
debido a la alimentación continua de demasiados
animales (390) patógeno un microorganismo, otro organismo,
un virus o una proteína que causa enfermedades;
overharvesting catching or removing from a popu- un agente infeccioso (297, 557)
lation more organisms than the population can
replace (423) permafrost in arctic regions, the permanently
frozen layer of soil or subsoil (172)
sobrecosechar capturar o sustraer de una
población más organismos de los que la población permafrost en las regiones árticas, la capa de
puede reemplazar (423) suelo o subsuelo que se encuentra congelada
permanentemente (172)
ozone a gas molecule that is made up of three oxy-
gen atoms (73) permeability the ability of a rock or sediment to let
fluids pass through its open spaces or pores (293)
ozono una molécula de gas que está formada por
tres átomos de oxígeno (73) permeabilidad la capacidad de una roca o sedi-
mento de permitir que los fluidos pasen a través de
sus espacios abiertos o poros (293)

English and Spanish Glossary 689

English and Spanish Glossary

pesticide a poison used to destroy pests, such as plankton the mass of mostly microscopic organisms
insects, rodents, or weeds; examples include insec- that float or drift freely in the waters of aquatic
ticides, rodenticides, and herbicides (417) (freshwater and marine) environments (185)

pesticida un veneno que se usa para destruir pla- plancton la masa de organismos casi microscópi-
gas, tales como insectos, roedores o maleza; entre cos que flotan o se encuentran a la deriva en aguas
los ejemplos se encuentran los insecticidas, rodenti- (dulces y marinas) de ambientes acuáticos (185)
cidas y herbicidas (417)
poaching the illegal harvesting of fish, game, or
petroleum a liquid mixture of complex hydrocarbon other species (265)
compounds; used widely as a fuel source (472)
caza furtiva la cosecha ilegal de peces, presas u
petróleo una mezcla líquida de compuestos otras especies (265)
hidrocarburos complejos; se usa ampliamente
como una fuente de combustible (472) point-source pollution pollution that comes from a
specific site (305)
pH a value that is used to express the acidity or alka-
linity (basicity) of a system; each whole number on contaminación puntual contaminación que
the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH proviene de un lugar específico (305)
of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a
pH of greater than 7 is basic (336) polar stratospheric cloud a cloud that forms at
altitudes of about 21,000 m during the Arctic and
pH un valor que expresa la acidez o la alcalinidad Antarctic winter or early spring, when air tempera-
(basicidad) de un sistema; cada número entero de tures drop below –80°C (360)
la escala indica un cambio de 10 veces en la acidez;
un pH de 7 es neutro, un pH de menos de 7 es nube polar estrato-sférica una nube que se
ácido y un pH de más de 7 es básico (336) forma en altitudes de aproximadamente 21,000 m
durante el invierno ártico y antártico o al principio
phosphorus cycle the cyclic movement of phos- de la primavera, cuando la temperatura del aire
phorus in different chemical forms from the envi- disminuye a menos de –80 ºC (360)
ronment to organisms and then back to the
environment (135) pollution an undesirable change in the natural envi-
ronment that is caused by the introduction of sub-
ciclo del fósforo el movimiento cíclico del fós- stances that are harmful to living organisms or by
foro en diferentes formas químicas del ambiente a excessive wastes, heat, noise, or radiation (14)
los organismos y de regreso al ambiente (135)
contaminación un cambio indeseable en el
photosynthesis the process by which plants, algae, ambiente natural, producido por la introducción de
and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and substancias que son dañinas para los organismos
water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen (125) vivos o por desechos, calor, ruido o radiación
excesivos (14)
fotosíntesis el proceso por medio del cual las
plantas, algas y algunas bacterias utilizan la luz population a group of organisms of the same
solar, dióxido de carbono y agua para producir species that live in a specific geographical area and
carbohidratos y oxígeno (125) interbreed (101, 211)

pioneer species a species that colonizes an uninhab- población un grupo de organismos de la misma
ited area and that starts an ecological cycle in which especie que viven en un área geográfica específica
many other species become established (138) y se reproducen entre sí (101, 211)

especie pionera una especie que coloniza un porosity the percentage of the total volume of a
área deshabitada y empieza un ciclo ecológico en rock or sediment that consists of open spaces (293)
el cual se establecen muchas otras especies (138)
porosidad el porcentaje del volumen total de una
placer deposit a deposit that contains a valuable roca o sedimento que está formado por espacios
mineral that has been concentrated by mechanical abiertos (293)
action (449)
potable suitable for drinking (297)
yacimiento de aluvión un yacimiento que
contiene un mineral valioso que se ha concentrado potable que puede beberse (297)
debido a la acción mecánica (449)

690 English and Spanish Glossary

precipitation any form of water that falls to the producer an organism that can make organic mol-
Earth's surface from the clouds; includes rain, ecules from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic
snow, sleet, and hail (77) or chemosynthetic autotroph that serves as the
basic food source in an ecosystem (126)
precipitación cualquier forma de agua que cae
de las nubes a la superficie de la Tierra; incluye a la productor un organismo que elabora moléculas
lluvia, nieve, aguanieve y granizo (77) orgánicas a partir de moléculas inorgánicas; un
autótrofo fotosintético o quimiosintético que fun-
predation an interaction between two organisms in ciona como la fuente fundamental de alimento en
which one organism, the predator, kills and feeds un ecosistema (126)
on the other organism, the prey (220)
protist an organism that belongs to the kingdom
depredación la interacción entre dos organismos Protista (110)
en la que un organismo, el depredador, mata a
otro organismo, la presa, y se alimenta de él (220) protista un organismo que pertenece al reino
Protista (110)
prediction a statement made in advance that
expresses the results that will be obtained from R
testing a hypothesis if the hypothesis is supported;
the expected outcome if a hypothesis is accurate radiation the energy that is transferred as electro-
(34) magnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared
waves (74)
predicción una afirmación que se hace por antici-
pado, la cual expresa los resultados que se obten- radiación la energía que se transfiere en forma de
drán al poner a prueba una hipótesis si ésta es ondas electromagnéticas, tales como las ondas de
corroborada; el resultado esperado si la hipótesis luz y las infrarrojas (74)
es correcta (34)
recharge zone an area in which water travels
primary pollutant a pollutant that is put directly downward to become part of an aquifer (294)
into the atmosphere by human or natural activity
(325) zona de recarga un área en la que el agua se
desplaza hacia abajo para convertirse en parte de
contaminante primario un contaminante que un acuífero (294)
es colocado directamente en la atmósfera por las
actividades humanas o naturales (325) reclamation the process of returning land to its
original condition after mining is completed (454)
primary succession succession that begins in an
area that previously did not support life (137) restauración el proceso de hacer que la tierra
vuelva a su condición original después de que se
sucesión primaria sucesión que comienza en un terminan las actividades de explotación minera
área donde previamente no podía existir la vida (454)
(137)
recycling the process of recovering valuable or use-
probability the likelihood that a possible future ful materials from waste or scrap; the process of
event will occur in any given instance of the event; reusing some items (525)
the mathematical ratio of the number of times one
outcome of any event is likely to occur to the num- reciclar el proceso de recuperar materiales
ber of possible outcomes of the event (42) valiosos o útiles de los desechos o de la basura; el
proceso de reutilizar algunas cosas (525)
probabilidad termino que describe qué tan prob-
able es que ocurra un posible evento futuro en un reforestation the reestablishment and development
caso dado del evento; la proporción matemática of trees in a forest land (393)
del número de veces que es posible que ocurra un
resultado de cualquier evento respecto al número reforestación el restablecimiento y desarrollo de
de resultados posibles del evento (42) los árboles en un bosque (393)

English and Spanish Glossary 691

English and Spanish Glossary

renewable energy energy from sources that are rural describes an area of open land that is often
constantly being formed (491) used for farming (381)

energía renovable energía que proviene de rural término que describe un área de tierra
fuentes que se están formando constantemente abierta que a menudo se usa para la labranza (381)
(491)
S
reproductive potential the maximum number of
offspring that a given organism can produce (213) salinity a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in
a given amount of liquid (80, 185)
potencial reproductivo el número máximo
de crías que puede producir un determinado salinidad una medida de la cantidad de sales
organismo (213) disueltas en una cantidad determinada de líquido
(80, 185)
reservoir an artificial body of water that usually
forms behind a dam (300) salinization (SAL uh nie ZAY shuhn) the accumula-
tion of salts in soil (416)
represa una masa artificial de agua que normal-
mente se forma detrás de una presa (300) salinización la acumulación de sales en el suelo
(416)
resistance in biology, the ability of an organism to
tolerate a chemical or disease-causing agent (107) salt marsh a maritime habitat characterized by
grasses, sedges, and other plants that have
resistencia en biología, la capacidad de un adapted to continual, periodic flooding; salt
organismo de tolerar a un agente químico o marshes are found primarily throughout the
causante de enfermedades (107) temperate and subarctic regions (194)

risk the probability of an unwanted outcome (43) marisma un hábitat marino que se caracteriza
por tener pasto, juncias y otras plantas que se han
riesgo la probabilidad de que se produzca un adaptado a la inundación continua y periódica;
resultado no deseado (43) las marismas se encuentran principalmente en las
regiones templadas y subárticas (194)
risk assessment the scientific assessment, study,
and management of risk; a scientific estimation of sample the group of individuals or events selected to
the likelihood of negative effects that may result represent a statistical population (42)
from exposure to a specific hazard (551)
muestra el grupo de individuos o sucesos que
evaluación de riesgos la evaluación, estudio y se seleccionan para representar a una población
administración del riesgo por medios científicos; un estadística (42)
cálculo científico de la probabilidad de que ocurran
efectos negativos debido a la exposición a un peli- savanna a plain full of grasses and scattered trees
gro específico (551) and shrubs; found in tropical and subtropical
habitats and mainly in regions with a dry climate,
river system a flowing network of rivers and streams such as East Africa (165)
draining a river basin (291)
sabana una planicie llena de pastizales y árboles
sistema fluvial una red de ríos y arroyos en flujo y arbustos dispersos; se encuentra en los hábitats
que drenan una cuenca fluvial (291) tropicales y subtropicales y, sobre todo, en
regiones con un clima seco, como en el este de
ruminant (ROO muh nuhnt) a cud-chewing mam- África (165)
mal that has a three- or four-chambered stomach;
examples include sheep, goats, and cattle (426)

rumiante un mamífero que mastica los alimentos
dos veces, el cual tiene un estómago con tres o
cuatro cámaras; entre los ejemplos se encuentran
los borregos, cabras y ganado (426)

692 English and Spanish Glossary

secondary pollutant a pollutant that forms in the source reduction any change in the design, manu-
atmosphere by chemical reaction with primary air facture, purchase, or use of materials or products
pollutants, natural components in the air, or both to reduce their amount or toxicity before they
(325) become municipal solid waste; also the reuse of
products or materials (524)
contaminante secundario un contaminante que
se forma en la atmósfera por medio de una reac- reducción de la fuente cualquier cambio en el
ción química con contaminantes primarios del aire, diseño, manufactura, compra o uso de materiales o
componentes naturales del aire o ambos (325) productos para reducir su cantidad o toxicidad
antes de que se conviertan en desechos sólidos
secondary succession the process by which one municipales; también, la reutilización de productos
community replaces another community that has o materiales (524)
been partially or totally destroyed (137)
species a group of organisms that are closely related
sucesión secundaria el proceso por medio del and can mate to produce fertile offspring; also the
cual una comunidad reemplaza a otra, la cual ha level of classification below genus and above sub-
sido parcial o totalmente destruida (137) species (101)

sick-building syndrome a set of symptoms, such as especie un grupo de organismos que tienen un
headache, fatigue, eye irritation, and dizziness, that parentesco cercano y que pueden aparearse para
may affect workers in modern, airtight office build- producir descendencia fértil; también, el nivel de
ings; believed to be caused by indoor pollutants (332) clasificación debajo de género y arriba de sube-
specie (101)
síndrome del edificio enfermo un conjunto de
síntomas, como dolor de cabeza, fatiga, irritación statistics the collection and classification of data
de los ojos y mareo, que puede afectar a las per- that are in the form of numbers (40)
sonas que trabajan en edificios modernos que
cuentan con ventanas selladas; se cree que es estadística la recolección y clasificación de datos
producido por los contaminantes del interior del que encuentran en forma de números (40)
edificio (332)
stratosphere the layer of the atmosphere that lies
smelting the melting or fusing of ore in order to between the troposphere and the mesosphere and
separate impurities from pure metal (450) in which temperature increases as altitude
increases; contains the ozone layer (73)
fundir derretir una mena con el fin de separar las
impurezas del metal puro (450) estratosfera la capa de la atmósfera que se
encuentra entre la troposfera y la mesosfera y en la
smog urban air pollution composed of a mixture of cual la temperatura aumenta al aumentar la altitud;
smoke and fog produced from industrial pollutants contiene la capa de ozono (73)
and burning fuels (330)
subsidence the sinking of regions of the ground
esmog contaminación urbana del aire, compuesta surface with little or no horizontal movement (453)
por una mezcla de humo y niebla producida por
contaminantes industriales y combustibles (330) hundimiento del terreno el hundimiento de
regiones de la superficie del suelo con muy poco o
solid waste a discarded solid material, such as sin ningún movimiento horizontal (453)
garbage, refuse, or sludges (517)
subsurface mining a mining method in which ore
desechos sólidos un material sólido desechado, is extracted from beneath the ground surface (446)
como por ejemplo, basura, residuos o sedimentos
(517) minería subsuperficial un método de
explotación de minas en el que la mena se extrae
de la parte inferior de la superficie del suelo (446)

