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The Shaik Zolkaffily case’s journey from 1997 to 2003shows that there was more than simply a fight forproperty ownership. It shows how the civil and Syariahcourt systems in Malaysia are still struggling to worktogether on religious endowments (Syed Abdul Kader,2015; Yaacob, 2013). It all started when the heirs of adeceased took the Majlis Agama Islam Pulau Pinang tocourt over property they alleged was waqf (ShaikZolkaffily bin Shaik Natar & Ors v Majlis Agama IslamPulau Pinang dan Seberang Perai [2003] 3 MLJ 705). TheHigh Court ruled in favour of the family in 1997, findingthat there was no convincing evidence that the propertyhad been legally transferred to them (Shaik Zolkaffily’scase, 2003). However, as the case moved through thecourts, the emphasis shifted from the factual matter ofwaqf to a broader constitutional one: who has the powerto decide whether a waqf exists? (Ahmad Ibrahim, 1981;Abdul Hamid Mohamad, 2002). In 2003, the FederalCourt made a decision that changed everything: when allparties involved are Muslim, such cases can only beheard by the Syariah Court, not the civil courts (ShaikZolkaffily case, 2003). That ruling did more than settle aproperty dispute; it changed the law and told civil courtsnot to become involved in cases regulated by Islamiclaw. The verdict was supposed to clear up a longstanding grey issue, based on the concept that waqf, as areligious act, should be resolved according to Syariah(Federal Constitution of Malaysia, Art. 121(1A); AhmadIbrahim, 1981).Nurul Mazrah Manshor¹*, Rohayati Hussin² & NurIrinah Mohd Sirat³¹²³Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah,Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected] &[email protected](*corresponding author)Biodata of authorsNurul Mazrah Manshor is a Senior Law Lecturer atUniversiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). She obtained herBachelor of Laws (LL.B (Hons)) from the InternationalIslamic University Malaysia (IIUM) and was admittedas an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court ofMalaya in 2005. She later pursued her Master ofLaws (LL.M) at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM). She has been teaching Malaysian LegalSystem, Corporate Law and Business Law at theUiTM Kedah Branch since 2009. Her researchinterests include waqf law, governance and legaleducation.Dr. Rohayati Hussin is a Senior Law Lecturer atUniversiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah Branch. Sheobtained her PhD from UiTM Shah Alam in 2021 andpreviously earned MCL (2009), LL. B (Hons) (2007),and LL.B_S (Shar‘iah) (2008) from the InternationalIslamic University Malaysia (IIUM). She teachesBusiness Law, Corporate Law, Commercial Law, andthe Malaysian Legal System. Her research interestsinclude waqf law, waqf land, and Islamic property.Nur Irinah Mohamad Sirat is a senior lecturer at theFaculty of Law, UiTM Kedah Branch. She obtainedher Bachelor of Laws from the University UtaraMalaysia and completed her Master of Laws from theUniversity Malaya. Her area of interest includesenvironmental law and commercial law.REVISITING THE LIMITS OFCIVIL AND SYARIAH COURTPOWERS IN THE FEDERALCOURT CASE OF SHAIKZOLKAFFILY BIN SHAIK NATAR &ORS V. MAJLIS AGAMA ISLAMPULAU PINANG DAN SEBERANG PERAI [2003]3 MLJ 705Page 52 of 132

However, more than 20 years later, the border between the two legal systems remains blurry, andjurisdiction remains unclear. The continued ambiguity underscores the importance of Malaysia’stwo judicial systems working together effectively (Mohamad, 2024; Yussoff, 2022; Syed AbdulKader, 2015).Why is this still a problem?Civil courts in Malaysia are still hearing waqf-related cases, even though the 2003 verdict said theycould not. This includes arguments over property ownership, the distribution of assets aftersomeone’s death, and claims by others that the land was never legally granted in the first place.People typically take these disputes to civil court because they think they will be resolved byfederal law (Syed Abdul Kader, 2015; Neo, 2013). The arguments are usually grounded infundamental legal concepts such as trust law, property law, and contract law (Che Zuina Ismail etal., 2015). These disputes often lead to court battles. The Syariah Court, on the other hand, saysthat waqf falls within its jurisdiction. The civil courts, on the other hand, say they have the right tohear cases that involve constitutional rights, legislative interpretation, or the interests of nonMuslim parties (Federal Constitution Ninth Schedule List II; Abdul Hamid Mohamad, 2002). Thisback-and-forth makes the law unclear. It not only makes the procedure take longer but also putsthe case at risk of different decisions depending on which court hears it (Syed Abdul Kader, 2015;Mohamad, 2024).What is at stake?This issue is more than just a legal technicality. It affects real people, particularly families, heirs,and communities hoping to benefit from waqf assets (Cizakca, 2011). If courts cannot agree on whohas the final say, waqf land can end up frozen in legal limbo (Che Zuina Ismail et al., 2015).Properties cannot be developed. Funds cannot be channelled. The spirit of the endowment, whichusually aims for long-term public benefit, is lost in bureaucracy (Kuran, 2001; Cizakca, 2011). Moreimportantly, it erodes public trust. If a person wants to endow property as a waqf but fears theirwishes might be challenged later in court and undone, they may think twice. Waqf relies heavily onconfidence in the system. People need to believe that once a property is endowed for religious orcharitable use, it will be protected by law (Fadhlurrahman et al., 2025).Looking abroad: how do others handle this?Let us compare this with Indonesia. Indonesia’s legal system has taken clearer steps to unify waqfregulation under one authority. Under Law No. 41 of 2004, the Badan Wakaf Indonesia (BWI)oversees all waqf matters nationally (Law No. 41 of 2004; Fauzia, 2013). They have made itmandatory for waqf declarations to be documented and registered through certified processes(Fauzia, 2013). Disputes, including those over land and administration, are handled throughreligious courts, which have clear jurisdiction under Indonesian law. While issues still arise, such asland data verification or nazhir accountability, institutional clarity has helped preventjurisdictional overlap (Law No. 41 of 2004; Fauzia, 2013).Singapore offers a different model. The Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) is a statutory boardthat administers all waqf property on behalf of the Muslim community (Administration of MuslimLaw Act, Singapore, 1966; Abbas, 2012). There is no dual court system. Civil law recognises MUIS asthe trustee for all waqf matters (Administration of Muslim Law Act, Singapore, 1966). Thiseliminates legal ambiguity and ensures that disputes are resolved through appropriateadministrative mechanisms rather than court battles. While this centralised model may not suitMalaysia’s federal structure, it shows how a unified authority can bring much-needed certainty(Abbas, 2012).Page 53 of 132

The way forward for MalaysiaThere are no easy answers, especially given the country’s dual legal system and the constitutionalseparation of powers. However, it is time for clearer boundaries (Syed Abdul Kader, 2015). Eitherthe law needs to be amended to reinforce Syariah jurisdiction over all waqf-related mattersinvolving Muslims, or a hybrid model needs to be created in which civil courts intervene only invery limited, well-defined situations (such as when non-Muslim third parties are directly involved)(Abdul Hamid Mohamad, 2002). Another option is to strengthen the administrative framework forwaqf (Che Zuina Ismail et al., 2015). A national waqf authority similar to Indonesia’s BWI couldoversee documentation, registration, and dispute mediation before cases even reach the courts.This might prevent minor misunderstandings from growing into full-blown lawsuits.ConclusionIn the end, waqf is not just a legal transaction. It is a religious act with deep social value. If our legalsystem cannot provide certainty and respect for these intentions, we risk undermining a centuriesold tradition of Muslim philanthropy. Malaysia has the opportunity to fix this, but it will requirelawmakers, judges, and religious authorities to work together, not in silos. The Shaik Zolkaffily caseserved as a wake-up call, highlighting the legal complexities that hinder waqf’s full potential.However, beyond legal disputes, Malaysia must recognise waqf as a powerful economic tool,capable of transforming social welfare, stimulating financial inclusion, and advancing sustainabledevelopment goals.ReferencesAbbas, A. N. (2012). The Islamic legal system in Singapore. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 21, 163.Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA). (1966). Singapore Statutes Online. https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/AMLA1966Çizakça, M. (2011). Islamic capitalism and finance: Origins, evolution and the future. Edward Elgar Publishing.Fadhlurrahman, F., Darmansyah, M., & Citra, Y. (2025). Managing Islamic endowments (waqf): Legal challenges and strategicapproaches for sustainable development. Journal of Islamic Law and Legal Studies, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.70063/-.v2i1.65Fauzia, A. (2013). Faith and the state: A history of Islamic philanthropy in Indonesia (Vol. 1). Brill.Federal Constitution of Malaysia. (1957). Article 121(1A) and Ninth Schedule, List II (State List). https://www.agc.gov.myIbrahim, A. (1981). Islamic law in Malaysia. Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law, 8, 21.Ismail, C. Z., Salim, N. J., & Hanafiah, N. J. A. (2015). Administration and management of waqf land in Malaysia: Issues andsolutions. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 613–620.Law No. 41 of 2004 on Waqf. (2004). Government of Indonesia. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/40592/uu-no-41-tahun-2004Mohamad, A. H. (2002). Civil and Syariah courts in Malaysia: Conflict of jurisdictions. Malayan Law Journal, 1, 130–144.Mohamad, N. A. (2024). Developments in harmonisation of Shari'ah and law of waqf. IIUM Law Journal, 32, 59.Neo, J. L. (2013). The Constitution of Malaysia: A contextual analysis. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 223.Shaik Zolkaffily bin Shaik Natar & Ors v Majlis Agama Islam Pulau Pinang dan Seberang Perai [2003] 3 MLJ 705 (FederalCourt, Malaysia).Syed Abdul Kader, S. Z. (2015). The legal framework of waqf in Malaysia. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2547440Yaacob, H. (2013). Waqf history and legislation in Malaysia: A contemporary perspective. Journal of Islamic and HumanAdvanced Research, 3(6), 387–402.Yussoff, Y., Shakeran, S. F. S. R., & Rahman, S. A. K. A. (2022). Resolving jurisdictional dilemma in recent religious disputes bylegal mechanisms. INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar, 39(1), 74–114.Page 54 of 132

Recycling is one of the keys to environmentalsustainability. However, an important question arises inthe Malaysian context: can recycling itself contribute topollution? The limitations of recycling are increasinglyevident globally. A 2020 report estimated that only 10%of plastic worldwide has ever been recycled, notingongoing structural issues such as materialcontamination, a variety of plastic types, and limitedrecycling infrastructure (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2020). These globalconstraints are also reflected at the national level.Although Malaysia generates substantial volumes ofplastic waste annually, its National Recycling Rate stoodat 37.9% in 2024, indicating that a significant proportionof plastic waste continues to be landfilled, incinerated,or released into the natural environment (Department ofEnvironment Malaysia [DOE], 2023; MalaysianInvestment Development Authority [MIDA], 2025).Due to the increased amount of plastic waste, scraprecycling factories, such as plastic raw material storagefacilities, have been expanded as part of efforts torecover resources and meet circular economy goals(Malaysia Plastics Sustainability Roadmap 2021-2030).However, the growing number of enforcement actionsand numerous community complaints indicate that someof these factories are causing air, water, and soilpollution and raising environmental concerns in poorlyregulated recycling operations (Bernama, 2025; The Star,2025; Johor Department of Environment, 2025).Malaysia's role in importing plastic refuse scrap underHS code 3915 further complicates these issues.According to global trade data and Malaysian customsdata (TradeImeX, 2026), in the first three quarters of2025, Malaysia imported $153.46 million worth of plasticwaste and scrap, making it the 6th-largest importerglobally.*Nur Irinah Mohamad Sirat¹, Nurul Mazrah Manshor²& Rohayati Hussin³¹²³Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah,Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected] &[email protected](*corresponding author) RECYCLING ORPOLLUTING?THE LEGALFRAMEWORK OFSCRAP RECYCLINGFACTORIES INMALAYSIABiodata of authorsNur Irinah Mohamad Sirat is a senior lecturer at theFaculty of Law, UiTM Kedah Branch. She obtainedher Bachelor of Laws from Universiti Utara Malaysiaand her Master of Laws from Universiti Malaya. Herareas of interest include environmental law andcommercial law.Nurul Mazrah Manshor is a senior law lecturer atUniversiti Teknologi MARA. She obtained herBachelor of Laws (LL.B Hons) from the InternationalIslamic University Malaysia (IIUM). She was admittedas an Advocate & Solicitor of the High Court ofMalaya in 2005 after obtaining her LL.B (Hons)degree, and she pursued her Master of Laws (LL.M)at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). She hastaught the Malaysian Legal System, Corporate Law,and Business Law at the UiTM Kedah Branch since2009.Dr Rohayati Hussin is a senior law lecturer atUniversiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kedah. Sheobtained her PhD from UiTM Shah Alam in 2021. Shealso has a Master of Comparative Law (MCL) in 2009,an LLB_S (Shar'iah) Degree in 2008, and an LLB(Hons) Degree in 2007 from the International IslamicUniversity Malaysia (IIUM). She has experienceteaching various law subjects, including BusinessLaw, Corporate Law, Commercial Law, and theMalaysian Legal System. Her area of interest includeswaqf law, waqf land, and Islamic properties.Page 55 of 132

