Physics

457. An electron moves with a speed of 2.2 × 106 m/s at right 471. A step-up transformer converts a 4.9 kV voltage to
angles through a 1.1 × 10−2 T magnetic field. How large 49 kV. If the secondary (output) coil has 480 turns, how
is the magnetic force on the electron? many turns does the primary have?

4 58. A pulsar’s magnetic field is 1 × 10−8 T. How fast does 4 72. A 320-turn coil rotates from 0° to 90.0° in a 0.046 T
an electron move perpendicular to this field so that a magnetic field in 0.25 s, which induces an average emf
3.2 × 10−22 N magnetic force acts on the charge? of 4.0 V. What is the area of the coil?

459. A levitation device designed to suspend 75 kg uses 473. A 180-turn coil with a 5.0 × 10−5 m2 area is in a
10.0 m of wire and a 4.8 × 10−4 T mag­netic field, magnetic field that decreases by 5.2 × 10−4 T in
perpendicular to the wire. What current is needed? 1.9 × 10−5 s. What is the induced current if the coil’s
resistance is 1.0 × 102 W?
4 60. A power line carries 1.5 × 103 A for 15 km. Earth’s
magnetic field is 2.3 × 10−5 T at a 45° angle to the 4 74. A generator provides a maximum ac current of 1.2 A
power line. What is the magnetic force on the line? and a maximum output emf of 211 V. Calculate the rms
potential difference.
Electromagnetic Induction
4 75. Calculate the rms current for problem 474.
4 61. A coil with 540 turns and a 0.016 m2 area is rotated
exactly from 0° to 90.0° in 0.050 s. How strong must 476. A generator can provide a maximum output emf of
a magnetic field be to induce an emf of 3.0 V? 170 V. Calculate the rms potential difference.

4 62. A 550-turn coil with an area of 5.0 × 10−5 m2 is in 477. A step-down transformer converts 240 V across the
a magnetic field that decreases by 2.5 × 10−4 T in primary to 5.0 V across the secondary. What is the
2.1 × 10−5 s. What is the induced emf in the coil? step-down ratio (N1:N2)?

4 63. A 246-turn coil has a 0.40 m2 area in a magn­ etic field Atomic Physics
that increases from 0.237 T to 0.320 T. What time
interval is needed to induce an emf of −9.1 V? 478. Determine the energy of a photon of green light with a
wavelength of 527 nm.
4 64. A 9.5 V emf is induced in a coil that rotates from 0.0°
to 90.0° in a 1.25 × 10−2 T magnetic field for 25 ms. 479. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron with
The coil’s area is 250 cm2. How many turns of wire are a velocity of 2.19 × 106 m/s.
in the coil?
480. Calculate the frequency of ultraviolet (UV) light having
465. A generator provides an rms emf of 320 V across 100 Ω. a photon energy of 20.7 eV.
What is the maximum emf?
481. X-ray radiation can have an energy of 12.4 MeV. To what
466. Find the rms current in the circuit in problem 465. wavelength does this correspond?

467. Some wind turbines can provide an rms current of 482. Light of wavelength 240 nm shines on a potassium
1.3 A. What is the maximum ac current? surface. Potassium has a work function of 2.3 eV. What
is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons?
4 68. A transformer has 1400 turns on the primary and
140 turns on the secondary. What is the voltage across 483. Manganese has a work function of 4.1 eV. What is the
the primary if secondary voltage is 6.9 kV? wavelength of the photon that will just have the
threshold energy for manganese?
469. A transformer has 140 turns on the primary and
840 turns on the secondary. What is the voltage across 4 84. What is the speed of a proton with a de Broglie wave-
the secondary if the primary voltage is 5.6 kV? length of 2.64 × 10−14 m?

4 70. A step-down transformer converts a 3.6 kV voltage to 485. A cheetah can run as fast as 28 m/s. If the cheetah has a
1.8 kV. If the primary (input) coil has 58 turns, how de Broglie wavelength of 8.97 × 10−37 m, what is the
many turns does the secondary have? cheetah’s mass?

486. What is the energy of a photon of blue light with a
wavelength of 430.8 nm?

Additional Problems R67

4 87. Calculate the frequency of infrared (IR) light with a 499. Find the mass defect of ​ 52  88  N ​ i.
photon energy of 1.78 eV. 500. Complete this radioactive-decay formula:

4 88. Calculate the wavelength of a radio wave that has a ​ 2   8142   P​ o → ? +  ​24    H​ e.
photon energy of 3.1 × 10−6 eV. 5 01. Complete this radioactive-decay formula:

489. Light of frequency 6.5 × 1014 Hz illuminates a lithium ​ 1   76   N​ → ? +  ​−  01  e​ + ν.
surface. The ejected photoelectrons are found to have a 5 02. Complete this radioactive-decay formula:
maximum kinetic energy of 0.20 eV. Find the threshold
frequency of this metal. ​ 1   6427   S​ m →  ​1  6403  N​ d + ?
503. A 3.29 × 10−3 g sample of a pure radioactive substance
490. Light of wavelength 519 nm shines on a rubidi­um
surface. Rubidium has a work function of 2.16 eV. What is found after 30.0 s to have only 8.22 × 10−4 g left
is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons?
undecayed. What is the half-life of the substance?
491. The smallest known virus moves across a Petri dish at
5.6 × 10−6 m/s. If the de Broglie wavelength of the virus 5 04. The half-life of 1​ 42  0846  C​ nruicsl2e1i..6C ahl.cAulcahterotmheiuamct-iv4i8tysaomf tphlee
is 2.96 × 10−8 m, what is the virus’s mass? contains 6.5 ×

492. The threshold frequency of platinum is 1.36 × 1015 Hz. sample in mCi.
What is the work function of platinum?
505. How long will it take a sample of lead-212 (which has a
493. The ship Queen Elizabeth II has a mass of 7.6 × 107 kg. half-life of 10.64 h) to decay to one-eighth its original
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength if this ship sails at strength?
35 m/s.
5 06. Compute the binding energy of  ​1  5200  S​ n.
494. Cobalt has a work function of 5.0 eV. What is the 507. Calculate the difference in the binding energy of
wavelength of the photon that will just have the
threshold energy for cobalt? ​ 1  62  C ​ and  ​1  86  O​ .
5 08. What is the mass defect of  ​36  04  Z​ n?
4 95. Light of frequency 9.89 × 1014 Hz illuminates a calcium 5 09. Complete this radioactive-decay formula:
surface. The ejected photoelectrons are found to have a
maximum kinetic energy of 0.90 eV. Find the threshold ? → ​ 1  5341  X​ e +  ​−  01  e​ + ν.
frequency of this metal. 5 10. Complete this radioactive-decay formula:

4 96. What is the speed of a neutron with a de Broglie ​ 1  7640   W​ →  ​1  7526  H​ f + ?
wavelength of 5.6 × 10−14 m? 511. Complete this radioactive-decay formula:

Subatomic Physics ? →  ​1  5027  T​ e +  ​24   H ​ e.
512. A 4.14 × 10−4 g sample of a pure radioactive substance
4 97. Calculate the binding energy of ​ 31  99  K​ .
4 98. Determine the difference in the binding energy is found after 1.25 days to have only 2.07 × 10−4 g left
undecayed. What is the substance’s half-life?
of ​ 1   4077  A​ g and  ​26  93  C ​ u.
513. How long will it take a sample of cadmium-109 with a
half-life of 462 days to decay to one-fourth its original
strength?

514. The half-life of ​ 52  56  F​ e is 2.7 years. What is the decay
constant for the isotope?

R68 Appendix I

Selected Answers

The Science of Practice B 33. 1.51 h
Physics 1. 2.2 s 35. a. 2.00 min
3. 5.4 s
Practice A 5. a. 1.4 m/s b. 1.00 min
1. 5 × 10−5 m c. 2.00 min
3. a. 1 × 10−8 m b. 3.1 m/s 37. 931 m
39. −26 m/s; 31 m
b. 1 × 10−5 mm Practice C 41. 1.6 s
c. 1 × 10−2 µm 1. 21 m 43. 5 s; 85 s; +60 m/s
5. 1.440 × 103 kg 3. 9.1 s 45. −1.5 × 103 m/s2
47. a. 3.40 s
1 Review Practice D b. −9.2 m/s
11. a. 2 × 102 mm 1. 9 .8 m/s; 29 m c. −31.4 m/s; −33 m/s
3. −7.5 m/s; 19 m 49. a. 4.6 s after stock car starts
b. 7.8 × 103 s b. 38 m
c. 1.6 × 107 µg Practice E c. + 17 m/s (stock car),
d. 7.5 × 104 cm 1. +2.51 m/s
e. 6.75 × 10−4 g 3. a. 16 m/s +21 m/s (race car)
f. 4.62 × 10−2 cm 51. 4.44 m/s
g. 9.7 m/s b. 7.0 s
13. 1.08 × 109 km 5. +2.3 m/s2 Two-Dimensional
19. a. 3 Motion and Vectors
b. 4 Practice F
c. 3 1. a. −42 m/s Practice A
d. 2 1. a. 23 km
21. 228.8 cm b. 11 s
23. b, c 3. a. 8.0 m/s b. 17 km to the east
29. 4 × 108 breaths 3. 15.7 m at 22° to the side of
31. 5.4 × 108 s b. 1.63 s
33. 2 × 103 balls downfield
35. 7 × 102 tuners 2 Review
37. a. 22 cm; 38 cm2 Practice B
b. 29.2 cm; 67.9 cm2 1. 5.0 m; +5.0 m 1. 95 km/h
39. 9.818 × 10−2 m 3. t 1: negative; t2: positive; 3. 21 m/s, 5.7 m/s
41. The ark (6 × 104 m3) was t3: positive; t4: negative;
about 100 times as large as a t5: zero Practice C
typical house (6 × 102 m3). 7. 10.1 km to the east 1. 49 m at 7.3° to the right of
43. 1.0 × 103 kg
45. a. 0.618 g/cm3 9. a. +70.0 m downfield
b. 4.57 × 1016 m2 b. +140.0 m 3. 13.0 m at 57° north of east
c. +14 m/s
Motion in One d. +28 m/s Practice D
Dimension 11. 0.2 km west of the flagpole 1. 0.66 m/s
17. 0.0 m/s2; +1.36 m/s2; 3. 7.6 m/s
Practice A +0.680 m/s2
1. 2.0 km to the east 19. 110 m Practice E
3. 6 80 m to the north 21. a. −15 m/s 1. yes, ∆y = −2.3 m
5. 0.43 h b. −38 m 3. 2.0 s; 4.8 m
23. 17.5 m
25. 0.99 m/s
31. 3.94 s

Selected Answers R69

Practice F 55. a. 32.5 m 29. 51 N
b. 1.78 s 35. 0.70, 0.60
1. 0 m/s 37. 0.816
3. 3.90 m/s at (4.0 × 101)° north 57. a. 57.7 km/h at 60.0° west of 39. 1.0 m/s2
the vertical 41. 13 N down the incline
of east 43. 6 4 N upward
b. 28.8 km/h straight down 45. a. 0.25 m/s2 forward
3 Review 59. 1 8 m; 7.9 m
61. 6 .19 m/s downfield b. 18 m
7. a. 5.20 m at 60.0° above the c. 3.0 m/s
47. a. 2 s
positive x-axis b. The box will never move.
b. 3 .00 m at 30.0° below the
Forces and the Laws The force exerted is not
positive x-axis of Motion enough to overcome
c. 3.00 m at 150° counter- friction.
49. −1.2 m/s2; 0.12
clockwise from the positive 51. a. 2690 N forward
b. 699 N forward
x-axis 53. 13 N, 13 N, 0 N, −26 N
d. 5 .20 m at 60.0° below the
Practice B Work and Energy
positive x-axis
9. 1 5.3 m at 58.4° south of east 1. Fx = 60.6 N; Fy = 35.0 N Practice A
19. i f the vector is oriented at 45° 3. 557 N at 35.7° west of north 1. 1.50 × 107 J
3. 1.6 × 103
from the axes Practice C
21. a. 5 blocks at 53° north of east 1. 2.2 m/s2 forward Practice B
b. 13 blocks 3. 4.50 m/s2 to the east 1. 1.7 × 102 m/s
23. 6 1.8 m at 76.0° S of E (or S of 5. 14 N 3. t he bullet with the greater

W), 25.0 m at 53.1° S of E (or S Practice D mass; 2 to 1
1. 0.23 5. 1.6 × 103 kg
of W) 3. a. 8.7 × 102 N, 6.7 × 102 N
25. 2.81 km east, 1.31 km north Practice C
31. 45.1 m/s b. 1.1 × 102 N, 84 N 1. 7.8 m
33. 1 1 m c. 1 × 103 N, 5 × 102 N 3. 5.1 m
35. a. clears the goal by 1 m d. 5 N, 2 N
b. falling Practice D
37. 8 0 m; 210 m Practice E 1. 3.3 J
41. a. 70 m/s east 1. 2.7 m/s2 in the positive x 3. a. 785 J
b. 20 m/s
43. a. 10.1 m/s at 8.53° east of direction b. 105 J
3. a. 0.061 c. 0.00 J
north
b. 48.8 m b. 3.61 m/s2 down the ramp Practice E
45. 7 .5 min 1. 20.7 m/s
47. a. 41.7 m/s 3. 14.1 m/s
b. 3.81 s 5. 0.18 m
c. vy,f = −13.5 m/s,
vx,f = 34.2 m/s, 4 Review
vf = 36.7 m/s
49. 10.5 m/s 11. a. Fpb1ooti(nh2t2ps0oleNinft)t,araningddhtFF;22F((111(112442N0N)N) )
points right.
51. a. 2.66 m/s
b. 0.64 m b. f irst situation: 220 N to the
53. 1 57 km right, 114 N to the right;
second situation: 220 N to
the left, 114 N to the right

21. 5 5 N to the right

R70 Selected Answers

Practice F Practice C 37. a. 0.0 kg•m/s
1. 66 kW 1. 5.33 s; 53.3 m to the west b. 1.1 kg•m/s upward
3. 2.61 × 108 s (8.27 years) 3. a. 1.22 × 104 N to the east
5. a. 7.50 × 104 J 39. 2 3 m/s
b. 53.3 m to the west 41. 4.0 × 102 N
b. 2.50 × 104 W 43. 2 .36 × 10−2 m
Practice D 45. 0 .413
5 Review 1. 1.90 m/s 47. − 22 cm/s, 22 cm/s
7. 5 3 J, −53 J 3. a. 12.0 m/s 49. a. 9.9 m/s downward
9. 47.5 J
19. 7.6 × 104 J b. 9.6 m/s b. 1.8 × 103 N upward
21. 2 .0 × 101 m
23. a. 5400 J, 0 J; 5400 J Practice E Circular Motion and
1. 3.8 m/s to the south Gravitation
b. 0 J, –5400 J; 5400 J 3. 4.25 m/s to the north
c. 2700 J, –2700 J; 5400 J 5. a. 3.0 kg Practice A
33. 12.0 m/s 1. 2.5 m/s
35. 17.2 s b. 5.32 m/s 3. 1.5 m/s2
37. a. 0.633 J
b. 0.633 J Practice F Practice B
c. 2.43 m/s 1. a. 0.43 m/s to the west 1. 29.6 kg
d. 0.422 J, 0.211 J 3. 40.0 N
39. 5.0 m b. 17 J
41. 2.5 m 3. a. 4.6 m/s to the south Practice C
45. a. 61 J 1. 0.692 m
b. −45 J b. 3.9 × 103 J 3. a. 651 N
c. 0 J
47. a. 28.0 m/s Practice G b. 246 N
b. 30.0 m above the ground c. 38.5 N
49. 0 .107 1. a. 22.5 cm/s to the right
51. a. 66 J b. KEi = 6.2 × 10−4 J = Practice D
b. 2.3 m/s 3. a. 8.0 m/s to the right KEf 1. Earth: 7.69 × 103 m/s,
c. 66 J
d. −16 J b. KEi = 1.3 × 102 J = KEf 5.51 × 103 s; Jupiter:
4.20 × 104 m/s,
Momentum and 6 Review 1.08 × 104 s; moon:
Collisions 1.53 × 103 m/s,
11. a. 8.35 × 10−21 kg•m/s 8.63 × 103 s
Practice A upward
1. 2.5 × 103 kg•m/s to the south Practice E
3. 46 m/s to the east b. 4.88 kg•m/s to the right 1. 0.75 N•m
c. 7.50 × 102 kg•m/s to the 3. 133 N
Practice B
1. 3.8 × 102 N to the left southwest 7 Review
3. 16 kg•m/s to the south d. 1.78 × 1029 kg•m/s forward 9. 2.7 m/s
13. 1 8 N 11. 6 2 kg
23. 0.037 m/s to the south 19. 1.0 × 10−10 m (0.10 nm)
29. 3.00 m/s
31. a. 0.81 m/s to the east
b. 1.4 × 103 J
33. 4.0 m/s
35. 42.0 m/s toward second base