English and Spanish Glossary 693

English and Spanish Glossary

surface impoundment a natural depression or a tectonic plate a block of lithosphere that consists
human-made excavation that serves as a disposal of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the
facility that holds an accumulation of wastes (532) mantle; also called lithospheric plate (66)

separación superficial una depresión natural o placa tectónica un bloque de litosfera formado
una excavación hecha por el hombre que sirve por la corteza y la parte rígida y más externa del
como vertedero de basura para acumular desechos manto; también se llama placa litosférica (66)
(532)
temperate deciduous forest a forest (or biome)
surface mining a mining method in which soil and that is characterized by trees that shed their leaves
rocks are removed to reach underlying coal or in the fall (162)
minerals (447)
bosque caducifolio templado un bosque (o
minería superficial un método de explotación bioma) que se caracteriza por árboles a los que se
de minas en el que se remueven el suelo y las rocas les caen las hojas en el otoño (162)
para llegar al carbón o minerales subyacentes (447)
temperate grassland a community (or biome) that
surface water all the bodies of fresh water, salt is dominated by grasses, has few trees, and is char-
water, ice, and snow that are found above the acterized by cold winters and rainfall that is inter-
ground (290) mediate between that of a forest and a desert
(166)
agua superficial todas las masas de agua dulce,
agua salada, hielo y nieve que se encuentran arriba pradera templada una comunidad (o bioma)
del suelo (290) que está dominada por pastos, tiene pocos árboles
y se caracteriza por inviernos fríos y precipitación
survivorship the percentage of newborn individuals pluvial que es intermedia entre la de un bosque y
in a population that can be expected to survive to la de un desierto (166)
a given age (236)
temperate rain forest a forest community (or
supervivencia el porcentaje de individuos recién biome), characterized by cool, humid weather and
nacidos de una población que se espera que sobre- abundant rainfall, where tree branches are draped
vivan hasta una edad determinada (236) with mosses, tree trunks are covered with lichens,
and the forest floor is covered with ferns (161)
sustainability the condition in which human needs
are met in such a way that a human population selva tropical templada una comunidad de
can survive indefinitely (21, 573) bosque (o bioma) caracterizada por tiempo frío y
húmedo y lluvia en abundancia, en la cual las
sustentabilidad la condición en la que se cumple ramas de los árboles están cubiertas por moho, los
con las necesidades humanas de una forma tal que troncos de los árboles están cubiertos por líquenes
una población humana pueda sobrevivir indefinida- y el suelo del bosque está cubierto por helechos
mente (21, 573) (161)

symbiosis a relationship in which two different temperature inversion the atmospheric condition
organisms live in close association with each other in which warm air traps cooler air near Earth's
(223) surface (330)

simbiosis una relación en la que dos organismos inversión de la temperatura la condición
diferentes viven estrechamente asociados uno con atmosférica en la que el aire caliente retiene al aire
el otro (223) frío cerca de la superficie terrestre (330)

T

taiga a region of evergreen, coniferous forest below
the arctic and subarctic tundra regions (163)

taiga una región de bosques siempreverdes de
coníferas, ubicado debajo de las regiones árticas y
subárticas de tundra (163)

694 English and Spanish Glossary

thermal pollution a temperature increase in a body troposphere the lowest layer of the atmosphere,
of water that is caused by human activity and that in which temperature drops at a constant rate as
has a harmful effect on water quality and on the altitude increases; the part of the atmosphere
ability of that body of water to support life (309) where weather conditions exist (72)

contaminación térmica un aumento en la tem- troposfera la capa inferior de la atmósfera, en la
peratura de una masa de agua, producido por las que la temperatura disminuye a una tasa constante
actividades humanas y que tiene un efecto dañino a medida que la altitud aumenta; la parte de la
en la calidad del agua y en la capacidad de esa atmósfera donde se dan las condiciones del tiempo
masa de agua para permitir que se desarrolle la (72)
vida (309)
tundra a treeless plain that is located in the Arctic
threatened species a species that has been identi- or Antarctic and that is characterized by very low
fied to be likely to become endangered in the fore- winter temperatures; short, cool summers; and
seeable future (263) vegetation that consists of grasses, lichens, and
perennial herbs (172)
especie amenazada una especie que se ha iden-
tificado como candidata para estar en peligro de tundra un llano sin árboles que se ubica en la
extinción en el futuro inmediato (263) región ártica o antártica y se caracteriza por
temperaturas muy bajas en el invierno, veranos
topsoil the surface layer of the soil, which is usually cortos y frescos y vegetación que consiste en pasto,
richer in organic matter than the subsoil is (413) líquenes y hierbas perennes (172)

capa superior del suelo la capa superficial del U
suelo, la cual normalmente es más rica en materia
orgánica que el subsuelo (413) understory a foliage layer that is beneath and
shaded by the main canopy of a forest (158)
toxicology the study of toxic substances, including
their nature, effects, detection, methods of treat- capa sumergida una capa de follaje que se
ment, and exposure control (550) encuentra debajo de la bóveda principal de un
bosque y está cubierta por ella (158)
toxicología el estudio de las substancias tóxicas,
incluyendo su naturaleza, efectos, detección, méto- urban describes an area that contains a city (381)
dos de tratamiento y control de exposición (550)
urbana término que describe a un área que con-
trophic level one of the steps in a food chain or tiene una ciudad (381)
food pyramid; examples include producers and
primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers (130) urbanization an increase in the ratio or density of
people living in urban areas rather than in rural
nivel trófico uno de los pasos de la cadena ali- areas (243, 384)
menticia o de la pirámide alimenticia; entre los
ejemplos se encuentran los productores y los con- urbanización un aumento en la razón o densidad
sumidores primarios, secundarios y terciarios (130) de las personas que viven en áreas urbanas en
lugar de en áreas rurales (243, 384)
tropical rain forest a forest or jungle near the
equator that is characterized by large amounts of urban sprawl the rapid spread of a city into adjoin-
rain and little variation in temperature and that ing suburbs and rural areas (385)
contains the greatest known diversity of organisms
on Earth (156) derrame urbano la rápida propagación de una
ciudad hacia los suburbios adjuntos y áreas rurales
selva tropical un bosque o jungla que se encuen- (385)
tra cerca del ecuador y se caracteriza por una gran
cantidad de lluvia y poca variación en la temper-
atura, y que contiene la mayor diversidad de
organismos que se conoce en la Tierra (156)

English and Spanish Glossary 695

English and Spanish Glossary

V water pollution contamination of water by waste
matter or other material that is harmful to organ-
value a principle or standard that an individual con- isms that are exposed to the water (304)
siders to be important (47)
contaminación del agua contaminación del
valor un principio o norma que un individuo con- agua con materiales de desecho u otros materiales
sidera importante (47) que dañan a los organismos que están expuestos al
agua (304)
variable (VER ee uh buhl) a factor that changes in an
experiment in order to test a hypothesis (35) watershed the area of land that is drained by a
water system (291)
variable un factor que se modifica en un experi-
mento con el fin de probar una hipótesis (35) cuenca hidrográfica el área del terreno que es
drenada por un sistema de agua (291)
vector in biology, any agent, such as a plasmid or a
virus, that can incorporate foreign DNA and trans- weather the short-term state of the atmosphere,
fer that DNA from one organism to another; an including temperature, humidity, precipitation,
intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or a wind, and visibility (351)
parasite to another organism (558)
tiempo el estado de la atmósfera a corto plazo
vector en biología, cualquier agente, como por que incluye la temperatura, la humedad, la precip-
ejemplo un plásmido o un virus, que tiene la itación, el viento y la visibilidad (351)
capacidad de incorporar ADN extraño y de trans-
ferir ese ADN de un organismo a otro; un huésped wetland an area of land that is periodically under-
intermediario que transfiere un organismo water or whose soil contains a great deal of
patógeno o un parásito a otro organismo (558) moisture (185)

vertebrate an animal that has a backbone; includes pantano un área de tierra que está periódicamente
mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish bajo el agua o cuyo suelo contiene una gran cantidad
(113) de humedad (185)

vertebrado un animal que tiene columna verte- wilderness a region that is not cultivated and that is
bral; incluye a los mamíferos, aves, reptiles, anfibios not inhabited by humans (394)
y peces (113)
área silvestre una región que no ha sido culti-
W vada ni está habitada por seres humanos (394)

wastewater water that contains wastes from homes Y
or industry (306)
yield the amount of crops produced per unit area
agua de desecho agua que contiene desechos (409)
de los hogares o la industria (306)
rendimiento la cantidad de cosechas producidas
water cycle the continuous movement of water por unidad de área (409)
between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans
(77)

ciclo del agua el movimiento continuo del agua
entre la atmósfera, la tierra y los océanos (77)

696 English and Spanish Glossary

Index

Note: Page references low-input farming, 422, domestication of, 10 air pressure, 72
followed by f refer to 422f as food source, 409, 423, composition of, 71, 71f
figures. Page references dust, 71
followed by t refer to methods of, 10, 10f, 272, 426, 426f global warming and,
tables. Boldface page 412, 412f, 417, 422, global warming effects on,
references refer to the 422f 363–369
primary discussion 368, 368f layers of, 72–73
of the term. pest control, 417–421, invertebrates, 112, 112f atomic number, 625
418f, 419f, 420f kingdoms, 108, 108t atomic structure, 625, 625f
A vertebrates, 113, 113f Australia
salinization, 416 Antarctic Bottom Water, bauxite deposits, 443
abiotic factor, 100 soil conservation and carrying capacity, 214,
acid mine drainage, 452 82
acid precipitation, 136, enrichment, 415, 415f, antarctic ecosystem, 197 214f
416, 416f anthropology, 7t Great Barrier Reef, 267
305f, 336–339, 336f, soil erosion, 414, 414f antibiotic resistance, 559 prevailing winds, 355f
337f, 339f, 346 solid waste from, 520 ant studies, 284–285, 285f rabbits, 214, 214f
acids, 626 water use, 298–299, 299f, aquaculture, 424–425, temperate rain forest, 161
acid shock, 338 301 automobiles
acquired immune defi- AIDS (acquired immune 424f, 425f carbon dioxide emissions,
ciency syndrome deficiency syndrome), aquatic ecosystems,
(AIDS), 560 560. See also HIV 133, 133f
active solar heating, 494, air pollution, 15, 15f, 244, 185–197, 452. See also energy efficiency of, 503,
494f. See also solar 244f, 325–335 oceans
energy; solar heating acid precipitation, arctic and antarctic, 197 503f
adaptation, 105, 159, 159f, 336–339 coastal wetlands, 191–194 fuel cell technology and,
by plants, 138–139, 171, controlling, 329, 496 coral reefs, 195, 207
171f health effects of, 331 freshwater wetlands, 473
predator-prey, 220, 220f indoor, 332–334 187–189 greenhouse effect and, 76f
aerosol, 71 secondary, 325 lakes and ponds, hazardous materials from,
aesthetic values, 47t, 383t smog, 330, 330f, 349, 186–187, 186f
Africa 349f oceans, 196–197, 196f 535
cattle in, 426 sources of, 325–328, rivers, 190, 190f pollution from, 305f, 325,
coltan mining in, 465, 326t, 452, 471, 473 aquatic food chain,
465f temperature inversion, 128–129, 128f 325f, 327–328, 328f,
desertification in, 414 330, 330f aquifer, 83, 83f, 292–295, 338, 553f
energy sources in, 471f, air pressure, 72 294f, 295f, 310 regulation of, 328
496f Alaska, 100, 100f Ogallala, 292–293, 292f, urban sprawl, 385
fertility rates, 256f alcohol, fuel from, 496 293f in wilderness areas, 395
native crops, 262t algae, 110, 259f, 413t arable land 243, 243f, autotroph, 126
population growth and, algal blooms, 136, 136f, 412–413, 412f, 413t. average, statistical, 41
245f 308 See also agriculture;
threatened species in, algebraic rearrangements, soil B
268f 620–621 architect, environmental,
age structure, 236, 236f, alloys, 444 632–633 bacteria 108–109, 108t,
244–245 Alonso-Mejía, Alfonso, arctic ecosystems, 197 127
aggregates, 447 122–123 Arctic Ocean, 79, 79f
agricultural revolution, 10 alternative energy, 500 arthropods, 113, 413t antibiotic resistance of,
agriculture, 10, 411–422. altitude, 155, 155f artificial eutrophication, 559
See also fish; livestock aluminum (Al), 442t, 443, 308, 308f
arable land, 412 444f, 450f artificial selection, biodiversity of, 259f
crop origins, 262t AMD (acid mine drainage), 106–107, 106f eutrophication and, 187
genetic engineering, 452 asbestos, 334, 334f food contaminated by,
421–422, 421f amoebas, 110 Asia, 245f, 262t, 471f, 496f
global warming and, 368, amphibians, 113, 264t, asthenosphere, 65, 65f 549t
368f 338, 361, 361t asthma, and air pollution, diseases from, 557t
green revolution, 411, angiosperm, 111, 111f 331, 332–333, 553 nitrogen cycle and,
411f animals, 68, 112–113, 173. Atlantic Ocean, 79, 79f
See also habitat; specific atmosphere, 63, 63f, 134–135, 134f
biomes 71–76. See also air in ocean ecosystems, 126,
diseases among, 561, pollution; climate
561f air circulation in, 126f
353–354, 353f pest control and, 419
in soil, 413, 413f, 413t
waste treatment by, 534
Bailey, Owen, 492
Bamberger, J. David,

404–405, 404f
barrier island, 194, 194f
bases, 626

Index 697

Index

bats, 61, 454, 654–657 taiga, 153f, 154f, canopy, 158, 158f chemical waste treatment,
bauxite, 443 163–164, 163f, 164f captive-breeding program, 534, 534f
Bayliss, Taylor, 515
bears, diet, 127, 127f temperate deciduous 270, 270f chemistry, 7t
bedrock, 413, 413f forest, 161–164, 161f, Carara Biological Preserve, Chernobyl, 478
bell-shaped distribution 162f, 163f Chesapeake Bay, 192–193,
30–31, 30f, 31f
curve, 41, 41f temperate grassland, carbohydrate, 125, 129, 424–425, 425f
benthic zone, 186, 186f, 154f, 166–168 China
407t
188f temperate rain forest, carbon cycle, 132–133, aquaculture and, 424
benthos, 185 161–164, 161f, 162f, coal mining in, 454f
bias, identifying, 20 163f 132f integrated farming and,
biochemistry, 7t carbon dioxide, 365t
biodegradable material, tropical rain forest, 427
156–160 atmospheric levels of, methane-generated
15, 306–307, 519, 528, 133, 133f
528f tropical savannah, 154f, electricity and, 496
biodiversity, 259–275 165–166, 165f, 166f in carbon cycle, 132–133, population issues, 246
conservation strategies, 132f threatened species in,
272 tundra, 172–173, 173f
critical areas of, 266–267 vegetation and, 153, 153f emissions, 369, 369f, 664 268f
ecotourism, 262 biomining, 534 global warming and, 365, waste disposal in, 519f
endangered species, 15, biosphere, 84–85, 84f chlorination, 297f, 307f
15f, 263, 268–269, biosphere reserve, 394, 365f chlorofluorocarbons
268f in photosynthesis, 125
endemic species, 266 394f from respiration, 128 (CFCs), 359, 359f, 362,
extinction, 263–266, 263f biotechnology, 266 carbon monoxide (CO), 362f, 365, 379
hotspots, 268, 272 biotic factor, 100, 102 chlorophyll, 125f
keystone species, 260, birds, 113, 148, 264f 325f, 326, 326t, 328f, cholera, 39, 39f, 558, 558f
260f 333f Clean Air Act (1970), 327,
known versus unknown habitats of, 163f, 188, carbon sink, 133 580
species, 259, 259f 194 careers, 629–642 Clean Water Act (1972),
protective laws and carnivores, 127, 127f 312, 313t, 454, 580
treaties, 270–275, 270f, sensitivity to pollution, carrying capacity 214, 214f clear-cutting, 391
271f, 272f, 575f 128–129, 265, 329 Carson, Rachel, 6, 584t, climate, 154–155,
population survival and, 585, 585f 351–369. See also
261, 261f birth rate, 213, 213f, 239, catalytic converter, 328f, global warming
in the United States, 269 239f 472 altitude and, 155f
biodiversity hotspots, 268, cell, 108, 109, 110 atmospheric air circula-
272 botany, 7t, 266–267, 266f, cell wall, 108, 109, 110 tion, 353–354, 353f
Biodiversity Treaty, 275 267f cellular respiration biomes and, 154–155,
biological hazard, 557 128–129, 128f 154f
biological magnification, bottleneck, population, CERCLA (Superfund Act), change, 37, 351f,
128 261, 261f 313t, 530 354–355, 354f, 355f,
biological pest control, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), 358, 358f
419–420, 419f box turtle studies, 8, 8f 359, 359f, 362, 362f, effects of volcanic
biology, 7f, 7t, 634–635 brackish marsh, 188 365, 379 eruption on, 69
marine, 6f bridges, 61, 61f hormone-disrupting, extinction and, 265
microbiology, 7t Bromfield, Louis, 404 554–555 geographic features and,
biomagnification, 312, butterfly studies, 122–123 hormone-mimicking, 357, 357f
312f buttresses, 157 554–555 global warming and,
biomass fuel, 496 inorganic, 306t 363–369
biomes, 153–173. See also C chaparral biome, 153f, latitude and, 155f, 352,
specific biomes. 168–169, 169f 352f
altitude, 155 Cajun prairie, 182–183 chemical equations, 626 mass extinctions and, 263f
chaparral, 168–169 California chemical formulas, 626 oceans and, 81, 81f, 356,
climate and, 153f, 154 chemicals 356f
desert, 170–171, 171f emissions controls in, 328, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), ozone layer, 359–362
latitude, 155 583 359, 359f, 362, 362f, climate regions,
365, 379 U.S., Canada, and Mexico
gold mining in, 448–449, hormone-disrupting, map, 674f
448f 554–555 world map, 664f
hormone-mimicking, climate researcher,
habitat conservation in, 554–555 638–639
273f, 392, 392f inorganic, 306t