Case Location Year OffenceLegislation/Relevant SectionPenalty / Outcome Source(s)A plasticrecycling firmhas been finedRM100k forstoringscheduledwaste withoutapproval.JalanSungai Jati,Klang,Selangor2020(inspection);convictionreported2026Storing scheduledwaste (plasticscrap mixed withelectronic circuitboards – SW110)without DOEapproval.Section 34B(1)(a) ofthe EnvironmentalQuality Act 1974.A used plasticrecycling companywas finedRM100,000. New StraitsTimes (9January 2026)IllegalPrecious-MetalRecyclingFactories(Bukit Amanraid)KampungTelok Gong,Klang,Selangor2024The companyoperatesunlicensed scrapand e-wasterecycling factories,illegally imports ewaste disguised asscrap metal, andprocesses e-wastefor preciousmetals.EnvironmentalQuality Act 1974;EnvironmentalQuality (ScheduledWastes)Regulations 2005.Seizure of scrap ande-waste worth~RM97 million; 36arrests; premisesshut down.The Star (4Sept 2024)Plastic ScrapRecyclingFactory(SessionsCourt)KualaSelangor,Selangor2025Investigationsfound that thefactory wasengaged in therecycling of plasticscrap. The factoryhad failed toprovide writtennotification andwas not equippedwith an airpollution controlsystem as requiredunder theEnvironmentalQuality (Clean Air)Regulations 2014.Section 34A(8) ofthe EnvironmentalQuality Act 1974,and the other twocharges underRegulation 29 ofthe EnvironmentalQuality (Clean Air)Regulations 2014.RM65,000 fine;imprisonment indefault of paymentBernama (11Sept 2025)The regulatory framework for scrap recycling factories needs to be closely examined. In Malaysia,scrap recycling factories are not regulated under a single, dedicated recycling or plastics statute.Instead, regulation is split across several environmental laws. The primary legal framework is theEnvironmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127), which empowers the Department of Environment (DOE)to regulate industrial activities that may cause pollution. Relevant provisions include section 22,which prohibits air pollution from industrial processes; section 34B, which prohibits the placing,depositing, etc., of scheduled wastes; and section 34A, which requires an Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) for prescribed activities likely to have significant environmental effects.Recycling facilities may also be subject to subsidiary regulations, including the EnvironmentalQuality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 and the Environmental Quality (Clean Air)Regulations 2014. At the state level, business licensing and land-use approvals are handled bylocal authorities. Despite this framework, significant legal gaps remain. First, regulation is largelyreactive, with enforcement actions typically taken only after pollution complaints orenvironmental harm have occurred (Bernama, 2025; The Star, 2025). Second, split governanceweakens enforcement, as local authorities may issue operating licences while federal agencies monitor environmental compliance separately, creating regulatory gaps. Third, licensing andapproval processes lack consistency, allowing some facilities to operate or expand without acomprehensive environmental review.Most critically, Malaysia lacks a mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework.Producers and importers are not legally required to manage post-consumer waste, effectivelyshifting environmental risks downstream to recycling facilities (Malaysia Plastics SustainabilityRoadmap, 2021; Economic Planning Unit, 2021). It also mirrors a regulatory framework thatprioritises pollution over sustainable recycling.Page 56 of 132Table 1. Summary of selected enforcement cases

Gurunrecyclingfirm finedRM135,000forrepeatedenvironmentalbreaches.GurunIndustrialZone,SungaiPetani,Kedah2021(convictionreportedlater)Breachingconditions of itsEnvironmentalImpactAssessment (EIA)approval byprocessingscheduledelectrical andelectronic wasteoutside theapproved scope.The second wasoperating withouta licence underSection 18 of theEnvironmentalQuality Act 1974.EnvironmentalQuality Act 1974;EnvironmentalQuality(ScheduledWastes)Regulations2005.The companywas finedRM135,000.New StraitsTimes (22 Oct2025)Scrap MetalRecyclingCompanywithout EIAApprovalGurunIndustrialZone,SungaiPetani,Kedah2021The operation of afacility forrecycling scrapmetal without anapprovedEnvironmentalImpactAssessment (EIA)has caused airpollution and apublic nuisance.Section 34A(6),EnvironmentalQuality Act 1974.The companywas finedRM40,000. New StraitsTimes (26Sept 2024)Table 1 summarises recent cases involving scrap recycling factories in Malaysia and illustrates howthe current legal framework works in practice. The cases show that regulatory action is largelytriggered after violations are detected, such as operating without Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) approval, improper storage of scheduled waste, or failure to install air pollutioncontrol systems. Most prosecutions rely on provisions under the Environmental Quality Act 1974.In conclusion, scrap recycling factories play a critical role in Malaysia’s environmental governance.However, weak legal oversight has led some facilities to pollute rather than protect theenvironment. The main issue is not recycling itself but the regulatory framework governing it. Toensure recycling supports sustainability goals, there must be stronger preventive measures,clearer accountability, and integration into a circular economy. To keep recycling part of thesolution, Malaysia needs legal reform.ReferencesAbbas, A. N. (2012). The Islamic legal system in Singapore. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 21, 163.Bernama. (2025, September 11). Plastic scrap recycling factory fined RM65,000 for environmental offences. Bernama NewsAgency.Department of Environment Malaysia. (2023). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2023. Ministry of Natural Resources,Environment and Climate Change.Economic Planning Unit. (2021). Twelfth Malaysia Plan, 2021–2025. Prime Minister’s Department.Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) (Malaysia).Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014 (Malaysia).Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 (Malaysia).Johor Department of Environment. (2025). Environmental enforcement actions against recycling facilities in Johor.Department of Environment Malaysia.Malaysian Investment Development Authority. (2025). National recycling performance and waste management statistics.MIDA.Malaysia Plastics Sustainability Roadmap 2021–2030. (2021). Ministry of Environment and Water Malaysia.New Straits Times. (2024, September 26). Scrap metal recycling firm fined RM40,000 for operating without EIA approval.New Straits Times. (2025, October 22). Gurun recycling firm fined RM135,000 for repeated environmental breaches.New Straits Times. (2026, January 9). Plastic recycling firm fined RM100,000 for storing scheduled waste withoutapproval.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Global material resources outlook to 2060: Economicdrivers and environmental consequences. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264307452-enThe Star. (2024, September 4). Illegal precious-metal recycling factories busted in Klang raid.The Star. (2025, March 20). Residents demand action to stop illegal waste recycling and importation of e-waste.https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2025/03/20/residents-demand-action-to-stop-illegal-waste-recycling-andimportation-of-e-wasteTradeImeX. (2026). Malaysia plastic waste and scrap import statistics (HS code 3915). https://www.tradeimex.inPage 57 of 132

IntroductionPreventive detention laws grant government authoritiesthe power to confine individuals without the impositionof formal charges for an extended period, based on thepresumption of imminent criminal activities. In Malaysia,the governance of this legal framework is principallyinformed by three pivotal statutes: the SecurityOffences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (SOSMA), thePrevention of Crime Act 1959 (POCA), and thePrevention of Terrorism Act 2015 (POTA). Similarlegislation has been established in various otherjurisdictions, each with its own unique justifications andsafeguards that differ significantly.SOSMA: Security Offences (Special Measures) ActPreventive detention legislation in Malaysia ispredominantly regulated by three principal statutes: theSecurity Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (SOSMA),the Prevention of Crime Act 1959 (POCA), and thePrevention of Terrorism Act 2015 (POTA). These legalframeworks bestow significant authority upon lawenforcement agencies to apprehend and detainindividuals who are suspected of engaging in varioussecurity-related, criminal, or terrorist activities(Idris,2024).PREVENTIVE DETENTION LAWSIN MALAYSIA:AN OVERVIEWOF SOSMAAND POTAIrma Kamarudin¹*, Mohd Zulhelmey Abdullah @ AbdHalim² & Siti Khadijah Abdullah Sanek³¹²³Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah,Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected] &[email protected](*corresponding author) Biodata of authorsIrma Kamarudin is currently a senior lecturer at theLaw Department UiTM Kedah Branch. She obtainedher Bachelor of Laws (LL.B Hons) from theInternational Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM) in2004. Then, in 2006 she completed her Master ofComparative Laws (MCL) at the International IslamicUniversity Malaysia (IIUM). Her expertise coversBusiness & Commercial Law and Administrative Lawwhile her research interests include child law,business law and administrative law.Mohd Zulhelmey Abdullah is a senior lecturer at theFaculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)Kedah Branch. He graduated from InternationalIslamic University Malaysia (IIUM) with a Bachelor ofLaws (LL.B Hons) and a Master of Comparative Laws(MCL). In 2004, he was admitted as an Advocate andSolicitor of the High Court of Malaya. He has beenteaching the Malaysian Legal System, Business Law,and Environmental Law at the UiTM Kedah Branchsince 2007.Siti Khadijah Binti Abdullah Sanek is a seniorlecturer in the Department of Law at UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Kedah branch. She obtained herBachelor of Laws (LL.B Hons) from the InternationalIslamic University Malaysia (IIUM) in 2003 and herMaster of Comparative Laws (MCL) from the sameinstitution in 2004. Additionally, she served as anAdvocate and Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya.Her academic interests include land law, propertylaw, and probate and succession law.Page 58 of 132

Safeguards and criticismsThe Security Offences (Special Measures) Act (SOSMA) of 2012 was introduced in Malaysia as amechanism to address both global and regional threats posed by terrorism, superseding theInternal Security Act of 1960 (ISA), which permitted detention without trial. Although SOSMA isprimarily viewed as a progression over its predecessor, it has faced criticism for maintainingseveral contentious aspects of the ISA and for the possible misuse of its provisions concerningpreventive detention.The Security Offences (Special Measures) Act (SOSMA) sets the rules for handling security-relatedcrimes in Malaysia, including terrorism and other serious offenses. This law allows authorities tohold someone without charges for up to 28 days (Idris, 2024). They can also ask 20 questions inwriting and conduct video-recorded interviews. Detainees can get a lawyer within 48 hours. If theywant to extend someone's detention or release them, they need to provide a document explainingthe case. Additionally, trials must happen within 120 days unless a court says otherwise, andofficers from the Special Branch can act against people suspected of gun crimes or sabotage,whether or not they are charged under SOSMA or other laws (Ong, 2024).Scholarly critiques have articulated apprehensions regarding the continuation of preventivedetention mechanisms under the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act (SOSMA), whichappears to convert the indefinite framework established by the Internal Security Act (ISA) into aconfined but still restricted system (Idris,2024; Othman et al., 2023). These critiques emphasizetwo primary concerns: the interpretation and scope of security-related offenses categorized asterrorism and severe violent crime, as well as the insufficient nature of existing safeguards in bothlegislative and procedural contexts. Additionally, perceptions of misuse have been exacerbated byperceived targeting of opposition political entities and civil society organizations.POTA: Prevention of Terrorism ActPreventive detention legislation enables authoritiesto hold individuals for prolonged periods withoutformal charges. In Malaysia, several legislativeframeworks facilitate such practices. The SecurityOffences (Special Measures) Act (SOSMA),established in 2012, empowers the government torestrict individual freedoms on the basis of securityconcerns. The Prevention of Crime Act (POCA), ineffect since 1959, encompasses a broader spectrumof detention authority that extends beyond securityrelated offenses. Additionally, the Prevention ofTerrorism Act (POTA), enacted in 2015, is directedspecifically at addressing threats associated withterrorism (Saidin, 2023). Operating concurrently andadaptable to a variety of offenses, SOSMA, POCA, andPOTA collectively underscore Malaysia's securityvulnerabilities, particularly in relation to terrorism.The repeal of the Internal Security Act 1960 (ISA) in 2012 led to the introduction of the SecurityOffences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (SOSMA) as the primary legislative framework governingsecurity-related offences in Malaysia. In the broader regional context, the absence of preventivedetention provisions within Indonesia’s national legal framework, together with the internationallycriticised security legislation enacted in Myanmar in 1988, has intensified concerns regardingMalaysia’s reliance on preventive detention and its implications for the country’s human rightsreputation (Saidin,2023; Idris, 2024).Page 59 of 132