Selected Answers R71

27. vt = 1630 m/s; Heat Practice C
T = 5.78 × 105 1. 0.1504
s 3. a. 0.247
29. Jupiter (m = 1.9 × 1027 kg)
33. Practice A b. 4.9 × 104 J
37. F 2 N•m 1. −89.22°C, 183.93 K 5. 755 J
26 3. 37.0°C, 39°C
39. 12 m/s 5. −195.81°C, −320.5°F 10 Review
41. 220 N 3. b, c, d, e
43. 1800 N•m Practice B 9. 1 .08 × 103 J; done by the gas
45. 2.0 × 102 N 1. 755 J 15. a. none (Q, W, and ∆U > 0)
47. 7 2% 3. 0.96 J
49. a. 2.25 days b. ∆ U < 0, Q < 0 for refrigera-
b. 1.60 × 104 m/s tor interior (W = 0)
51. a. 6300 N•m
b. 550 N Practice C c . ∆U < 0 (Q = 0, W > 0)
53. 6620 N; no (Fc = 7880 N) 1. 47°C 17. a. 1.7 × 106 J, to the rod
3. 390 J/kg•°C
b. 3.3 × 102 J; by the rod
Fluid Mechanics 9 Review c . 1.7 × 106 J; it increases
27. 0.32
Practice A 9. 57.8°C, 331.0 K 29. a. 188 J
1. a. 3.57 × 103 kg/m3 25. a. 2.9 J b. 1.400 × 103 J
b. It goes into the air, the
b. 6.4 × 102 kg/m3 Vibrations and
3. 9.4 × 103 N ground, and the hammer. Waves
31. 25.0°C
Practice B 33. a. TR = TF + 459.7, or Practice A
1. a. 1.48 × 103 N TF = TR − 459.7 1. a. 15 N/m
TTTCT=H=​_=59  _​32   ​T_​ 23  ​(R  T​T, ToCHr+T−R550=0, )o_​59  r  ​T
b. 1.88 × 105 Pa b. b. less stiff
3. a. 1.2 × 103 Pa 35. a. 3. 2.7 × 103 N/m

b. 6.0 × 10−2 N Practice B
b. −360° TH 1. 1.4 × 102 m
8 Review 37. 330 g 3. 3.6 m
9. 2.1 × 103 kg/m3 39. 5.7 × 103 J/min = 95 J/s
15. 6.28 N Practice C
21. 1.01 × 1011 N Thermodynamics 1. 2.1 × 102 N/m
23. 6.11 × 10−1 kg 3. 39.7 N/m
25. 17 N, 31 N Practice A 5. a. 1.7 s, 0.59 Hz
27. a. 1.0 × 103 kg/m3 1. a. 6.4 × 105 J
b. 0.14 s, 7.1 Hz
b. 3.5 × 102 Pa b. −4.8 × 105 J c. 1.6 s, 0.62 Hz
c. 2.1 × 103 Pa 3. 3.3 × 102 J
29. 1.7 × 10−2 m Practice D
31. 0.605 m Practice B 1. 0.081 m ≤ λ ≤ 12 m
33. 6.3 m 1. 33 J 3. 4.74 × 1014 Hz
35. a. 0.48 m/s2 3. 1.00 × 104 J
b. 4.0 s 5. 1.74 × 108 J
37. 1.7 × 10−3 m

R72 Selected Answers

11 Review 43. a. 5.0 × 104 W 51. p = 11.3 cm
9. 580 N/m b. 2.8 × 10−3 W 55. R = −25.0 cm
11. 4A 57. c oncave, R = 48.1 cm;
19. 9.7 m Light and Reflection
21. a. 0.57 s M = 2.00; virtual
Practice A
b. 1.8 Hz 1. 1.0 × 10−13 m Refraction
27. 1/3 s; 3 Hz 3. 8 5.7 m–10.1 m; The wave-
35. 0.0333 m Practice A
39. a. 0.0 cm lengths are shorter than those 1. 18.5°
of the AM radio band. 3. 1.47
b. 48 cm 5. 5.4 × 1014 Hz
43. a, b, and d (λ = 0.5L, L, and Practice B
Practice B 1. 2 0.0 cm, M = −1.00; real,
2L, respectively) 1. p = 10.0 cm: no image
45. 1.7 N inverted image
47. 446 m (infinite q); p = 5.00 cm: 3. −6.67 cm, M = 0.333; virtual,
49. 9.70 m/s2 q = −10.0 cm, M = 2.00;
51. 9:48 a.m. ­virtual, upright image upright image
3. R = 1.00 × 102 cm; M = 2.00;
Sound virtual image Practice C
1. 42.8°
Practice A Practice C 3. 49.8°
1. a. 8.0 × 10−4 W/m2 1. p = 46.0 cm; M = 0.500;
14 Review
b. 1.6 × 10−3 W/m2 virtual, upright image;
c. 6.4 × 10−3 W/m2 h = 3.40 cm 11. 26°
3. 2.3 × 10−5 W 3. p = 45 cm; h = 17 cm; 13. 30.0°, 19.5°, 19.5°, 30.0°
5. 4.8 m M = 0.41; virtual, upright 23.
image 25. y es, because nice > nair
Practice B 5. q = −1.31 cm; M = 0.125; 3.40; upright
1. 440 Hz virtual, upright image 37. a. 31.3°
3. a. 82.1 Hz b. 44.2°
13 Review c. 49.8°
b. 115 Hz 7. 3.00 × 108 m/s 39. 1.31
c. 144 Hz 11. 1 × 10−6 m 41. 1 .62; carbon disulfide
13. 9.1 × 10−3 m (9.1 mm) 43. 7.50 cm
12 Review 21. 1.2 m/s; The image moves 45. a. 6.00 cm
23. 7.96 × 10−2 W/m2 b. A diverging lens cannot
25. a. 4.0 m toward the mirror’s surface.
35. q = 26 cm; real, inverted; form an image larger than
b. 2.0 m
c. 1.3 m M = −2.0 the object.
d. 1.0 m 47. i nverted; p = 6.1 cm; f = 2.6 47. a. 3.01 cm
29. 3 Hz b. 2.05 cm
35. 3.0 × 103 Hz cm; real 49. blue: 47.8°, red: 48.2°
37. 5 beats per second 49. q 2 = 6.7 cm; real; M1 = −0.57, 51. 48.8°
39. 0.20 s 53. 4 .54 m
41. Lclosed = 1.5 (Lopen) M2 = −0.27; inverted 55. _ ​1  90  ​ f

Selected Answers R73

57. a. 24.7° Practice B Electrical Energy
b. It will pass through the and Current
1. 4 7 N, along the negative
bottom surface because x-axis; 157 N, along the
positive x-axis; 11.0 × 101 N,
59. θi < θc (θc = 41.8°). along the negative x-axis
1 .38
61. 5 8.0 m Practice A
63. a. 4.83 cm 1. 6.4 × 10−19 C
b. T he lens must be moved Practice C 3. 2.3 × 10−16 J
1. x = 0.62 m
0.12 cm. 3. 5.07 m
65. 1.90 cm
Practice B
Interference and Practice D 1. a. 4.80 × 10−5 C
Diffraction
1. 1.66 × 105 N/C, 81.1° above b. 4.50 × 10−6 J
Practice A the positive x-axis 3. a. 9.00 V
1. 5.1 × 10−7 m = 5.1 × 102 nm
3. 0.125° 3. a. 3.2 × 10−15 N, along the b. 5.0 × 10−12 C
negative x-axis
Practice B Practice C
1. 0.02°, 0.04°, 0.11° b. 3.2 × 10−15 N, along the 1. 4.00 × 102 s
3. 11 positive x-axis 3. 6.00 × 102 s
5. 6.62 × 103 lines/cm 5. a. 2.6 × 10−3 A
16 Review
15 Review b. 1.6 × 1017 electrons
5. θ would decrease because λ is 15. 3 .50 × 103 N c. 5.1 × 10−3 A
17. 91 N (repulsive)
shorter in water. 19. 1.48 × 10−7 N, along the +x
9. 630 nm Practice D
11. 1 60 µm direction 1. 0.43 A
19. 3.22° 21. 1 8 cm from the 3.5 nC charge 3. a. 2.5 A
21. a. 10.09°, 13.71°, 14.77° 33. 5.7 × 103 N/C, 75° above the
b. 6.0 A
b. 20.51°, 28.30°, 30.66° positive x-axis 5. 46 Ω
29. 432.0 nm 35. a. 5.7 × 10−27 N, in a direc-
31. 1 .93 × 10–3 mm = 3 λ; a
tion opposite E Practice E
maximum b. 3.6 × 10−8 N/C 1. 14 Ω
37. a. 2.0 × 107 N/C, along the 3. 1.5 V
5. 5.00 × 102 A
positive x-axis
b. 4.0 × 101 N
41. 7.2 × 10−9 C
43. 5 vvpe.4lreoc×ttoron1n=0=−214.44.4N××110036mm//ss;
45. 17 Review

9. −4.2 × 105 V
19. 0.22 J
47. 2.0 × 10−6 C 23.
49. 32.5 m 33. vaa. v3g .>5 >mivndrift
51. a. 5.3 × 1017 m/s2
b. 8.5 × 10−4 m b. 1.2 × 1022 electrons
Electric Forces and 41. 3.4 A
Fields c. 2.9 × 1014 m/s2 49. 3 .6 × 106 J
53. a. positive
Practice A b. 5.3 × 10−7 C 51. t he 75 W bulb
1. 230 N (attractive) 53. 2.0 × 1016 J
3. 0.393 m 55. a. 1.3 × 104 N/C
b. 4.2 × 106 m/s

R74 Selected Answers

55. 93 Ω Rd: 1.0 A, 4.0 V Magnetism
57. 3 .000 m; 2.00 × 10−7 C Re: 1.0 A, 4.0 V
59. 4.0 × 103 V/m Rf  : 2.0 A, 4.0 V Practice A
61. a. 4.11 × 10−15 J 1. 3.57 × 106 m/s
18 Review 3. 6.0 × 10−12 N west
b. 2.22 × 106 m/s
63. a. 1.13 × 105 V/m 17. a. 24 Ω Practice B
b. 1.0 A 1. 1.7 × 10−7 T in +z direction
b. 1.81 × 10−14 N 19. a. 2.99 Ω 3. 1.5 T
c. 4.39 × 10−17 J b. 4.0 A
65. 0 .545 m, −1.20 m 21. a. seven combinations 19 Review
67. a. 7.2 × 10−13 J _​R 2  ​, _​R 3  ​, _​2  3R ​  , _​3  2R  ​  31. 2.1 × 10−3 m/s
b. 2.9 × 107 m/s 23. b. R, 2R, 3R, 33. 2.00 T
69. a. 3.0 × 10−3 A 1 5 Ω 39. 2 .1 × 10−2 T, in the negative y
b. 1.1 × 1018 electrons/min 25. 3 .0 Ω: 1.8 A, 5.4 V
71. a. 32 V 6.0 Ω: 1.1 A, 6.5 V direction
b. 0.16 V 9.0 Ω: 0.72 A, 6.5 V 41. 2 .0 T, out of the page
73. 1.0 × 105 W 27. 2 8 V 43. a. 8.0 m/s
75. 3 .2 × 105 J 29. 3 .8 V
77. 1 3.5 h 31. a. 33.0 Ω b. 5.4 × 10−26 J
79. 2.2 × 10−5 V b. 132 V 45. 2.82 × 107 m/s

c. 4.00 A, 4.00 A Electromagnetic
33. 10.0 Ω Induction
Circuits and Circuit 35. a. a
Elements b. c Practice A
c. d 1. 0.30 V
d. e 3. 0.14 V
37. 18.0 Ω: 0.750 A, 13.5 V
Practice A 6.0 Ω: 0.750 A, 4.5 V Practice B
1. a. 43.6 Ω 39. 4.0 Ω 1. 4.8 A; 6.8 A, 170 V
41. 1 3.96 Ω 3. a. 7.42 A
b. 0.275 A 43. a. 62.4 Ω
3. 1.0 V, 2.0 V, 2.5 V, 3.5 V b. 0.192 A b. 14.8 Ω
5. 0.5 Ω 5. a. 1.10 × 102 V

c. 0.102 A b. 2.1 A
d. 0.520 W
Practice B e. 0.737 W Practice C
1. 4.5 A, 2.2 A, 1.8 A, 1.3 A 47. a. 5.1 Ω 1. 55 turns
3. a. 2.2 Ω b. 4.5 V 3. 25 turns
49. a. 11 A (heater), 9.2 A 5. 147 V
b. 6.0 A, 3.0 A, 2.00 A
20 Review
Practice C (toaster), 12 A (grill) 11. 0.12 A
1. a. 27.8 Ω b. The total current is 32.2 A, 27. a. 2.4 × 102 V

b. 26.6 Ω so the 30.0 A circuit breaker b. 2.0 A
c. 23.4 Ω
will open the circuit if these

appliances are all on.

Practice D

Ra: 0.50 A, 2.5 V
Rb: 0.50 A, 3.5 V
Rc: 1.5 A, 6.0 V

Selected Answers R75

29. a. 8.34 A Subatomic Physics APPENDIX I
b. 119 V
Practice A Additional Problems
35. 221 V 1. 160.65 MeV; 342.05 MeV
37. a. a step-down transformer 3. 7.933 MeV 1. 11.68 m
3. 6.4 × 10−2 m3
b. 1.2 × 103 V Practice B 5. 6.7 × 10−5 ps
43. 790 turns 1. ​ 1​ 62​ C 7. 2.80 h = 2 h, 48 min
45. a. a step-up transformer 3. ​ 1​ 64​ C 9. 4.0 × 101 km/h
5. ​ 62​  38N ​ i → ​ 26​  39 C​ u + ​ −​   10 ​e + ν​̶   ​  11. 48 m/h
b. 440 V 13. +25.0 m/s = 25.0 m/s,
47. 171:1 Practice C
49. 300 V 1. 4.23 × 103 s−1, 0.23 Ci upward
3. 9.94 × 10−7 s−1, 15. 44.8 m/s
Atomic Physics 17. −21.5 m/s2 = 21.5 m/s2,
6.7 × 10−7 Ci
Practice A 5. a. a bout 5.0 × 107 atoms backward
1. 2.0 Hz 19. 38.5 m
3. 1.2 × 1015 Hz b. about 3.5 × 108 atoms 21. 126 s
23. 1.27 s
Practice B 22 Review 25. 11 km/h
1. 4.83 × 1014 Hz 1. 79; 118; 79 27. 2.74 s
3. 2.36 eV 7. 92.162 MeV 29. 10.5 m, forward
9. 8.2607 MeV/nucleon; 8.6974 31. 5.9 s
Practice C 33. 8.3 s
1. 4.56 × 1014 Hz; line 4 MeV/nucleon 35. 7.4 s
3. 1.61 × 1015 Hz 21. a. ​ 42​  ​ He 37. −490 m/s2 = 490 m/s2,
5. E6 to E2; line 1
Practice D b. ​ ​24  ​ He backward
1. 39.9 m/s 23. 560 days 39. 17.3 s
3. 8.84 × 10−27 m/s 27. a. −e 41. 7.0 m
5. 1.0 × 10−15 kg 43. 2.6 m/s
b. 0 45. −11.4 m/s = 11.4 m/s,
21 Review 33. 1 .2 × 10−14
11. 4.8 × 1017 Hz 35. 3 .53 MeV downward
13. 1 .2 × 1015 Hz 37. a. ​ ​01​  −​ ​n  10+ ​e +​ 1​  79ν​̶ 97  ​​A  u → ​ 1​  8908 ​Hg + 47. 8.5° north of east
23. a. 2.46 × 1015 Hz 49. 5.0° south of west
b. 7.885 MeV 51. 770 m
b. 2.92 × 1015 Hz 39. ​ 32​   ​H  e 53. −33 km/h = 33 km/h,
c. 3.09 × 1015 Hz 41. 2 .6 × 1021 atoms
d. 3.16 × 1015 Hz 43. a. ​48​   ​ Be downward
33. 1.4 × 107 m/s 45. b3.. 8 ​​1  ×62​ C103 s 55. 18.9 km, 76° north of west
35. 2.00 eV 47. 1 .1 × 1016 fission events 57. 17.0 m
37. 0.80 eV 59. 52.0°
61. 79 s
63. 15.8 m, 55° below the