soil salinization in, 416
threatened species in, 269
Calories, 129, 407, 407t,

409
camouflage, 164f, 220,

221f

698 Index

climatology, 7t habitat preservation, 123, D diatom, 110
climax community, 182–183, 272, 272f diet (human), 407–410,
dams
138–139 individual action and, effects on ecosystems, 408f, 410f
closed system, 85, 85f 584–586 322–323, 322f, 323f, disease
coal 498, 581f
laws and treaties, 273, for power, 497–498, 497f among animals, 561, 561f
electricity production, 274–275, 574 for water management, from bacteria, 557t
468, 468f 186, 300–301, 300f cross-species transfer of,
private efforts and, 275,
mining, 446, 446f, 447 275f, 578, 578f Darwin, Charles, 103, 211. 561, 561f
pollution from, 45, 136, See also evolution. deaths from, 557t
soil, 415, 415f in developing countries,
471, 553 solar heating and, 494f Darwin’s finches, 104–105,
sources of, 470, 470f, 471 species preservation, 104f, 105f. See also 18
coastal development, 386 evolution. environmental factors,
coastal wetlands, 191–194, 270–271, 270f, 271f
water, 301–302, 301f, data, 36 559, 559f, 560f
267, 367 data analysis, 36–37, 40 Lyme, 559
barrier islands, 194 602t, 658 data collection, 5f, 33f, 35, from polluted water,
estuaries, 191–193, 191f consumer, 126, 127t
mangrove swamps, 194 consumer choice, 587, 35f, 50, 50f, 73f 296–297, 558f, 570
salt marshes, 194 DDT, 128–129, 265, 418, population density and,
cod fish, 366 587f, 646–647
coevolution, 106, 106f, 223 contour plowing, 415, 415f 550 216, 216f
cogeneration, 504 control group, 35 death rate, 238–239, 238f, vectors of, 558
columbite-tantalite, convection, 74, 75f from viruses, 557t, 561,
copper (Cu), 442t, 444t, 239f
(coltan) mining, 465, decibel (dB), 334 561f
465f 447, 452f decision making model, waterborne, 39f, 558
coltan, 465 coral reef, 195, 195f wood fuel and, 242
commensalism, 218, 218t, 47, 47f dispersion, 212
223, 223f climate needs of, 37, 352 decision making process, dissolved oxygen, 309
community as ecosystem, 267 distribution
climax, 138–139 threats to, 195, 267 47–51, 47f, 50t, 61f normal, 41, 41f
ecosystem 101–102, 101f, core, of Earth, 64–65, 64f, decomposer 127, 127t, statistical, 41, 41f
fire-adapted, 138–139 distribution curve, bell
competition, 215, 215f, 65f 134–135, 134f, 186,
218–219, 218t, 219f Corliss, John, 78 186f. See also bacteria; shaped, 41, 41f
composting, 416, 526, corn, 10 fungi. diversity. See also
526t, 648–649 deep-well injection, 532,
compound, chemical, 441, genetically modified, 421, 533f biodiversity
625 421f deforestation, 160–161, ecosystem, 260
concept mapping, 242, 392 genetic, 260, 261, 261f
610–611 pesticide resistance of, demographic transition, DNA, 44f, 270–271
conceptual models, 45, 107, 107f 239, 239f dose, 550, 550f
45f, 47–51 demography, defined, 235 threshold, 550
condensation 77, 77f correlations, 37 Denali National Park, 100f dose-response curve, 550,
conduction, 74, 74f cosmetics, 554 density, 212
conferences, scientific, 8f Costa Rica, 30–31, 30f, 31f, dependent variable, 58 550f
conifer, 111, 111f, 138–139, desalination, 303, 303f dredging, 449, 452
139f, 164, 164f 156f, 157f desert biome, 102, drinking water, 242–243,
conservation. See also cost-benefit analysis, 17 170–171, 171f, 353
energy efficiency; cougar, 264–265 desertification, 414 292–297
renewable energy Cousteau, Jacques, 584t, developed countries, 18, desalination, 303, 303f
sources 18f, 235 groundwater, 292–295
cogeneration and, 504 585f diets in, 408, 408f treatment process,
composting, 416, 416f coyote, 219 population growth in,
consumer choice, 587, critical biodiversity area, 239, 239f, 245 296–297, 296–297f
587f resource use in, 19, 19t drip irrigation, 301
energy, 504–505, 504f, 266f, 267f. See also developing countries, 18, drought, 37, 37f, 367, 410
505t, 515f biodiversity. 18f, 235 dust, atmospheric, 71, 552,
geothermal heat pump, critical thinking, 20–21 population growth in,
499, 499f cropland, 381 239, 239f, 245 552f
crops, origins of, 262t. See resource use in, 18, 496, dwarf wedge mussels,
also agriculture. 496f
cross-species disease 33–36, 35f, 36f, 40–41,
transfer, 561, 561f 40f, 41f
crowding, 216, 216f
crust, of earth, 64–65,64f
currents, ocean, 95, 95f,
356, 356f
cyanide heap leaching,
447, 447f

Index 699

Index

E phosphorus cycle, emissions, motor vehicle, trophic levels, 130–131,
135–136, 135f 133, 133f, 327–328 131f
eagles, rehabilitation of,
596–597, 596f, 597f photosynthesis, 125, 125f endangered species energy use
population regulation, identifying, 273, 274 patterns of, 19t, 469, 469f
Earth laws protecting, 273 residential, 469, 469f
atmosphere, 63, 63f, 71, 211–216 saving, 270–271 wasting energy, 14, 335
71f producers and consumers, studying, 5, 5f, 8, 8f
biosphere, 63, 63f, 84–85 whales and whaling, engineer, environmental,
as closed system, 12, 63, 126 576–577 630–631
85 services, 267, 381–383,
geosphere, 63, 63f endemic species, 266, engineering, 7t
hydrosphere, 63, 63f 383t 268–268, 269f genetic, 421–422, 421f,
layers of, 64–65, 65f species interactions 436–437, 436f, 437f
endocrine system, 554f
Earth Day, 580, 585 within, 217–223, 260, energy. See also nonrenew- enriching soil, 416, 416f
earthquake, 64, 64f, 67–68, 260f environment, defined, 5
succession, 103–107, able energy sources; environmental action,
67f 137–141, 137f, 138f, nuclear energy;
Earth science, 7t 139f renewable energy 20–21, 21f, 30–31
Earth Summit (1992), tropic levels, 130–131, sources; solar energy. environmental architect,
131f alternative, 500
274–275, 574 ecosystem services, 267, geothermal, 498–499, 632–633
earthworms, 413, 413f, 381–383, 383t 498f, 499f environmental careers,
ecotourism, 262, 578, 578f hydroelectric, 497–498,
413t Eden Project, 85 497f 629–642
ecological footprint, 19, 19f Edmond, John, 78 kinetic, 497f environmental
ecological succession, Edmondson, W.T., 12 ocean thermal energy
educator, environmental, conversion (OTEC), decision–making,
137–141, 137f, 138f, 629 501, 501f 47–51, 47t, 50f, 50t, 61
139f eggshells, effects of DDT potential, 497f environmental educator,
ecology, 6, 7t, 211 on, 128–129 residential use, 469, 469f 629
economics, 47t, 50t, Ehrlich, Paul, 584, 584t ultraviolet (UV), 73, 357, environmental engineer,
576–578, 576f, EIS (Environmental Impact 361, 361t 630–631
627–628 Statement), 581 wind, 495, 495f environmental filmmaker,
ecosystem diversity, 260 electricity production, 468, energy conservation. See 634–635
ecosystems, 99–102, 471f conservation Environmental Impact
125–141. See also coal power, 468, 468f energy efficiency, 502–505 Statement (EIS), 581
antarctic ecosystems; fuel cells, 502, 502f cogeneration, 504 environmental lawyer,
aquatic ecosystems; geothermal power, energy conservation and 636–637
arctic ecosystems; 498–499, 498f, 499f savings, 502–505, 503t environmental policy,
marine ecosystems; hydroelectric power, heat pumps, 499, 499f (U.S.), 579–583, 580t,
biomes. 497–498, 497f housing and, 492–493, 582f, 583f. See also
carbon cycle, 132–133, methane power, 496 493f, 504–505, 505f, regulations, local policy
132f nuclear power, 477–479, 643 environmental problems,
carrying capacity, 214, 477f, 478f solar heating and, 8–20
214f, 215 photovoltaic cells, 494, 491–493, 492f, 493f, Environmental Protection
components, 100–102, 494f 494f Agency (EPA), 327,
100f, 101f pollution from, 325f of transportation, 503, 551, 580, 580t
diversity, 260 thermal power, 501, 501f 503f environmental science,
energy loss, 131, 131f tidal power, 500, 500f energy flow, in ecosystems, 5–7, 20
food chains and food wind power, 495 125, 125f, 126 epidemiology, 551, 551f
webs, 130, 130f, 260 electrostatic precipitator, energy loss, in ecosystems, epiphyte, 158
freshwater, 185–190 329 131, 131f equation, chemical, 128
habitat, 102, 217 element, native, 441–442, energy production, during equator, 352, 352f
interconnectedness of, 441f, 442f, 442t cellular respiration, erosion, 70
100, 101f, 260 elephant poaching, 274, 128–129, 128f agriculture, 414, 414f
keystone species, 260 274f energy pyramid, 131, 131f mangrove swamp, 194
marine, 191–197 El Niño, 356, 356f energy transfer from mining, 453
niche, 217 emergent layer, 158, 158f in ecosystems, 125 preventing, 415, 415f
nitrogen cycle, 134–135, emigration, 237 in food chains and webs, soil, 414, 414f
134f 130, 130f wind, 70
Escherichia coli, (E. coli),
109, 109f, 559
estuaries, 191–193, 191f,
193f

700 Index

eutrophication, 187, 187f, overfishing, 423, 423f pollution from, 133, 133f, geothermal heat pump,
308, 308f sensitivity to pollution, 136, 553 499, 499f

evaporation, 77, 77f 309f, 338f sources of, 44, 470, 470f germ plasm preservation,
water loss due to, 289f threatened or extinct, freshwater ecosystems, 83, 270–271, 271f
solar, 448
264t 186–190, 186f, 187f, GIS (geographical informa-
evaporite, 443, 443f fisheries, 151, 366 188f, 290, 290f tion system), 387, 387f
Everglades (Florida), 48–49, fuel. See also fossil fuels
menhaden, 424–425, biomass, 496 glacier, 354–355, 354f,
48f, 188, 189 425f ethanol, 496 355f
evolution, 103–107, 104t, fuel cell, hydrogen, 502,
fishing 502f, 503f global climate change.
105f, 106f, 107f net, 197 fungi (singular, fungus), See climate; global
exotic species, 265 “no take” zone, 151 108t, 109, 109f warming
experimental group, 35 biodiversity among, 259,
experimental method, fission, nuclear, 476, 176f 259f globalization, 12, 573
Fleming, Alexander, 38 in indoor air, 332 global warming, 363–369.
33–36, 35, 36f flooding medicines from, 261t
experiment, 35 in soil, 413, 413f See also climate
exponential growth, and deforestation, fusion, nuclear, 479 controversies about,
160–161, 160f, 161f
213–214, 213f, 214f, G 365–366, 369, 574–575
235, 235f and global warming, 367 efforts to prevent, 369,
exponents, 619 malnutrition following, Galápagos Islands,
exposure, 550–551 104–105 369f, 574–575
extinction, 15, 259, 410 environmental and health
263–265 preventing, 187, 498 gangue mineral, 442
mass, 15, 263, 263f flood plains, 386 garden, wildlife, 650–651 effects of, 43, 366–367,
Extreme Imaging Florida Everglades, 48–49, gases 369, 369f, 560, 560f
Telescope (EIT), 357f greenhouse effect, 363,
49f, 188, 189 greenhouse, 76 363f, 365, 365f
F flowering plants, 111, natural, 470, 472, 473, greenhouse gases, 76,
364, 364f, 365t
fallow land, 414 111f, 223 474, 474f GM plants (genetically
family size, 240 flu (influenza), 561 radon (radon 222), 333f, modified plants),
famines, 410 flux, and smelting, 450 421–422, 421f,
farming. See agriculture food, 407–411. See also 334 436–437, 436f, 437f
fat, 129, 408 water vapor (H2O), 363, gold (Au), 442f, 444t,
faults, 67 agriculture; fish; 447–450, 447f, 448f,
ferns, 110, 110f livestock 365t 449f, 453f
fertility rate, 237, 237f, contamination of, 559 gasohol, 496 Goodall, Jane, 38, 38f, 584t
diets and, 408f, 409 gasoline use, 333f, 469, grains, 408, 408f, 411, 411f
239, 247 food prices, 409 Grant, Peter and
fertilizers, 136 genetically modified, 504, 553 Rosemary, 104–105
421–422, 421f, generators. See electricity geographical information
eutrophication from, 308 436–437 system (GIS), 387, 387f
nitrogen and phosphorus human nutritional needs, production. graphical model, 44
407–408, 407t, 408f gene, 260 graphics, presenting data
cycle effects, 136, 136f hybrid plants, 262 genetically modified food using, 36, 36f, 50
use of, 411–412, 411f, origins of, 262 graphing skills, 623–624
production of, 13, 408f, (GM food), 436–437, bar graphs, 623–624
416, 416f 409–411, 411f 436f, 437f line graphs, 623
water pollution from, 190, food chain, 128, 130–131, genetically modified pie graphs, 624
130f, 131f. See also plants. See GM plants. Great Britain (U.K.), 19f,
193, 197, 305, 309 aquatic food chain genetic diversity, 260, 261, 496
filmmaker, environmental, food web, 130, 130f, 151 261f green chemistry, 532–533
forest biomes, 156–157 genetic engineering, greenhouse effect, 76, 76f,
634–635 deforestation, 10, 392 421–422, 421f, 363, 363f, 365, 365f
fire-adapted community, harvesting of, 381t, 391 436–437, 436f, 437f greenhouse gases, 76, 364,
reforestation, 393, 393f geochemistry, 7t 364f, 365t
138–139 forest fires, 133, 138–139, geographic features, 357, Greenpeace International,
firewood, 242, 242f 138f, 139f 357f 275, 275f
fires, 133, 138–139, 138f, formaldehyde, 332, 333f geography, defined, 7t green plastic, 528, 528f
fossil fuels, 467, 470–475 geology, 6, 7f, 7t, 445 green revolution, 411, 411f
139f, 454 coal, 471, 471f geometry, 619 grizzly bear, diet of, 127,
first law of thermo- deposits map, 675f geosphere, 63, 63f 127f
natural gas, 474, 474f geothermal energy,
dynamics, 502 petroleum products, 498–499, 498f, 499f,
fish, 113 472–475, 473f, 474f