Safeguards and criticismsPreventive detention is a key strategy against terrorism outlined in the Prevention of Terrorism Act(POTA), which follows the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act (SOSMA) from the same rulingparty. POTA lets law enforcement arrest individuals without a warrant for up to 60 days for certaincrimes, with the option to extend detention without trial for as long as two years (Saidin, 2023). Amonitoring system has also been set up, including home surveillance, regular check-ins, and GPStracking. Compliance is monitored through a mobile app that connects with the police (Idris, 2024).Detention under POTA can occur when there are threats to Malaysia's national security, seriousviolent acts, or terrorism-related crimes linked to international laws. It's important to know thatindividuals can be detained before investigations are fully finished. Certain security offenses inSOSMA also allow for detention under POTA. This system started with some flexibility, mainlyfocusing on foreign nationals involved in terrorism, especially those connected to the JemaahIslamiyah group (Idris, 2024). This highlight concerns about local radicalization while attempting toprotect individual rights.ConclusionThe two legislative frameworks for preventive detention in Malaysia, SOSMA and POTA, strive tobalance civil liberties with national security against threats from insurgent and extremist groups.SOSMA focuses on domestic terrorism, while POTA targets terrorism specifically and encouragesintelligence sharing among agencies. SOSMA includes some safeguards, but POTA lacks significantprocedural protections. The vague nature of detention orders reduces judicial oversight andincreases the risk of abuse. Meanwhile, a dynamic civil society with NGOs and citizens voiceconcerns about these laws.ReferencesAbbas, A. N. (2012). The Islamic legal system in Singapore. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 21, 163.BIdris, N. M. (2024). Counterterrorism legislation and its impacts on human rights in Malaysia. Indonesia Law Review, 15(2),215–232.Ong, B. J. (2024). Constitutional rights review and national security laws in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Comparative Law,19(1), 1–23.Othman, N., Saiful Bahri, M. S., Yahaya, H., & Jen, A. L. (2023). Terrorism and its impact on government policy in Malaysia.Journal of Malaysian Parliament, 3(1), 45–60.Saidin, M. I. S. (2023). Combating Daesh: Malaysia’s counter-terrorism strategy and law enforcement responses. Religions,14(3), 367.TradeImeX. (2026). Malaysia plastic waste and scrap import statistics (HS code 3915). https://www.tradeimex.inPage 60 of 132

What Does Caveat Emptor Mean?Caveat emptor means “let the buyer beware.” Simplyput, it means buyers must protect themselves whenmaking a purchase. Before buying goods, a buyer shouldcheck the item carefully, ask questions if needed, andmake sure it suits their purpose. If the buyer does not dothis and later finds a defect, the seller is generally notautomatically responsible. The law assumes the buyerhad the chance to inspect the goods before agreeing tobuy them. The doctrine developed in an era whentransactions were simple and conducted face-to-face. Itreflects the principle of personal responsibility andfreedom of contract in commercial dealings (Poole,2020).Why the Doctrine Was Important?Historically, caveat emptor promoted certainty incommercial dealings. Sellers were not burdened withextensive obligations regarding quality unless they madeexpress promises. Buyers were encouraged to actcautiously and exercise due diligence. The rule assumedthat parties negotiated on relatively equal terms,supporting minimal legal interference in privateagreements (McKendrick, 2020). This approach providedpredictability in commerce. By placing risk primarily onthe buyer, the law created a clear starting point fordetermining liability in the sale of goods contracts.KNOW BEFORE YOU BUY:THE LEGAL RULE OF CAVEATEMPTORRohayati Hussin¹*, Nurul Mazrah Manshor² & NurIrinah Mohamad Sirat³¹²³Department of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM), Cawangan Kedah,Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected] &[email protected](*corresponding author)IntroductionCaveat emptor is a fundamental principle in the sale ofgoods law that places responsibility on buyers to inspectgoods before purchasing. Under this rule, buyersgenerally cannot hold sellers liable for defectsdiscovered after the sale unless exceptions apply. InMalaysia, it is recognised under section 16 of the Sale ofGoods Act 1957. Although modern consumer laws havereduced their strict application, the doctrine remains animportant principle in commercial transactions.Biodata of authorsDr. Rohayati Hussin is a Senior Law Lecturer atUniversiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah Branch. Sheobtained her PhD from UiTM Shah Alam in 2021 andpreviously earned MCL (2009), LL.B (Hons) (2007),and LL.B_S (Shar‘iah) (2008) from the InternationalIslamic University Malaysia (IIUM). She teachesBusiness Law, Corporate Law, Commercial Law, andthe Malaysian Legal System. Her research interestsinclude waqf law, waqf land, and Islamic property.Nurul Mazrah Manshor is a senior law lecturer atUniversiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah Branch. Sheobtained her Bachelor of Laws (LL.B Hons) fromIIUM. She was admitted as an Advocate and solicitorof the High Court of Malaya in 2005 after receivingher LL.B (Hons) degree, and she pursued her Masterof Laws (LL.M) at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM). She has taught the Malaysian Legal System,Corporate Law, and Business Law at the UiTM KedahBranch since 2009.Nur Irinah Mohamad Sirat is a senior lecturer at theFaculty of Law, UiTM Kedah Branch. She obtainedher Bachelor of Laws from the University UtaraMalaysia (UUM) and completed her Master of Lawsfrom the University Malaya (UM). Her area of interestincludes environmental law and commercial law..Page 61 of 132

Operation under Malaysian LawIn Malaysia, section 16 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 establishes that there is generally no impliedcondition or warranty as to the quality or fitness of goods sold, reflecting the doctrine of caveatemptor. Unless the seller expressly guarantees something, the buyer assumes the risk of defects.However, the rule is not absolute. The Act recognises key exceptions, including situations wherethe buyer relies on the seller’s expertise for a particular purpose, where goods must be ofmerchantable quality, and where goods must correspond with their description or sample. Thesesafeguards ensure a balance between buyer responsibility and seller accountability.The Modern Position: Consumer Protection and Commercial RelevanceThe strict application of caveat emptor has been significantly limited by the Consumer ProtectionAct 1999, which introduces statutory guarantees that goods supplied to consumers must be ofacceptable quality, fit for purpose, and correspond with description. These protections cannoteasily be excluded, and consumers are entitled to remedies such as repair, replacement, or refund.This reflects the reality that modern goods are often complex, making it unreasonable to expectconsumers to detect hidden defects.Nevertheless, caveat emptor remains relevant in business-to-business transactions. Commercialparties are generally presumed to have comparable expertise and bargaining power, and contractscommonly allocate risk through warranties and limitation clauses. The doctrine continues toencourage due diligence, uphold freedom of contract, and promote certainty in commercialagreements.ConclusionIn Malaysia, section 16 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 reflects the doctrine of caveat emptor,providing that there is generally no implied warranty as to the quality or fitness of goods. Unlessexpressly guaranteed by the seller, the buyer assumes the risk of defects.However, the rule is subject to key exceptions, including fitness for a particular purpose,merchantable quality, and conformity with description or sample. These provisions balance buyerresponsibility with seller accountability.ReferencesMcKendrick, E. (2020). Contract law: Text, cases, and materials (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.Poole, J. (2020). Textbook on contract law (14th ed.). Oxford University Press.Legal ReferencesConsumer Protection Act 1999 (Malaysia).Sale of Goods Act 1957 (Act 382) (Malaysia).Page 62 of 132

IntroductionThe conflict of jurisdiction between Syariah courts andcivil courts in Malaysia is a significant and ongoing issuewithin the country's diverse legal system. The FederalConstitution, particularly Article 121(1A), delineatesjurisdictional boundaries; however, overlapping areassuch as family law, conversion, inheritance, and personalstatus continue to generate legal uncertainty (Ahmad &Ibrahim, 2019; Harding, 2012). This overlap causesongoing disputes about which court has the authority,affecting the rights and responsibilities of the peopleinvolved in either court system, which makes Malaysia'slegal system less clear. Important constitutional caseshave shaped the legal rules about issues that crossbetween these courts, but the judges have not fullyrecognized or explained the effects of their decisionsyet.Landmark Decisions on Cross-Jurisdictional IssuesConflict of jurisdiction issues between civil and Syariahcourts have been the subject of several landmark cases,which, while establishing principles, have neverthelesscreated certain uncertainties regarding constitutionaland statutory interpretation. The debate is ongoing as tothe implications of the division of powers on therelationship between the civil and the Syariah courtswhen the jurisdiction of both courts overlaps.In Sharmila V. S. R. Tiwari v. Nadarajah K. R. Ramasamy[2012], the Court of Appeal held that only the SyariahCourt could determine the status of a plaintiff as aMuslim for the purpose of her claim. The court foundthat Muslims were not entitled to sue in the civil courtand that a declaration of non-Islamic status could onlybe made by the Syariah Court.Irma Kamarudin¹*, Nur Irinah Binti Mohamad Sirat² &Syatirah Binti Abu Bakar³¹²³Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA,Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah,Malaysia*[email protected],[email protected],[email protected](*corresponding author) CONFLICT OFJURISDICTIONBETWEEN CIVIL ANDSYARIAH COURTS INMALAYSIA:UNRESOLVED LEGALDILEMMASBiodata of authorsIrma Kamarudin is currently a senior lecturer at theLaw Department, UiTM Kedah Branch. She obtainedher Bachelor of Laws (LL.B Hons) from theInternational Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM) in2004. Then, in 2006, she completed her Master ofComparative Laws (MCL) at the International IslamicUniversity Malaysia (IIUM). Her expertise coversBusiness & Commercial Law and Administrative Law,while her research interests include child law,business law, and administrative law.Nur Irinah Mohamad Sirat is a senior law lecturer atthe Universiti Teknologi MARA UiTM Kedah Branch.She obtained her Bachelor of Laws from theUniversiti Utara Malaysia and completed her Masterof Laws from the Universiti of Malaya. Her areas ofinterest include environmental law and commerciallaw.Syatirah Abu Bakar is a senior lecturer affiliated withthe Department of Law, UiTM Kedah Branch. Sheholds a Bachelor's Degree in Law (LLB (Hons)) and aMaster of Comparative Law (MCL) from theInternational Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Herarea of interest includes commercial law.Page 63 of 132

Dissenting Views and Theoretical CritiquesConcerns arise that the 'guardianship approach' fails to limit the Syariah courts' power effectively(Moustafa, 2018). Critics argue that Syariah courts' handling of personal status, family, marriage,and inheritance has become too lenient, diminishing equality with the High Court in Malaya. Thedistinction between civil matters and those for Syariah courts is blurred, leading to the perceptionthat controlling religious law is misguided. This shift has created a new set of religion-based civilrights for Malaysians. Many believe that religious authority now resembles the previous controlheld by monarchs, undermining the Federal Government's power.International business transactions pose challenges, particularly as Islamic commercial law aims tofoster economic growth while protecting non-Islamic rights (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2019). Theblending of secular legal systems within a syariah framework creates inconsistencies, causingIslamic banking practices to conflict with traditional banking principles. The Constitutionempowers Parliament to legislate on international trade and authorizes the Malaysian Bar Councilto create ethical standards for legal practitioners (Ahmad & Ibrahim, 2019).Policy Considerations and Reform ProposalsThe overlapping of civil and syariah laws in Malaysia creates many practical problems. It can leadto different decisions on the same issues and put individuals in situations with conflicting legalresponsibilities. People might face different rights and duties in important areas like familymatters, marriage, property, inheritance, and business partnerships. When given a choice, partiesmight select the court that they believe will give them the best outcome (Abdullah, 2020; Ahmad &Ibrahim, 2019). This situation pressures civil or syariah courts to expand their authority beyondtheir original limits.Some risks can be lowered by using a practical way to manage cases in the courts, but this doesn'tfix the main question of whether Syariah courts can legally handle cases that civil courts usuallydeal with. Other reform ideas have been suggested, like creating a permanent group of peoplefrom both court systems to promote open discussions about the constitution and to keepcommunication going between the courts, so issues can be thoughtfully dealt with as they comeup. More extensive ideas include fully aligning the roles of both court systems or moving syariahcourts under federal control. However, any changes need to consider human rights and equalityrights in the Federal Constitution (Neo, 2019), as well as the possible use of syariah laws, especiallytheir punishment rules, which could protect the religious rights of some while harming the rights ofothers.Administrative Coordination FrameworksThe boundaries separating the civil and syariah jurisdictions touch a number of interesting points,including marriage, divorce, conversion, inheritance, and various aspects of family law, such as theapplication of Hadaf and the maintenance of Muslim children whose parents have separated byconversion. These territories are so closely related that they cannot be rendered separately.However, the provision of jurisdiction for these aspects of law is placed in different courts, whichopens the door for public exploitation in the form of ‘forum shopping’ (Farid, 2017). There is also atendency for one court to ignore or overlook the rulings of the other.When there is confusion about which court has authority, one court's decision might not berecognized by another. If both courts have similar legal guidelines regarding their areas ofauthority, it would be wise for them to work together and create a group to handle these issues(Ahmad & Ibrahim, 2019). No one proposed a solution until the Suhakam complaint about internalprocesses was revealed. It is necessary to set up a system to manage jurisdictional responsibilitiesbetween the two courts. This system could include a committee, advisory members, a secretariatfor coordination and research, and a unit for enforcement. The makeup and roles of the committeeare also recommended.Page 64 of 132