horizontal
65. 0.290 m/s, east; 1.16 m/s,

north
67. 2.6 km

R76 Selected Answers

69. 66 km, 46° south of east 149. 1.58 × 103 kg•m/s, north 229. 2.0 × 101 m2
71. 10.7 m 1 51. 3.38 × 1031 kg 231. 4.30 kg
73. 3.0 s 153. 18 s 2 33. 374°F to −292°F
75. 76.9 km/h, 60.1° west of north 155. 637 m, to the right 2 35. 6.6 × 10−2°C
77. 7.0 × 102 m, 3.8° above the 1 57. 7.5 g 237. 1.29 × 104 J
1 59. 0.0 m/s 2 39. 4.1 × 10−2 kg
horizontal 1 61. −5.0 × 101 percent 241. 1.200 × 103°C
79. 47.2 m 163. 16.4 m/s, west 2 43. 315 K
81. 6.36 m/s 1 65. 5.33 × 107 kg•m/s 2 45. 1.91 × 10−2 kg = 19.1 g
83. 13.6 km/h, 73° south of east 167. 1.0 × 101 m/s 2 47. 530 J/kg•°C
85. 58 N 1 69. 560 N, east 249. −930°C
87. 14.0 N; 2.0 N 171. −3.3 × 108 N = 3.3 × 108 N, 251. 1.50 × 103 Pa = 1.50 kPa
89. 9.5 × 104 kg 2 53. 873 J
91. 258 N, up the slope backward 2 55. 244 J
93. 15.9 N 173. 52 m 257. 5.3 × 103 J
95. 2.0 m/s2 175. 24 kg 259. 2.4 × 103 Pa = 2.4 kPa
97. 1 77. 90.6 km/h, east 261. 5895 J
99. F−x4=488m.60/sN2 =; F4y 4=8 12.3 N 1 79. 26 km/h, 37° north of east 263. 5.30 × 102 kJ = 5.30 × 105 J
m/s2, 1 81. −157 J 2 65. 1.0 × 104 J
1 83. 0.125 kg 267. −18 N
backward 1 85. −4.1 × 104 J 269. −0.11 m = −11 cm
1 01. 15 kg 1 87. 9.8 kg 271. 4.0 × 10−2 m = 4.0 cm
103. 0.085 1 89. 1.0 m/s, 60° south of east 273. 0.2003 Hz
105. 1.7 × 108 N 1 91. 4.04 × 103 m/s2 275. 730 N/m
1 07. 24 N, downhill 1 93. 42 m/s 277. 1.4 × 103 m/s
1 09. 1.150 × 103 N 195. 8.9 kg 279. 2.2 × 104 Hz
111. 1.2 × 104 N 197. 1.04 × 104 m/s = 10.4 km/s 281. 8.6 × 103 N/m
113. 0.60 199. 1.48 × 1023 kg 283. 3.177 s
1 15. 38.0 m 2 01. 1.10 × 1012 m 285. 82 kg
1 17. 2.5 × 104 J 2 03. 6.6 × 103 m/s = 6.6 km/s 2 87. 1.2 s
1 19. 247 m/s 2 05. 0.87 m 2 89. 1.5 × 103 m/s
1 21. −5.46 × 104 J 2 07. 254 N 291. 1.1 W/m2
123. 3.35 × 106 J 2 09. 0.42 m = 42 cm 2 93. 294 Hz
1 25. 1.23 J 2 11. 25 N 295. 408 m/s
1 27. 12 s 2 13. 165 kg 297. 0.155 m
1 29. 0.600 m 215. 5.09 × 105 s = 141 h 2 99. 0.211 m = 21.1 cm
1 31. 133 J 217. 5.5 × 109 m = 5.5 × 106 km 3 01. 2.9971 × 108 m/s
1 33. 53.3 m/s 2 19. 1.6 N•m 303. 3.2 × 10−7 m = 320 nm
1 35. 72.2 m 221. 6.62 × 103 N 305. −0.96 cm
1 37. 0.13 m = 13 cm 2 23. 0.574 m 307. −1.9 cm
1 39. 7.7 m/s 2 25. 8.13 × 10−3 m2 3 09. 3.8 m
141. 8.0 s 227. 2.25 × 104 kg/m3 311. 0.25
143. 230 J 313. 38 cm
145. 7.96 m
147. 6.0 × 101 m/s

Selected Answers R77

3 15. 2.40 3 79. 260 N from either charge 4 45. 1.6 A
3 17. 0.98 cm 381. 1.6 × 10−12 C 4 47. 1.45 A
3 19. 10.5 cm 383. 0.585 m = 58.5 cm 4 49. 4 × 10−12 N
3 21. 64.0 cm in front of the mirror 3 85. 3.97 × 10−6 N, upward 451. 7.6 × 106 m/s
323. 8.3 cm 3 87. 0.073 m = 7.3 cm 4 53. 0.70 A
325. 0.40 3 89. 7.5 × 10−6 N, along the 455. 5.1 × 10−4 T
327. −11 cm 457. 3.9 × 10−15 N
3 29. 2.9979 × 108 m/s +y-axis 4 59. 1.5 × 105 A
3 31. 33.3 cm 3 91. 4.40 × 105 N/C, 89.1° above 4 61. 1.7 × 10−2 T
3 33. 0.19 463. 0.90 s
335. 32.2° the −x-axis 465. 450 V
337. −10.4 cm 393. −7.4 C 467. 1.8 A
3 39. 18 cm 395. 1.6 × 10−19 C 469. 3.4 × 104 V = 34 kV
3 41. 1.63 3 97. 36 cm 471. 48 turns
343. 39.38° 3 99. 4.4 × 10−4 J 473. 2.5 × 10−3 A = 2.5 mA
3 45. 58° 4 01. 7.1 × 10−4 F 4 75. 0.85 A
3 47. −21 cm 403. 4.0 A 4 77. 48:1
349. ∞ 405. 160 Ω 4 79. 3.32 × 10−10 m
351. 1.486 4 07. 1.7 × 106 W = 1.7 MW 481. 1.00 × 10−13 m
3 53. 1.54 409. 6.4 × 102 N/C 483. 3.0 × 10−7 m
3 55. 4.8 cm 411. 12 V 485. 26 kg
3 57. 1.73 to 1.83 4 13. 1.2 × 10−5 m 487. 4.30 × 1014 Hz
3 59. 5.18 × 10−4 m = 0.518 mm 415. 1.4 × 102 C 4 89. 6.0 × 1014 Hz
361. 0.137° 417. 7.2 s 4 91. 4.0 × 10−21 kg
363. 9.0 × 10−7 m = 9.0 × 102 nm 4 19. 4.8 V 4 93. 2.5 × 10−43 m
365. 11.2° 4 21. 116 V 4 95. 7.72 × 1014 Hz
3 67. 0.227° 423. 5.0 × 105 W = 0.50 MW 497. 333.73 MeV
369. 1.445 × 104 lines/cm 4 25. 7.5 × 106 V 499. 0.543 705 u
371. 140 N attractive 427. 3.00 × 102 Ω 501. ​ 1​  86 ​O
373. 2.2 × 10−17 C 4 29. 6.0 Ω 503. 15.0 s
375. 0.00 N 4 31. 13 Ω 505. 31.92 h
377. 4.0 × 10−8 N, 9.3° below the 433. 6.0 Ω 507. 35.46 MeV
435. 0.056 A = 56 mA 5 09. ​ 1​  5331​ I
negative x-axis 437. 1.6 A (refrigerator); 5 11. ​ 1​  5141 ​Xe
5 13. 924 days
1.3 A (oven)
439. 12.6 Ω
4 41. 2.6 V
4 43. 9.4 Ω

R78 Selected Answers

Glossary

A B compression  the region of a longitudi-
nal wave in which the density and
absorption spectrum  a diagram or back emf  the emf induced in a motor’s pressure are at a maximum
graph that indicates the wavelengths coil that tends to reduce the current in
of radiant energy that a substance the coil of the motor Compton shift  an increase in the
absorbs wavelength of the photon scattered by
beat  the periodic variation in the an electron relative to the wavelength
acceleration  the rate at which velocity amplitude of a wave that is the of the incident photon
changes over time; an object superposition of two waves of slightly
accelerates if its speed, direction, or different frequencies concave spherical mirror  a mirror
both change whose reflecting surface is an
binding energy  the energy released inward-curved segment of a sphere
accuracy  a description of how close a when unbound nucleons come
measurement is to the correct or together to form a stable nucleus, constructive interference  a superposi-
accepted value of the quantity which is equivalent to the energy tion of two or more waves in which
measured required to break the nucleus into individual displacements on the same
individual nucleons side of the equilibrium position are
adiabatic process  a thermodynamic added together to form the resultant
process in which no energy is blackbody radiation  the radiation wave
transferred to or from the system as emitted by a blackbody, which is a
heat perfect radiator and absorber and controlled experiment  an experiment
emits radiation based only on its that tests only one factor at a time by
alternating current  an electric current temperature using a comparison of a control group
that changes direction at regular with an experimental group
intervals buoyant force  the upward force exerted
by a liquid on an object immersed in convex spherical mirror  a mirror
amplitude  the maximum displacement or floating on the liquid whose reflecting surface is an
from equilibrium outward-curved segment of a sphere
C
angle of incidence  the angle between a crest  the highest point above the
ray that strikes a surface and the line calorimetry  an experimental procedure equilibrium position
perpendicular to that surface at the used to meas­ure the energy trans-
point of contact ferred from one substance to another critical angle  the minimum angle of
as heat incidence for which total internal
angle of reflection  the angle formed by reflection occurs
the line perpendicular to a surface capacitance  the ability of a conductor
and the direction in which a reflected to store energy in the form of cyclic process  a thermodynamic
ray moves electrically separated charges process in which a system returns to
the same conditions under which it
angular acceleration  the time rate of center of mass  the point in a body at started
change of angular velocity, usually which all the mass of the body can be
expressed in radians per second per considered to be concentrated when D
second analyzing translational motion
decibel  a dimensionless unit that
angular displacement  the angle centripetal acceleration  the accelera- describes the ratio of two intensities of
through which a point, line, or body is tion directed toward the center of a sound; the threshold of hearing is
rotated in a specified direction and circular path commonly used as the reference
about a specified axis intensity
chromatic aberration  the focusing of
angular momentum  for a rotating different colors of light at different destructive interference  a superposi-
object, the product of the object’s distances behind a lens tion of two or more waves in which
moment of inertia and angular individual displacements on opposite
velocity about the same axis coefficient of friction  the ratio of the sides of the equilibrium position are
magnitude of the force of friction added together to form the resultant
angular velocity  the rate at which a between two objects in contact to the wave
body rotates about an axis, usually magnitude of the normal force with
expressed in radians per second which the objects press against each diffraction  a change in the direction of
other a wave when the wave encounters an
antinode  a point in a standing wave, obstacle, an opening, or an edge
halfway between two nodes, at which coherence  the correlation between the
the largest displacement occurs phases of two or more waves dispersion  the process of separating
polychromatic light into its compo-
average velocity  the total displacement components of a vector  the projections nent wavelengths
divided by the time interval during of a vector along the axes of a
which the displacement occurred coordinate system displacement  the change in position of
an object

Glossary R79

doping  the addition of an impurity entropy  a measure of the randomness H
element to a semiconductor or disorder of a system
half-life  the time needed for half of the
Doppler effect  an observed change in environment  the combination of original nuclei of a sample of a
frequency when there is relative conditions and influences outside a radioactive substance to undergo
motion between the source of waves system that affect the behavior of the radioactive decay
and an observer system
harmonic series  a series of frequencies
drift velocity  the net velocity of a equilibrium  in physics, the state in that includes the fundamental
charge carrier moving in an electric which the net force on an object is frequency and integral multiples of
field zero the fundamental frequency

E excited state  a state in which an atom heat  the energy transferred between
has more energy than it does at its objects because of a difference in their
elastic collision  a collision in which the ground state temperatures; energy is always
total momentum and total kinetic transferred from higher-temperature
energy remain constant F objects to lower-t­ emperature objects
until thermal equilibrium is reached
elastic potential energy  the energy fluid  a nonsolid state of matter in which
available for use when an elastic body the atoms or molecules are free to hole  an energy level that is not
returns to its original configuration move past each other, as in a gas or occupied by an electron in a solid
liquid
electric circuit  a set of electrical hypothesis  an explanation that is based
components connected such that they force  an action exerted on an object on prior scientific research or
provide one or more complete paths which may change the object’s state of observations and that can be tested
for the movement of charges rest or motion; force has magnitude
and direction I
electric current  the rate at which
charges pass through a given area frame of reference  a system for ideal fluid  a fluid that has no internal
specifying the precise location of friction or viscosity and is
electric field  a region where an electric objects in space and time incompressible
force on a test charge can be detected
free fall  the motion of a body when impulse  the product of the force and
electric potential  the work that must be only the force due to gravity is acting the time over which the force acts on
performed against electric forces to on the body an object
move a charge from a reference point
to the point in question divided by the frequency  the number of cycles or index of refraction  the ratio of the
charge vibrations per unit of time; also the speed of light in a vacuum to the
number of waves produced per unit of speed of light in a given transparent
electrical conductor  a material in time medium
which charges can move freely
fundamental frequency  the lowest induction  the process of charging a
electrical insulator  a material in which frequency of vibration of a standing conductor by bringing it near another
charges cannot move freely wave charged object and grounding the
conductor
electrical potential energy  potential G
energy associated with a charge due to inertia  the tendency of an object to
its position in an electric field generator  a machine that converts resist being moved or, if the object is
mechanical energy into electrical moving, to resist a change in speed or
electromagnetic induction  the process energy direction
of creating a current in a circuit by a
changing magnetic field gravitational force  the mutual force of instantaneous velocity  the velocity of
attraction between particles of matter an object at some instant or at a
electromagnetic radiation  the transfer specific point in the object’s path
of energy associated with an electric gravitational potential energy  the
and magnetic field; it varies periodi- potential energy stored in the intensity  the rate at which energy flows
cally and travels at the speed of light gravitational fields of interacting through a unit area perpendicular to
bodies the direction of wave motion
electromagnetic wave  a wave that
consists of oscillating electric and ground state  the lowest energy state of internal energy  the energy of a
magnetic fields, which radiate a quantized system substance due to both the random
outward from the source at the speed motions of its particles and to the
of light potential energy that results from the
distances and alignments between the
emission spectrum  a diagram or graph particles
that indicates the wavelengths of
radiant energy that a substance emits

R80 Glossary

isothermal process  a thermodynamic mechanical energy  the sum of kinetic period  the time that it takes a complete
process that takes place at constant energy and all forms of potential cycle or wave oscillation to occur
temperature energy
phase change  the physical change of a
isotope  an atom that has the same mechanical wave  a wave that requires a substance from one state (solid,
number of protons (or the same medium through which to travel liquid, or gas) to another at constant
atomic number) as other atoms of the temperature and pressure
same element do but that has a medium  a physical environment
different number of neutrons (and through which a disturbance can photoelectric effect  the emission of
thus a different atomic mass) travel electrons from a material when light
of certain frequencies shines on the
isovolumetric process  a thermo­ model  a pattern, plan, representation, surface of the material
dynamic process that takes place at or description designed to show the
constant volume so that no work is structure or workings of an object, photon  a unit or quantum of light; a
done on or by the system system, or concept particle of electromagnetic radiation
that has zero mass and carries a
K moment of inertia  the tendency of a quantum of energy
body that is rotating about a fixed axis
kinetic energy  the energy of an object to resist a change in this rotating pitch  a measure of how high or low a
that is due to the object’s motion motion sound is perceived to be, depending
on the frequency of the sound wave
kinetic friction  the force that opposes momentum  a quantity defined as the
the movement of two surfaces that are product of the mass and velocity of an potential difference  the work that must
in contact and are sliding over each object be performed against electric forces to
other move a charge between the two points
mutual inductance  the ability of one in question divided by the charge
L circuit to induce an emf in a nearby
circuit in the presence of a changing potential energy  the energy associated
laser  a device that produces coherent current with an object because of the position,
light of only one wavelength shape, or condition of the object
N
latent heat  the energy per unit mass power  a quantity that measures the rate
that is transferred during a phase net force  a single force whose external at which work is done or energy is
change of a substance effects on a rigid body are the same as transformed
the effects of several actual forces
lens  a transparent object that refracts acting on the body precision  the degree of exactness of a
light waves such that they converge or measurement
diverge to create an image node  a point in a standing wave that
maintains zero displacement pressure  the magnitude of the force on
lever arm  the perpendicular distance a surface per unit area
from the axis of rotation to a line normal force  a force that acts on a
drawn along the direction of the force surface in a direction perpendicular to projectile motion  the curved path that
the surface an object follows when thrown,
linear polarization  the alignment of launched, or otherwise projected near
electromagnetic waves in such a way O the surface of Earth
that the vibrations of the electric fields
in each of the waves are parallel to order number  the number assigned to R
each other interference fringes relative to the
central bright fringe radian  an angle whose arc length is
longitudinal wave  a wave whose equal to the radius of the circle, which
particles vibrate parallel to the P is approximately equal to 57.3°
direction the wave is traveling
parallel  describes two or more rarefaction  the region of a longitudinal
M components of a circuit that provide wave in which the density and
separate conducting paths for current pressure are at a minimum
magnetic domain  a region composed because the components are
of a group of atoms whose magnetic connected across common points or real image  an image that is formed by
fields are aligned in the same junctions the intersection of light rays; a real
direction image can be projected on a screen
path difference  the difference in the
magnetic field  a region where a distance traveled by two beams when reflection  the turning back of an
magnetic force can be detected they are scattered in the same electromagnetic wave at a surface
direction from different points
mass density  the concentration of refraction  the bending of a wavefront
matter of an object, measured as the perfectly inelastic collision  a collision as the wavefront passes between two
mass per unit volume of a substance in which two objects stick together substances in which the speed of the
after colliding wave differs