aquaculture, 424–425,
424–425f

menhaden, 424–425

Index 701

Index

ground-level ozone, 330, heat pump, geothermal, hydrogen sulfide, 126, groundwater pollution,
330f, 332–333 499, 499f 126f 304f, 310f

groundwater, 83, 83f, 290, heavy metals, 306t, 552 hydrology, 7t ocean pollution, 197
290f, 292–295, 294f herbivore, 127, 127t, 217 hydrosphere, 63f, 77–83 solid waste from, 519,
heredity, 103
pollution, 309–310, 310f heterotroph, 126 fresh water and, 83 519f
salinization, 416 Himalayas, 66, 67f groundwater and, 83 thermal pollution, 309
growth, exponential, 213, HIV (human immunodefi- oceans and, 78–82, 79f, water use of, 298, 298f
in wilderness areas, 395
213f ciency virus), 560, 561 80f, 81f, 82f Industrial Revolution, 11,
growth rate, 212, 212f Homo sapiens, 101 water cycle and, 63, 77,
growth regulator, of pests, honesty, intellectual, 39 14
honeycreeper, 267 77f infrastructure, 241
420 hormone-disrupting hydrothermal solution, inner core, 65, 65f
Gulf Stream, 81f, 82 inorganic chemicals, 306t,
gymnosperm, 111, 111f chemicals, 554–555 443, 443f
gypsum, 444, 447 hormone-mimicking hydrothermal vent, 78–79, 416, 416f
insects, 112, 112f
H chemicals, 554–555 78f
host, defined, 557 hypothesis, 34, 36, 37 biodiversity among, 259,
habitat 102, 217–223, 273. hotspots. See biodiversity 259f, 284–285, 285f
See also biomes; I
ecosystems hotspots in soil, 413f
household products ibuprofen threatened or extinct,
destruction of, 8–10,13, molecule, 533f
160, 241, 452 air pollution from, 326, production of, 532, 532f, 264t
332, 333f 533 insulation, and energy
extinction and, 264–265
human population growth hazardous materials in, ice efficiency, 493f
535, 535t pack, 79 integrated pest manage-
and, 243, 243f polar, 354–355, 354f,
protection/restoration hormone-disrupting 355f, 367, 367f ment, 420–421, 420f
chemicals in, 554 intellectual honesty, 39
programs, 232–233, icecap, glaciers, 290, 290f international treaties and
232f, 272, 272f, recyclable, 527 iguana protection program,
404–405, 650–651 housing, energy-efficient, agreements
Hamilton, Alice, 584t 30–31, 30f, 31f air quality, 339, 362, 574t
Hardin, Garrett, 584t 504–505, 505f immigration, 237, 237f biosafety, 575t
hazardous waste, 529t, human health impermeable material, climate change, 368f,
529–531
groundwater pollution, effects of air pollution, 293, 294f 369, 574–575, 574t
310f 331–333, 338 incineration, 521t, conservation, 273–274
in household products, ocean pollution, 575
535, 535t effects of biological haz- 523–524, 523f protection of habitat and
laws regulating, 530 ards, 557–561 air pollution from, 556
possible health dangers, of hazardous waste, 534 species by, 274, 575,
529 effects of chemical pollu- of sewage sludge, 307 575t
reducing production of, tants, 553–556 independent variable, 58 sustainable development,
531 India 246, 574, 574t
transporting safely, 531f effects of genetically mod- cattle in, 426 whaling, 576–577
hazardous waste disposal, ified foods, 422, 436, ecological footprint, 19f invertebrates, 112, 112f
532–534 437, 436f, 437f native crops in, 262t ionosphere, 73
biological and chemical Indian Ocean, 79, 79t iron (Fe)
treatments, 534, 534f effects of global warming, indirect competition, 219 in Earth’s core, 65
exporting, 534 367 individual action, impor- ore minerals, 442t
incinerators, 534 uses for, 444t
land disposal, 532–533, effects of hazardous waste tance of, 584–585, irrigation, 298–299
533f exposure, 529, 532 584t, 585f, 586f drip, 301, 301f
neutralizing, 531 Indonesia, 19t, 469, 469f overhead sprinklers and,
nuclear waste, 544–545 effects of pesticide expo- indoor air pollution, 299
regulations governing, sure, 418 332–334, 333f, 571, salinization and, 416
530, 530f 571f islands, 214, 214f, 267
health. See human health effects of toxic mold, 571 industrialization ivory ban, 274
heat island, 386 effects of UV radiation, air pollution, 325f, 327f, Ivory Park, 572
329, 349
361, 361t development, 244 J
human immunodeficiency energy requirements, 469,
469f Japan, 19t, 408, 408f, 469,
virus (HIV), 560, 561 469f, 501
hunter-gatherer, 9, 9f
Hurricane Katrina, 207
hybrid car, 503, 503f
hydraulic mining, 448–449
hydroelectric energy,

497–498, 497f
hydrogen fuel cell,

501–502, 502f

702 Index

K urban, 387–388 low-input farming, 422, mesosphere, 65, 65f, 72,
La Niña, 356, 356f 422f 72f, 73
kangaroos, niche of, 217 Latin America, 245f
Keeling, Charles David, latitude, 155, 155f lung function, 332–333, metallic mineral (metal),
law of supply and demand, 333f 442, 442f, 443, 443f
364
kelp, 110f 17, 17f Lyme disease, 559 methane (CH4)
Kenya, 578, 578f lawyer, environmental, electricity from, 521, 521f
keystone species, 260, 260f M fuel from, 496t
kinetic energy, 497f 636–637 as greenhouse gases, 365t
kingdoms, of organisms, leachate, 521, 521f magma, 443, 443f
leaching zone, 413f magnitude, of earthquakes, methane hydrates,
108, 108t lead (Pb), 442t, 444t, 552, 472–473, 473f
KWL notes, 606–607 67
553 malaria, 110, 558, 560, Mexico, 19f
L legislation Mexico City (Mexico)
560f
lab safety xviii–xix, air quality, 327, 339, 580 malnutrition, 407 air pollution, 15f, 325
600–603 economic implications of, butterfly habitat,
population growth and,
lakes, 185, 185f 577 242 122–123, 123f
acidification of, 337–338 federal agencies, 580t land use concerns, 386
cleanup of Lake Washing- hazardous waste, 313t, poverty and, 18, 410, microbiology, 7t
ton, 12–13, 12f, 13f 410f micro-hydropower, 498
454, 522, 530 migration, 237, 237f
land. See also wetlands inherited laws, 580 mammals, 113, 196, 197, mimicry, 220, 221f
arable, 412 marine pollution, 313 197f, 264 minerals, 441–444. See also
cropland, 381 oil pollution, 43
fallow, 414 water quality, 312, 313t, manganese (Mn), 442t mining
marginal, 386 mangrove swamp, 189, exploration for, 445, 445f
public, 390, 394, 394f, 381–383, 383t, 454, gangue, 442
581 580 194, 194f in human diet, 407
rangeland, 381t, 389, legumes, 134, 422 mantle, of Earth, 64–65, metallic, 442, 422f, 443,
390, 390f, 404–405 less-developed countries,
244 64f, 65f 443f
landfills, 520 Lewis, Meriweather, 585 marginal land, 386 native elements, 441, 441f
design of, 521 lichen, 140–141, 141f marine biology, 6f nonmetallic, 442
hazardous waste, 532 life expectancy, 238, 238f marine ecosystems, ore minerals, 442f, 442t
pollution from, 304f, 556 lighting, 502–503, 503t sources of, 443, 443f
regulations governing, light pollution, 335, 335f 191–197 uses for, 444t, 660t, 676f
522 linear growth, 213 arctic and antarctic, 197, mining, 445–450
space for 522, 522f lions, niche of, 217, 217f biomining, 534
lipids, (oils and fats), need 197f coal, 446, 446f, 447
land use, 381f, 381t for in diet, 407, 407t coastal wetlands, columbite-tantalite
agriculture, 412–413 literacy, female, 240, 245t
and human population lithosphere, 65, 65f, 66 191–194, 207 (coltan), 465, 465f
density, 243, 243f littoral zone, 186, 186f coral reefs, 195, 207 environmental effects of,
in marginal areas, 386 livestock, 305f, 305t, 423, marine mammals, 196,
in rural areas, 382 426–427, 426f. See also 304f, 451–454, 471
in the United States, 381f, diet 197, 197f erosion and, 453
384 lobbying, 583 ocean, 196–197, 196f gold, 442f, 447–450,
urbanization and, 382, local policies, activities and, UV radiation, 361, 361t
384–386, 384f 12, 596–597, 596f, market, 17, 576 447f, 448f, 449f, 453f
U.S., Canada, and Mexico 597f marsh, 187, 188, 188f hydraulic, 448–449
map, 677f logging, 414 mass extinction, 15, 263, longwall mining, 446
longleaf pines, 138–139 open pit, 447, 447f
land-use management long-term consequences 263f placer, 449, 449f
farmland, 389 evaluating, 50t, 51 mass transit systems, 388 regulations, 451, 454–455
forest land, 391–393 longwall mining, 446 mathematical model, 46, salt, 446, 446f, 448
parks and preserves, Love Canal, 529, 530 smelting, 450
394–395, 394f Lovins, Hunter and Amory, 46f solid waste from, 520
planning activities, 492–493 mean, statistical, 41 subsurface, 446
387–388 lower canopy, 158, 158f medicines, from plants, surface, 447–449
rangeland, 390, 390f lower plants, 110, 110f undersea, 450
261t, 266–267, 266f, Mobro, 518, 518f
267f models
menhaden fisheries, conceptual, 45, 45f
424–425, 425f for decision-making, 47,
mercury (Hg)
and hormone disruption, 47f
555
methyl mercury, 532
ore minerals, 442t
poisoning by, 45f, 551,
551f

Index 703

Index

of economic systems, 576, nitrogen cycle, 134–136, in lakes and ponds, 187 fears about, 43, 43t
576f 134f, 136 in ocean water, 196f, 197 threats from, 195
population growth and, old-field succession,
of global warming effects, nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
366, 366f 109, 134–135, 134f 215 140–141, 140f
in the rain forest, 157 omnivore, 127, 127t
graphical, 44, 44f in the thermosphere, 73 sources of, 100, 408 open-pit mining, 447, 447f
mathematical, 46, 46f nitrogen oxides (NOx) open space, 388
physical, 44 O open system, 85
for toxicity evaluation, in air, 325f, 326t operations, order of, 620
ozone production from, observation, 33 ore minerals, 442–443,
551f ocean currents, 81f, 82,
mold, 332, 413f, 571, 571f 330, 332–333 442t, 443f, 446–450
molybdenum (Mo), 442t sources of, 326t 82f, 95, 367 organic chemicals, 306,
molecules, 625 nitrous oxide (N2O), 365t, oceanography, 78
more-developed countries, oceans, 78–82. See also 306t
327f organic matter, 306t
244. See also developed noise pollution, 334, 334t, marine ecosystems ornithologist, 6f
countries Arctic, 79, 79f OTEC (ocean thermal
mosquitoes, 558 452 Atlantic, 79, 79f
moss, 110, 141 nondegradable pollutant, biomagnification in, 312 energy conversion),
motor vehicles. See auto- chemical composition, 80, 501, 501f
mobiles 15, 519 outer core, 65, 65f
mountains, 66 nonmetallic mineral, 442 80f overburden, 447
Mount Pinatubo, 69 nonpoint-source pollution, currents, 82, 95, 95f overfishing, 151t, 195,
Muir, John, 579, 579f, 584t deep zones, 126, 126f 197, 423, 423f, 425
municipal solid waste, 305, 305f, 305t, 306t, depth, 78–79 overgrazing, 16, 390, 414
518f, 519–520. See also 311 effects on climate, 356, overpopulation, 18
waste disposal nonrenewable resource, oxygen, 71, 71f, 73, 100,
muscle powered tools, 14–15, 14f, 14t 356f, 367 125, 128
515, 515f nonrenewable energy electricity from, 500, 500f, dissolved, 309
mussels, dwarf wedge, sources, 467–479 ozone depletion
33–36, 35f, 36f, 40–41, deposits of, 470f 501, 501f causes of, 359, 359f
40f, 41f electricity production, Indian, 79, 79f, 268 ozone hole, 360, 360f,
mutualism, 218, 218t, 222, 468, 468f Pacific, 68, 68f, 78–79, 361f
222f energy use patterns, 469, potential health effects of,
469f 79f 43t, 359, 361, 361t
N fossil fuels, 467–475, 467f plants and animals, 196, ozone
nuclear energy, 476–479, ground-level, 330, 330f,
native elements, 441, 442, 544–545, 544f, 545f 196f 332–333
442f, 442t normal distribution, 41, pollution sources, 311, stratospheric, 73, 361
41f ozone layer
natural gas, 470, 472–473, North America 311f function of, 72f, 73
474, 474f cattle in, 426 temperature zones, protection of, 362, 362f
energy sources, 471f studies of, 378–379, 378f,
naturally occurring native crops, 262t 80–81, 80f 379f
pollution, 552, 552f population growth, 245f threats to, 197
Northern Hemisphere warming of, 366–367 P
natural resource, 14, 16–17 climate, 353f, 355, 358, world, 78, 79f
natural selection, 103–105, 358f ocean thermal energy Pacific Decadal Oscillation
“no–take” fishing zone, (PDO), 356
104t, 105f 151 conversion (OTEC),
Nature Conservancy, The, nuclear energy, 476–479 501, 501f Pacific Ocean, 68, 68f,
advantages of, 478 Ogallala Aquifer, 292–293, 78–79, 79f
578 fission, 476, 476f 292f, 293f
nekton, 185 fusion, 479, 479f oil, environmental impacts packaging, reducing,
Nepal, 548, 559, 559f power plants, 477, 477f of, 473, 473f 524–525, 524f
net fishing, 197 safety concerns, 478–479 formation of, 470
neutrons, 476f waste storage, 478f, plastics, 489, 489f pack ice, 79
New Orleans, 207 544–545, 544f, 545f pollution from, 43f, 136, paleontology, 6, 7t
New Zealand, 161, 453f nuclear fission, 476, 476f, 309 panthers, 264, 264f
niche, 217–219, 217f 479f production of, 472, paper vs. plastic, 526–527
nickel (Ni), 65, 442t nuclear fusion, 479 474–475, 474f parasites, 557t, 559, 559f
nicotine, 553 nucleus, cell, 108 oil drilling and production, parasitism, 218, 218t, 222,
nitrogen nutrients. See also food 189f, 474–475, 474f
in human foods, 407 oil spills, 311, 311f, 473, 222f
in the atmosphere, 71, 71f 473f
eutrophication and, 308 chemical treatment of,
534, 534f