Understanding and Clarifying Legal ConceptsIn the foreseeable future, we must prioritize the creation of clear legislation on individual rightsrather than incrementally developing regulations. Important issues regarding power distributionand personal status laws need resolution through new laws instead of judicial interpretation ofexisting statutes. The judiciary has highlighted the need to amend the Status of Child Act 2001 toclarify the legitimacy of a Muslim child from an invalid marriage under Islamic law. There are alsouncertainties about non-Muslims claiming a deceased Muslim's estate. Recent rulings have usedprivate international law to tackle ambiguities, but this has cost individuals their legal status.Additionally, greater clarity is needed on evolving legal theories. The ruling party has begunaddressing interfaith conversion issues and the handling of remains of those who convert to Islam,recognizing the need for constructive dialogue.ConclusionIn conclusion, it's important to look at the contracts between people in a system that allows thosefrom different religions to get married and the laws about ending those marriages. It's expectedthat the Syariah courts will have the power to make decisions on all matters related to thepersonal status of Muslims. This idea should also apply to marriage entities working under thesame legal system. If there is a reluctance to follow this standard, it could lead to significantconfusion, especially in cross-border marriage and divorce cases involving Muslims. Not expandingthis jurisdiction goes against the principle of recognizing the right to religious freedom asdescribed in the Federal Constitution.ReferencesAbdullah, R. (2020). Jurisdictional conflicts between civil and Syariah courts in Malaysia: A critical analysis. Malayan LawJournal, 5, 1–15.Ahmad, N., & Ibrahim, A. (2019). The position of Syariah courts in the Malaysian legal system. IIUM Law Journal, 27(2), 345–366.Child Act 2001. (2001). Laws of Malaysia (Act 611).Farid, S. M. (2017). Constitutional supremacy and Syariah courts in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Law and Society, 21, 67–82.Federal Constitution of Malaysia. (1957). Laws of Malaysia.Harding, A. (2012). The Constitution of Malaysia: A contextual analysis. Hart Publishing.Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976. (1976). Laws of Malaysia (Act 164).Moustafa, T. (2018). Constituting religion: Islam, liberal rights, and the Malaysian state. Cambridge University Press.Neo, J. (2019). Constitutionalising Sharia in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 14(2), 207–233.Sharmila V. S. R. Tiwari v. Nadarajah K. R. Ramasamy (2012) 6 MLJ 717 (Court of Appeal, Malaysia).Page 65 of 132

The modern criminal justice system faces challengeswhen it comes to crimes involving children or teens.According to Malaysian law, a child who breaks the lawshould not be treated the same as an adult becausethey are not old enough, mature enough, or strongenough. Because of this, the law treats child offendersdifferently, focusing on rehabilitation instead ofpunishment.Who is a Child Offender?A \"child offender\" is a child or teenager who is accusedof a crime or has been found guilty of one. The Child Act2001 (Act 611) is the most important law in Malaysia thatprotects children. The Act brings together laws that dealwith the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children.Section 2 of the Act says that a \"child\" is someone who isless than 18 years old. In cases where children areinvolved in crimes, this definition is always used. Thedefinition in Malaysian law is similar to Article 1 of theUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,which stipulates that a child is any person below the ageof 18, unless the law of the state says otherwise (UnitedNations, 1989). By using this standard, Malaysia showsthat it follows international rules about children's rights.In Malaysia, sections 82 and 83 of the Penal Codeprovide that a child may be charged with a crime even ifthey are under 18 years old. A child under 10 years oldcannot be charged with a crime according to Section 82.The provision sets a minimum age for a child to be heldresponsible. Section 83 sets up a qualified presumptionin a case involving a child between the ages of 10 and 12(Penal Code). A child in this age group can be foundguilty of a crime only if it can be shown that they aremature enough to understand what they did and how itaffected others.Mohd Zulhelmey Abdullah¹*, Irma Kamarudin² & SitiKhadijah Abdullah Sanek³¹²³Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah,Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected] &[email protected](*corresponding author) INSIDE THE COURTFOR CHILDREN:HOW MALAYSIAHANDLES CHILDOFFENDERSBiodata of authorsMohd Zulhelmey Abdullah is a senior lecturer at theFaculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)Kedah Branch. He graduated from InternationalIslamic University Malaysia (IIUM) with a Bachelor ofLaws (LL.B (Hons)) and a Master of ComparativeLaws (MCL). In 2004, he was admitted as anAdvocate and Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya.He has been teaching the Malaysian Legal System,Business Law, and Environmental Law at the UiTMKedah Branch since 2007.Irma Kamarudin is currently a senior lecturer at LawFaculty UiTM Kedah Branch. She obtained herBachelor of Laws (LL.B Hons) from the InternationalIslamic University of Malaysia (IIUM) in 2004. Then,in 2006, she completed her Master of ComparativeLaws (MCL) at the International Islamic UniversityMalaysia (IIUM). Her expertise covers Business &Commercial Law and Administrative Law while herresearch interests include child law, business lawand administrative law.Siti Khadijah Binti Abdullah Sanek is a seniorlecturer in the Faculty of Law at Universiti TeknologiMARA, Kedah branch. She obtained her Bachelor ofLaws (LL.B Hons) , Master of Comparative Laws(MCL) and PhD in Law from the International IslamicUniversity Malaysia (IIUM). Additionally, she servedas an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court ofMalaya. Her academic interests include land law,property law, and probate and succession law.Page 66 of 132

Proceedings in the Court for ChildrenThe law must consider a child's age, background, and ability to be rehabilitated when dealing withthem. Malaysia handles child offenders in a way that is best for the child. Law enforcement,prosecutors, and courts should put rehabilitation and well-being first. A child who is arrestedshould not be treated the same as an adult who is arrested. The Child Act 2001 says that aprobation officer or social welfare officer must be involved as soon as possible. The importance offamily support is also shown by the emphasis on the role of parents or guardians.The Child Act 2001 established the Court for Children specifically to deal with criminal casesinvolving children who had violated the law. The court can hear any crime that involves a child,except for those that could lead to the death penalty (Randawar et al., 2022). The proceeding is bya Magistrate and assisted by two advisors, one of whom is a woman (Wahab et al., 2021). It will beheld in camera or in a closed proceeding (Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development& UNICEF Malaysia, 2013) to protect the child's privacy and dignity from adult offenders. Onlyessential persons, like parents, guardians, welfare officers, witnesses, or others allowed by thecourt, can be there (Child Act 2001, s. 12; Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development& UNICEF Malaysia, 2013). The child has the right to an advocate, and the court must make sure thechild understands the charge and the case against him. The court may also request the attendanceof parents or guardians, whose failure to attend may result in a fine of up to RM 5000.00,imprisonment for a term not more than 2 years, or both (Child Act 2001, s. 88).Moreover, the law restricts the media from publishing information that could help identify a childwho is involved in a crime (Child Act 2001, s. 15). It includes the child's name, picture, address,school, or any other information that could help identify the child. The rule applies to the childwhether they are the accused, the victim, or a witness (Child Act 2001, s. 15). These rules aremeant to keep the child safe in the future as they are still growing and may not fully understandthe consequences of their actions. If their identity is disclosed, people may judge or shame them.This can affect their education, mental health, and prospects for personal improvement in thefuture.Sentencing of the Child OffendersUpon finding a child guilty, the court may sentence the child in many ways, such as by warning,imposing a good behaviour bond, a fine, probation, community service, or sending them to anapproved institution or Henry Gurney School (Child Act 2001, s. 12; Ministry of Women, Family andCommunity Development & UNICEF Malaysia, 2013). There are rules that indicate a child under 14cannot go to prison for any crime. If a child is over 14 years old, they should not be sent to prison ifthere are other ways of dealing with them that are better (Child Act 2001, s. 96). Nevertheless, if achild is sent to prison, they can't be with adult prisoners. Meanwhile, the Child Act 2001 furtherprohibits the death penalty for crimes committed by a child. Thus, if the child is found guilty, thechild shall be held in prison at the pleasure of Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Ruler of the state(Child Act 2001, s. 97; Randawar et al., 2022).Page 67 of 132

ConclusionThe way the law in Malaysia deals with child offenders shows that it is trying to find a balancebetween justice and protecting and rehabilitating children. The Child Act 2001's definition of achild, the special trial procedures, and the types of sentences show that the criminal justicesystem is not just meant to punish people. Instead, it focuses on helping children get better,teaching them, and getting them back into society. So, it is important to be careful when enforcinglaws against child offenders to make sure that the rights, well-being, and future of children areprotected according to the rules of human justice.ReferencesAbdullah, R. (2020). Jurisdictional conflicts between civil and Syariah courts in Malaysia: A critical analysis. Malayan LawMinistry of Women, Family and Community Development, & UNICEF Malaysia. (2013). The Malaysian juvenile justice system:A study of mechanisms for handling children in conflict with the law. Ministry of Women, Family and CommunityDevelopment. https://www.iccwtnispcanarc.org/upload/pdf/1672867150Malaysian%20Juvenile%20Justice%20System.pdfRandawar, D. K., Ikhsan, M. I., & Monil, F. (2022). Sentencing child offenders in Malaysia: When practice meets its purpose.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(7), 1226 – 1236.http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i7/14129United Nations. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-childWahab, N. A., Salam, N. Z. M. A., & Dahalan, H. M. (2021). Legal framework of the advisor of the court for children in Malaysia:An analysis. Asian Journal of Law and Governance, 3 (1),98–103.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351279736_Legal_Framework_of_the_Advisor_of_the_Court_for_Children_in_Malaysia_An_Analysis Statutes:Child Act 2001 (Act 611) (Malaysia)Penal Code (Act 574) (Malaysia)Page 68 of 132

Malaysia was one of the Southeast Asian nations with thelargest mangrove forest areas, estimated at 650,000hectares in 1990. Unfortunately, natural disasters andhuman activity have caused a 20%-30% loss ofmangrove forests over the past few decades. Since 2017,more than 40,000 hectares of mangrove forests havedisappeared, according to more recent data from theMalaysian Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironmental Sustainability. According to The StraitsTimes (2026), this has caused the country's mangrovecoverage to drop from 629,038 hectares in 2017 to586,548 hectares, representing barely 3.26 per cent ofMalaysia's total forested land.ARE MALAYSIA’SMANGROVESADEQUATELYPROTECTED BYLAW? LEGALCHALLENGES IN ACHANGINGCLIMATENur Irinah Mohamad Sirat¹*, Irma Kamarudin² &Salmah Roslim³¹²³Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah,Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected] &[email protected](*corresponding author)Biodata of authorsRamli Saad obtained a Bachelor of BusinessAdministration from International Islamic Universityof Malaysia (IIUM) and a Master of BusinessAdministration (MBA) from Universiti Utara Malaysia(UUM). At present, he is a Senior Lecturer atUniversiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah, sharing hisknowledge in marketing and entrepreneurship toeducate and motivate future executives andprofessionals.Wan Shahrul Aziah Wan Mahamad holds a Bachelorof Business Administration (Hons) Marketing and aMaster of Business Administration (MBA) fromUniversiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). Currently, sheserves as a Senior Lecturer at Universiti TeknologiMARA (UiTM) Kedah with her expertise in themarketing and management field.Yong Azrina Ali Akbar holds a Bachelor of Sciencedegree in Human Resources Development fromUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and a Master ofBusiness Administration (MBA) with a specializationin Marketing from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM).Currently, she serves as a Senior Lecturer atUniversiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah, where shecontributes her expertise in the management field toeducate and inspire the next generation ofprofessionals.Page 69 of 132