Glossary R81

resistance  the opposition presented to static friction  the force that resists the U
electric current by a material or device initiation of sliding motion between
two surfaces that are in contact and at ultraviolet catastrophe  the failed
resolving power  the ability of an optical rest prediction of classical physics that the
instrument to form separate images of energy radiated by a blackbody at
two objects that are close together strong force  the interaction that binds extremely short wavelengths is
nucleons together in a nucleus extremely large and that the total
resonance  a phenomenon that occurs energy radiated is infinite
when the frequency of a force applied superconductor  a material whose
to a system matches the natural resistance is zero at a certain critical uncertainty principle  the principle that
frequency of vibration of the system, temperature, which varies with each states that it is impossible to simulta-
resulting in a large amplitude of material neously determine a particle’s
vibration position and momentum with infinite
system  a set of particles or interacting accuracy
resultant  a vector that represents the components considered to be a
sum of two or more vectors distinct physical entity for the purpose V
of study
rms current  the value of alternating vector  a physical quantity that has both
current that gives the same heating T magnitude and a direction
effect that the corresponding value of
direct current does tangential acceleration  the accelera- virtual image  an image from which
tion of an object that is tangent to the light rays appear to diverge, even
rotational kinetic energy  the energy of object’s circular path though they are not actually focused
an object that is due to the object’s there; a virtual image cannot be
rotational motion tangential speed  the speed of an object projected on a screen
that is tangent to the object’s circular
S path W

scalar  a physical quantity that has temperature  a measure of the average wavelength  the distance between two
magnitude but no direction kinetic energy of the particles in an adjacent similar points of a wave, such
object as from crest to crest or from trough to
schematic diagram  a representation of trough
a circuit that uses lines to represent thermal equilibrium  the state in which
wires and different symbols to two bodies in physical contact with weight  a measure of the gravitational
represent components each other have identical force exerted on an object; its value
temperatures can change with the location of the
series  describes two or more compo- object in the universe
nents of a circuit that provide a single timbre  the musical quality of a tone
path for current resulting from the combination of work  the product of the component of a
harmonics present at different force along the direction of displace-
significant figures  those digits in a intensities ment and the magnitude of the
measurement that are known with displacement
certainty plus the first digit that is torque  a quantity that measures the
uncertain ability of a force to rotate an object work function  the minimum energy
around some axis needed to remove an electron from a
simple harmonic motion  vibration metal atom
about an equilibrium position in total internal reflection  the complete
which a restoring force is proportional reflection that takes place within a work-kinetic energy theorem  the net
to the displacement from equilibrium substance when the angle of inci- work done by all the forces acting on
dence of light striking the surface an object is equal to the change in the
solenoid  a long, helically wound coil of boundary is less than the critical angle object’s kinetic energy
insulated wire
transformer  a device that increases or
specific heat capacity  the quantity of decreases the emf of alternating
heat required to raise a unit mass of current
homogeneous material 1 K or 1°C in a
specified way given constant pressure transistor  a semiconductor device that
and volume can amplify current and that is used in
amplifiers, oscillators, and switches
spring constant  the energy available for
use when a deformed elastic object transverse wave  a wave whose particles
returns to its original configuration vibrate perpendicularly to the
direction the wave is traveling
standing wave  a wave pattern that
results when two waves of the same trough  the lowest point below the
frequency, wavelength, and amplitude equilibrium position
travel in opposite directions and
interfere

R82 Glossary

Index

Page references followed by f ammeters, 679, 710 masses, R46–R51; thermal C
refer to image figures. Page ampere (A), 594
references followed by t refer amplitude: of simple conduction by, 308; wave calculations: with laboratory
to tables. function and, 758–759, 758f data, R15–R16; order-of-
harmonic motion, 372, aurora borealis, 674, magnitude, 24–25;
A 732–733, 749
373, 373t, 374, 376; of a axis of rotation, 62, 63, 64, 65, rounding and significant
aberration, 452, 463, 463f, 224, 225, 245, 245f, 246,
505, 505f wave, 380, 380f, 384 246f, 255 figures in, 17–19, 18t, 19t,
analog signals, 536
absolute pressure, 278–279 Anderson, Carl, 800 B 20t
absolute zero, 302 angle of incidence: for calorie (cal), 162, 307t
absorption spectrum, back emf, 704, 704f Calorie (Cal, kcal), 162, 307t
reflection, 448, 448f; for band theory, 760–761, 760f, calorimetry, 314–315, 314t;
746–747, 747f, 748, 749
ac. See alternating current refraction, 482, 482f, 486 761f bomb calorimeter, 335,
acceleration, 44–54; angular, angle of reflection, 448, 448f bar codes, 537
angle of refraction, 482, 482f, Bardeen, John, 613 335f
64–65, 64f, 65t, 253, barometer, 285, 285f cameras, 492, 498, 591
256–257, 257t; average, 486 baryons, 795, 795t, 796, 796f, capacitance, 588–590, 590f
44–45; centripetal, 224–226, angles: critical, 500–501, capacitor: charging of, 588,
225f, 253, 253f; constant, 796t
47–54, 47f, 48f, 54t (see also 500f; determining an batteries, 628–633, 628f,630f, 588f; discharging of,
free fall; free-fall
acceleration); of electric unknown angle, 86–87, 632f; chemical energy in, 590–591; electrical
charges, 716, 745; force 586, 604, 604f, 605; direct
and, 118, 118f, 123, 124, R14, R15, R15f; radian breakdown in, 592;
128–129, 128f; inertia and, current generated by, 605;
123, 124; of mass-spring measure for, 62–63, 62f, R14 electrical potential energy
system, 364–366, 371t; angular acceleration, 64–65, potential difference of, 582,
negative, 46–47, 46f, 47t; of 582f, 586, 632–633; in stored in, 588, 591–592; in
pendulum, 370, 373–374, 64f, 65t, 253, 256–257, 257t
374f; of reference frame, angular displacement, 63, schematic diagrams, 628, integrated circuit, 634;
258–259, 258f; tangential, 628f, 629t
226, 253; total rotational, 63f, 64, 65, 65t BCS theory, 613, 613f parallel-plate, 588–589,
253, 253f; units of, 44 angular kinematics, 62–65, beats, 426–427, 426f
acceleration due to gravity. becquerel (Bq), 785 588f, 590, 590f, 591, 591f; in
See free-fall acceleration 62f, 63f, 64f, 65t Bernoulli’s equation, 286,
accelerators, particle, 176, angular momentum, 257, 286f schematic diagrams, 629t;
177f, 596, 793, 793f, 799, Bernoulli’s principle, 282,
801 257f, 257t 282f uses of, 591, 591f
accuracy, 16–17, 16f; in angular speed, 64, 252–253, beta decay, 779, 780–781, carbon, isotopes of, 773
laboratory calculations, 781f, 782, 783, 793 carbon-14, 773; radioactive
R15–R16; uncertainty 252f, 257, 257t beta (β) particles, 779, 779t,
principle and, 757–758 angular velocity, 64–65, 64f, 780 decay of, 780, 781–782, 788,
action-reaction pair, 131 big bang, 428–429, 429f,
adhesion, 135, 135f 65t 797–799, 798f 788f
adiabatic process, 337, 337f, antimatter, 800–801 binding energy, 776–777, carbon dating, 770–771, 788
340t antineutrinos, 781–782 789, 789f, 790, 791 Cassegrain reflector, 464,
air conditioning, 320, 354 antinodes, 389, 389f, 418–421, Binnig, Gerd, 611
airplane, lift force on, 282, bits, 634 464f
282f 419t, 420f, 421f blackbody radiation, CAT (computerized axial
air resistance: as friction, antiparticles, 795, 796, 796t, 734–736, 734f, 735f
140; Galileo’s experiments black holes, 233 tomography), 669
and, 8, 9, 21; projectile 798, 800, 801 blue shift, 428, 428t Cavendish, Henry, 235, 235f,
motion and, 94–95, 94f; apparent weight, 271, 272, Bohr, Niels, 747
terminal velocity and, 60 Bohr model, 747–752, 748f; 295
algebra, review of, R4–R10, 273, 274 de Broglie waves and, 756, CCDs (charge-coupled
R5t, R7t apparent weightlessness, 756f, 759; incompleteness
alpha decay, 779, 780, 782, devices), 498
783, 784 242–243, 242f of, 752, 758, 759 CDs. See compact discs
alpha (α) particles, 744–745, Archimedes’ principle, 272, Bohr radius, 748, 758, 758f, cell phones and cancer,
744f, 779–780, 779t, 789,
791 272f, 273, 279 759 688–689
alternating current (ac), arc length, 62, 62f, 63 boiling, of water, 317, 317f, cellular respiration, 162
604–605, 605f; generators areas, of geometrical shapes, Celsius (C) scale, 301, 302,
of, 702–703, 702f, 703f; 317t
supplied to motor, 704 R12t boiling point, of water, 301, 302t, 303
alternating-current (ac) Aristarchus, 238 center of gravity, 254
circuits, 707–710, 707f, Aristotle, 52 302t center of mass: of orbiting
708f, 708t; transformers in, atmosphere (atm), 276 Boltzmann’s constant, 283
711–713, 711f atmospheric pressure, 276, bomb calorimeter, 335, 335f pair of objects, 231, 240; of
Born, Max, 610, 758 rotating object, 244, 254,
278, 279, 285, 285f bosons, 794, 794t, 797f, 799
atmospheric refraction, 503, Brahe, Tycho, 238, 239 254f
British thermal unit (Btu), central maximum, 526, 526f;
503f
atomic bomb, 791f 307t resolving power and, 531,
atomic mass unit, unified, buoyant forces, 268, 271–274,
531f
773 272f, 273f, 279 centrifugal force, 228
atomic number (Z), 772–773, centripetal acceleration,

772f, 772t, 773f 224–226, 225f, 253, 253f
atomic spectra. See spectra, centripetal force, 226–228,

atomic 226f, 227f, 228f, 229;
atoms (see also Bohr model;
gravitational, 230
electrons; elements; CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons),
nucleus; spectra, atomic):
346
early models of, 744–745, chain reaction, 790–791, 790f
charge carriers, 596, 596f (see
744f, 745f; electric charges
also electric charge;
of particles in, 549, 550, electric current); battery
and, 604, 605, 605f; drift
550t; energy of, 299, 299f,
velocity of, 597, 597f; power
299t; images of, with STM,
and, 606; resistance and,
611, 611f; in a laser,
599
534–535, 534f; table of

Index R83

charge-coupled devices 466t, 467f; of rainbow, constant acceleration, 47–54, Curie, Marie and Pierre, 784,
(CCDs), 498 47f, 48f, 54t (see also free 785
480–481, 504, 504f, 720, fall; free-fall accelera-
charged particles (see also tion); displacement and, current. See electric current
charge carriers; electric 720f; reflection and, 465, current-carrying conductors.
charge): in atoms, 549, 48–54, 54t; velocity and,
550, 550t; aurora borealis 465f; in white-light See electrical conductors
47–54, 54t, 56, 56f current loops (see also
and, 749; magnetic field interference pattern, 520,
constant of universal electromagnetic induc-
and, 673–676, 674f, 676f; 520f gravitation, 231, 235, 235f tion): in magnetic field,
commutators, 703, 703f, 704, torque on, 662–663, 679,
oscillating, 716 constants, table of, R40 679f; magnetic field of,
charging: by contact, 551; by 704f constant velocity: net force 671–672, 671f, 672f; in
compact discs (CDs), motors, 704, 704f
induction, 552, 552f and, 123–124, 127; cyclic processes, 342–344,
chemical energy: of 516–517, 526, 526f 343f (see also heat engines;
compass, 664, 666, 666f, 667, position-time graph and, refrigerators); efficiency
batteries, 586, 604, 605; in of, 348–350, 349t
food, 162 670, 670f 41–42, 41f, 42f; velocity-
chips, 634, 652 complementary colors, 466, D
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), time graph and, 46, 46f, 48f
346 466f, 466t, 467f constructive interference, damping: of vibrations, 365,
circuit breakers, 645, 645f, components: of a vector, 368; of waves, 384
706 386, 386f, 518, 518f; beats
circuit diagrams, 628, 628f, 88–89, 88f, 90–91, 90f, 93, data, 21–22, 21t, 22f;
629t, 630 (see also electric and, 426–427, 426f; importance of, R17–R18
circuits); ac sources in, 93f
707, 707f compound microscopes, diffraction grating and, 527, daughter nucleus, 779
circuits, electric. See electric Davisson, Clinton J., 392, 754
circuits 497, 497f 527f; interference fringes dc. See direct current
circular motion, 224–229, compression, 387, 404–405, de Broglie, Louis, 391–392,
224f (see also orbiting and, 519–520, 520f, 521,
objects; rotational 404f, 405f, 407 754
motion); axis of rotation in, compressors, 346 522; of laser light, 534; sand de Broglie waves, 391–392,
224, 225; centripetal Compton, Arthur, 742
Compton shift, 742, 742f dunes and, 430; standing 392f, 754–756, 755f; Bohr
acceleration in, 224–226, computerized axial model and, 756, 756f, 759;
waves and, 389 Schrödinger equation and,
225f, 253, 253f; centripetal tomography (CAT), 669 contact forces, 119 (see also 758, 759, 610
computers, 591, 591f, 634 decay constant, 785–788
force in, 226–229, 226f, concave spherical mirrors, collisions; elastic forces; decay curve, 788, 788f
friction; normal force) decay series, 783–784, 783f
227f, 228f, 230; of charge in 451–458; magnification by, contact lenses, 496, 506 deceleration, 48
continuity equation, 281, decibel (dB), 413, 413t
magnetic field, 676, 676f; 454, 454t; mirror equation degrees: of angle, R14; of
281f, 282 temperature, 301
tangential acceleration in, and, 453–454, 453f; ray controlled experiment, 9 delta (∆), 22, 37, R21
convection, 308 density, 271, 271t; buoyant
226, 253; tangential speed diagrams for, 455, 455t, conventional current, 596, force and, 273–274, 273f; of
common substances, 271t;
in, 224, 225, 226, 227, 252 456t; real images in, 596t fluid pressure and,
circular orbits, 230, 238–241 converging lenses, 488–489, 278–279, 279f; ideal gas
cochlear implants, 417 451–452, 451f, 452f, 455, pressure and, 284; of
coefficient of volume 488f; chromatic aberration incompressible fluid, 271,
456t; sign conventions for, 280, 281
expansion, 300 for, 505, 505f; of compound density waves, 381 (see also
coefficients of friction, 454, 454t, 460t; spherical longitudinal waves)
microscopes, 497, 497f; of destructive interference,
136–137, 136f, 136t aberration of, 452, 463, 387, 387f, 518, 518f; beats
coherence, 519; lasers and, eyeglasses, 496, 496t; image and, 426, 426f, 427;
463f; virtual images in, 451, complete, 387, 387f;
533–534, 533f, 534f, 535 characteristics of, 490, 491t; interference fringes and,
collisions, 204–212; car safety 451f, 455, 456t 520, 520f, 521–522;
conduction, thermal, 308, magnification of, 493, 493t; standing waves and, 389
in, 116–117, 120, 132, 199; deuterium, 773, 792
308f ray diagrams for, 489–490, dielectric, 590, 590f, 591f
conservation of momen- conduction band, 761, 761f differential transformer, 706
conductors, electrical. See 489f, 489t, 491t; thin-lens diffraction, 524–526, 524f;
tum in, 197–198, 197f, 197t, double-slit experiment
electrical conductors equation for, 492–493, 493t and, 524; electron, 392,
199, 201–202, 202f; elastic, conductors, thermal, 308 conversion factors, 12, 15 392f, 755, 755f; interference
cone cells, 466 convex spherical mirrors, and, 525, 527; by object,
208–211, 209f, 211t; of conservation of angular 526, 526f; resolving power
459, 459f, 460t, 461–462 (see and, 531–532, 531f, 532f; by
electrons in conductors, momentum, 257, 257f also spherical aberration) single slit, 524f, 525–526,
conservation of electric Cooper, Leon, 613 525f, 526f
597, 599, 605; forces in, 120, Cooper pairs, 613, 613f
charge, 549; in nuclear coordinate systems, 84, 84f,
120f, 192–196, 195f, 196f, decay, 780, 780t; in series
86, 88, 89, 90, 91
201–202, 202f; inelastic, circuit, 635 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 238
conservation of energy, cornea, 496, 537
208–209, 212t; kinetic cosine function, 88–89, R13,
309–310 (see also conserva-
energy in, 204, 206–207, R13f, R13t
tion of mechanical energy); cosmic microwave back-
208–209, 211, 212t;
first law of thermodynam- ground radiation, 429,
perfectly inelastic, 204–209,
ics and, 338–342, 338f, 339t, 429f, R18
204f, 205f, 212t; types of, coulomb (C), 550
340t; in fluids, 286, 286f; Coulomb, Charles, 295, 554,
212t
color force, 797 theory of relativity and, 177 561
colors (see also spectrum, conservation of mass, 167, Coulomb constant, 554, 563,

visible): complementary, 177 584
466, 466f, 466t, 467f; conservation of mechanical Coulomb’s law, 554–561,

diffraction gratings and, energy, 168–172, 168f, 169t, 561f, 563–564, 715
250, 250f (see also crests, 380, 380f, 381
526–527, 526f; lens conservation of energy); critical angle, 500–501, 500f
friction and, 169, 172, 172f; critical temperature, 603,
aberration and, 505, 505f;
machines and, 250, 250f 612, 612f
primary, 465–467, 466f, conservation of momentum, curie (Ci), 785