704 Index

parks, preserves and, 271 photodegradable plastic, photodegradable, 528, from motor vehicles, 305f,
particulate matter 528, 528f 528f 325, 325f, 327–328,
328f, 338, 553f
as air pollutants, 325f, photosynthesis, 125, 125f, plate boundary, 66, 67
326, 326t, 328 186, 186f, 196, 196f plate tectonics, 66 naturally occurring, 552,
poaching, 265, 274 552f
naturally occurring, 552, photovoltaic cell, 494, 494f point-source pollution,
552f pH scale, 336, 336f, 626 noise, 334, 334t, 452
phthalates, 554 304–305, 304f, 304t, nonpoint-source, 305,
possible health effects physical agent, 306t 306t
from, 549t physical model, 44 polar easterlies, 353f, 355 305f, 305t, 306t, 311
physical relief polar ice, from pathogens, 297,
parts per million (ppm), melting of, 367, 367f
364 U.S. map, 672f, 673f recording climate history, 306, 306t
world map, 662f 354–355, 354f, 355f from pesticides, 190,
passive solar heating, 492, physics, 7t polar stratospheric cloud,
492f, 493f phytoplankton, 110, 186, studies of, 378–379, 305f, 309
378f, 379f from petroleum products,
pathogens, 557 196, 361 policy, environmental,
pest control using, 419 pioneer species, 138 579–583, 579f, 580t, 473
water pollution from, 297, placer mining, 449, 449f 582f point-source, 304–305,
306, 306t plankton, 185, 197 political regions
plants, 108t, 110–111, world map, 666f 304f, 304t, 306t
PCBs (polychlorinated pollen, 111 from power plants, 309,
biphenyls), 554–555 153–154. See also pollination, 112
agriculture; specific pollution, 14–15, 18–19, 326
perception of risk, 43t biomes 549, 549f, 552, 552f, from runoff, 305, 305f,
percolation, 310f angiosperms, 111, 111f 553–556. See also air
Periodic Table, 625, 626t buttresses and braces, 157 pollution; ground- 452
permeable material, 293, concentration of, 84f water pollution; thermal, 309, 309f
diversity among, 259f indoor air pollution; from volatile organic
294f domestication of, 10, 10f ocean pollution;
pest control, 417–420 in estuaries, 192 water pollution compounds (VOCs),
pest management, inte- flowering, 111, 111f, 223 from automobiles, 305f, 325f, 326, 326t
as food source, 409, 325, 325f, 327–328, from wastewater, 556
grated, 420–421, 420f 421–422, 421f 328f, 338 553 population bottleneck,
pesticides, 417–419, 644 genetically modified, from burning of oil, 43f, 261, 261f
421–422, 421f, 136, 309 population crash, 214
biomagnification of, 312, 436–437, 436f, 437f from coal, 45f, 136, 471, populations, statistical,
312f gymnosperms, 111, 111f 553 40–41
lower, 110, 110f from electricity production, populations (ecosystem),
environmental effects, medical and industrial 45f, 136, 471, 553 101, 101f, 211–216
128–129, 195 uses, 158, 261, 261t, from fertilizers, 190, 193, birth rate, 212, 212f
266–267, 266f, 267f, 197, 305f, 309 carrying capacity, 214,
in modern agriculture, 419 from fossil fuels, 133, 214f
412, 418f pest resistance, 419 133f, 136, 553 competition and, 215,
photosynthesis, 125, 125f groundwater, 309–310, 215f
natural, 644–645 in river systems, 190 310f density, 212, 212f, 216,
overuse of, 411, 411f sensitivity to global warm- from household products, 216f
persistent, 418, 550 ing, 368 326, 332, 333f formula for, 212f
as pollution source, 190, sensitivity to UV radiation, from incineration, 556 genetic diversity and, 261,
361, 361t indoor air, 332–334, 333f, 261f
305t, 309 structure of, 110 571, 571f interactions among,
possible health effects threatened or extinct, from landfills, 304t, 521, 218–223, 218t
264t 556 properties of, 212, 212f
from, 13, 418, 550t, understory vegetation, light, 335, 335f predator and prey, 221,
554–555 122, 158, 158f lung function and, 221f
regulation of, 418 in wetlands, 187, 188, 332–333, 333f reproductive rate, 213,
resistance to, 107, 107f, 188f 213f
417–418 plastic, 489, 489f, 519, 528, resource limits, 215
petroleum products 528f survivorship, 236, 236f
environmental impacts of, green, 528, 528f world density map, 668f
473, 473f populations (human),
formation of, 470 235–247
plastics, 489, 489f age structure of, 236,
pollution from, 43f, 136, 236f
309 fertility rate, 237, 237f
production of, 472,
474–475, 474f
pheromones, 420
phosphates, 34–35, 35f,
308
phosphorus cycle, 135–136

Index 705

Index

growth of, 235, 235f, protein, 129, 407, 407t biomass fuel, 496 room-and-pillar mining,
241–243, 242f, protist, 108t, 110, 110f, geothermal power, 446, 446f
245–246, 245f, 247,
247f 557t 498–499, 498f, 499f Roosevelt, Theodore, 579,
protozoan, 259f hydroelectric power, 579f, 584t
impacts on land and habi- public hearings, 20f, 582
tat, 243, 243f, 382, 518 public land, 390, 394, 394f, 497–498 ruminant, 426
hydrogen fuel, 501–502, runoff
lost civilizations, 257, 257f 581
migration, 237, 237f 501f into estuaries, 193
nutritional needs, 407, Q ocean thermal energy as pollution source, 305,

408 quarries, 447 conversion, 501, 501f 305f, 452
projections for, 241–243, solar energy, 491–494 into rivers, 190
R tidal power, 500, 500f threats to coral reefs, 195
247, 247f wind power, 495, 495f
survivorship, 236, 236f radiation, solar, 74–75f, renewable resource, 14, S
population pyramid, 236, 357
14t Safe Drinking Water Act
236f radioactive waste, 43t, 556 replacement level, 237, (1975), 313t, 454
porous material, 293, 294f radon gas, 333f, 334
potential energy, 497f rainfall. See precipitation 237f salinity, 80, 185, 188
poultry, 426t, 427, 561, rain forest. See temperate replication, 35, 36 salinization, 367, 416
reproductive potential, Salmonella, 559
561f rain forest biome; salt marsh, 188, 194
Power Notes, 604–605 tropical rain forest 213, 213f salt mining, 446, 446f, 448
power plants biome reproductive rate, 213,
rangeland, 381t, 389, 390f, room and pillar, 446, 446f
air pollution from, 326 404–405 213f solar evaporation, 446
coal-fired, 468f reactant, 128 reptiles, 113, 264t solution, 448
geothermal, 498, 498f, reactor, nuclear, 477, 477f research, scientific. See salt water, 290, 290f
recharge zone, 83, 83f, sampling, statistical, 42
499f 294, 310 experimental method satellite images, 46, 46f,
hydroelectric, 497–498, reclamation, of mines, 454, reservoir, 300, 300f
455f residential energy use, 445
497f recreational values, 47t, savanna. See tropical
mechanics of, 468 50t 469, 469f
nuclear, 477, 477f recycling, 505t, 521t, residential water use, savanna biome
thermal energy conversion, 525–527, 587. See also science, 8f, 33, 36, 38–39,
conservation 296–297, 296f, 297f,
501, 501f composting, 526, 526t 297t, 302, 302f, 302t 47t
thermal pollution, 309 household products, resistance scientific notation, 621
tidal power, 500, 500f 526–527, 527t evolution of, 107, 107f scientists, 38–39
precipitation, 77, 77f, 289f. reducing solid waste, to pesticides, 418 scrubbers, 329, 329f, 523f
524–525, 524f resource depletion, 14, seasonal change, 358, 358f
See also acid precipita- reforestation, 393, 393f 14t, 16–19, 151 Seattle, 12, 12f, 13f, 335f
tion; specific biomes regulations resource limits, 215 secondary air pollution,
atmospheric air circulation air quality, 327, 339, 580 respiration, cellular,
and, 353 economic implications of, 128–129, 128f 325. See also air
toxic mold and, 571 577 Richter scale, 67 pollution
predation, 218, 218t, federal agencies, 580t riffles, 449 secondary succession,
220–221, 220f hazardous waste, 313t, Ring of Fire, 68, 68f 138–140, 138f, 139f,
prediction, 34 454, 522, 530 risk assessment, 17, 551. 140f
preserves, 394–395, 394f, inherited laws, 580 See also toxicity secondary wastewater
395f marine protection, 313t earthquake hazards, 68 treatment, 307, 307f
prevailing winds, 353f, oil pollution, 43, of genetically engineered sedimentation, 453
355, 355f 312–313, 313t foods, 436–437, 436f, seismic wave, 64, 64f
Pribilof Islands, 214 water quality, 312, 313t, 437f seismology, 64
primary air pollutant, 383t, 454, 580 probability and, 43 selective cutting, 391
325–326, 326t renewable energy sources, versus risk perception, 43f, sewage treatment
primary succession, 137, 14, 14t, 491–502 43t population growth and,
137f, 140–141 risk perception, 43f 242, 242f
primary wastewater river systems, 83, 83f, 186, plants, 12–13
treatment, 307f 290–291, 291f toxicity of, 307
probability, 42, 42f, 43 biomagnification in, 312 water pollution and, 195,
producer, 126–127t human impacts on, 190 197, 304f
products, 128 rock formations, 293, 294f, sewage sludge, 307
protective covering, 221, 413 shopping, 646–647
221f

706 Index

short-term consequences, source reduction, subsurface mining, 446, temperate deciduous for-
evaluating, 50t, 51 524–525, 524f 446f est biome, 161–164,
161f, 162f, 163f
SI conversions, 659t Solomon, Susan, 378–379, suburban sprawl, 243,
sick-building syndrome, 378f, 379f 243f, 559 temperate grassland
biome, 153f, 154f,
332 solution mining, 446 succession 166–168, 166f, 167f,
significant digits, 622 source reduction, 524–525, ecological, 137–141, 137f, 168f
Silent Spring, 585 138f, 139f
silicon (Si), 444, 444t 524f ecosystems, 103–107, temperate rain forest
silver (Ag), 442t, 444t South Africa 137–141, 137f, 138f, biome, 153f, 161
size, of population, 212 139f
skepticism, 38 cholera epidemic, 558f old-field, 140–141, 141f temperature (atmospheric),
skyglow, 335f diamond mine, 451f primary, 137, 137f, 73
slag, 450 energy sources, 471f 140–141
slurry, 448, 448f mineral deposits in, 18 secondary, 138–140, biomes and, 154, 154f
smelting, 450, 450f sustainability in, 572 138f, 139f, 140f changes in, 72f, 354–355,
smog, 330, 330f, 349, 349f Southern Hemisphere,
Snow, John, 39 succulents, 171 354f
social sciences, 7, 7t climate, 353f, 355, 358, sulfur oxides (SOx), 325f, effects of greenhouse
sodium chloride, 80 358f
soil. See also erosion species, 101 326, 326t, 329, 357 gasses on, 365, 365f
diversity of, 259f, 260, Superfund Act (CERCLA), latitude and, 352
arable, 412, 412f, 413, 260f regulation of, by oceans,
413f, 413t endangered, 264 530, 530f
endemic, 266 supply and demand, 17, 81
conservation, 415, 415f exotic, 265 temperature inversion,
contamination, 10, 453 habitat preservation 17f
as ecosystem, 100 programs of, 272, 272f surface coal mining, 447 330, 330f
enriching, 416, 416f interactions among, surface impoundment, 532 temperature, ocean, 79,
parasites in, 559f 218–223, 218t surface litter, 413f
production of, 413 keystone, 260, 260f surface mining 80–81, 80f
salination, 416 known versus unknown, terracing, 415, 415f
subsoil, 413f 259 of coal, 447 territory, 215, 215f
solar activity, 357 pioneer, 138 hydraulic mining, thermal pollution, 309,
solar collector, 494, 494f preservation programs for,
solar energy. See also 270–273, 270f, 271f, 448–449, 448f, 449f 309f
reintroduction of, placer mining, 449, 449f thermal radiation, 74–75,
active solar heating; 232–233, 232f quarrying, 447, 447f
renewable energy threatened, 268–269, solar evaporation, 448 74–75f
sources 268f surface zone, 80, 80f thermocline, 80, 80f
availability of, 215 species interactions survival, 212, 213, 213f thermosphere, 72f, 73
in food production, 125, commensalism, 218, 218t, survivorship, 236, 236f Thoreau, Henry D., 584t
126, 126f 223, 223f sustainability, 21 threatened species, 264,
in lakes and ponds, 186, competition, 218–219, habitat restoration,
186f 218t 264t, 268–269, 268f
latitude and, 352, 352f mutualism, 218, 218t, 404–405 Three Gorges Dam,
storage in the ocean, 81 222, 222f international agreements
thermal radiation, 74, parasitism, 218, 218t, 322–323, 322f, 323f
74–75f 222, 222f on, 573–574, 574t Three Mile Island, 479
solar evaporation, 448 predation, 218, 218t, sustainable agriculture, threshold dose, 550
solar heating, 491–493, 220–221 tidal power, 500, 500f
492f, 493f, 494, 494f statistics, 40–42, 40f, 61f 422, 422f tin (Sn), 442t
solar maximum, 357, 357f St. Helens, Mount, 69, 69f, sustainable development, titanium (Ti), 442t, 444t
solid waste, 517–528. See 138f, 139f topsoil, 413, 413f
also hazardous waste Stoddart, Marion, 584t, 573 toxicity, 549–551, 553
degradable materials, 519 585f sustainable fisheries, 151 toxicology, defined, 550
disposal problems, stratosphere, 72f, 73, 360 swamp, 187, 189 trade winds, 353f, 355
517–518 stratospheric cloud, polar symbiosis, 223 “The Tragedy of the
incineration, 523–524 studies of, 378–379,
landfill disposal, 520–523 378f, 379f T Commons,” 16, 16f
municipal, 518f subsidence, 453, 453f transpiration, 160
recycling, 525–527 subsoil, 413f tables, 36, 36t transportation, 469, 469f
taiga biome, 153f, 154f, transporting water, 303
trash. See solid waste
163–164, 163f, 164f trees, 337f, 652–653.
tantalum, 465
tectonic plate, 65, 65f, 66, See also plants;
reforestation
66f, 67 trophic level, 130–131,
131f, 151