The Minister claims that land-use changes for agriculture, aquaculture, and coastal infrastructuredevelopment, as well as natural reasons such as coastal erosion, are primarily to blame for thisloss (The Straits Times, 2026). At present, Malaysia maintains 112 mangrove forest reserves as part of its Permanent ReserveForests (PRF). These reserves are overseen by the Forestry Department for the purposes of bothproduction and preservation. These ecosystems are still under significant pressure, particularlyfrom climate change, despite their acknowledged ecological and economic value (Islam et al.,2023). Mangroves are now recognised as some of the most cost-effective and cost-efficientnature-based solutions for coastal resilience and climate adaptation (IPCC, 2022). The ongoing lossof mangroves raises an important question: Are Malaysia's mangroves adequately protected bylaw in a changing climate, despite recent government efforts to restore over 3,800 hectares ofcoastal areas through large-scale mangrove planting?Table 1: Extents of Gazetted Mangroves as Reserved Forest in Malaysia (2023)Table 1 illustrates the disparities between Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia by displaying theextent of mangrove areas and the proportion designated as Reserved Forest as of 2023.Mangroves in Malaysia lack a single, clear legal structure for protection. Their governance isdivided among various laws, leading to regulatory gaps that weaken effective protection. The mainlaw concerning mangroves is the National Forestry Act 1984. This law only protects mangrovesthat are designated as Permanent Reserved Forests. Amir (2018) notes that about 1,000 squarekilometres of mangroves remain undesignated and under state control. Mangroves outsidedesignated forest areas are considered state land and can be developed, pending state approval.Page 70 of 132

A major legal challenge is the inconsistency in mangrove protection across different states. Somestates have taken steps to conserve mangroves, whereas others prioritise land reclamation,aquaculture expansion, and coastal development. This inconsistency happens because land andforest issues are mostly under state control. As a result, federal environmental goals can beignored in favour of state economic interests, leading to uneven protection across the country(Amir, 2018; National Forestry Policy, 2021).Environmental protection laws offer limited additional safeguards. The Environmental Quality Act1974 mainly regulates harmful activities through the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)process. In theory, EIAs aim to prevent or reduce environmental damage. However, studies showthat EIAs in Malaysia often serve as procedural requirements completed after major developmentdecisions are made. They focus on specific project impacts instead of the overall loss toecosystems (Jay et al., 2021; Amir, 2018). Consequently, projects that affect mangrove areas mayadvance with insufficient mitigation measures and weak monitoring after approval.Another limitation is how mangroves are legally defined. They are often considered to bedeveloping land or forest resources rather than being recognised as vital climate infrastructurethat provides public benefits such as flood protection, carbon storage, and disaster risk reduction.This limited legal view does not reflect the growing agreement among scientists that mangrovesare essential nature-based solutions for climate adaptation and mitigation (IPCC, 2022).The evidence is clear: mangroves play a crucial role in protecting Malaysia’s coastlines, supportinglivelihoods, and strengthening climate resilience. However, despite their importance, Malaysia’smangroves remain vulnerable due to fragmented legal protection, uneven enforcement, anddevelopment-driven land-use decisions. The loss of more than 40,000 hectares since 2017underscores the urgency of addressing these governance gaps (The Straits Times, 2026).Policy statements and restoration initiatives alone will not be enough to strengthen mangroveconservation. It demands that mangroves be legally recognised as climate-critical ecosystems,that the federal and state governments work together more closely, and that environmental lawsbe enforced more strictly. The incorporation of climate change considerations into land-useplanning and legal decision-making procedures that impact mangrove ecosystems is crucial.In conclusion, as Malaysia confronts the growing realities of climate change, the role of mangroveswill become increasingly critical. Whether these ecosystems can continue to protect coastlines,sustain livelihoods, and enhance climate resilience will largely depend on whether the legalframework evolves from fragmented protection toward a more coherent, climate-responsiveapproach. Bringing mangroves out of the margins of legal protection and into the centre ofenvironmental and climate governance is no longer optional; it is imperative.ReferencesAbdullah, R. (2020). Jurisdictional conflicts between civil and Syariah courts in Malaysia: A critical analysis. Malayan LawAmir, A. A. (2018, May 26). They are not legally protected. New Straits Times.https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2018/05/theyre-not-legally-protectedIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability:Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (H.-O.Pörtner et al., Eds.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844Islam, M. A., Billah, M. M., Idris, M. H., et al. (2024). Mangroves of Malaysia: A comprehensive review on ecosystem functions,services, restorations, and potential threats of climate change. Hydrobiologia, 851, 1841–1871.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05431-zJay, S., Jones, C., Slinn, P., & Wood, C. (2021). Environmental impact assessment: Retrospect and prospect. EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Review, 89, 106596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2021.106596Misman, M. A., Ruslan, S. Z., & Hashim, R. (2020). Status of mangrove in Malaysia. In Status of mangrove in Malaysia (pp.194–205). Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). https://www.mybis.gov.my/pb/4805National Forestry Policy 2021. (2021). Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Malaysia. https://www.keetsa.gov.myThe Straits Times. (2026, January 27). More than 40,000ha of Malaysia’s mangrove forests lost since 2017, says ministry.The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/more-than-40000ha-of-malaysias-mangrove-forests-lostsince-2017-says-ministryPage 71 of 132

In a family takaful, Permissible Takaful Interest (PTI) isrequired as a valid interest that a takaful participant hasin the property or life protected under the policy. It is anecessary legal obligation for entering into any familytakaful contract in Malaysia. Likewise, the insurableinterest is also required in conventional insurance. PTIguarantees that a takaful participant acquires a valid andrecognised interest in the life of the insured person. Therequirement is crucial for keeping family takaful frombecoming a speculative instrument and for making surethat participants follow Shariah rules, especially therules against gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling).It also encourages cooperation (taʿāwun) and fairnessamong participants (Yusof et al., 2024). Schedule 8 of theIFSA 2013 makes it very clear what the rules are for PTI.The goal of these rules is to make sure that family takafulcontracts are based on a valid relationship for the wholetime they are in effect (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2013).PERMISSIBLE TAKAFUL INTERESTIN FAMILY TAKAFUL:A STATUTORY AND JUDICIALANALYSIS UNDER IFSA 2013*Siti Khadijah Abdullah Sanek¹*, Mohd ZulhelmeyAbdullah² & Irma Kamarudin³ ¹²³Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah,Malaysia*[email protected],[email protected] & [email protected](*corresponding author)Biodata of authorsSiti Khadijah Binti Abdullah Sanek is a SeniorLecturer in the Faculty of Law at Universiti TeknologiMARA, Kedah Branch. She obtained her Bachelor ofLaws (LL.B Hons), Master of Comparative Laws(MCL), and PhD in Law from the International IslamicUniversity Malaysia (IIUM). Additionally, she servedas an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court ofMalaya and ceased practice in early 2009. Heracademic interests include property law, probateand succession law.Mohd Zulhelmey Abdullah is a Senior Lecturer at theFaculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)Kedah Branch. He graduated from InternationalIslamic University Malaysia (IIUM) with a Bachelor ofLaws (LL.B Hons) and a Master of Comparative Laws(MCL). In 2004, he was admitted as an Advocate andSolicitor of the High Court of Malaya. He has beenteaching the Malaysian Legal System, Business Law,and Environmental Law at the UiTM Kedah Branchsince 2007.Irma Kamarudin is currently a Senior Lecturer at theLaw Faculty, UiTM Kedah Branch. She obtained herBachelor of Laws (LL.B Hons) from the InternationalIslamic University of Malaysia (IIUM) in 2004. Then,in 2006, she completed her Master of ComparativeLaws (MCL) at the International Islamic UniversityMalaysia (IIUM). Her expertise covers Business &Commercial Law and Administrative Law, while herresearch interests include child law, business law,and administrative law.Page 72 of 132

Statutory Basis of Permissible Takaful InterestSchedule 8 of IFSA 2013 provides that anyone who signs a family takaful contract must have a PTIon the person covered at two different times: firstly, when the contract is signed, and second,when the takaful benefits are paid out (Islamic Financial Services Act 2013, Sch 8 para 1). Theseconditions signify that the law intends family takaful contracts to be based on a real relationshipfor the whole time they are in effect (Yusof et al., 2024).The law also states that if a takaful participant does not have PTI when the contract begins, thefamily takaful contract will be void ab initio. Consequently, the absence of PTI will invalidate thecontract, and thus, the contract is considered to have never existed. Furthermore, no takafulbenefits can be claimed under it. This strict approach underlines the necessity of a legitimaterelationship at the contract's inception.Judicial Guidance from Insurable Interest CasesMalaysian courts so far have not yet directly interpreted PTI under IFSA 2013. However, legaldecisions regarding insurable interest in conventional insurance offer valuable insights throughanalogy. By referring to the case of Lucena v. Craufurd (1806), insurable interest was characterisedas a legal or equitable relationship where the insured receives benefits from the safeguarding ofthe subject matter or suffers loss from its destruction. This principle forms the conceptualfoundation of PTI by ensuring that takaful contracts are not merely referred to as gamblingagreements (Abubakar, Zahid, & Markom, 2015).Similarly, the House of Lords in Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] ruled that ashareholder who owns all the shares in a company does not have an insurable interest in thecompany's property. The case indicates that mere expectation for a benefit is not sufficient toprove a legally recognised interest. In family takaful, the participant must demonstrate arecognised relationship that generates PTI as compared to a remote or speculative expectation.These judicial principles support the statutory framework established by IFSA 2013, specificallythe provision that the absence of PTI at the outset invalidates a family takaful contract (BankNegara Malaysia, 2013; Yusof et al., 2024).Loss of Permissible Takaful Interest After Contract FormationIFSA 2013 assumes a more flexible approach when PTI concludes after a valid family takafulcontract has been signed. Schedule 8 states that if a participant has no PTI when the takafulbenefits are payable, the contract is not void ab initio but is instead subject to subparagraph (5)(Islamic Financial Services Act 2013, Sch. 8 para. 5). This characteristic acknowledges thatrelationships, including marriage, dependency, or legal obligation, may evolve as a result oflegitimate occurrences (Yusof et al., 2024).Regulatory Role of Bank Negara MalaysiaSubparagraph (5) of Schedule 8 provides that the takaful operator must pay the amount that BankNegara Malaysia specifies once they notice that the participant no longer has a PTI in the personcovered, whether or not a claim has been made, or when the certificate expires. The family takafulcontract ends when this payment is made (Islamic Financial Services Act 2013, Sch. 8 para. 5). Thisprovision highlights Bank Negara Malaysia's primary function in overseeing takaful operations. Thelaw gives the regulator the power to decide what the right payment is when PTI is lost. This makessure that the rules are followed, that the participants and the takaful fund are both safe, and thatShariah is followed. The approach is also in line with the general rules of Shariah governance andregulatory oversight in Islamic banks.Page 73 of 132

A practical illustration involves a husband who signs a family takaful contract for his wife. At thetime the contract is entered into, PTI clearly exists because of their marital relationship, renderingthe contract valid. If the marriage consequently ends in divorce, the husband may not have PTIwhen the takaful benefits are payable. In this case, the contract is not void. Instead, the takafuloperator is required to pay the amount specified by Bank Negara Malaysia, after which thecontract is deemed terminated.ConclusionSchedule 8 of the Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 establishes a clear and fair set of rules for PTIin family takaful contracts. The law draws a clear difference between not having PTI when thecontract is made, which makes the contract void, and losing PTI later, which ends the contractwhen a regulated payment is made. When read together with established judicial principles oninsurable interest, this framework reflects that Malaysia is committed to bringing Shariahprinciples in line with modern financial regulation and consumer protection.ReferencesAbubakar, Y. S., Zahid, M. A., & Markom, R. (2015). Insurable interest under life insurance and family takaful. Jurnal Syariah,23(2), 343–364. https://doi.org/10.22452/js.vol23no2.7Bank Negara Malaysia. (2019). Takaful operational framework.Yusof, M. F., Romli, N., Bhari, A., Khalid, M. M., Zaki Yaakob, M. A., & Abdullah, M. Y. (2024). Analisis prinsip kepentingan bolehlindung dalam kontrak takaful pasca Akta Perkhidmatan Kewangan Islam 2013. Al-Qanatir: International Journal of IslamicStudies, 33(3), 14–25. https://www.al-qanatir.com/aq/article/view/891Legal ReferencesLucena v. Craufurd, 2 Bos. & Pul. (N.R.) 269 (1806).Macaura v. Northern Assurance Co. Ltd., [1925] AC 619.Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 (Act 759), Schedule 8 (Malaysia).Page 74 of 132