197–203, 197f, 197t, 199f,

202f

R84 Index

diffraction gratings, 526–530, effective current, 707–710, equilibrium, 568, 568f, electric field, 560, 562–568
527f, 528f; compact discs 708f, 708t (see also electric force); of
and, 526, 526f 568t; conservation of, 549, conductors in electrostatic
efficiency (eff): of heat
digital signals, 536 engines, 348–350, 349t; of 635; current and, 594–596, equilibrium, 568, 568t;
digital versatile disc (DVD), machines, 250
594f, 596t; field lines of, current and, 596, 597, 597f;
536 Einstein, Albert: black holes
dimensional analysis, 23–24 and, 233; de Broglie waves 566–567, 566f, 566t, 567f; direction of, 562, 562f; of
diodes, 599, 634 and, 754; general theory of
dipole, electric, 567, 567f field of, 562–565, 562f, 563f; electromagnetic waves,
Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice, relativity and, 233, 258–259,
force exerted by, 119, 119f, 443, 443f, 468, 468f,
800 258f, 259f; particle nature of
direct current (dc), 604–605, 554–561, 561f, 563; 715–716, 716f; energy
light and, 391; photoelec-
605f (see also batteries); fractional, 795, 796t, 799; stored in, 717; lines,
generator of, 703, 703f tric effect and, 739, 741;
disorder, entropy and, induced on conductor, 552, 566–567, 566f, 566t, 567f; of
351–352, 352f special theory of relativity
dispersion, 503–504, 503f, 552f; magnetic force and, point charge, 563–564;
504f, 505f and, 66, 67, 104–105, 176,
displacement: angular, 63, 673–676, 674f, 676f; potential difference in, 583;
63f, 64; constant accelera- 177, 800
tion and, 48–54, 54t, 56, 56f; elastic collisions, 208–211, polarization of, 552, 553, potential energy of charge
of mass-spring system,
364–365, 364f, 371t, 372, 209f, 211t 553f; potential energy in, 581, 581f; superposition
375; negative, 38, 38t; elastic forces, 364–366, 364f,
one-dimensional, 37–38, associated with, 580–581, principle and, 563,
37f, 38f, 38t, 84, 84f; of 375
pendulum, 369f, 370, 370f, elastic potential energy, 580f, 581f, 582 (see also 564–565; test charge and,
371t (see also amplitude); electrical potential
positive, 38, 38t; two- 164–165, 164f, 167–168, energy); quantization of, 562, 563, 563f, 564; typical
dimensional, 80, 81–82, 81f, 550, 550f, 550t; static
82f, 84–87, 85f, 86f; in 168f, 367, 367f values of, 564t; unit of, 562
uniform electric field, 581, electrical breakdown, electricity and, 548–549, electric force, 119, 119f,
583, 585; velocity and,
39–40; of wave, 380–381, 578–579, 592, 592f 548f, 549f; transfer of, 554–561 (see also
380f, 381f; work and, electrical conductors, Coulomb’s law; electric
154–157, 154f, 155f 551–553, 552f, 553f; two field); equilibrium of
diverging lenses, 488–489, 551–552, 552f (see also charges and, 558–559;
488f; chromatic aberration charge carriers; electric kinds of, 548, 549f, 549t;
for, 505; in eyeglasses, 496, current; resistance); band gravity compared to, 560;
496t; image characteristics theory and, 760–761, 760f, unit of, 550
of, 492, 492f; magnification electric circuits, 630–633, superposition principle
of, 493, 493t; ray diagrams 761f; charging by contact,
for, 489–490, 489f, 489t, 630f, 632f (see also and, 556–558
492f; thin-lens equation for, 551; charging by induction, alternating-current [ac] electrician, 614
493, 493t circuits; electric current; electric potential, 582 (see
domains, magnetic, 665, 665f 552, 552f in electrostatic parallel circuits; series
doping, 613, 634 circuits); complex, also electrical potential
Doppler, Christian, 409 equilibrium, 568, 568f, 645–650, 645f, 648t; energy; potential
Doppler effect, 408–409, 408f, difference); due to point
428, 428t 568t, 597; grounded, 552, household, 604, 605, 608, charge, 583–584, 583f;
double-slit interference
patterns, 519–522, 519f, 552f, 584; magnetic field 645, 645f, 710; integrated, superposition principle
520f, 521f, 522f; diffraction
and, 524 associated with, 670–671, 634; schematic diagrams of, and, 584; zero, 584, 586
drift velocity, 596–597, 597f electric power, 604–609 (see
DVD (digital versatile disc), 670f, 671f; magnetic force 628, 628f, 629t, 707, 707f
536 electric current, 594–596 (see also electrical energy);
on, 676–679, 676f, 677f, dissipated by resistance,
E also alternating current;
679f; in schematic charge carriers; current 606, 607, 608, 609, 707–708,
Earth (see also free fall): loops; electrical conduc-
capacitance of, 590; data diagrams, 629t; supercon- tors; electric circuits; 713; household usage of,
for calculations, R40; resistance); as basic
gravitational field of, ductors, 551, 603, 612–613, dimension,10; in complex 606, 608; transformer and,
235–237, 236f; magnetic
field of, 667–668, 667f, 674, 612f circuit, 645, 647–649, 648t; 711–712, 713; wattage of
694, 749 electrical energy (see also
conventional, 596, 596t; light bulbs, 174, 174f, 446,
echolocation, 402 electric power): household
Eddington, Arthur S., 259 appliances and, 606, 608; direct, 604–605, 605f, 703, 606
eddy currents, 280 703f (see also batteries); electric shock, 601, 706
power lines and, 609, 609f, effective, 707–710, 707f, electrolytes, 596
electromagnetic fields, 443,
713; stored in field, 717 708f, 708t; electric field
electrical insulators, 551, 443f, 468, 468f, 715–716,
and, 596, 597, 597f; of
553, 553f 716f
electrical potential energy, household circuits, 604, electromagnetic force, 141,

580–581, 580f, 581f, 582 (see 605, 608, 645; human body 716, 793, 794, 794f, 794t (see
also electric potential; also electric force;
potential difference); of and, 594, 601, 706; induced, magnetic force); standard
charges in circuit, 605, 605f, model and, 797, 797f, 798,
694–698, 694t, 695f (see also
633; conversion of, electromagnetic induc- 798f, 799
tion); magnetic field electromagnetic induction,
605–606, 605f, 633; associated with, 670–672,
692–694, 692f, 693f, 694t;
potential difference and, 670f, 671f; magnetic force
direction of current in,
582–583, 585–586; sources on conductor of, 676–679,
693–696, 695f; in electric
of, 604, 604f, 632 (see also 676f, 677f, 679f; measure-
batteries; generators); guitars, 690–691, 699; in
stored in capacitor, 588, ment with ammeter, 679,
generators, 700–703, 700f,
591–592 710; in parallel circuit,
electric charge, 548–550, 702f, 703f, 704f; magnitude
639–644, 641t, power and,
549f, 549t (see also charge of emf in, 696–698, 696f;
carriers; charged 606, 609, 707–708; rms
particles); acceleration of, mutual inductance and,
716, 745; bonds between value of, 708–710, 708f,
705, 705f; in transformers,
particles and, 318; on 708t; in series circuit,
705, 706, 711–712, 711f,
capacitor, 588–592, 588f; on 635–639, 636f, 639f, 641t;
713, 714
conductors in electrostatic two types of, 605, 605f; unit electromagnetic radiation,

of, 594 717, 717f; blackbody,
electric dipole, 567, 567f
734–737, 734f, 735f

Index R85

electromagnetic waves, elliptical orbits, 239, 239f mass-spring system, first-order maximum, 528,
442–445 (see also electro- emf, 632, 632f (see also 364–365, 364f, 366, 371t, 528f, 529
magnetic radiation;
gamma rays; infrared potential difference); in ac 372; of pendulum, 369–370, fission, nuclear, 177,
waves; light; microwaves; circuits, 707–710, 707f, 369f, 370f, 371t, 372; 789–791, 789f, 790f, 791f
photons; radio waves;
ultraviolet [UV] light; 708t; back emf, 704, 704f; rotational, 256; thermal, Fizeau, Armand, 66
X rays); energy transfer by, 300, 306, 306f, 307; flat mirrors, 448–450, 448f,
308, 717, 717f; Huygens’ induced in moving wire, translational, 256, 256f;
449f, 450f
principle for, 445, 445f, 524, 692–694, 693f, 696–698, wave displacement from, floating objects, 271–273,
380, 380f
525, 525f; modulation of, 696f; mutual inductance equivalent resistance, 273f
635–638, 636f, 640–644, fluid mechanics, 269–282 (see
718; oscillating fields of, and, 705; produced by 641t
error (see also precision): in also pressure);
443, 443f, 468, 468f, generator, 700–702, 701f, laboratory calculations, Archimedes’ principle in,

715–716, 716f; production 702f, 707; supplied to R15–R16; in measurements, 272, 272f, 273, 279;
16–17, 16f
of, 716, 718; ray approxima- motor, 704, 704f; trans- escape velocity, 233 Bernoulli’s equation in,
estimation, 17, 17f, 24–25 (see
tion for, 445; spectrum of, former and, 705, 711–714, also significant figures) 286, 286f; Bernoulli’s
excited state, 748, 748f, 760
442, 443, 443t, 719–721, 711f; in transmission lines, expansion, thermal, 300 principle in, 282; buoyant
expansion valve, 346, 347f
719f; speed of, 444; from 713; unit of, 696 experiments: calculations forces in, 268–269, 271–274,
emission spectrum, 746, with data from, R15–R16;
sun, 717f; wave-particle controlled, 9; error in, 272f, 273f, 279; conserva-
746f, 748, 749, 750–751 16–17, 16f; organizing data
duality and, 718, 753–754 energy (see also chemical from, 21–23, 21f, 21t, 22f; tion of energy in, 286; flow
electromagnetism: as field
energy; conservation of testing hypotheses with, 6, in, 280–282, 280f, 281f, 282f;
within physics, 5t; symbols energy; electrical energy; 6f, 8–9, 8f, 10
in, R20, R24 heat; internal energy; exponents, R2–R4, R4t, Pascal’s principle in,
electromagnets, 672 kinetic energy; mechani- R10–R11, R11t
electron cloud, 759 cal energy; nuclear external force, 123–124, 124f 276–277, 277f; symbols in,
electron diffraction, 392, reactions; potential eyeglasses, 496, 496f, 506
392f, 755, 755f energy; work): of atomic eyes: color vision, 466; laser R23; types of fluids in, 270,
electron-hole pairs, 761 and molecular motion, 299, surgery for, 537, 538;
electron microscopes, 392, 270f
392f 299f, 299t; binding, optometrist and, 506; fluids, 270, 270f (see also
electrons (see also atoms): as refraction by, 496, 496t
beta particles, 779, 779t, 776–777, 789, 789f, 790, gases; liquids); ideal, 280,
F 284; mass density of, 271,
780; collisions with 791; conservation of, 177, 271t (see also density)
factoring equations, R5, R5t flux, magnetic, 666; induced
photons, 742, 742f, 757, 286, 309–311; equivalence Fahrenheit scale, 301, 302t, emf and, 696, 705
focal length: of concave
757f; current of, 594, to mass, 176–177, 176f, 774, 303 spherical mirrors, 453,
falling objects, 47, 47f, 56–60, 453f, 454; of convex
596–597, 597f, 599; in early 800; in fluids, 286; in food,
56f, 57f (see also free fall); spherical mirrors, 459; of
universe, 798; free, 760; as 162; of photons, 718, 736, Galileo’s experiments, 8–9,
8f, 21, 21f, 22f lenses, 489, 489f, 490
leptons, 795; mass of, 773, 739, 741, 748; quantization farad (F), 589 focal point: of concave
Faraday, Michael, 589, 705,
774, 774t; negative charge of, 736, 741; rest, 176–177, 705f, 715 spherical mirrors, 453,
Faraday’s law of magnetic 453f; of convex spherical
of, 549, 549t, 550, 550t; pair 774; temperature and, 299, induction, 696, 696f, 702,
705, 711, 715 mirrors, 459; of lenses, 489,
production or annihilation 299f femtometer (fm), 772
energy levels: in Bohr fermi, 772 489f, 505, 505f
and, 800–801, 801f; Fermi, Enrico, 24, 782, 791 force diagrams, 120–121, 120f
model, 748–752, 748f, 749f; ferromagnetic materials, 665 forced vibrations, 414–415,
photoelectrons, 738–741, of electrons in atoms, 760; fiber optics, 502
field forces, 119, 119f, 132 414f, 415f
738f, 738t, 739f, 753; laser operation and, (see also electric field; forces, 118–119 (see also
fundamental forces;
photon exchange by, 794, 534–535; in Planck’s theory, gravitational field; electric force; electromag-
magnetic field) netic force; friction;
794f; semiconductors and, 736; in solids, 760–761, final velocity, 46; with fundamental forces;
constant acceleration, gravitational force;
760–761, 760f, 761f; spin of, 760f, 761f 48–54, 54t impulse; magnetic force);
energy transfer (see also first law of thermodynamics, acceleration and, 118, 118f,
665; superconductivity and, 338–341, 338f, 339t, 340t
heat; work): by electro- 123, 124, 128–129, 128f;
613, 613f; tunneling of, magnetic waves, 308, 717,
buoyant, 268–269, 271–274,
610–611, 610f, 611f; wave 717f; friction and, 309, 332,
272f, 273f, 279; car safety
function and, 758–759, 338, 338f; as heat, 305–309,
and, 116–117, 120, 132, 199;
758f; wave properties of, 305f, 306f, 307f, 308f; as
centripetal, 226–228, 226f,
391–392, 392f, 755–756, light, 446, 446f, 534; in
227f, 228f, 229, 230; change
755f phase changes, 317–318,
electron volt (eV), 583, 736 in momentum and,
electrostatic equilibrium, 317f, 317t, 318t; rate of,
192–196, 192f, 195f, 196f; in
568, 568f, 568t, 597 173–174, 175f; in reso-
electrostatic spray painting, collisions, 192–193,
nance, 415; as sound,
546–547, 548, 567 195–196, 195f, 196f,
electroweak interaction, 716, 410–411, 414; by waves,
201–202, 202f; contact, 119;
798, 799 384; work and, 332–334,
elementary particles, 793, elastic, 364–366, 364f, 375;
332f
794, 795, 797, 799 (see also engines, 342–344, 343f, 714 equilibrium of, 127, 127f,
particle physics) enrichment, of uranium, 791
elements: chemical symbols entropy, 351–352, 352f 256, 256f; external,
of, 773, 773f; periodic table environment, of system, 333
of, R44–R45; spectra of, equations: mathematical, 123–124, 124f; field, 119,

746–747, 746f, 747f; table of R4–R16; physical, 22–25, 119f, 132; free-body

isotopes and masses, R26–R37 diagrams of, 120–121, 120f;
equilibrium: of electrical
R46–R51 inertia and, 123–124,
conductors, 568, 568f,
568t, 597; of electric 228–229, 230; kinetic

charges, 558–559; of forces, energy and, 158, 160–161;