Index 707

Index

tropical rain forest biome, vegetation. See plants water pollution, 39. See wind power, 495, 495f,
153f, 156–160, 157f, vertebrates, 113, 113f, also wastewater 514f
159, 159f
259f eutrophication, 308, 308f winds, 353f, 355, 355f
as ecosystem habitat, 102 viruses, 560 groundwater pollution, wolves, 232–233, 232f
medicines from, 266–267, vitamins, need for, 407 women, effects of education
volatile organic 309–310
266f, 267f population growth and, on fertility, 240, 245,
threats to, 160, 266 compounds (VOCs) 246, 256f
tropical savanna biome, air pollution from, 325f, 242–243, 242f wood burning, 133, 496,
from landfills, 521 496f
153f, 154f, 165–166, 326, 326t from mining, 452 World Health Organiza-
165f, 166f ozone production by, 332 nonpoint-source pollu- tion, 549
tropopause, 71f sources of, 328f, 329 world ocean, 78, 79f
troposphere, 72, 72f volcanoes, 68–69, 68f, 78, tion, 305, 305f, 306t World Wildlife Fund, 275
tundra biome, 154f, ocean pollution, 311, 311f
172–173, 173f 357 from petroleum products, X
turbines, 468. See also voting, 586, 586f
electricity production 473 xeriscaping, 302, 302f
two-column notes, W point-source pollution,
608–609 Y
warning coloration, 220 304–305, 304t, 306t
U waste disposal, 517–518, thermal pollution, 309, Yangtze River, 322–323,
322f, 323f
ultraviolet (UV) energy, 517f, 521–528. See also 309f
73, 357, 361, 361t hazardous waste; solid waterborne disease, 39f, Yanomamö, 267, 267f
waste; wastewater Yellowstone National Park,
underground storage tank incineration of, 523–524, 558
leaks, 309 556 watershed, 290–291, 232–233, 232f, 394
landfills, 521t Yosemite National Park,
undersea mining, 450 nuclear waste, 478 290–291f
understory vegetation, pollution from, 556, 556f water table, 293f, 294f, 579
recycling, 525–527 Yucca Mountain, 478,
122, 158, 158f in salt marshes, 194f 295f
unfunded mandate, 581 source reduction, water vapor (H2O), 363, 544–545, 544f, 545f
United Nations (UN), 18. 524–525, 524f
waste production, 19 365t Z
See also international wastewater weather forecasting, 42,
treaties and pollution from, 306–307, zero-emission vehicle
agreements 310f 42f programs (ZEV
United States. See also treatment process, 307, weathering, of rock, 413 programs), 328
regulations 307f weather patterns. See also
ecological footprint, 19f water, 289f. See also zinc (Zn), 442t, 444t
energy use, 19t, 469, 469f drinking water; climate zoology, 7t
environmental agencies, groundwater; oceans; effects of global warming zooplankton, 185, 186f,
273, 580t wastewater; water
environmental policies, pollution on, 367 196, 366
579–583, 579f, 582f conservation, 301, 658 effects of ozone hole on, zoos, 271
threatened species in, desalination of, 303, 303f
268f, 269 as ecosystem component, 360
traditional diet, 408f 100 sources of, 73f, 75, 81,
upper canopy, 158, 158f erosion by, 70, 70f
uranium, 476, 476f, 478, human use of, 241, 81f
478f 296–299, 297f, 297t wells
urban area, 381–382, 381t, in the hydrosphere, 63,
382f, 383 63f, 78–83, 80f, 290, drinking water, 294–295,
urbanization, 243, 243f, 290f 295f
382, 384–386, 385f, in photosynthesis,
386f 125–126 hazardous waste disposal,
UV (ultraviolet) energy, transporting, 303 532, 533f
73, 357, 361, 361t water cycle, 77, 77f, 289,
289f Werner, Dagmar, 30–31,
V water management pro- 31f
jects, 299–301, 300f,
values, 47, 47t, 50, 50t 322–323, 322f westerlies, 353f, 355
variable, 35, 58 West Nile virus, 561
vector, 558 wetlands

coastal, 185, 191–194,
191f, 381t

freshwater, 187–188, 188f
whales and whaling, 197,

576–577
wilderness area, 394, 394f
wildfires, 138–139, 138f,

139f
wildlife biologist, 640–641
wildlife garden, 650–651
Wilson, Edward Osborne,

279, 284–285, 284f
wind erosion, 70

708 Index

Acknowledgments

Reviewers continued

Steven Richard Reese, Richard Storey, Ph.D. TEACHER Robert Chandler
Ph.D. Dean of the Faculty and REVIEWERS Science Teacher
Director, Radiation Center Soddy-Daisy High
Instructor Professor of Biology Robert Akeson
Department of Nuclear Colorado College Science Teacher School
Colorado Springs, Boston Latin School Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee
Engineering and Boston, Massachusetts
Radiation Health Colorado Johanna Chase, C.H.E.S.
Physics Dan Aude Health Educator
Oregon State University Ramesh Teegavarapu, Magnet Programs California State
Corvallis, Oregon Ph.D., P.E.
Assistant Professor Coordinator University
Dork Sahagian, Ph.D. Montgomery Public Dominquez Hills,
Research Professor, (Adjunct)
Department of Civil Schools California
Stratigraphy and Basin Montgomery, Alabama
Analysis, Geodynamics Engineering Cindy Copolo, Ph.D.
Global Analysis, Assistant Director Lowell Bailey Science Specialist
Interpretation, and Kentucky Water Science Teacher Summit Solutions
Modeling Program Bedford North Bahama, North Carolina
University of New Resources Research
Hampshire Institute Lawrence High School Linda Culp
Durham, New University of Kentucky Bedford, Indiana Science Teacher
Hampshire Lexington, Kentucky Thorndale High School
Robert Baronak Thorndale, Texas
Miles Silman, Ph.D. Martin VanDyke, Ph.D. Biology Teacher
Associate Professor of Professor of Chemistry, Donegal High School Katherine Cummings
Mount Joy, Pennsylvania Science Teacher
Biology Emeritus Currituck County
Department of Biology Front Range Michele Benn Currituck, North
Wake Forest University Science Teacher
Winston-Salem, North Community College Beaver Falls High School Carolina
Westminster, Colorado Beaver Falls,
Carolina Alonda Droege
Judith Weis, Ph.D. Pennsylvania Science Teacher
Marc Slattery, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Evergreen High School
Division Director, NIUST Department of David Blinn Seattle, Washington
Secondary Sciences
Ocean Biotechnology Biological Sciences Richard Filson
Center and Repository Rutgers University Teacher Science Teacher
Department of Newark, New Jersey Wrenshall High School Edison High School
Pharmacognosy Wrenshall, Minnesota Stockton, California
University of Mississippi Elizabeth Wenk, Ph.D.
University, Mississippi Adjunct Faculty Bart Bookman Randa Flinn
Department of Science Science Teacher Science Teacher
Spencer Steinberg, Cerro Coso Community Stevenson High School Northeast High School
Ph.D. Bronx, New York Fort Lauderdale, Florida
College
Associate Professor, Bishop, California Daniel Bugenhagen Jane Frailey
Environmental Organic Science Teacher Science Coordinator
Chemistry Mary Wicksten, Ph.D. Yutan Community Hononegah High
Professor of Biology
Chemistry Department Department of Biology School School
University of Nevada Texas A&M University Yutan, Nebraska Hononegah, Illinois
Las Vegas, Nevada College Station, Texas

Acknowledgments 709

Acknowledgments

Reviewers continued

Art Goldsmith Edward Keller Thomas Manerchia Jennifer M. Fritz
Biology and Earth Science Teacher Environmental Science Science Teacher
Morgantown High North Springs High
Sciences Teacher Teacher, Retired
Hallandale High School School Archmere Academy School
Hallandale, Florida Morgantown, West Claymont, Delaware Atlanta, Georgia

Sharon Harris Virginia Tammie Niffenegger Dyanne
Science Teacher Science Chair and Semerjibashian, Ph.D.
Mother of Mercy High Kathy LaRoe Science Teacher
Science Teacher Science Teacher Pflugerville High School
School St. Paul School District Port Washington High Pflugerville, Texas
Cincinnati, Ohio St. Paul, Nebraska
School Bert Sherwood
Carolyn Hayes Clifford Lerner Waldo, Wisconsin Science/Health Specialist
Honors Biology and Biology Teacher Socorro Independent
Keene High School Gabriele DeBear Paye
Environmental Science Keene, New Hampshire Science and School District
Teacher El Paso, Texas
Center Grove High Stewart Lipsky Environmental
School Science Teacher Technology Lead Dan Trockman
Greenwood, Indiana Seward Park High Teacher Science Teacher
West Roxbury High Hopkins High School
Stacey Jeffress School School Minnetonka, Minnesota
Environmental Science New York, New York West Roxbury,
Massachusetts Jim Watson
Teacher Mike Lubich Science Teacher
El Dorado High School Science Teacher Denice Sandefur Dalton High School
El Dorado, Arkansas Mapletown High School Fire Ecology and Science Dalton, Georgia
Greensboro,
Donald R. Kanner Teacher
Physics Instructor Pennsylvania Nucla High School
Lane Technical High Nucla, Colorado

School
Chicago, Illinois

710 Acknowledgments

Staff Credits Editorial Interns Jeff Robinson eMedia
Kristina Bigelow Manager, Ancillary Melanie Baccus
Mark Grayson Erica Garza eMedia Coordinator
Robert Tucek Sarah Ray Design
Executive Editors Kenneth G. Raymond Ed Blake
Kyle Stock Production Design Director
Kelly Rizk Audra Teinert Adriana Bardin
Debbie Starr Jennifer Tseng Prestwood Kimberly Cammerata
Managing Editors Senior Production Design Manager
Online Products
Clay Walton Bob Tucek Coordinator Lydia Doty
Senior Editor Wesley M. Bain Senior Project Manager
Catherine Gallagher Eddie Dawson
Editorial Development Douglas P. Rutley Senior Production Marsh Flournoy
Team Technology Project
Bill Burnside Book Design Manager
Jen Driscoll Kay Selke Manager
Frieda Gress Director of Book Design Diana Rodriguez
Angela Hemmeter Project Manager Dakota Smith
Bill Rader Christine Stanford Quality Assurance
Jim Ratcliffe Designer Technology Services
Managers Analyst
Copyeditors Media Design Laura Likon
Dawn Marie Spinozza Richard Metzger Director Cathy Kuhles
Copyediting Manager Design Director Technical Assistant
Anne-Marie De Witt Juan Baquera
Simon Key Chris Smith Manager Tara F. Ross
Jane A. Kirschman Developmental Designer Senior Project Manager
Kira J. Watkins JoAnn Stringer
Cover Design Manager Ken Whiteside
Editorial Support Staff Kay Selke Manager, Application
Mary Anderson Director of Book Design Senior Technology
Soojinn Choi Services Analysts Development
Jeanne Graham Publishing Services Katrina Gnader
Shannon Oehler Carol Martin Lana Kaupp
Stephanie Sanchez Director Margaret Sanchez
Tanu’e White
Technology Services
Analysts
Sara Buller
Patty Zepeda