IslamicPage 75 of 132

Shariah compliant microcredit represents a vitalinstrument within Islamic social finance aimed atpromoting financial inclusion and stabilizing householdincome in rural communities. Unlike conventionalinterest based lending, Islamic microcredit operates inaccordance with Shariah principles that prohibit riba(interest), gharar (excessive uncertainty), and unjustexploitation. Allah clearly prohibits riba in the Qur’an:Daing Maruak Sadek¹*, Azyyati Anuar² & SakinatulRaadiyah Abdullah³¹³Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies,Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Kedah,Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia²Faculty of Business and Management, DigitalInnovation & Social Entrepreneurship, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Cawangan Kedah, Kampus SungaiPetani, Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected],[email protected](*Corresponding author)Shariah CompliantMicrocredit and ItsEffect on HouseholdIncome Stability inRural AreasBiodata of authorsDaing Maruak Sadek is a Senior Lecturer at theAcademy of Contemporary Islamic Studies,Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kedah Branch. Heobtained his PhD degree in Islamic Finance fromUniversiti Utara Malaysia in 2021 and Master'sdegree in Islamic Banking, Finance, and Managementfrom Loughborough University, United Kingdom in2005.Azyyati Anuar is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty ofBusiness and Management, Universiti TeknologiMARA, Kedah Branch. She holds a PhD in OperationsManagement from Universiti Utara Malaysia in 2018.Sakinatul Raadiyah Abdullah is a Senior Lecturer atthe Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies(ACIS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) KedahBranch. She holds a Master’s degree and a PhD inIslamic Development Management from UniversitiSains Malaysia (USM), with academic and researchinterests in Islamic economics and muamalat.“Allah has permitted tradeand forbidden riba” (Qur’an 2:275).This foundational prohibition establishes the ethicalbasis for Islamic financing mechanisms such as qard alhasan (benevolent loans), murabahah (cost plus sale),mudarabah (profit sharing), and musharakah (equitypartnership), which emphasize fairness and shared risk(Islamic Financial Services Board [IFSB], 2022).In rural areas, households often face seasonal incomefluctuations, limited access to banking services, andvulnerability to economic shocks. Shariah compliantmicrocredit addresses these structural challenges byproviding capital for income generating activities such assmall trading, agriculture, livestock farming, and homebased enterprises. By applying profit and loss sharingprinciples, Islamic microfinance distributes risk moreequitably between financier and entrepreneur, therebyreducing the debt burden that typically destabilizes lowincome households.The concept of financial assistance and social solidarityis deeply rooted in Islamic teachings. The Qur’anencourages mutual cooperation:Page 76 of 132

“And cooperate in righteousness and piety” (Qur’an 5:2)Additionally, Islam promotes qard al-hasan as an act of benevolence:“Who is it that will loan Allah a goodly loan so He may multiply it for himmany times over?” (Qur’an 2:245)These verses form the spiritual and ethical foundation of Islamic microcredit, framing financialsupport not merely as economic activity but as an act of worship and social justice. The ProphetMuhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم further emphasized relieving financial hardship. He said:“Whoever relieves a believer’s distress of the distressful aspects of this world, Allah will rescue himfrom a difficulty of the difficulties of the Hereafter” (Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2699)This hadith underscores the moral responsibility of financial institutions and society to assistvulnerable populations. Islamic microcredit therefore aligns with the objectives of Maqasid alShariah, particularly the preservation of wealth (hifz al-mal) and the protection of human dignity.Moreover, integration with Islamic social finance instruments such as zakat and waqf enhancesoutreach to the poorest rural households. According to the Islamic Development Bank (2020),combining microfinance with zakat and waqf funds can improve sustainability while maintainingaffordability for beneficiaries. Such integrated models strengthen household income stability byreducing reliance on informal high cost borrowing.Despite its strong ethical foundation, challenges remain, including governance limitations,financial literacy gaps, and operational sustainability. Strengthening Shariah governanceframeworks, digital infrastructure, and institutional capacity will be critical for maximizing thesocio economic impact of Islamic microcredit in rural economies.In conclusion, Shariah compliant microcredit contributes significantly to household incomestability in rural areas by promoting equitable risk sharing, social solidarity, and ethical financialpractices. Rooted in Qur’anic injunctions and Prophetic guidance, it represents a holistic approachto poverty alleviation and sustainable rural development.ReferencesIslamic Development Bank. (2020). Islamic social finance report 2020. Islamic Development Bank Group.Islamic Financial Services Board. (2022). Islamic financial services industry stability report 2022. IFSB.The Qur'an (M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, Trans.). (2004). Oxford University Press.Al-Naysaburi, M. b. a.-H. (2007). Sahih Muslim (N. al-Khattab, Trans.; Vol. 7, Hadith 2699). Darussalam. (Original workpublished c. 875).Page 77 of 132

This article examines how green sukuk integrate ESGprinciples, highlights developments in Indonesia andMalaysia, and discusses challenges facing harmonizationand standardization within sustainable Islamic capitalmarkets. Moreover, Islamic finance operates under coreprinciples such as the prohibition of riba (interest),avoidance of excessive uncertainty (gharar), and thepromotion of risk-sharing and asset-backed financing.These principles correspond closely with ESG’s emphasison ethical investment, accountability, and sustainability(Judijanto et al., 2025). The growing urgency of climatechange and sustainable development has encouragedIslamic financial institutions to incorporate measurableESG metrics into Shariah-compliant instruments,particularly green sukuk.Green sukuk are structured in accordance with Islamiclegal contracts while ensuring that proceeds areallocated exclusively to environmentally beneficialprojects, such as renewable energy, sustainabletransport, and climate-resilient infrastructure. Unlikeconventional green bonds, green sukuk must satisfy bothShariah governance requirements and environmentalimpact standards. Empirical studies indicate thatIndonesia’s sovereign green sukuk have financedrenewable energy and emission-reduction projects whilemaintaining transparency through annual reporting andexternal verification (Munir & Razaie, 2025).Green Sukuk and theIntegration of ESG Principles inIslamic FinanceIslamic finance is rooted in ethical principles thatemphasize social justice, transparency, and theprohibition of harmful economic activities. Theseprinciples naturally align with Environmental, Social,and Governance (ESG) criteria that dominatecontemporary sustainable finance discourse. Greensukuk is Shariah compliant financial instrumentsdedicated to environmentally sustainable projectswhich represent a strategic convergence betweenIslamic finance and ESG objectives.Daing Maruak Sadek¹*, Azyyati Anuar² & SakinatulRaadiyah Abdullah³¹³Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies,Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Kedah,Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia²Faculty of Business and Management, DigitalInnovation & Social Entrepreneurship, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Cawangan Kedah, Kampus SungaiPetani, Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected],[email protected](*Corresponding author)Biodata of authorsDaing Maruak Sadek is a Senior Lecturer at theAcademy of Contemporary Islamic Studies,Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kedah Branch. Heobtained his PhD degree in Islamic Finance fromUniversiti Utara Malaysia in 2021 and Master'sdegree in Islamic Banking, Finance, and Managementfrom Loughborough University, United Kingdom in2005.Azyyati Anuar is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty ofBusiness and Management, Universiti TeknologiMARA, Kedah Branch. She holds a PhD in OperationsManagement from Universiti Utara Malaysia in 2018.Sakinatul Raadiyah Abdullah is a Senior Lecturer atthe Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies(ACIS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) KedahBranch. She holds a Master’s degree and a PhD inIslamic Development Management from UniversitiSains Malaysia (USM), with academic and researchinterests in Islamic economics and muamalat.Page 78 of 132

Similarly, Malaysia has strengthened regulatory frameworks to integrate ESG disclosure standardswithin Islamic capital markets, positioning itself as a global hub for sustainable Islamic finance(Najid et al., 2024). The integration of ESG criteria enhances Shariah compliance by introducingquantifiable sustainability benchmarks, governance screening, and impact assessment. This duallayered compliance improves investor confidence and broadens participation among both faithbased and socially responsible investors.Despite strong growth, several challenges remain. First, the absence of globally harmonized ESGShariah standards creates fragmentation across jurisdictions (Rahmade & Arini, 2025). Second,data transparency and consistent environmental impact measurement require furtherimprovement. Third, investor awareness and expertise in sustainable Islamic instruments remainuneven across markets. Future development should focus on standardized reporting frameworks,stronger cross-border regulatory coordination, and enhanced digital platforms to improvemonitoring and transparency. Continued scholarly engagement is necessary to ensure that greensukuk remain faithful to the maqasid al-Shariah (objectives of Islamic law) while meetinginternational sustainability benchmarks.As a conclusion, green sukuk demonstrate that Islamic finance can play a significant role in globalsustainable finance architecture. By integrating ESG principles within Shariah-compliantstructures, Islamic capital markets contribute to climate mitigation, infrastructure development,and ethical investment expansion. With improved harmonization and governance mechanisms,green sukuk have the potential to become a cornerstone of sustainable development financing inMuslim-majority and global markets alike.ReferencesJudijanto, L., Fathoni, A. I., Fauziah, D., Lasmiatun, K., & Ashari, M. Y. (2025). ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance)Integration in Global Islamic Finance. West Science Islamic Studies, 3(1), 19.Munir, A., & Razaie, A. (2025). Assessing the Alignment of Indonesia Green Sukuk with Maqasid Al-Shariah and ESGPrinciples. JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia), 15(2), 147-159.Najid, N. A., Muhamat, A. A., & Jaafar, M. N. (2024). Integration of Islamic finance with ESG sustainability efforts evidence inMalaysia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 8(12), 204-215.Rahmade, M., & Arini, S. T. (2025). Sharia compliance on sustainable investment (ESG) and green sukuk. Journal ofProfession Akseprin, 3(2), 34-42.Page 79 of 132

I.R 5.0Page 80 of 132

IntroductionArtificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming part ofeveryday life. AI technologies influence how peoplelearn, work, and communicate. As AI systems continue todevelop and integrate into society, individuals needmore than just basic digital skills to use them effectively.This need has led to the concept of AI literacy. ArtificialIntelligence (AI) Literacy can be defined as a set ofabilities and competencies which enable individuals toevaluate the artificial intelligence (AI) technologies,communicate and collaborate effectively with AIsystems, and be able to use AI as a tool online, at homeand also in the workplace (Long & Magerko, 2020). Thus,it is crucial for university undergraduates to possess AILiteracy skills to become more competitive these days.AI Literacy Benefits for UndergraduatesBased on the previous literature, having AI literacy offersnumerous benefits and is essential for undergraduates.Most literatures highlight the importance of AI literacyfor undergraduates because it provides academic andcognitive benefits and, as well as enhances their careerreadiness and employability.AI LITERACY AS A CRITICALCOMPETENCY FOR UNIVERSITYSTUDENTSZati Atiqah Mohamad Tanuri¹*, Siti Nur ShahiraDahari ²& Siti Zaharah Safin³¹Faculty of Information Science, Universiti TeknologiMARA (UiTM), Cawangan Kedah, Kampus SungaiPetani, Kedah, Malaysia²Faculty of Information Science, Universiti TeknologiMARA (UiTM),Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Johor,Malaysia³Faculty of Business and Management, UniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM),Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah,Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected]& [email protected](*corresponding author)Biodata of authorsZati Atiqah Mohamad Tanuri is a senior lecturer atthe Faculty of Information Science, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Cawangan Kedah. Her researchinterest focuses on the field of library andinformation management.Siti Nur Shahira Dahari is a senior lecturer at theFaculty of Information Science, Universiti TeknologiMARA, Cawangan Johor. She holds a Phd inManagement from Durham University, UnitedKingdom, and has an interest in knowledgemanagement and information management.Siti Zaharah Safin is a senior lecturer at the Facultyof Business and Management, Universiti TeknologiMARA, Cawangan Kedah. Her research interestfocuses on the field of human resourcesmanagement.Page 81 of 132

Academic and Cognitive BenefitsAI literacy promotes deliberate, careful and collaborative use of AI tools, enhancing problemsolving and reduces laziness. Students could enhance their critical thinking by using the AItechnology in more thoughtful, careful, and collaborative ways, while reducing careless use ofGenerative AI (Ho, Zhu & Shudarshan, 2025). Students with strong self-regulated learning skills willuse generative AI for thoughtful thinking, which helps to improve their critical thinking (Zhang &Liu, 2025). User-friendly AI tools that align with educational goals need to be adopted and used inhigher education to improve student outcomes (Zhou, Teng & AL-Samarraie, 2024). AI Literacycorrelates with perceived usability, satisfaction, and engagement, which support the effectiveintegration of AI in education (Ho & Le, 2026). AI literacy is not just a technology, but it can help infostering cognitively essential skills for education and lifelong learning. Reflective use and criticalengagement with AI tools are the key factors of constructive educational outcomes.Career Readiness and EmployabilityStudents with AI literacy skills will likely find employment more easily in AI-driven industries thatdemand technical, ethical, and regulatory competencies. The integration of AI in curricula andtailoring of programs offered in higher education are expected to meet the employers’ demandand will increase graduate employability (Al-Zubaidi & Khalid, 2024). A study finding from Ho andLe (2026) shows that students’ confidence in using AI is a key psychological mechanism linking AIliteracy and perceived usefulness to career expectations for working in an AI-intensiveenvironment. AI literacy programs in higher education need to combine technical and soft skills,including communication skills, which definitely enhance employability (Tariq, Vargas, Ali,Gonzales-Mendoza and Torres-Castillo, 2025). AI skills unquestionably influence career selfefficacy and long-term professional development. Thus, AI literacy helps students to meet thechanging workforce demands by enhancing both technical and socio-ethical competencies.The diagram below shows a summary of the benefits:Page 82 of 132Figure 1. Key benefits of AI literacy in higher education