127, 127f, 256, 256f, 257f; of

R86 Index

machines and, 248–250, electromagnetic force; 141, 793, 794, 794t; helium (see also alpha [α]
gravitational force; strong Newton’s universal law of, particles), in fusion
250f; net, 123–125, 124f, interaction; weak 231–232, 231f; normal force reactions, 177, 177f, 791,
interaction) and, 133–134, 134f, 242,
127, 127f, 128–130, 256; fundamental frequency, 242f, 243; ocean tides and, 792
418–422, 419t, 424–425 234, 234f; orbital motion hertz (Hz), 372
normal, 133–134, 134f, 242, fuses, 645 and, 230, 230f; standard Hertz, Heinrich, 716, 738
fusion, nuclear, 177, 177f; model and, 797, 797f, 798, Higgs boson, 799
242f, 243; pairs of, 130–132, 791–792 798f; universal constant of, high school physics teacher,
231, 235, 235f; weight and,
131f; power and, 173–174; G 118–119, 133, 133f, 236, 242 213
gravitational mass, 237, 258, Hooke, Robert, 365
pressure and, 276–277, Galileo, 8–9, 8f, 21, 21f, 52, 259 Hooke’s law, 364–367, 364f,
123, 373, R17 gravitational potential
277f, 278; rotational motion energy, 163–164, 163f, 165; 375, 376
galvanometers, 679, 679f conservation of mechanical horizon, of black hole, 233
and, 245–247, 245f, 246f gamma rays, 443t, 719f, 721, energy and, 168–171, 168f, horizontal velocity, 94–98,
(see also torque); unit of,
118–119, 119t; as vectors, 753; from nuclear fusion, 169t; electrical potential 94f, 95f, 96f
791; in pair production, energy compared to, 581; of Hubble Space Telescope,
120, 120f; work and, 800; in radioactive decay, fluids, 286; gravitational
779, 779t, 780, 782, 783 field and, 235; as mechani- 429, 429f, 532
154–157, 154f, 155f, 156f, gases (see also fluid cal energy, 167–168, 168f; human body: atmospheric
mechanics): atomic of pendulum, 370, 370f;
158, 158f spectra of, 745–747, 745f, zero level of, 164 pressure and, 285; electric
fractions, R3, R3t, R11, R11t 746f, 747f, 749; densities of, gravitons, 794, 794t, 797f current and, 594, 601, 706;
frame of reference, 36–37, 271, 271t; electric current ground state, 748, 758–759,
in, 596; energy of, 299, 299f, 758f, 760 temperature and, 312, 715f
36f, 66, 66f, 100, 100f, 299t; as fluids, 270, 270f; Huygens, Christian, 445
ideal, 283–284, 302, 302f; H Huygens’ principle, 445,
258–259, 258f kinetic theory of, 285; real,
free-body diagram, 120–121, 284; thermal expansion of, hadrons, 794–797, 795f, 795t, 445f, 524–525, 525f
300; work associated with, 796f, 796t HVAC technician, 320
120f 333–334, 333f, 341 hybrid electric vehicles,
free fall, 56–60, 56f, 57f; in gauge pressure, 278 half-life, 785–788, 788f, 793,
Geiger, Hans, 744 R46–R51 624–625
accelerating reference Gell-Mann, Murray, 795, 796 hydraulic lift, 277, 277f
general theory of relativity, hard magnetic materials, hydrogen: Bohr model of,
frame, 258–259, 259f; 233, 258–259, 258f, 259f 665
generators, 604, 700–703, 747–752, 748f, 749f; in early
apparent weightlessness in, 700f, 701f, 702f, 703f, 707 harmonic series, 418–425,
geometry, review of, R12, 419t, 420f, 421f, 423f, 424t universe, 798; fusion of,
242–243, 242f; gravitational R12t
Germer, Lester H., 392, 754 hearing loss, 412, 417 177f, 791, 792; isotopes of,
field strength and, 236, 237; glaucoma, 537 heat (see also latent heat):
global warming, 328–329 773; wave function for,
with horizontal velocity, gluons, 794, 794t, 797, 797f compared to temperature,
graphs: of data, 21, 22f; for 306–307; conduction of, 758–759, 758f
94–97, 94f, 97f; of orbiting finding resultant vector, 81, 308, 308f; electrical energy hydrogen bomb, 791
81f; position-time, 41–42, converted to, 606–607, 608; hydroplaning, 140
objects, 230, 230f 41f, 42f; for solving as energy transfer, 305–309, hypotenuse, 85, R13, R14
free-fall acceleration, 56, simultaneous equations, 305f, 306f, 307f, 308f; first hypothesis, 6, 6f, 8–9, 8f, 10,
R10; velocity-time, 46, 46f, law of thermodynamics
133, 235 48, 48f and, 339–341, 338f, 339t, R19
frequency, 372 (see also gravitational field, 119, 340t; friction and, 250, 309,
235–237, 236f, 259, 258f, 332, 338; sign of, 339, 339t; I
Doppler effect; funda- 259f thermodynamic processes
mental frequency): beats gravitational force, 118–119, and, 335, 335f, 337, 337f, I2R loss, 606, 609, 713
and, 426–427, 426f; of 230–232 (see also free fall; 340t; unit of, 307, 307t; ice: melting of, 317, 317f,
weight); acceleration due work and, 309–310,
electromagnetic waves, to, 56, 133, 236; action- 332–334, 332f 317t; volume of, 300
reaction pairs of, 132, 231; heat engines, 342––344, 343f; ice point, 301, 302, 302t
443, 443t, 444, 716, 717, apparent weightlessness efficiency of, 348–350, 349t; ideal fluid, 280, 284
and, 242–243, 242f; black entropy and, 352, 352f ideal gas, 302, 302f, 283–284
718, 719, 719f; natural, holes and, 233; center of heat of fusion. See latent ignition coil, 714, 714f
gravity and, 254; curved heat illuminance, 446
414–415; photon energy space-time and, 259, 259f; heat of vaporization. See image (see also real image;
electric force compared to, latent heat
and, 718, 736, 738–739, 741, 560; as field force, 119, height (see also displace- virtual image): in concave
235–237, 236f, 258, 258f; on ment), gravitational spherical mirrors, 451–452,
748; of simple harmonic floating object, 273, 273f; as potential energy and,
fundamental interaction, 163–164, 164f 451f, 452f, 455, 456t; in
motion, 372, 372f, 373t; of Heisenberg, Werner, 757
convex spherical mirrors,
sound waves, 405, 406,
459, 459f; in flat mirrors,
408–409, 412, 412f;
449–450, 449f; with lenses,
threshold, 739, 739f, 741;
490, 491t, 492, 492f, 493,
unit of, 372; of waves, 381,
493t, 497, 497f, 499, 499f
382, 383 impulse, 192, 199, 202, 202f
friction, 134–141, 134f, 135f; impulse-momentum

car motion and, 140; theorem, 192–196, 194f,
195f, 196f, 201
circular motion and, 229; incandescent light sources,
533 (see also light bulbs)
coefficients of, 136–139, inclined plane, 248, 249f
incoherent light sources,
136f, 136t; conservation of 519, 533, 533f, 534
incompressible fluid, 271,
mechanical energy and, 280, 284

169–172, 172f; conservation

of momentum and, 198; in

fluid, 280; heat and, 250,

309, 332, 338; machines

and, 249, 250; work done

by, 156, 161
fringes: of double-slit

interference pattern,
519–522, 519f, 520f, 522f; of

single-slit diffraction

pattern, 525–526, 525f, 526f
fulcrum, 249f
fundamental constants,

table of, R40
fundamental forces, 141,

793–794, 794f, 794t,

797–799, 797f, 798f (see also

Index R87

index of refraction, 484, 484t, J 491t, 492, 492f; magnifica- loudspeakers, 677, 677f
485, 485f, 486; of atmo- lumens (lm), 446
sphere, 503; total internal joule (J), 155, 159, 163, 307, tion with, 492–493; ray luminous flux, 446
reflection and, 500–501; 307t lux, 446
wavelength dependence of, diagrams for, 489–490, 489t,
486, 503–504, 503f, 504f, Joule, James Prescott, 155 M
505, 505f joule heating, 606 491t, 492, 492f; refraction
jumpers, of decorative machines. See simple
inductance, mutual, 705, and, 488; sign conventions machines
705f (see also electromag- bulbs, 650
netic induction) for, 493, 493t; thin, maglev trains, 664
K magnetic declination, 667
induction of charge, 552, definition of, 489; thin-lens magnetic domains, 665, 665f
552f Kelvin scale, 301, 302, 302t, magnetic field, 666–668, 666f,
303 equation, 492–493, 493t;
inelastic collisions, 204–208, 666t, 667f (see also
204f, 205f, 212t Kepler, Johannes, 238 types of, 488–490, 488f, electromagnetic induc-
Kepler’s laws, 238–241, 239f; tion); charged particles in,
inertia, 123–124; astronauts 489f; zoom lenses, 498 673–676, 674f, 676f;
and, 126; circular motion planetary data for, 240t Lenz’s law, 696; back emf current-carrying conductor
and, 228–229; moment of, kilocalorie (kcal), 162, 307t in, 676–679, 676f, 677f, 679f;
255, 256–257, 255t, 257f, kilogram (kg), 10–11, 10f, 11t and, 704 of current-carrying wire,
257t kilowatt-hours (kW • h), 608 leptons, 794–797, 797f, 798, 670–671, 670f, 671f; of
kinematics, 39; angular, current loop, 671–672, 671f,
inertial mass, 237, 258 798f, 799 672f; current loop in, 662,
infrared waves, 443t, 715f, 62–65, 65t; one-dimen- lever arm, 245–246, 245f, 679, 679f; direction of, 666,
sional motion, 36–60; 666t; of Earth, 667–668,
717f, 719f, 720, 734 two-dimensional motion, 246f, 249 667f, 674, 694, 749; of
infrasonic waves, 405 93–103 levers, 248, 249, 249f electromagnetic waves,
initial velocity, 46–54, 54t kinesiology, 106 lift, 282, 282f 443, 443f, 468, 468f,
instantaneous velocity, 42, kinetic energy, 158–161; in light (see also diffraction; 715–716, 716f; energy
collisions, 204–206, stored in, 717; of solenoid,
42f, 42t 208–209, 212t; conservation electromagnetic waves; 672, 672f; unit of, 673
insulators, electrical, 551, of energy and, 309; interference; lasers; magnetic field lines, 666,
conservation of mechanical lenses; reflection; 666f, 694, 700–701, 711
553, 553f energy and, 168–171, 168f, refraction; speed of light): magnetic flux, 666, 696, 705
insulators, thermal, 308 169t, 367, 367f; of fluids, bending of, in gravitational magnetic force: atomic basis
integrated circuits, 634 286; heat and, 306, 306f; as of, 141; on charged
intensity: of light, 446, 446f, mechanical energy, field, 259; coherent sources particle, 673–676, 674f,
167–168, 168f; of pendu- 676f; on current-carrying
534; of sound, 410–413, lum, 370, 370f; of photo- of, 519; Doppler effect for, conductor, 676–679, 676f,
410f, 412f, 413t, 414; unit of, electrons, 738, 739, 739f, 677f, 679f; emf induced by,
413 741; relativistic, 176, 176f; 428, 428t; electromagnetic 692–693, 693f, 701;
interference, 385–387, 385f, rotational, 257, 257t; loudspeaker and, 677;
518–519, 518f, 519f (see also temperature and, 299, 299f, spectrum and, 443t, 715, between magnets, 664; in
constructive interference; 299t; unit of, 159; work and, motors, 704; on parallel
destructive interference; 158, 160–161, 160f 719f, 720, 720f; from hot wires, 677, 677f
standing waves); beats kinetic friction, 135–136, magnetic materials, 665, 665f
and, 426–427, 426f; 135f, 136t, 172, 172f; work objects, 734, 734f, 735f; magnetic poles, 664, 664f,
diffraction and, 524–525, done by, 156, 160 667
527; double-slit patterns, kinetic theory of gases, 285 intensity of, 446, 446f, 534; magnetic resonance imaging
519–522, 519f, 520f, 521f, (MRI), 669
522f, 524; phase difference L photoelectric effect and, magnetic torque coils, 662
and, 426, 427, 519, 519f magnets: electromagnets,
internal-combustion engine, laminar flow, 280, 280f 738–741, 738f, 738t, 739f; 672; field strengths of,
343, 344 lasers, 533–538, 533f, 534f, 673–674; magnetic fields of,
internal energy, 299, 299f, polarization of, 468–470, 666, 666f, 667f; materials of,
299t, 306; conservation of 535f 665, 665f; permanent, 665,
energy and, 309–310, laser surgeon, 538 468f, 469f, 470f; ray 677, 677f, 679, 679f; poles
338–341; cyclic process latent heat, 317–318, 317f, of, 664, 664f, 667; pushed
and, 342; electrical energy approximation for, 445; into coil of wire, 694–695,
converted to, 605, 606, 608, 317t, 318t, R42t 695f; superconducting, 603
707; first law of thermody- lattice imperfections, 612, spectrum of, 442, 442f, 486, magnification: of lenses, 493,
namics and, 338–341, 340t; 503, 503f (see also colors); 493t, 497; of spherical
increase in, 309–310, 613 ultraviolet, 443t, 717f, 719f, mirrors, 451, 451f, 454
338–339, 339f; thermody- law, scientific: nature of, R19 Mars Climate Orbiter, 13
namic processes and, Leibniz, Gottfried, 190 720–721; wave model of, Marsden, Ernest, 744
336–337, 337f, 340t; work length, as basic dimension, Mars Polar Lander, 13
and, 309–310, 332–333, 332f 442–443, 443f, 483, 483f; masers, 535
internal reflection, 500–501 10–11, 11t mass: as basic dimension,
internal resistance, 632, 632f lenses, 488–495 (see also wave-particle duality of, 10–11, 11t; center of, 231,
inverse-square law, 716 240, 244, 254, 254f;
ions, 549, 596, 601 converging lenses; 391, 718, 753–754
isolated system, 340t diverging lenses); light bulbs, 630–632, 632f;
isothermal process, 336, aberrations of, 505, 505f; of
336f, 340t cameras, 492, 498; CFLs, 631; current in, 598;
isotopes, 773; table of, combinations of, 497–499,
R46–R51 497f, 499f; contact lenses, decorative sets of, 650;
isovolumetric process, 335, 496, 506; of eyeglasses, 496,
335f, 340t 496t; of eyes, 496, 496t; electrical energy conver-
image characteristics, 490,
Index sion by, 605, 605f; as

incoherent sources, 519,

533, 533f; LEDs, 631; light

output of, 446; in parallel,

639–644, 639f, 640f; in

schematic diagrams, 628,

628f, 629t; in series, 635,

635f, 636–637, 639; wattage

of, 174, 174f, 446, 606
lightning, 578
light pipe, 502
light ray, 483
linear polarization, 468–470,

468f, 469f, 470f
liquids (see also fluid

mechanics): as fluids, 270,
270f; thermal expansion of,

300
load, 630, 631, 633; in

schematic diagrams, 629t
logarithms, R10–R11, R11t
longitudinal waves, 381, 381f,

387, 405, 405f (see also
sound)

R88

conservation of, 167, 177; melting point, of water, 301, one-dimensional motion; gravitational force and, 231,
302t relative motion; rota-
equivalence to energy, tional motion; simple 231f, 242
mesons, 795, 795f, 795t, 796, harmonic motion; nodes, 389, 389f, 390,
176–177, 176f, 774, 800; 796f two-dimensional motion;
waves), physicists’ study of, 418–421, 419t, 420f, 421f
force and, 128–129, 132; metals: electrical conduc- 6–7, 6f, 7f noise pollution, 438–439
tion by, 551, 596, 597, 599; motors, 704, 704f nonmechanical energy, 168,
gravitational, 237, 258, 259; photoelectric effect and, MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging), 669 168f, 172 (see also internal
gravitational field strength 738, 739; resistance of, 598, multimeter, digital, 707, 707f energy)
muons, 67, 795, 799 non-ohmic materials, 599,
and, 236; gravitational force 599, 599t, 603; thermal musical instruments, 418, 599f
418f, 420, 420f, 423–425, nonviscous fluids, 280
and, 231–232, 231f; inertia conduction by, 308, 308f 423f, 424t normal: to reflecting
meter (m), 11, 11t mutual inductance, 705, 705f surface, 448, 448f, 449; to
and, 124; inertial, 237, 258; metric prefixes, 11–12, 12t, myopia, 496, 496t refracting surface, 482,

kinetic energy and, 15 N 482f, 488
microscopes: compound, normal force, 133–134, 134f;
158–159; momentum and, natural frequency, 414–415
497, 497f; electron, 392, apparent weightlessness
190–191, 191f neap tide, 234
mass defect, 776–777 392f; resolving power of, nearsightedness, 496, 496t, and, 242, 242f, 243; friction
mass density, 271, 271t (see
531, 611, 611f; scanning 537 and, 135–139
also density) negative charge, 548, 549, northern lights, 674, 732–733,
mass number (A), 772–773, tunneling, 611, 611f
microwave ovens, 569, 720 549f, 549t 749
772t microwaves, 429, 429f, 443t, net force, 123–125, 124f, 127, north pole, 664–665, 666,
mathematical symbols, R21
matter waves, 391–392, 392f, 535, 719f, 720 127f; acceleration 666f, 667, 667f
Millikan, Robert, 550, 550f proportional to, 128–129, nuclear bombs, 790, 791, 791f
610, 754–756, 755f, 756f, minima, 522, 522f, 526, 526f 128f; equilibrium and, 127, nuclear decay, 779–788, 779f
mirage, 503, 503f 256, 256f
758, 759 mirror equation, 453–454, neutrinos, 781–782, 781t, 791, (see also half-life); decay
maxima: of diffraction 795 series, 783–784, 783f; in
453f neutron number (N), 772,
grating, 528, 528f, 529–530; mirrors (see also concave 772t, 773; nuclear stability fission reactions, 790, 790f;
of interference pattern, 522, and, 775, 775f, 783, 783f
spherical mirrors; convex neutrons: as baryons, 795, measurement of, 785–788,
522f; of single-slit spherical mirrors; 796, 796f; in early universe,
reflection): angle of 798, 798f; mass of, 773, 774, 788f; modes of, 779–782,
diffraction pattern, 526, reflection by, 448, 448f; flat, 774t; nuclear decay and,
779t, 780, 781, 782; nuclear 779t, 781f; neutrinos in,
526f 448–450, 449f, 450f; of laser, fission and, 790, 790f;
Maxwell, James Clerk, 66, nuclear stability and, 781–782, 781t; rules for,
534f, 535; parabolic, 775–776, 775f, 783, 783f;
715–716, 745, R19 quark structure of, 796, 780t
Maxwell’s equations, 463–464, 463f, 464f; 796f; strong force and, nuclear forces, 141, 774–775,
774–775, 793; zero charge
715–716 reversed image in, 450, of, 549, 550t 776, 793, 794t (see also
measurements, 10–20 (see newton (N), 13, 118–119, 119t strong interaction; weak
450f; sign conventions for, Newton, Isaac, 118, 123, 230, interaction)
also units); accuracy of, 744 nuclear reactions, 177, 177f,
16–17, 16f, R15–R16; 454, 454t, 460t; specular Newton’s first law of motion, 779, 789–792, 789f, 790f,
123–127, 124f, 127f; circular
calculations with, 18–19, reflection by, 447, 447f motion and, 229 791f
models, 6–9, 7f, 8f, 22 Newton’s law of universal nuclear reactors, 177, 791,
18t, 19t, 20t; conversion of, moment of inertia, 255, 255t, gravitation, 231–232, 231f;
constant G in, 231, 235, 792
12, 14–15; dimensions of, 256–257, 257f, 257t 235f; gravitational field nuclear stability, 774–777,
momentum, 190–196, 191f; strength and, 236; Kepler’s
10, 14; precision of, 16, laws and, 238, 239; ocean 775f, 779; decay series and,
angular, 257, 257f, 257t; tides and, 234, 234f
17–19, 17f, 18f, 18t; Newton’s second law of 783–784, 783f; nuclear
change in, 192–196, 192f, motion, 128–130, 128f, 192;
uncertainty principle and, inertial mass and, 237; for reactions and, 789, 789f
194f, 195f, 196f; conserva- rotation, 256, 257t nuclear waste disposal,
757–758 Newton’s third law of
mechanical advantage, tion of, 197–202, 197f, 197t, motion, 130–132, 131f; 810–811
conservation of momen- nucleons, 772, 772t, 773, 773f
248–249 199f, 202f; de Broglie tum and, 201–202, 202f;
mechanical energy, 167–172 (see also neutrons;
wavelength and, 391, 754; protons); binding energy
(see also kinetic energy; of nucleus and, 776–777
potential energy); of objects pushing each nucleus (plural, nuclei),
conservation of, 168–172, 772–774; atomic number
other, 198–199, 199f; in
168f, 169t, 250, 250f; of, 772–773, 772t, 773f;
perfectly inelastic
conversion of electrical binding energy of, 776–777,
collisions, 204–205, 205f;
energy to, 704; conversion 789, 789f, 790, 791; density
uncertainty principle and,
to electrical energy, 604, of, 773,; excited state of,
757–758, 757f; unit of, 190
700; forms of, 167–168, monatomic gases: energy of, 782; mass number of,