Acknowledgments 711

Acknowledgments

Image Credits

COVER IMAGE: butterfly—royalty-free image from Photodisc; leaves— Flight Center and ORBIMAGE/NASA/Seawifs; 81, Reuters NewMedia
Yasushi Takahashi/Photonica; water droplets—Ken Hiroshi/Photonica. Inc./Corbis; 82(t), Gary Braasch/Corbis; (m), NOAA/Department of
Commerce/NOAA Central Library/URL: www.photolib.noaa.gov; 86,
FRONTMATTER: v(t), E.R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (tl), Claus Holt/HRW Photo; 87(t), Sam Dudgeon/Holt, Rinehart and Winston; (m),
Meyer/Minden Pictures; (tml), Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; (bml), Sam Dudgeon/Holt, Rinehart and Winston; (b), SamDudgeon/Holt,
Yann Layma/Getty Images/Stone; (bl), Luis Vega/The Image Bank/Getty Rinehart and Winston; 89, PhotoDisc.
Images ; (b), Anthony Bannister/Photo Researchers, Inc.; vi(ml), Mark
Moffett/Minden Pictures; vi(bl), Norbert Wu/Norbert Wu Productions; UNIT 2 OPENER: 90, Claus Meyer/Minden Pictures; 91(t), S. Hanquet/
vii(tl), Earth Imaging/Stone/Getty Images ; vii(ml), S. Hanquet/Peter Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tc), Gary Meszaros/Dembinsky Photo Associates;
Arnold, Inc.; vii(bl), Gary Meszaros/Dembinsky Photo Associates; viii(tl), (bc), Martin Harvey/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (b), Brandon D. Cole/Corbis.
Martin Harvey/Peter Arnold, Inc.; viii(ml), Brandon D. Cole/Corbis; ix(tl),
Mark Carwardine/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; ix(ml), Topham/The CHAPTER 4: 92, S. Hanquet/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 93, John Meilcarek/
ImageWorks; ix(bl), John Shaw/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; x(tl), Ralph A. Dembinsky Photo Associates; 94(t, b), J.J. Alcalay/Peter Arnold, Inc.;
Clevenger/Corbis; x(ml), Chad Ehlers/ImageState; x(bl), NASA/Goddard 95(bl), Scott Smith/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (br), Fred Bruemmer/
Space Flight Center/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; xi(ml), Peter Arnold, Inc.; 96, Joe McDonald/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 97, Stephen
Jim Wark/Peter Arnold, Inc.; xi(bl), Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman Dalton/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 98, Tui De Roy/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 99,
Photography Inc.; xii(tl), Dan Budnik/Woodfin Camp and Associates; Auscape/Parer-Cook/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 100(t), P. La Tourrette/VIREO
xii(ml), Werner H. Muller/Peter Arnold, Inc.; xiii(ml), Rafael Macia/Photo URL: www.acnatsci.org/vireo; (bc), Tom Brakefield/Bruce Coleman,
Researchers, Inc.; xiii(bl), Andrew Rakoczy/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; xiv(tl), Inc.; (br), Klein/Hubert/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 103(t), Juergen Berger/SPL/
Argus Fotoarchiv/Peter Arnold, Inc.; xiv(ml) , Albert Normandin/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bl), Rod Planck/Dembinsky Photo Associates;
Masterfile; xx(ml), John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tl), Bob Wolf; (tr), (br), Steven Mark Needham/ Envision; 104(tl), Lawrence Naylor/Photo
Sam Dudgeon/HRW Photo; (br), Karen Allen; xx(bl), NOAA/Department Researchers, Inc.; (b), F. Stuart Westmorland/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
of Commerce/NOAA Central Library; xxi(r), Gerhard Gscheidle/Peter (tc), Jan Hinsch/ SPL/Dembinsky Photo Associates; 105(t), Daniel
Arnold, Inc.; (l), The Zoological Society of San Diego. Zupanc/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (b), Kent Foster/Bruce Coleman, Inc.;
106(br), Mark J. Thomas/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (bl), Jim
UNIT 1 OPENER: 2, E.R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 3(t), Mark Steinberg/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bc), Raymond A. Mendez/Animals
Moffett/Minden Pictures; (m), Norbert Wu/Norbert Wu Productions; (b), Animals/Earth Scenes; 107(tl), Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tr),Gerard
Earth Imaging/Stone/Getty Images. Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tc), Klaus Jost/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 108(t), J.J.
Alcalay/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (m), P. La Tourrette/VIREO URL: www.
CHAPTER 1: 4, Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures; 5, Courtesy of Cliff acnatsci.org/vireo; (b), Juergen Berger/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
Lerner/HRW Photo; 6(bl), Roland Seitre/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (br), Douglas 112, Victoria Smith/ Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 113, Manfred Kage/
Faulkner/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 7(br), Matt Meadows/Peter Arnold, Peter Arnold, Inc.; 114(bl, br), Lincoln Brower; 115, Lincoln Brower.
Inc.; (bl), K & M Krafft/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 8(br), Courtesy of
Gardner Watkins/Study conducted by the students of Dublin Scioto CHAPTER 5: 116, Gary Meszaros/Dembinsky Photo Associates; 117(bl),
High School and supported by The Columbus Zoo Dublin Scioto H.S. Phillipe Giraud/Sygma; (l), John Durham/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
Environmental Club; (bl), AFP/Corbis; 9(b), David Gillison/Peter Arnold, 118(tl), IFA/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tc), Van deRostyne/ BIOS/Peter Arnold,
Inc.; (t), NorthWind Picture Archives; 10(b), M. Edwards/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tc), Sharon Cummings/ Dembinsky Photo Associates; (tr), Jeff
Inc.;(t), A. Murray/University of Florida/URL:http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu; LePore/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (bl), Ron & Valerie Taylor/Bruce
11(r), W.M. Weber/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tl), Lambert/Archive Photos/ Coleman, Inc.; (bc), Alfred Pasieka/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 119,
PictureQuest; 12, NASA; 13, Joel Rodgers/Corbis; 14, Gene Aherns/ Marilyn Kazmers/Dembinsky Photo Associates; 120, Harry Engels/Photo
Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 15(tr), Conor Caffrey/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (br), Researchers, Inc.; 121, Fritz Polking/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 125, Ted
BIOS/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 18(l), Ric Ergenbright/Corbis; (b), Macduff Spiegel/Corbis; 126(bl), G. R. "Dick" Roberts/ G.R. “Dick” Roberts Photo
Everton/Corbis; 20, Terry Farmer/Tony Stone Images; 21, Frank Pedrck/ Library; (m), C.P. Vance/Visuals Unlimited; 128(t), E.R. Degginger/Color-
The ImageWorks; 22(t), Courtesy of Gardner Watkins/Study conducted Pic, Inc.; (l), G.R. "Dick" Roberts/G.R. “Dick” Roberts Photo Library; 129,
by the students of Dublin Scioto High School and supported by The Hans Reinhard/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 130(b), Stan Osolinski/Dembinsky
Columbus Zoo Dublin Scioto H.S. Environmental Club; (b), Ric Photo Associates; (tl), Larry Nielsen/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 131(l), Scott
Ergenbright/Corbis; 26, S. Dudgeon/HRW Photo; 28, Karen Allen; 29, Smith/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (r), Roger W. Archibald/Animals
Karen Allen. Animals/Earth Scenes; (tr), Patti Murray/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes;
133(l), Scott Smith/ Dembinsky Photo Associates; (r), Norman Owen
CHAPTER 2: 30, Norbert Wu/Norbert Wu Productions; 31, Jeff & Alexa Tomalin/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 134(t), Fritz Polking/Bruce Coleman, Inc.;
Henry/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 33, Courtesy of Cliff Lerner/HRW Photo; 34, Tek (b), Hans Reinhard/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (m), G.R. "Dick" Roberts/G.R.
Image/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 35, Courtesy of U of AK Tree-Ring “Dick” Roberts Photo Library; 141(b), Stephen Rose/Rainbow; (t), FPG
Lab URL:www.uark.edu/dendro/stahle_bwr.tif; 36, K & K Ammann/ International/Getty Images.
Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 37, SPL/PRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 38, Cliff
Lerner/HRW Photo; 40, Kent Wood/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 41, Jim CHAPTER 6: 142, Martin Harvey/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 144, Eastcott/
Olive/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 42, Eye Ubiquitous/ Corbis; 44, Earth Satellite Momatiuk/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 146(br), Dr. Morley Read/
Corp./SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 46(t), G. Lasley/VIREO URL: www. SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bl), Patti Murray/Animals Animals/ Earth
acnatsci.org/vireo; (b), S. Michael Bisceglie/ Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (bc), Michael Fogden/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 147(bl), Frans
Scenes; 47, Matt Bradley/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 49, Richard Hamilton Lanting/Minden Pictures; (br), M. Gunther/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 149(r),
Smith/Dembinsky Photo Associates; 50(t), Jeff & Alexa Henry/Peter Arnold, Mickey Gibson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (bl), E. Woods/ Animals
Inc.; (m), Earth Satellite Corp./SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b), Richard Animals/Earth Scenes; 149(br), Walter H. Hodge/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (l),
Hamilton Smith/Dembinsky Photo Associates; 54, Holt/HRW Photo; 55, Alan G. Nelson/Dembinsky Photo Associates; 150, Greg Baker/AP/Wide
Holt/HRW Photo; 57, Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International, Inc. World; 151(l), Wayne Lawler/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (tr), Jim Steinberg/
Photo Researchers, Inc.; 152(bl, bc, br), Scott W. Smith/Animals
CHAPTER 3: 58, Earth Imaging/Stone/Getty Images ; 63, Jock Animals/Earth Scenes; 153(r), George E. Stewart/ Dembinsky Photo
Montgomery/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 65, Gary Braasch/Corbis; 66, Dennis Associates; (tr), Anthony Mercieca/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (inset),
Flaherty/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 67, NASA; 69(t), NOAA/Department Michael F. Sacca/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 154(tl), J.J. Alcalay/Peter
of Commerce/NOAA Central Library URL: www.photolib.noaa.gov; Arnold, Inc.; (bc, br), S.J. Krasemann/ Peter Arnold, Inc.; (inset), David
(br), Chris Madeley/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 73, Courtesy of Cavagnaro/DRK Photo; 156, Tim Davis/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; 157(tl),
Robert Cantor/Christian Grantham URL: www.christianandvince.com Joel Bennett/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tr), Jeff Gnass; 158(t), Dominique
gallery/ hawaii/diamondhead.jpg; 74, Peter Ryan/ Scripps/SPL/Photo Braud/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (b), Coco McCoy/Rainbow; 159(t),
Researchers, Inc.; 75, K. Crane/WHO1/Visuals Unlimited; 77, Rosentiel Bobbi Lane/Stone; (inset), Ernest H. Rogers/Sea Images; 160(b), Jon
School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, U. Of Miami; 79, Bernhard Mark Stewart/Biological Photo Service; (inset), Frans Lanting/Minden
Edmaier/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 80(b), Provided by the SeaWiFS Pictures; 161(bc), Anthony Bannister/Natural History Photographic
Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE/ NASA/ Agency; (br), C. K. Lorenz/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; 162, Jo Overholt/
Seawifs; (bl), Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space

712 Acknowledgments

AlaskaStock Images; 163(r), Johnny Johnson/Animals Animals/Earth 253(b), Cameramann International; (t), ARS/RDF/Visuals Unlimited;
Scenes; (tl), Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; 164(m), Dr. Morley 254, Photo by Rodney North/courtesy of Equal Exchange/
Read/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b), Tim Davis/Photo Researchers, URL www. equalexchange.com; 255, Phillip Roullard/ Phillip Roullard
Inc.; (t), Eastcott/ Momatiuk/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 169(t), Photography; 256(tl), Robert Caputo/Aurora; (tr), Louise Gubb/J.B.
Adam Jones/ Dembinsky Photo Associates; (b), D. Boone/Corbis; 170(t), Pictures; 257, Baker/Greenpeace; 258(t), Chip Clark/Smithsonian,
Hugh S. Rose/Visuals Unlimited; (b), John W. Warden/West Stock; NMNH; (m), David Dennis/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (b), Phillip
171(t), Ken Graham/Tony Stone/Allstock. Roullard/Phillip Roullard Photography; 262, Sam Dudgeon/Holt,
Rinehart and Winston; 263, Sam Dudgeon/Holt, Rinehart and
CHAPTER 7: 172, Brandon D. Cole/Corbis; 173, Jan-Peter Lahall/Peter Winston; 264, AP/Wide World; 265, Marc Halevi/Harvard
Arnold, Inc.; 174(t), Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (br), Photographic Services.
Roland Birke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (bc), A.M. Siegelman/Visuals Unlimited;
175(t), Willard Clay/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (b), Stan Osolinski/ UNIT 4 OPENER: 266, Yann Layma/Getty Images/Stone; 267(t), Ralph
Dembinsky Photo Associates; 176, Dominique Braud/ Dembinsky Photo A. Clevenger/Corbis; (tc), Chad Ehlers/International Stock/ ImageState;
Associates; 177(t), Brian Miller/Animals Animals/ Earth Scenes; (bl), C.C. (m), NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Science Source/Photo
Lockwood/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (br), Bates Littlehales/Animals Researchers, Inc.; (bc), Jim Wark/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (b), Grant
Animals/Earth Scenes; 178(t), R. Toms, OSF/ Animals Animals/Earth Heilman/Grant Heilman Photography Inc.
Scenes; (m), Adam Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 181(tr), Fred
Bavendam; (m), Lynda Richardson/ Corbis; 182(t), Fabio Colombini/ CHAPTER 11: 268, Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis; 270, E.R.I.M./Stone; 273,
Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (b), Ted Levin/ Animals Animals/Earth John Warden/Index Stock Imagery; 278, Jim Zuckerman/Corbis; 279(tr,
Scenes; 183(br), Ron Sefton/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (m), Norbert Wu; tl), Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman Photography Inc.; (b), Vanni Archive/
185(t), Norbert Wu/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (m), Image Life/Corbis/Corbis; Corbis; 280(br), Michelle Buselle/Getty Images/Stone; (l), Lloyd Cluff/
186(t), Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (b), Image Life/ Corbis; 281, Christi Carter/Grant Heilman Photography Inc.; 282, Dave
Corbis; 190, Victoria Smith/HRW Photo; 191, Victoria Smith/HRW Photo; G. Houser/Corbis; 283, Steve Raymer/National Geographic Society; 284,
193(m), Aldo Brando/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (b), Patricia Jordan/Peter Thomas Del Brase/Getty Images/Stone; 285(bl), Gary Braasch/Corbis;
Arnold, Inc. (b), W. L. McCoy/PictureQuest; (br), Ben Blankenburg/eStock Photo/
PictureQuest; 288(b), Nick Hawkes/ Ecoscene/Corbis; (bl), Siede Preis/
UNIT 3 OPENER: 194, Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; 195(t), Mark PhotoDisc/PictureQuest; 289, AFP/ Anonio Scorza/Corbis; 292,
Carwardine/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (m), Topham/The Bettmann/Corbis; 294(t), E.R.I.M./ Stone; (m), Jim Zuckerman/Corbis;
ImageWorks; (b), John Shaw/Bruce Coleman, Inc. (b), AFP/Anonio Scorza/Corbis; 299, Victoria Smith/HRW Photo; 300(t),
IFA/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (tr), Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; 301(bl), Liu
CHAPTER 8: 196, Mark Carwardine/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; Liqun/Corbis; (bc), Keren Su/Corbis.
197(br), Fred Bavendam/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 197(bl), Stuart
Westmoreland/Corbis; 198(tr), Norman Owen Tomalin/Bruce Coleman. CHAPTER 12: 302, Chad Ehlers/ International Stock/ImageState; 305,
Inc.; 198(tl), Michael Fogden/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 198(t), Pictor International/PictureQuest; 306, Sam Dudgeon/Holt, Rinehart and
David Hughes/Bruce Coleman. Inc.; 200(bl), Bettman/Corbis; 201(tr), Winston; 307, Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 309, E. Tobisch/UNEP/Peter
Richard Thom/Visuals Unlimited; 201(tl), Skip Moody/Dembinsky Photo Arnold, Inc.; 310, Neal Preston/Corbis; 311, Geoff Tompkins/SPL/Photo
Associates; 202(t), C.C. Lockwood/ Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; Researchers, Inc.; 312(tc), Thomas Ives/Corbis Stock Market; (tl), Dick
202(l), W. Metzen/Bruce Coleman. Inc.; 203(bl), Beverly Joubert/ Blume/The ImageWorks; 313, Gary Braasch/Woodfin Camp and
National Geographic Society; 203(bc), Tom Brakefield/Tom Brakefield Associates; 315, Simon Fraser/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 316, David R.
Photography; 203(br), Y. Arthus-Bertand/ Peter Arnold, Inc.; 203(br), Frazier/David R. Frazier Photolibrary; 318(b), Simon Fraser/SPL/Photo
Anne Wertheim/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 206(tl), Wyman Researchers, Inc.; (m), Geoff Tompkins/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (t),
Meizer/Photo Researchers, Inc; 206(r), J.T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Pictor International/PictureQuest; 322, Victoria Smith/HRW Photo; 324,
Inc; 207(l), Bill Beatty/Visuals Unlimited; 207(r), Joe McDonald/Visuals C. Mayhew & R. Simmon/NASA/GSFC; 325, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
Unlimited; 208(tr), CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc; 208(tl), John
Shaw/Bruce Coleman. Inc.; 208(bl), Patti Murray/Animals Animals/ CHAPTER 13: 326, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/SPL/Photo
Earth Scenes; 209(t), James Watt/ Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 210(t), Researchers, Inc.; 327(bl), Joe Sroka/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (br),
Norman Owen Tomalin/Bruce Coleman. Inc.; 210(b), Wyman Meizer/ Mark J. Thomas/Dembinsky Photo Associates; 330, From Degrees of
Photo Researchers, Inc; 214(b), Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; 215(t), variation: climate change in Nunavut, Geological Survey of Canada.
Dr. David P. Frankhauser URL: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser; Misc. Rept. 71, 2001, Natural Resources Canada/Reproduced with the
216(t), William bernarrd/ Corbis; 217(t), Dan Grandmaison/ permission of the Minister of Public Works & Govt. Services, 2002;
Permission of International Wolf Center/URL: www.wolf.org. 331(tr), GSFC/NASA; (r), CSIRO/Simon Fraser/SPL/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; (l), Michael Sewell/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 332(t), JPL/NASA; 332(b),
CHAPTER 9: 218, Topham/The ImageWorks; 222(tc), Michael Sullivan/ NASA; 333(br), GSFC/NASA; 336(tr, tc, tl), NASA; 342, Dr. Jeffrey
TexaStock; (tl), Marcel & Eva Malherbe/The ImageWorks; (tr), Jeff Kiehl/National Center for Atmospheric Research; 343, NASA; 344(b),
Greenberg/Rainbow; 224, Sean Sprague/The ImageWorks; 225, Inga D. Allan/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (t), Terry Brandt/Grant Heilman
Spence/Visuals Unlimited; 226(b), Annie Griffiths Belt/ Corbis; (t), Jean- Photography Inc.; 345, Bruce Brander/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 346(t),
Leo Dugast/Panos Pictures; 227(bl), Mark E. Gibson/ Visuals Unlimited; Mark J. Thomas/Dembinsky Photo Associates; (m), NASA; (b), Dr. Jeffrey
(br), NASA/Johnson Space Center/NASA; 229, Jodi Cobb/ National Kiehl/National Center for Atmospheric Research; 350, Victoria Smith/
Geographic/Getty Images; 230, Louise Gubb/The ImageWorks; 232(t), HRW Photo; 352, Louis Psihoyos/Matrix International; 353, R. Sanders/
Jeff Greenberg/Rainbow; (b), Louise Gubb/The ImageWorks; 239(b), Phil Courtesy of Susan Solomon; (tl), NASA/Visuals Unlimited.
Degginger/Color-Pic, Inc.; (t), Fritz Prenzel/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes.
CHAPTER 14: 354, Jim Wark/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 356(l), J. Messerschmidt/
CHAPTER 10: 240, John Shaw/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 242(tl), Chip Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (b), Hanson Carroll/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 358(bl, bc,
Clark/Smithsonian, NMNH; (bl), Nora Darbyshire/Selmer br), University of Maryland, Baltimore County/ Courtesy U.S. Geological
Ausland/Memories of Deep River URL www.jkcc.com/evje/ Survey; 359(t), Brian Brake/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b), Nicholas
trapping.html; (bc), Norbert Wu/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (bc), Jeff Foott/ DeVore/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 360(t), Mark Gibson/Index Stock Imagery;
Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (br), Jeffrey Rotman/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 244(t), (b), Data:LandSat5 thematic Mapper, Data courtesy of C.P. Lo (U. of
Lineair/ Peter Arnold, Inc.; 246, Art Wolfe/Stone/AllStock; 247, M. GA)/NASA/GSFC; 361(br, bc, bl), Reprinted with permission from the
Timothy O'Keefe/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 248, Alison Wright/Photo City of Seattle, Seattle Public Utilities' IT-Storefront; 362, Morton Beebe/
Researchers, Inc.; 249, M. Edwards/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; Corbis; 363, Douglas Peebles/Corbis; 364, E.R. Degginger/Animals
250(tl, tr), Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (br), S. Cordier/Jacana Animals/Earth Scenes; 367(m), Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bl), Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation (t), Peter Arnold/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 369, Scott Smith/Dembinsky Photo
International, Inc.; (tc), Sally A. Morgan/Corbis; 251(tc, tl), David Associates; 370(t), Hanson Carroll/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (m), Nicholas
Dennis/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (bl), Bill Lea/Dembinsky Photo DeVore/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (b), Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
Associates; (br), Jeff Foott/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (tr), Tim Davis/ Davis/ 376/377, Michael Murphy/By Permission of Selah, Bamberger
Lynn Images; 252, David Clendenen/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Ranch/ URL: www.bambergerranch.org.