ConclusionsIn the nutshell, AI literacy has become an essential competency for university undergraduates. AsAI technologies continue to transform education, workplaces, and society, student must developnot only technical skills but also critical, ethical, and reflective abilities to engage with AIresponsibly. AI literacy empowers undergraduates to evaluate AI systems thoughtfully, usegenerative tools constructively, and avoid passive or overdependent usage that may hinderintellectual growth.ReferencesJudijanto, L., Fathoni, A. I., Fauziah, D., Lasmiatun, K., & Ashari, M. Y. (2025). ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance)Integration in Global Islamic Finance. West Science Islamic Studies, 3(1), 19.Munir, A., & Razaie, A. (2025). Assessing the Alignment of Indonesia Green Sukuk with Maqasid Al-Shariah and ESGPrinciples. JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia), 15(2), 147-159.Najid, N. A., Muhamat, A. A., & Jaafar, M. N. (2024). Integration of Islamic finance with ESG sustainability efforts evidence inMalaysia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 8(12), 204-215.Rahmade, M., & Arini, S. T. (2025). Sharia compliance on sustainable investment (ESG) and green sukuk. Journal ofProfession Akseprin, 3(2), 34-42.Page 83 of 132

The Information Society is characterized by the criteriaas information in economic, social, and culturaldevelopment. The development of digital technology isreshaping the way information is produced as AI hasemerged as a transformative force in producing,distributing, accessing and governing information.According to Copeland (2019), AI is defined as the abilityof digital computers or computer-controlled robots toperform tasks typically associated with intelligentbeings.AI technologies enable machines to analyze massiveamounts of data, recognize patterns, generate contentand support decision-making processes that werepreviously associated with human intelligence. As notedby Phamn, Thi, Duong (2024), AI-powered search engineshave transformed information retrieval by providingusers with faster and more accurate results. Thesesearch engines can filter vast amounts of data atextraordinary speed, ensuring that the informationpresented to users is highly relevant to users; queries(Haleem et al., 2022).From Information Society to Intelligent SocietyGoogle is one of the most widely used search enginesand demonstrates how AI-based algorithms activelyfilter, organize and recommend information, therebyinfluence what individuals have seen, learned andbelieved throughout the information acquisitionprocess.ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOREVOLUTIONIZE THEINFORMATION SOCIETYNor Famiza Tarsik*Faculty of Information Science, Universiti TeknologiMARA (UiTM), Cawangan Kedah, Kampus SungaiPetani, Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected](*corresponding author)Biodata of authorsNor Famiza Tarsik is currently serving as seniorlecturer at the Faculty of Information Science,Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Kedah. Sheholds a Master's degree in Library Science fromUniversiti Teknologi MARA and has a profoundinterest in information management. She isinterested in exploring knowledge specifically inInformation Management and InformationTechnology.IntroductionThe Information Society increasingly requirestechnologies to generate and organize the huge amountof information. The Information Society is a socialsystem in which information generation, processing, anddissemination are essential to economic growth,governance and everyday living. In the InformationSociety, data is a crucial commodity which encompassesknowledge and value. In addition, the facilities of AI suchas digital networks, data infrastructures, andcommunication technologies have long aided this shift.Page 84 of 132

Among the most significant contributions of AI to the Information Society is its ability to generateand synthesize knowledge. This include the ability to analyse scientific literature, identify researchtrends and assist in hypothesis generation. Generative AI systems, including large language modelssuch as ChatGPT, which capable of producing summaries, explanations and original text., thusaccelerating the dissemination of knowledge. Consequently, Shekar (2019) argues that AI isdesigned not only to identify patterns, but also to learn from experience; thus, it can selectappropriate responses according to the situation. AI shows the substantial influence in educationand learning by supporting adaptive learning systems, automated assessment, and personalizedcontent delivery. These capabilities democratize knowledge creation by lowering barriers toparticipation, especially for individuals with limited technical expertise or language skills. However,AI’s growing role as a knowledge producer also raises critical questions about authorship,originality, and intellectual responsibility which directly affect society’s capacity to achieveinformation literacy. Information literacy enables individuals to determine, evaluate andeffectively use information.Transforming Information Access and InclusionAI plays important roles in increasing the accessibility of information in the Information Society. AIhas the tremendous capacity to translate a variety of languages, hence, it is effortless to translatecommunication to text. Therefore, it makes the information more inclusive to many populations. AItechnologies support the users to participate in digital life. AI also reduces the cost of searchingsignificantly and offers to search information quickly and more efficiently and easily (Bundofr etal., 2019). Other than that, AI makes people feel comfortable with the finding of information basedon individual context and priority. In an information society, AI supports policy analysis, predictivemodeling, and public service optimization.Social Implications and Information BehaviorAI reforms social interaction by influencing how individuals construct news, communication andform opinions. Recommendation algorithms on social media platforms ascertain content visibility,shaping public discourse and collective understanding. While AI can connect users to relevantinformation efficiently, however, pessimistically it can also amplify misinformation and reinforceecho chambers. The Information Society increasingly depends on citizens’ ability to criticallyevaluate AI-mediated information. Information literacy must evolve to include algorithmicawareness—understanding how AI systems influence information flows and recognizing theirlimitations. Without such competencies, societies risk passive consumption and overreliance onautomated intelligence. The presence of advanced AI-powered technologies, for instance machinelearning, virtual assistants, chatbots and social media algorithms are influencing the way societycommunicates, uses information and forms relationships among them. These systems personalizeexperiences and streamline access to knowledge but can also shape opinions and reinforce socialbubbles among society by filtering content based on past behaviour. As stated by K. Manju, ElSayed, Fathima (2025), the surge of AI in communication platforms is redefining social norms,influencing language use, privacy expectations and interpersonal trust.Page 85 of 132

ConclusionsThe ability to process gigantic data, personalize information, and support decision-making placesAI as a central force in contemporary social development. AI is fundamentally reforming theInformation Society by transforming how knowledge is created, accessed and governed. Although,the benefits of AI are inseparable from ethical, social, and governance challenges. The revolutionof the Information Society through AI will eventually depend on responsible integration wheretechnological innovation aligns with human values, equity, and trust. The future of the InformationSociety will likely be defined by hybrid intelligence characterized by collaboration between humanjudgment and artificial intelligence. It is manifested by ethical-by-design approaches, transparentalgorithms and participatory governance models that are essential to ensuring that AI servespublic interest. Culturally, AI influences how societies perceive intelligence, creativity, and labor.The augmenting reliance on machines to perform tasks once considered uniquely to humansprompts reflection on identity and purpose to apply it. (Manju & El-Sayed, Fathima, 2025).ReferencesBundorf, M. K., Polyakova, M., & Tai-Seale, M. (2019). How do humans interact with algorithms? Experimental evidence fromhealth insurance. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)Copeland, B.J. (2019). Artificial intelligence. Enciclopedia Britanica, Retrieved fromhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence.Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., Singh, R. P., & Suman,R. (2022). Artificial intelligence (AI) applications for mar-keting: Aliterature-based study. International Journal of Intelligent Networks,3, 119–132.Manju, K., El-Sayed, & Fathima. (2025). The Social Impact of Artificial Intelligence in the Modern WorldPham, V. K. & Thi, T. & Duong, N. (2024). A Study on Information Search Behaviour Using AI-Powered Engines: Evidence fromChatbots on Online Shopping Platforms. SAGE Open. 14. 10.1177/21582440241300007.Page 86 of 132

IntroductionRapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and the shifttoward Industry 5.0 are reshaping the global workforce.Industry 5.0 promotes a human-centred, sustainable,and resilient industrial model in which intelligenttechnologies complement human capabilities ratherthan displace them. In this context, higher educationinstitutions (HEIs) must prepare graduates who canadapt to change, innovate, and act with ethicalawareness. At the same time, heavy reliance on digitaltools has contributed to digital amnesia, in whichindividuals outsource memory and routine cognitivetasks to external systems. HEIs must address this risk byusing AI to strengthen cognitive engagement instead ofweakening it.REVERSING DIGITAL AMNESIA:ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS ACATALYST FOR WORKFORCEREADY GRADUATES IN INDUSTRY 5.0Jasmin Ilyani binti Ahmad¹*, Noor Hasnita binti AbdulTalib²¹²Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Kedah,Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected](*corresponding author)Biodata of authorsJasmin Ilyani binti Ahmad is a Senior Lecturer at theFaculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch. Sheobtained her Bachelor of Computer Science andMaster of Science in Computer Science fromUniversity Putra Malaysia. Among her areas ofinterest are Multimedia, Cryptography and ArtificialIntelligence.Noor Hasnita Binti Abdul Talib is a Senior Lecturer atthe Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch. Shereceived her Bachelor of Computer Science andMaster of Science in Computer Science fromUniversiti Putra Malaysia. Her areas of interestinclude computer programming, computer security,and artificial intelligence.Page 87 of 132

AI integration in higher educationHEIs increasingly use AI to improve learning and support digital transformation. Cantú-Ortiz et al.(2020) propose an AI-based educational strategy that aligns academic systems with therequirements of digital transformation. Their framework stresses the need to embed AI acrossinstitutional processes to support adaptive and innovative learning environments. Caratozzolo etal. (2022) examine how universities manage digital transition through e-learning ecosystems thatuse intelligent technologies. These ecosystems support personalised learning pathways, datainformed evaluation, and flexible teaching models. Chhabra and Sameer Babu (2023) add that AIintegration in curricula strengthens students’ technical competence and aligns programmes withIndustry 5.0 needs. However, AI-driven efficiency can also encourage surface learning whenstudents depend too heavily on digital tools. HEIs therefore need to integrate AI in ways thatpromote analytical reasoning, reflective learning, and cognitive resilience rather than passiveconsumption.Skill development and employability in Industry 5.0Industry 5.0 requires graduates to combine advanced technical capabilities with human-centredskills. Jabłoński (2021) argues that technological change continually alters skill requirements andincreases demand for adaptability, digital literacy, and interdisciplinary competence. Educationalmodels increasingly reflect these demands. Dehbozorgi et al. (2023) show that Learning Factoriescan strengthen AI education and workforce readiness through experiential training in simulatedindustrial settings. These environments require students to apply AI tools to real problems.Menipaz et al. (2023) propose a systems-oriented engineering education model that integrates AIdriven talent development to support Industry 5.0 preparation. Ajani et al. (2023) report thatincorporating Industry 5.0 technologies in higher education can improve employability bystrengthening cognitive and professional skills. This approach supports innovation, collaboration,and digital fluency, which employers increasingly expect. When students must interpret AIoutputs, test assumptions, and justify decisions, AI supports learning and reduces the risk of digitalamnesia.Human-centred and ethical AIIndustry 5.0 places human well-being at the centre of technological design and use. Ferhataj et al.(2023) find that students view AI and human-centred technologies as complementary wheninstitutions address ethical issues such as transparency and fairness. This finding supports theneed to integrate ethical AI literacy into higher education. Pelaez-Sanchez et al. (2022) emphasisethe development of digital competencies aligned with Industry 5.0, including responsibletechnology use and ethical awareness. These competencies help graduates make informedjudgements in AI-supported workplaces. Mikołajewski et al. (2022) show that machine learning cansupport assessments of employee well-being and work–life balance. This evidence illustrates AI’spotential to enhance human welfare when organisations use it as a collaborative tool rather than amechanism of control.Challenges and opportunitiesAI adoption in higher education also creates practical challenges. Ajani et al. (2023) identifybarriers that include inadequate infrastructure, limited faculty training, and resistance to change.Pathak et al. (2023) argue that smart educational ecosystems require major investment in AI andIoT infrastructure and clear institutional readiness. HEIs can address these constraints throughindustry–academia partnerships, curriculum redesign, and continuous professional development.When programmes track changing industry requirements, graduates can remain competitive inlabour markets shaped by rapid technological shifts.Page 88 of 132