168f, 580; of simple 299; thermodynamic 772–773, 772t, 773f; mass

pendulum, 370, 370f processes in, 335 of, 773–774, 776–777; in
mechanical waves, 378, 378f monochromatic light, 518,
Rutherford model, 745,
(see also waves); energy 518f, 519–521, 519f, 527,
transferred by, 384; speed 745f
527f, 528, 534
of, 382–383 moon, 231, 231f, 240; laser
mechanics, 39 (see also fluid
distance measurement of,
mechanics; motion); as
field within physics, 5t; 535, 535f
motion (see also circular
symbols in, R20, R22–R23
medium: active, of laser, 534, motion; frame of
reference; kinetic energy;
534f, 535; of wave motion, Newton’s first law of
motion; Newton’s second
378, 378f law of motion; Newton’s
Meissner effect, 603 third law of motion;
melting, 317, 317f, 317t, 318;

heat of fusion and, 318,

318t

Index R89

O 798f; interactions in, photovoltaic cells, 743 circuits, 647–649, 648t;
physics, 52 (see also
object distance: from flat 793–794, 794f, 794t; current and, 597; electric
mirrors, 448, 448f; from experiments; measure-
lenses, 492–493, 493t production of particles in, ments); applications of, power and, 606–607; in
4–5, 4f, 5f; areas of, 5, 5t;
octave, 425 793, 793f; standard model field of point charge,
Oersted, Hans Christian, equations in, R26–R37; goal
in, 797–799, 797f, 798f; 583–584; of household
670, R19 of, 4; mathematics in,
ohm (Ω), 598 symbols in, R25 outlet, 604, 609, 644, 645,
Ohm, Georg Simon, 598 pascal (Pa), 276 21–25, 22f, 23f; models in,
ohmic materials, 598, 599f, Pascal, Blaise, 276 710; induced in moving
Pascal’s principle, 276–277, 6–9, 7f, 8f, 22; symbols of,
606 wire, 693, 693f; measure-
Ohm’s law, 598–599, 599f 277f R20–R25
one-dimensional motion, path difference, 521, 521f, physics teacher, high school, ment with voltmeter, 679;

36–60; acceleration in, 527, 527f 213 in parallel circuits, 640–644,
44–54, 47f, 47t, 48f, 54t; Pauli, Wolfgang, 781 pickup, 690–691, 699
displacement in, 37–38, 37f, pendulum, physical, 369 pitch, 406; Doppler effect 641t; of power lines, 609,
38f, 38t; of falling objects, pendulum, simple, 369–370,
56–60, 56f, 57f; frame of and, 408–409, 408f; 609f; reference point for,
reference for, 36, 36f, 38; 369f, 371t; amplitude of,
velocity in, 39–42, 39f, 41f, fundamental frequency 583–584, 586, 590;
42f, 42t 372, 373, 373t, 374; energy
opposite charges, 549, 549f and, 425 resistance and, 598–599,
optics: as field within of, 370, 370f; frequency of, pixels, 466
physics, 5t; symbols in, R24 Planck, Max, 391, 735–736 599f, 600, 601; in series
optometrist, 506 372, 372f, 373t; period of, Planck’s constant, 391, 736,
orbital period, 239, 240–241 circuits, 636–637, 641t;
orbiting objects: center of 372–374, 372f, 373t, 374f 754, 758
mass of, 231, 240; free-fall Penzias, Arno, 429, 429f; R18 Planck’s equation, 748, 754 shock and, 706; supplied to
motion of, 230, 230f; perfectly inelastic collisions, planetary motion (see also
gravitational force on, 231, motor, 704, 704f; unit of,
231f; Kepler’s laws for, 204–208, 204f, 205f, 212t orbiting objects):
238–241, 239f period: of mass-spring 582
order numbers, of interfer- historical theories of, 238, potential energy, 163–165,
ence fringes, 521–522, 522f system, 375–376; of
order-of-magnitude pendulum, 372–374, 372f, 238f; Kepler’s laws of, 163f (see also elastic
calculations, 24–25 potential energy;
origin: of reference frame, 373t, 374f; of planetary 238–241, 239f electrical potential
36 planets, data on, 240t energy; gravitational
overtones, 425 orbit, 239, 240–241; of plane waves, 408, 408f, 483, potential energy);
chemical, 162, 168;
P simple harmonic motion, 483f
plug, in schematic diagrams, conservation of energy
pair annihilation, 801 372–376, 372f, 373t, 374f; of
pair production, 800, 801f 628, 628f, 629t and, 309–310; as mechani-
parabolic mirrors, 463–464, wave, 382 p-n junction, 634
periodic motion, 364–365 point charge: electric field cal energy, 167–168, 168f;
463f, 464f
parabolic path, 78, 94, 94f (see also simple harmonic lines of, 566–567, 566f, unit of, 163
parallel circuits, 626–627; motion) 567f; electric field of, potential well, 610, 610f, 611f
periodic table of the potentiometers, 602
complex circuits and, elements, R44–R45 563–564; potential power, 173–174, 174f (see also
645–650, 645f, 648t; periodic waveforms, 424t,
resistors in, 639–644, 639f, 425 difference in field of, electric power); sound
640f, 641t periodic waves, 379–383, intensity and, 410; unit of,
parallel conducting wires, 379f, 380f, 381f (see also 583–584, 583f
677, 677f waves) polarization: of electrical 174
parallel-plate capacitor: permanent magnets, 665, precision, 16–17, 17f, 18f,
capacitance of, 588–589, 677, 677f, 679, 679f insulators, 553, 553f; of
590; charging of, 588, 588f; permittivity, 589 light, 468–470, 468f, 469f, R15; significant figures and,
dielectric material in, 590, phase changes, 318, 318t
590f, 591f; discharging of, phase difference: beats and, 470f 17–19, 18f, 18t, 19t, 20t;
590–591; electrical 426–427, 426f; coherence position (see also displace-
breakdown in, 592 uncertainty principle and,
paraxial rays, 452 and, 519, 533, 534; ment): frame of reference
parent nucleus, 779 for, 36–37, 36f; one-dimen- 757–758
particle physics, 793–799 (see interference and, 426, 427, pressure, 276–279; absolute,
also accelerators, sional change in, 37–38,
particle); classification of 519, 519f 278–279; atmospheric, 276,
particles in, 794–797, 795f, phosphors, 720 37f, 38f, 38t; potential
795t, 796f, 796t; early photoelectric effect, 738–741, 278, 279, 285, 285f;
universe and, 797–799, energy and, 163–165, 163f,
738f, 738t, 739f, 743 Bernoulli’s equation and,
photoelectrons, 738–741, 164f; uncertainty principle
286, 286f; density and,
738f, 738t, 739f, 743 and, 757–758, 757f
photons, 718, 739 (see also position-time graph, 41–42, 278–279, 279f; depth in

electromagnetic waves); 41f, 42f fluid and, 276f, 278–279,
Bohr model and, 748–750, positive charge, 548, 549,
279f, 286; of ideal gas,
748f, 749f; Compton shift 549f, 549t
positrons: in beta decay, 779, 283–284, 283f; kinetic
in, 742, 742f; in early
779t, 780–782, 781f; theory of gases and, 285;
universe, 798; electromag-
discovery of, 800; in Pascal’s principle and,
netic force mediated by,
nuclear fusion, 791; in pair 276–277, 277f; of real gases,
794, 794f, 794t, 799; energy
production and annihila- 284; sound waves and, 405,
of, 718, 736, 739, 741, 748;
tion, 800–801, 801f 412; speed of flow and, 282,
as gamma rays, 779, 779t, potential difference,
282f, 286; unit of, 276; work
782; photoelectric effect 582–585, 586, 630 (see also
batteries; electrical done by, 333–334, 333f,
and, 739–740, 741; Planck’s potential energy; electric
potential; emf); of 339–341
blackbody theory and, 736; batteries, 582, 582f, 586, pressure waves, 381 (see also

wave-particle duality and, 632–633; of capacitor longitudinal waves;
sound)
753–754 plates, 588–592; in circuits, primary circuit, 705, 705f; in
electronic ignition, 714,
630, 632–633; in complex
714f
primary coil, 705, 705f, 711,

711f, 712
primary colors, 465–467,

466f, 466t, 467f

R90 Index

prisms, 442, 442f, 486, 503, radio waves, 443t, 718, 719, 713; superconductors and, S
503f; total internal 719f, R18
reflection in, 500 551, 603, 612–613, 612f, sand dunes, “singing,” 430
radium, 779, 779f, 784, 785 satellites, 222, 230, 240, 662
probability, of finding rainbows, 480, 504, 504f, 720, 613f; temperature and, 599, scalars, 80, 83
particle, 610, 611f, scanning tunneling
758–759, 758f 720f 599t, 612, 612f; unit of, 598;
rarefaction, 387, 404–405, microscope (STM), 611,
projectile motion, 93–98, 93f, variable, 602 611f
94f, 95f, 97f; of center of 404f, 405f resistors, 600, 600f; in ac scattering, polarization of
mass, 254, 254f ray diagrams: for flat light by, 470, 470f
circuits, 702; bulbs acting schematic diagrams, 628,
proton-proton cycle, 791, mirrors, 449–450, 449f; for 628f, 629t, 630; ac source
792 as, 630, 631; in complex
spherical mirrors, 455, in, 707, 707f
protons: as baryons, 795, circuits, 645–650, 645f, Schrieffer, Robert, 613
796, 796f; in early universe, 455t, 456t, 459, 459f; for Schrödinger, Erwin, 610, 758
798, 798f; mass of, 773, 774, 648t; energy dissipated in, Schrödinger’s wave
774t; nuclear decay and, thin-lens systems, 489–490,
779t, 780, 781, 782; nuclear 633; in integrated circuits, equation, 610, 758, 759
stability and, 775–777, 775f, 489t, 491t, 492, 492f Schwarzschild, Karl, 233
783, 783f; in nucleus, rays, 445 (see also gamma 634; in parallel, 639–644, Schwarzschild radius, 233
772–773, 772t; positive science: limitations of, R17
charge of, 549, 550, 550t; rays); paraxial, 452; 639f, 640f, 641t; potentiom- science writer, 68
quark structure of, 796, scientific law: nature of, R19
796f; strong force and, refraction and, 483; of eters as, 602; in schematic scientific methods, 6–9, 6f, 7f,
774–775, 793
spherical waves, 407, 407f diagrams, 629t; in series, 8f, R17–R19
Ptolemy, Claudius, 238 reactors, nuclear, 177, 791, scientific notation, 18, R2–R3
pulleys, 248, 249f 635–639, 635f, 636f, 641t screws, 248, 249f
pulse waves, 379, 379f, 792 resolving power, 531–532, seat belts, 199
real image: in concave second (s), 11, 11t
386–388, 386f, 387f, 388f 531f, 532f; of scanning secondary coil, 705, 705f,
Pythagorean theorem, 85, spherical mirrors,
451–452, 451f, 452f, 455, tunneling microscope, 611, 711, 711f, 713
85f, 87, R14–R15, R14f secondary maximum, 526,
456t; with converging 611f
Q resonance, 414–415, 414f, 526f
lenses, 490, 491t, 493; in second law of thermody-
quadratic equations, R5–R6 415f
quantization of electric microscopes, 497, 497f; in resonators, 735–736 namics, 348–350, 352, 352f
respiration, cellular, 162 second-order maximum,
charge, 550, 550f, 550t telescopes, 499, 499f rest energy, 176–177, 774,
quantization of energy, red shift, 428–429, 428t 528–529, 528f, 530
reference frames, 36–37, 36f; 774t semiconductors, 551, 599,
735–736, 741 restoring force: of mass-
quantum, 736 accelerating, 258–259, 258f; 634, 743, 761
quantum mechanics: birth spring system, 365, 371t, semiconductor technician,
velocity and, 100, 100f 375; of pendulum, 369–370,
of, 736; electron spin in, reflecting telescopes, 652
665; as field within physics, 369f, 374 series circuits, 626, 635, 635f,
5t; tunneling in, 610–611, 463–464, 464f resultant vectors, 81, 82, 81f,
610f, 611f; uncertainty reflection, 388, 388f (see also 641t; complex circuits and,
principle in, 757–758, 757f; 82f, 85–87, 85f, 86f, 88 (see
wave function in, 610, mirrors); angle of, 448, also vectors) 645–650, 645f, 648t;
758–759, 758f 448f; colors and, 465, 465f; retina, 496
quantum number, 736 reverberation, 425 resistors in, 635–639, 635f,
quantum states, 736 diffuse, 447, 447f; right-hand rule: for
quarks, 795–797, 795t, 796f, magnetic field direction, 636f
796t; big bang and, 797, polarization of light by, 671, 671f; for magnetic shadows, 526, 526f
798, 798f; standard model shock absorbers, 368
and, 797, 797f, 799 470, 470f; specular, 447, force on charged particle, short circuits, 631
SI (Système International
R 447f; total internal, 674, 674f; for magnetic
d’Unités), 10–12, 10f, 11f,
radians (rad), R14, 62–63, 62f 500–502, 500f force on conducting wire, 11t, 12t, 13, 39, 44, R38–R39
radiation (see also electro- refracting telescopes, 499, sigma (∑), 22, 129, R21
676, 677 significant figures, 17–19,
magnetic waves): 499f rms (root-mean-square) 18f, 18t, 19t, 20t
blackbody, 734–736, 734f, refraction, 482–486, 482f, 483f simple harmonic motion,
735f; in early universe, 429, current, 708–710, 708f,
429f, 798, R18; electromag- (see also index of 708t 365; amplitude of, 372, 373,
netic, 717, 717f; from refraction; lenses); angle Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad,
radioactive materials, of, 482, 482f, 486; apparent 721, 721f 373t, 374; damped, 365,
779–782, 779t Rohrer, Heinrich, 611
radioactivity, 779 (see also position of objects and, roller coaster designer, 178 368; frequency of, 372, 372f,
nuclear decay) rotational energy: kinetic,
radiologist, 802 485, 485f; atmospheric, 503, 257, 257t; of molecules, 373t; of mass-spring
radio telescopes, 531–532,
532f 503f; by lenses, 488; 299, 299t system, 364–367, 364f, 371t;
rotational equilibrium, 256
rainbows and, 480, 504, rotational motion, 244–247 of pendulum, 369–370,