Acknowledgments 713

Acknowledgments

Image Credits continued

CHAPTER 15: 378, Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman Photography Inc.; Photo Researchers, Inc.; 496, Ken Sherman/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 497,
381(br), Chris Hellier/Corbis; (bl), Alan Bonicatti/Liaison Agency Inc; Bettmann/Corbis; 498, Lawson Wood/Corbis; 499, Bernd Wittich/
382, David Austen/PictureQuest; 383, Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman Visuals Unlimited; 500(t), Prof. Rathje/The Garbage Project; (b), Roger
Photography Inc.; 384, Arthur C. Smith III/Grant Heilman Photography Ressmeyer/ Corbis; (m), Phil Degginger/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 505,
Inc.; 387(b), Larry Lefever/Grant Heilman Photography Inc.; (tr), Alex S. Victoria Smith/HRW Photo; 506, Sander/Gamma Liaison.
MacLean/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tl), Melinda Berge/Bruce Coleman, Inc.;
389(tl), Tony Stone/Stone; (tc), Nuridsany/ Perennou/Photo Researchers, UNIT 6 OPENER: 508, Anthony Bannister/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
Inc.; (tr), Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; 390, John Zoiner; 391(tl), Nigel 509(t), Argus Fotoarchiv/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (b), Albert
Cattlin/Holt Studios international/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; (tr), Holt Normandin/Masterfile.
Studios International, Ltd.; 394, Patty Melander, permission of the
Land Inst. URL www.landinstitute.org; 395, Roland Seitre/Peter CHAPTER 20: 510, Argus Fotoarchiv/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 514(b),
Arnold, Inc.; 396, Doug Plummer/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 397, James L. Bourseiller/Hoaqui/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (t), John Elk III/Bruce
Amos/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 398, Larry Lefever/Grant Heilman Photography Coleman, Inc.; 515(b), Mark Edwards/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.;
Inc.; 399, Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; 400(t), Chris Hellier/Corbis; (r), Peter Turnley/Corbis; 517(m), J. Serrao/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (t),
(m), Alex S. MacLean/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (b), Inga Spence/Visuals G. DeGrazia/Custom Medical Stock Photo; 518, UNEP/Peter Arnold,
Unlimited; 405, Victoria Smith/HRW Photo; 406(t), Science VU/ARS/ Inc.; 520, Jean-Marc Bouju/AP/Wide World; 521(t), George Turner/
Visuals Unlimited; (b), Scott Smith/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 407(b), Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (inset), David Scharf/Peter Arnold, Inc.;
Reuters NewMedia, Inc./Corbis; (t), Lynsey Addario/SABA/Corbis. 523, Brad Rickerby/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 524(t), Mark Edwards/Still
Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (b), Jean-Marc Bouju/AP/ Wide World; 528,
UNIT 5 OPENER: 408, Luis Vega/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 409(t), Elvfis Barukcic/Corbis; 529, Dan McCoy/Rainbow; 531(inset), Brian
Dan Budnik/Woodfin Camp and Associates; (tc), Werner H. Muller/Peter Witte/AP/Wide World; (b), LisaLoucksChristenson/e-Compass
Arnold, Inc.; (bc), Rafael Macia/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b), Andrew Communications.
Rakoczy/Bruce Coleman, Inc.
CHAPTER 21: 532, Albert Normandin/Masterfile; 533, Rommel
CHAPTER 16: 410, Dan Budnik/Woodfin Camp and Associates; 412(t), Pecson/The ImageWorks; 537(r), D. Seifert/UNEP/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (l),
E.R. Degginger/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b), Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; R. Sorensen/J. Olsen/NHPA; 538, Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 539,
414(r), Mark A. Schneider/Visuals Unlimited; (b), Randy Jolly/The Bettmann/Corbis; 541, C.C. Lockwood/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes;
ImageWorks; 415, Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 416(b), David Barnes/Courtesy 542(bl), Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit; (br), Larry Kolvoord/The ImageWorks;
of New South Wales, Australia Department of Mineral Resources. New 543, Louie Balukoff/AP/Wide World; 545(inset), Bob Schutz/AP/Wide
South Wales Mines Department; (t), By kind permission of K+S World; (bl), Seth Resnick; (br), Pierre Gleizes/AP/Wide World; 547,
Aktiengesellschaft; 417(t), Michael Wickes/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (b), Rhoda Sidney/The ImageWorks; 548(t), Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold,
Larsh Bristol/Visuals Unlimited; 418(t), Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; Inc.; (m), Bettmann/ Corbis; (b), Rhoda Sidney/The ImageWorks;
(b), Carleton E. Watkins/California Historical Society; 419(tr), James L. 552(t, r), HRW Photo; 553, HRW Photo. 554, Andrew Dunn; 555, Trevor
Amos/Corbis; (m), Betty Sederquist/Visuals Unlimited; 420, Mireille Frey
Vautier/Woodfin Camp and Associates; 421, Phillip Richardson/Corbis;
422, Simon Fraser/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 423, Dean Purcell/ AP/ APPENDIX: 559, Sam Dudgeon/HRW Photo; 587(tl), Ted M. Conde/
Wide World; 424, Courtesy of Dr. Prakash; U of AK, Geophysical Inst. Dr. Courtesy Niki Espy; (bl), Selvakumar Ramakrishman; 588, HRW Photo;
Anupma Prakash; 425, Leo Touchet/Woodfin Camp and Associates; 589, HRW Photo; 590(br), Louis Psihoyos/Contact Press Images; (bl),
426(t), Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; (m), Still Pictures/ Peter Arnold, Inc.; Solar Survivor Architecture, Taos; 591(t), Pamela Freund/Solar Survival
(b), Simon Fraser/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 430, E.R. Degginger/ Architecture, Taos; (b), Pamela Freund/Solar Survival Architecture, Taos;
Color-Pic, Inc.; 431, Victoria Smith/HRW Photo; 433(b), Arnaud 592, Flavia Castro; 593, Ken Dudzik; 594(tl), Jonathan A. Meyers; (l),
Zajtman/AP/Wide World; (t), Ryan McVay/PhotoDisc, Inc. Jonathan A. Meyers; 595(t), courtesy Jana L. Walker; (b), Jonathan A.
Meyers; 596(tl), Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; (b), Michael Newman/
CHAPTER 17: 434, Werner H. Muller/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 435(bl), A.J. PhotoEdit; 597, Dian Russell/HRW Photo; 598, Ken Dudzik; 599(t), Alex
Copley/Visuals Unlimited; (br), Richard Hutchings/Photo Researchers, Inc.; S. Maclean/Landslides; (b), Ken Dudzik; 600, courtesy Hanna Anderson;
436, Bob Burch/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 439, Leo Touchet/Woodfin Camp 601, Sam Dudgeon/HRW Photo; 603, Bob Wolf; 606, Sam Dudgeon/
and Associates; 441(l), Gary Klinkhammer/College of Oceanic and HRW Photo; 608(b), Hans Reinhard/Bruce Coleman, Ltd.; (t), Paul S.
Atmospheric Sciences; (r), Dr. Ian R. MacDonald/Texas A&M Univ./ Conklin; 609(inset), George H. Harrison/ Grant Heilman Photography;
AquaPix, LLC; (t), GettyOne.com/Getty Images ; 442, Leonard Lessin/ (b), Mae Scanlan; 610, Skjold/Photri; 612(t), Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat
Peter Arnold, Inc.; 443, Keith Wood/Corbis; 445, George D. Lepp/ Corbis; Conservation International; (b), Donna Hensley/Bat Conservation
446(inset), Courtesy Westinghouse Nuclear Fuel Division/ Westinghouse International; 613(tc, tr), Sam Dudgeon/ HRW Photo; (tl), Stephen
Nuclear Fuel Division; 446(t), Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; 448(t), Keith Dalton/O.S.F./Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 614(r), Tony Tlford/O.S.F./
Wood/Corbis; (b), George D. Lepp/Corbis; 452(br), Holt, Rinehart and Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (t), Stephen Dalton/O.S.F./Animals
Winston/HRW Photo; (bl), Phil Degginger/ Color-Pic, Inc. Animals/Earth Scenes; 615(t), Merlin D. Tuttle/ Bat Conservation
International; (br), Stephen Dalton/O.S.F./ Animals Animals/Earth
CHAPTER 18: 456, Rafael Macia/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 457(br), Scenes; (bl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW Photo; 616(t), Ken Cole/Animals
Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (bl), NASA; 458, Arnout Hyde, Jr./ Animals/Earth Scenes; (b), John Langford/ HRW Photo.
Dembinsky Photo Associates; 459, Permission of Rocky Mountain
Institute URL: www.rmi.org; 461, Schafer & Hill/Peter Arnold, Inc.; All art created by Function Thru Form except where noted below.
463, Carlos Sanuvo/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 467, Warren Gretz/NREL/PIX;
470, Francis Dean/The ImageWorks; 472(t), Schafer & Hill/Peter Arnold, Holt, Rinehart & Winston: 27(r), 84(b), 138(b), 139(t), 140(t), 365(t),
Inc.; (b), Francis Dean/The ImageWorks; 479(b), George Retseck; (m), 365(m), 516(br). Dr. Jeffrey Kiehl/National Center for Atmospheric
Applied Innovative Technologies, Inc. Research: 342(tl). MapQuest.com Inc.: 42(b), 89(b), 176(t), 180(b),
238(t), 301(t), 432(t), 530(t). Roberto Osti: 95(t), 122(l), 122(br),
CHAPTER 19: 480, Andrew Rakoczy/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 481, Michelle 123(tr), 136(b), 174(b), 179(b), 184(t), 204(t), 292(tl). Dan
Bridwell/Frontera Fotos; 482, Mark Sands/SIPA Press, Headquarters; 483, Stuckenschneider/Uhl Studios: viii, xi, xii, 59(b), 60(b), 61(bc), 70(b),
Reuters NewMedia, Inc./TimePix.com; 484, Ray Pfortner/Peter Arnold, 72(b), 124(b), 126(t), 127(b), 132(b), 174(b), 179(b), 269(b), 274(t),
Inc.; 486, Prof. Rathje/The Garbage Project; 488, HRW Photo; 489(bc), 276(b), 287(b), 290(b), 298(br), 306(r), 307(br), 308(tl), 328(b),
Randy Faris/Corbis; (inset), Phil Degginger/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (br), 333(t), 339(b), 385(b), 413(b), 436(b), 444(b), 445(b), 447(b), 455(t),
Kay Park - Rec. Corp; (bl), Andy Christiansen/HRW Photo; 490, Sam 459(t), 460(t), 463(t), 464(l), 465(br), 467(t), 469(b), 471(b), 474(b),
Dudgeon/HRW Photo; 491, Sam Dudgeon/HRW Photo; 492, Roger 485(b), 487(t), 497(t), 507(t). Topozone.com: 56. John White/John
Ressmeyer/Corbis; 493, Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis; 495, Nancy J. Pierce/ White Illustration: 204(t).

714 Acknowledgments