504f; speed of light and, (see also axis of rotation; 369f, 370f, 371t; period of,
circular motion); center of
482–484, 483f mass and, 244, 254, 254f; 372–376, 372f, 373t, 374f;
refrigerators, 342, 346–347,
dynamics of, 256–257, 256f, wave motion and, 379, 379f
352, 352f (see also air simple machines, 248–250,
conditioning) 257f, 257t; kinematics of,
relative intensity, 413, 413t 248f, 249t, 250f; efficiency
relative motion, 101–102 (see 62–65, 62f, 63f, 64f, 65t;
also Doppler effect) of, 250; mechanical
relativity, 5t (see also general moment of inertia and,
theory of relativity; advantage of, 248–249
special theory of 255, 255t, 256–257, 257f;
relativity)
resistance, 598–602; in ac torque and, 245–247, 246f,
circuits, 707, 707f, 708, 710;
256–257; translational
of batteries, 632, 632f;
motion and, 244, 244f
factors affecting, 599, 599t; rounding, 19, 19t, 20t
Rutherford, Ernest, 744, 747,
of human body, 601; Ohm’s
772, 789
law and, 598–599, 599f;

power dissipated by,

606–607, 608, 609, 707–708,

Index R91

sine function, 88–89, spectrum, visible, 442, 442f, steam: heating of, 317, 317f, radiation and, 734–735,
R13–R15, R13f, R13t 486, 503, 503f (see also 317t; work done by,
colors); Doppler shift and, 332–334, 332f 734f, 735f; compared to
sine wave, 379, 379f, 381, 428, 428t; in rainbow, 480,
381f; of alternating current, steam point, 301, 302, 302t heat, 306–307, 307f; energy
504, 504f, 720, 720f step-down transformer, 711
702, 702f, 707, 708f; and specular reflection, 447, 447f step-up transformer, 711, and, 298–299, 299f; energy
speed, 41 (see also speed of
radio waves, 718; sound 712, 714, 714f transfer and, 305–307, 305f,
light; velocity); angular, stimulated emission, 534f,
represented by, 405, 405f, 252–253, 252f, 257, 257t; of 306f, 307f; equilibrium and,
535
407, 407f, 424, 424t fluid, 281–282, 281f, 282f, STM (scanning tunneling 300, 306, 306f; of ideal gas,
sky diving, 60
slip rings, 703, 703f 286, 286f; kinetic energy microscope), 611, 611f 283–284, 283f; isothermal
slope: of line, R7, R7t; of stopping distance, 194, 194f
and, 158–159, 160, 161; of strong force, 141, 774–775, processes and, 336, 336f,
position-time graph, 41–42,
orbiting object, 240, 241; of 776 340t; measurement of,
41f, 42f; of velocity-time strong interaction, 793–794,
pendulum, 370; power and, 300–303, 301f, 302f, 302t; of
graph, 46–47, 46f, 57, 57f 794t, 797–799, 797f, 798f
Snell, Willebrord, 486 173–174; of sound, 406, subtractive primary colors, real gases, 284; resistance
Snell’s law, 486, 500, 503
soft magnetic materials, 665 407t; tangential, 224, 225, 466t, 467, 467f and, 599, 599t, 612, 612f;
solenoids, 671–672, 672f sun (see also planetary
solar cells, 743 226, 227, 252–253, 252f; scales of, 301–303, 302t;
solids: band theory of, motion): electromagnetic
velocity compared to, 41; of radiation from, 717, 717f; volume and, 300
760–761, 760f, 761f; thermal fusion reactions in, 177, terminal speed, 140
waves, 382–383, 444 177f, 791; spectrum of, 746, terminal velocity, 60
expansion of, 300 speed of light, 444, 482–484, 747 terminal voltage, 632, 633
sound, 404–427 (see also superconductors, 551, 603, tesla (T), 673, 696
483f, 716–717; special 612–613, 612f, 613f Tesla coil, 580, 580f
harmonic series; musical superposition, 385 test charge, 562, 563, 563f,
instruments); audible, 405, relativity and, 66–67, 66f, superposition principle:
412–413, 412f, 413t, 416, beats and, 426–427, 426f; 564, 582
104–105, 105t electric field and, 563, theory: nature of, R19
417; beats in, 426–427, 426f; sphere, capacitance of, 564–565; electric force and, therm, 307t
556–558; electric potential thermal conduction, 308,
Doppler effect and, 589–590 and, 584; waveforms
spherical aberration: 452, resulting from, 424, 424t; 308f
408–409, 408f; ear anatomy waves and, 386, 387, 518 thermal equilibrium, 300,
463, 463f, 505 (see also switches, 630, 630f; of circuit
and, 416, 416f; echoloca- concave spherical breakers, 645; current 306, 306f, 307
mirrors; convex spherical propagation and, 596; thermal expansion, 300
tion with, 402; frequency mirrors) dimmers, 602, 602f; in thermal insulators, 308
spherical waves, 407–408, schematic diagrams, 628, thermodynamic processes,
of, 405, 406, 408–409, 412, 407f; Huygens’ principle 629t; transistor-based, 634
symbols, R20–R25; in 335–337, 340t (see also heat
412f; hearing loss and, 412, and, 445; intensity of, equations, 22–23, 23t; in engines; refrigerators);
schematic diagrams, 629t adiabatic, 337, 337f; cyclic,
417; from inelastic 410–411; refraction of, 483, sympathetic vibrations, 414
system, 332–333; isolated, 342–344, 343f; first law and,
collisions, 206, 208; 483f 340t; as object of study by
spin, electron, 665 physicists, 7 340; isothermal, 336, 336f;
intensity of, 410–413, 410f, spontaneous emission, 748,
T isovolumetric, 335, 335f
412f, 413t, 414; from 748f thermodynamics, 5t; entropy
spring constant, 164, tables of data, 21, 21t
loudspeakers, 677, 677f; tangent, to position-time in, 351–352, 352f; first law
365–366, 375, 376
from machines, 250; pitch springs: elastic potential graph, 42, 42f of, 338–341, 338f, 339t, 340t;
tangent function, 86–87, 86f,
of, 406; production of, energy of, 164–165, 164f, second law of, 348, 352,
167–168, 168f, 169, 170, R13, R13f, R13t, R14
404–405, 404f, 405f, 410, tangential acceleration, 226, 352f; symbols in, R20, R23
367, 367f; Hooke’s law for, thermometers, 300–301, 301f
410f; reverberation of, 425; 253, 253f thin lenses, 489, 492–493,
364–367, 364f, 375, 376; tangential speed, 224, 225,
speed of, 406, 407t; 493t (see also lenses);
longitudinal waves in, 381, 226, 227, 252–253, 252f combinations of, 497–499,
spherical waves of, telephoto lenses, 498
381f; in mass-spring telescopes: Hubble Space 497f, 499f; ray diagrams for,
407–408, 407f; timbre of,
systems, 372, 375–376; Telescope, 429, 429f, 532; 489–490, 489t, 491t, 492,
424–425 radio, 531–532, 532f;
south pole, 664, 666, 666f, relaxed length, 164, 164f; reflecting, 463–464, 464f; 492f
refracting, 499, 499f; Thomson, J. J., 744, 744f
667, 667f simple harmonic motion resolving power of, threshold frequency, 739,
space shuttle, 222, 242–243, 531–532, 531f, 532f
with, 364–367, 364f, 371t temperature: as basic 739f, 741
694 spring tide, 234 dimension, 10; blackbody threshold of hearing, 412,
special theory of relativity, standard model, 797–799,
412f, 413, 413t
66–67, 104–105, 176–177, 797f, 798f threshold of pain, 412, 412f,
standing waves, 389–390,
258; antiparticles and, 800; 413t
389f, 390f; in an air column, tides, 234, 234f
black holes and, 233 timbre, 424–425
specific heat capacity, 420–425, 420f, 421f, 424t; time: acceleration and,

313–315, 313f, 314f, 314t on a vibrating string, 44–46, 46f; as basic
spectra, atomic, 745–747,
418–419, 418f, 419t, dimension, 10–11, 11t;
745f, 746f, 747f; absorption,
424–425, 424t change in momentum and,
746–747, 747f, 748, 749; stars: fusion reactions in,
192–196, 192f, 195f, 196f;
Bohr model and, 747–752, 177, 177f, 791; orbiting
constant acceleration and,
748f, 749f; emission, 746, black holes, 233; resolved
47–52, 54t; and free fall, 58,
746f, 748, 749, 750 by telescopes, 531, 531f;
spectrometers, 528, 528f frequency and, 372, 373t;
spectroscopy, 428 spectra of, 428, 747
spectrum, electromagnetic, static electricity, 548–549, period and, 372, 373t; in

442, 443, 443t, 719–721, 548f, 549f special relativity, 66–67,
719f. See also specific types static friction, 134–137, 134f,
of radiation 66f; velocity and, 39–42,
135f, 136t
39f, 41f, 42f, 42t

R92 Index

time dilation, 66–67, 66f tions for, 22–23, 23t; velocity-time graphs, 46, 46f; wave function, 758–759, 758f
torque, 245–247, 245f, 246f, conversion of, 12, 14–15, with constant acceleration, wavelength, 380, 380f;
14f; Mars Climate Orbiter 48, 48f; of freely falling
247f; angular acceleration mission failure and, 13; body, 57, 57f diffraction and, 526–529,
and, 256–257, 256t, 257t; on prefixes in, 11–12, 11f, 12t,
current loop in magnetic 15; vibrational energy: of atoms 531; of electromagnetic
field, 662, 679, 679f; sign of, SI units, 10–12, 10f, 11f, 11t, in conductors, 597; of
246–247 12t, 13, R38–R39 molecules, 299, 299t waves, 443, 443t, 444, 717,
torque coils, magnetic, 662 universe: early history of,
total internal reflection, 429, 429f, 797–799, 798f; vibrations (see also waves): 719, 719f; index of
500–502, 500f expansion of, 428–429 damping of, 365; forced,
transformers, 705, 706, unpolarized light, 468, 468f 414–415, 414f, 415f; of refraction and, 486, 503,
711–714, 711f; in gasoline uranium-225, fission of, mass-spring system,
engines, 714, 714f; in 790–791, 790f 364–367, 364f, 371t; in 503f, 505, 505f; interference
ground fault circuit UV (ultraviolet) light, 443t, physics, 5t; sound
interrupters, 706 717f, 719f, 720–721 production by, 404–405, and, 518, 518f, 522; of laser,
transistors, 634 404f, 405f, 410, 410f; of a
translational motion, 244, V string, 418–419, 419f; 534, 535; of matter waves,
244f; of center of mass, 254 symbols in, R24; waves
transmission axis, 469, 469f, valence band, 761, 761f produced by, 379–381, 379f, 391–392, 754, 758, 758f;
470, 470f valley of stability, 775f, 776 380f, 381f
transmission lines, 609, 609f, variables, 22–23, 23t refracting wave fronts and,
713 vectors, 80–83, 80f, 81f, 82f; virtual image: in flat
transverse waves, 380, 380f mirrors, 449, 449f; with 483, 483f; resolving power
(see also electromagnetic adding algebraically, 90–91, lenses, 490, 491t, 492, 492f,
waves); electromagnetic, 90f; adding graphically, 493; with microscopes, 497, and, 531; of sound, 407,
716, 716f 81–82, 81f, 82f; coordinate 497f; in spherical mirrors,
triangle method of addition, systems for, 84–85, 84f, 88; 451, 451f, 455, 456t, 459, 407f
82, 82f multiplying by scalars, 83; 459f; with telescopes, 499, wavelets, 445, 445f; diffrac-
triangles (see also trigonom- negative of, 82–83; 499f
etry): areas of, R12t; properties of, 82–83, 82f; tion pattern and, 525, 525f
determining an unknown resolving into components, virtual object, 493, 493t, 497 wave-particle duality,
angle or side, R14–R15, 88–89, 88f, 90–91, 90f, 93, viscosity, 280
R14f, R15f; Pythagorean 93f; subtraction of, 82; visible light, 443t, 715, 719f, 391–392, 392f, 718,
theorem for, 85, 85f, 87, symbols for, 80, 80f, R20
R14–R15, R14f; tangent velocity, 39–42 (see also 720, 720f (see also light; 753–756, 755f
function and, 86–87, 86f constant velocity; final spectrum, visible); from waves (see also diffraction;
trigonometry, R13–R15, R13f, velocity; horizontal hot objects, 734, 734f, 735f;
R13t, R14f, R15f velocity; initial velocity; wave-particle duality and, electromagnetic waves;
tritium, 773 speed); angular, 64–65, 64f, 753 interference; light; matter
troughs, 380, 380f, 381 65t; average, 39–40, 39f, 41, volt (V), 582 waves; reflection;
tuning forks, 404, 404f, 405f, 41f, 48; changes in, 44–47, voltage (see also potential refraction; sound;
424, 424t 46f, 47t (see also accelera- difference): ac potential standing waves):
tunneling, 610–611, 610f, 611f tion); of charge carriers, difference as, 710; lightning amplitude of, 380, 380f,
turbulent flow, 280, 280f 596–597, 597f; components and, 578
two-dimensional motion, of, 93, 93f; constant voltmeters, 679, 710 384; coherent sources of,
93–99, 100–102; compo- acceleration and, 47–54, volume: constant-volume 519 (see also lasers);
nents of vectors and, 93, 54t; drift, 596–597, 597f; processes, 335, 335f, 340t; Doppler effect for, 408–409,
93f; coordinate systems for, escape, 233; of fluid, 280, displaced, 272, 272f, 273; of
84, 84f, 86, 88, 89, 91; 281–282, 281f, 282f; frame gas, 283–284, 283f; of 408f, 428, 428t; energy
parabolic path in, 78, 94, of reference and, 100, 100f; geometric shapes, R12t; of
94f; projectile motion, graphs of position-time liquid, 270; mass density transfer by, 384; frequency
93–98, 93f, 94f, 95f, 97f and, 41–42, 41f, 42f; and, 271; work and,
instantaneous, 42, 42f, 42t; 333–334, 333f of, 382–383; Huygens’
U of mass-spring system,
364–365, 371t; momentum W principle for, 445, 445f, 524,
ultrasonic waves, 405, 406 and, 190–191, 191f;
ultraviolet catastrophe, 735 negative, 39, 42, 42f, 46, 46f, water: bipolar molecules of, 525, 525f; interaction of,
ultraviolet (UV) light, 443t, 47, 47t; one-dimensional, 569; boiling point of, 301,
39–42, 39f, 41f, 42f, 42t; 302t; heating of, 317, 317f, 385–387, 385f, 386f, 387f
717f, 719f, 720–721 positive, 39, 42, 42f, 46, 46f, 317t; melting point and ice (see also interference);
uncertainty: in measure- 47, 47t; relative, 101–102; point of, 301, 302t; volume longitudinal, 381, 381f, 387,
relativistic, 104–105, 105t; and temperature of, 300
ments or results, 16 resultant, 82, 81f, 82f, 405, 405f; measures of, 380,
uncertainty principle, 85–87, 85f, 86f, 88; speed water wheel, 342 380f (see also wavelength);
compared to, 41; terminal, watt (W), 174, 606 mechanical, 378, 378f, 383,
757–758, 757f 60; unit of, 39; as vector Watt, James, 294
underwater appearance, quantity, 80, 80f, 81, 82–83, waveforms, 380, 380f, 381, 384; period of, 382; in
82f, 83
485, 485f 381f, 424–425, 424t physics, 5t; ray approxima-
unified atomic mass unit wave fronts, 445, 445f; of
tion for, 445; speed of,
(u), 773 incoherent light, 533, 533f;
units, 10–15, 10f, 11f, 11t, refraction and, 483, 483f; 382–383, 444; spherical,
spherical, 407, 407f, 408,
R38–R39 (see also 408f 407–408, 407f, 410–411,
measurements); abbrevia-
445, 483, 483f; symbols in,

R20, R24; transverse, 380,

380f, 716, 716f; types of,

379–381, 379f, 380f, 381f
weak interaction, 141, 793,

794, 794t, 797–799, 797f,

798f
wedge, 248, 249f
weight, 118–119, 133, 133f,

242; apparent, of object in

fluid, 271, 272, 273, 274;

location and, 236, 236f
weightlessness, 242–243, 242f
wheel and axle, 248, 249f
Wheeler, John, 233
wide-angle lenses, 498
Wilson, Robert, 429, 429f;

R18
wire, 629t, 630; magnetic

force on, 676–679, 676f,

677f, 679f; in schematic

diagrams, 628, 628f, 629t

Index R93

work, 154–155, 154f, 155f; in
charging a capacitor, 591;
electrical, 580, 581, 586,
591, 606; energy transfer
and, 332–333, 332f; first law
of thermodynamics and,
338–341, 338f, 339t, 340t;
force and, 154–157, 154f,
155f, 156f, 158, 158f; gas
expansion or compression
and, 333–334, 333f,
339–341; heat and,
309–310, 332–333, 332f; by
heat engine, 342–344, 343f,
348–350, 352, 352f; kinetic
energy and, 158, 160–161,
160f; by machine, 250, 250f;
by motor, 704; net, 155, 157,
160; power and, 173–174;
by refrigerator, 346–347;
sign of, 156–157, 156f, 339,
339t; in thermodynamic
processes, 335–337, 336f,
337f, 340t; unit of, 155

work function, 739, 741
work-kinetic energy

theorem, 160–161, 160f

X

X rays, 443t, 719f, 721, 721f;
from sun, 717f

Z

zero level: of electrical
potential energy, 581; of
electric potential, 584, 586;
of gravitational potential
energy, 164

zeroth-order maximum, 528,
528f

zoom lenses, 498
Zweig, George, 795

R94 Index