Practical implications for curriculum and policyTo reduce digital amnesia while improving employability, HEIs should adopt intentional curriculumdesigns. Educators should use AI as a tool that demands cognitive effort, not as a substitute for it.Challenge-based learning, interdisciplinary teamwork, and industry-linked projects can promptstudents to evaluate AI-generated outputs and defend their reasoning. Pathak et al. (2023) suggestthat learning ecosystems combining AI, IoT, and experiential platforms can support adaptabilityand innovation. Continuous upskilling aligned with emerging skill demands remains necessary(Jabłoński, 2021). Digital competency frameworks can also protect cognitive independence byteaching students how to use AI responsibly and critically (Pelaez-Sanchez et al., 2022).ConclusionAI can shape workforce development within the Industry 5.0 paradigm. Although excessivedependence on digital tools can contribute to digital amnesia, well-designed AI integration canstrengthen cognitive engagement, ethical judgement, and professional competence. By promotinghuman-centred innovation, experiential learning, and digital literacy, HEIs can prepare graduateswho can adapt, reflect, and work effectively with intelligent systems. In this context, AI emergesnot as a threat to cognition but as a catalyst for sustainable employability in Industry 5.0.ReferencesAjani, O. A., Gamede, B. T., & Bansal, R. (2023). Challenges and opportunities of integrating Industry 5.0 and emergingtechnologies in higher education for enhancing employability skills.Cantú-Ortiz, F. J., Galeano Sánchez, N., Garrido, L., Terashima-Marin, H., & Brena, R. F. (2020). An artificial intelligenceeducational strategy for the digital transformation.Caratozzolo, P., Azofeifa, J. D., & Rueda-Castro, V. (2022). Universities in the e-learning era: Surfing the digital transition.Chhabra, P., & Sameer Babu, M. (2023). A study on the use of AI in academic curriculum and its role in the Industry 5.0revolution.Dehbozorgi, M. H., Rossi, M., Terzi, S., Carminati, L., Sala, R., Magni, F., Pirola, F., Pozzi, R., Strozzi, F., & Rossi, T. (2023). AIeducation for tomorrow's workforce: Leveraging learning factories for AI education and workforce preparedness.Ferhataj, A., Biçoku, J., & Memaj, F. (2023). Shaping the future workforce: Students' perceptions on AI and human-centrictechnologies in Industry 5.0.Jabłoński, M. (2021). Changes of employees' skill requirements caused by technological progress.Menipaz, E., Bukhshtaber, N., & Bulmash, B. (2023). Engineering education for Industry 5.0: A systemic approach to AI-driventalent development.Mikołajewski, D., Piszcz, A., Rojek, I., & Galas, K. (2022). Machine learning supporting virtual reality and brain–computerinterface to assess work–life balance conditions for employees.Pathak, A., Shivhare, M., & Kumar, D. (2023). Smart educational ecosystems: Tailoring employee training with AI and IoT inthe Industry 5.0 landscape.Pelaez-Sanchez, I. C., Glasserman-Morales, L. D., & Rocha-Feregrino, G. (2022). Exploring digital competencies in highereducation: Design and validation of instruments for the era of Industry 5.0.Page 89 of 132

I was a social media manager, and a marketer, but wait, Iwas also an educator. Too many hats at one time… whowas I? I was someone people often deemed as holding aboring and irrelevant job in today’s context. I was theone people thought only stamped books for a living. Yes,I was that lady in glasses. I was a LIBRARIAN!Yet, specifically in today’s world, librarians are not onlydealing with collections, they are dealing with users, realHUMAN beings. Repeating the same answers to the samequestions is a normal part of our day: What are thelibrary’s operation hours? How do I borrow a book?Where is this lecturer? (Especially when we’re stationednear academic offices.) Sometimes, we also deal withstudents whose “cloudy cloud” keeps following them asthey desperately look for that one article that could savetheir assignment yet seems purposely hidden from view.Still, we show them the way, not spoon-feeding, becausewe are educators too. We teach them how to seekinformation strategically. Besides that, we sometimesbecome unqualified counselors as they sit comfortablyand tell us their worries. The least we can do is nod,respond, empathize, and offer solutions within ourcontrol. We are also the calm bearers of the library, afterall, we are the owners of the space. We make sureeverything is ready for users: signage, directions,facilities, services… all so they have a comfortable andenjoyable experience… until one day they call the librarytheir second home. We want them to feel that a library isnot only a place for information; it is a place to learn,rest, grow, and be understood.However, I used to be underestimated when I choselibrarianship as a career path: “Will you have anyfuture?” someone once asked.Nur Areena Aqilah Mohd Sapri*Faculty of Information Science, Universiti TeknologiMARA (UiTM), Cawangan Kedah, Kampus SungaiPetani, Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected](*corresponding author) Still Relevant, StillHuman: Lessonsfrom the LibraryBiodata of authorsNur Areena Aqilah binti Mohd Sapri holds a Master’sdegree in library science and has profound interestin library social media marketing. Before being alecturer, she was in-charge of social media marketingand user education services at the previous libraryshe worked at.Page 90 of 132

Others I respected simply ignored it. But I held my ground firmly, reminding them that as long aspeople need information, we are still relevant. Because who can help them navigate theinformation that seems to find no way to stop emerging? Who can guide them in identifying what isreal or not, fake news or even deepfake, especially in the age of AI-generated content? Who willcurate, suggest, and email the best reading materials for them?I cannot deny. It was a tremendous effort just to keep up with changes and at the same timeproving our relevance without losing our identity. But there are human needs that we understood,and we translated those needs into services. We even turned complaints into opportunities forgrowth; we are just that optimistic.And just like many jobs, being a librarian is a strenuous job too. We did so many things, yetsometimes user participation and engagement, the outcomes were nowhere near our expectations.Months of planning could just fall apart in a single day. Still, giving up was never in our dictionary,we carried on, choosing to see the bright side and thinking about what we could improve next.Amid all that, we still had to entertain users. Answering their enquiries, helping their study journey.Watching students grow through constant consultations felt rewarding. It feels like a small successwe could quietly claim. And sometimes, a simple “Thank you” from them could completely dissolveour tired, heartbroken selves.Looking back, I am now becoming a more patient and empathetic person, especially lecturer frommy experiences as a librarian. I now deal with many students, staff, and people from differentbackgrounds. It is still difficult listening to their worries, but I try to put myself in their shoes andthink of the best possible way to help with whatever information I have.Because I know information is power…only when it is well used and understood. This is also why Ikeep seeking new knowledge and improving my teaching approaches, especially for the benefit ofstudents.Page 91 of 132

Being a librarian taught me that being proactive is good, but sometimes we need a reset button, topause, recharge, and regain clarity. Only then can we give our best; in the past, for my users, andnow, for my students.So yes, even though I am a lecturer now, I will never forget my roots as a librarian. My shoutoutgoes to every librarian out there, who silently becomes a hero for those in need. It is good toremind ourselves that libraries are not only about shelves. They go beyond that. They are aboutspace, and most importantly, about people. HUMAN!So please, give some appreciation to this profession, and don’t ever call it irrelevant. No job isirrelevant. Every job has a purpose. Once a librarian, always a guardian of knowledge, it is just nowin a different space.Page 92 of 132

IntroductionIndustry 5.0 shifts industry from automation-first tosystems that put people, sustainability, and resiliencefirst. While Industry 4.0 focused on digitaltransformation, Industry 5.0 added human values on topof technologies like AI, robotics, and IoT (Corratozzolo etal., 2024; Chaabi, 2022; Raju et al., 2024). This shiftchanges what employers want from computer science(CS) graduates: coding still matters, but employers alsoexpect interdisciplinary thinking, business awareness,and strong soft skills so graduates can work in complex,fast-moving technology settings (Ho et al., 2025;Dehbozorgi et al., 2024).Essential Competencies for Industry 5.0Industry 5.0 workplaces expect CS graduates to bring awider skill mix than before. Programming and systemdesign remain core, but communication, teamwork,critical thinking, and creative problem solving nowmatter just as much because they support collaborationand better decisions in human–machine environments(Pelaez-Sanchez et al., 2024; Pinto et al., 2024;Kaczmarczyk et al., 2024; Harms et al., 2016). Graduatesalso need cross-disciplinary knowledge in areas likebusiness, product thinking, design, and environmentalsustainability so they can build technology that fitssocial needs and aligns with ethical expectations (Ho etal., 2025; Dehbozorgi et al., 2023). On top of that, theyneed adaptability and lifelong learning habits becausenew fields keep emerging, including bio-inspired systemsand human–machine interfaces (Ajani et al., 2024;Ciolacu et al., 2023).*Noor Hasnita Abdul Talib¹* & Jasmin Ilyani Ahmad²¹²Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Kedah,Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected], [email protected](*corresponding author)From Coders to Collaborators:Preparing Computer ScienceGraduates for Industry 5.0WorkplacesBiodata of authorsNoor Hasnita Binti Abdul Talib is a Senior Lecturer atthe Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch. Shereceived her Bachelor of Computer Science andMaster of Science in Computer Science fromUniversiti Putra Malaysia. Her areas of interestinclude computer programming, computer security,and artificial intelligence.Jasmin Ilyani binti Ahmad is a Senior Lecturer at theFaculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch. Sheobtained her Bachelor of Computer Science andMaster of Science in Computer Science fromUniversity Putra Malaysia. Among her areas ofinterest are Multimedia, Cryptography and ArtificialIntelligence.Page 93 of 132

Challenge What it causes What institutions can doTech changes faster thancurricula Outdated contentUse flexible modules and faster review cycles(Ajani et al., 2024)Interdisciplinary scope is wide Faculty overloadBuild interdepartmental teaching teams (Pinto etal., 2024)Limited resources Unequal access to tools andexperiencesBuild interdepartmental teaching teams (Pinto etal., 2024)Soft skills are hard to assess Weak evidence of readinessUse competence frameworks and performancebased assessments (Pelaez-Sanchez et al., 2024)Hands-on learning should sit at the centre because itforces students to work under real constraints andtrade-offs. Project-based learning, internships,simulation environments, and learning factories helpstudents build technical capability while also practicingcommunication, teamwork, and problem solving inrealistic settings (Iniesto et al., 2021; Harms et al., 2016;Dehbozorgi et al., 2024). Long-term academia–industrypartnerships also matter because they keep teachingaligned with workplace needs, improve access toauthentic projects, and create clearer signals aboutwhat “ready for work” looks like (Wang, 2022; Ho et al.,2025).The challenges and responses in Table 1 shows whereinstitutions usually get stuck and what they can do next.When technology changes faster than curricula,programmes teach outdated content, so institutionsneed flexible modules and faster review cycles to keepcontent current (Ajani et al., 2024).When interdisciplinary expectations are wide, facultyoverload becomes a real constraint, so schools shouldbuild interdepartmental teaching teams that sharedelivery across departments (Pinto et al., 2024). Whenresources are limited, students get unequal access totools and industry-like experiences, so targetedinvestment in digital tools and industry-linked learningcan reduce that gap (Valstar et al., 2020). When softskills are hard to assess, institutions end up with weakevidence of readiness, so competence frameworks andperformance-based assessments can measure skills likecollaboration, communication, and decision-makingthrough realistic tasks (Pelaez-Sanchez et al., 2024).Table 1 Key challenges (and practical responses)Page 94 of 132

ReferencesAjani, A. O., Musa, A., & Singh, G. (2024). Integrating digital competencies into STEM education: A framework for Industry 5.0readiness. International Journal of Educational Development, 95, 102734.Chaabi, Y. (2022). Human-centric approach in Industry 5.0: Challenges and perspectives. Journal of IntelligentManufacturing, 33(4), 1021–1035.Ciolacu, M., Scarlat, E., & Negoita, M. (2023). Bio-inspired technologies and AI integration in Industry 5.0. TechnologicalForecasting and Social Change, 190, 122430.Corratozzolo, A., Smith, J., & Lee, M. (2024). Resilient and sustainable workplaces in Industry 5.0. International Journal ofIndustrial Engineering, 41(2), 88–101.Dehbozorgi, M., Yaghoubi, S., & Fathi, M. (2023). Digital skills and sustainable education in interdisciplinary environments.Sustainability, 15(4), 1844.Dehbozorgi, M., Fathi, M., & Yaghoubi, S. (2024). Blended education models for Industry 5.0-ready graduates. EducationalTechnology Research and Development, 72(1), 221–239.Harms, P. D., Credé, M., Tynan, M., Leon, M., & Jeung, W. (2016). Leadership and emotional intelligence: A meta-analyticreview. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(4), 711–735.Ho, K. Y., Tan, J. Y., & Liew, R. S. (2025). Redesigning computer science curricula for Industry 5.0: Competency-basedapproaches. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 22(1), 32–48.Iniesto, F., McAndrew, P., Minocha, S., & Coughlan, T. (2021). Accessibility and inclusion in online computer science learning.Computers & Education, 165, 104149.Kaczmarczyk, L. C., Smither, L., & Beaubouef, T. (2024). Preparing computer science students for collaboration andinnovation. ACM Inroads, 15(1), 25–33.Pelaez-Sanchez, J., Li, W., & Kumar, A. (2024). Human-machine collaboration in the Industry 5.0 era. IEEE Access, 12, 45210–45225.Pinto, L., Oliveira, C., & Lopes, S. (2024). Future-ready graduates: Skills and technologies for Industry 5.0. Education andInformation Technologies, 29(2), 1209–1234.Raju, S., Tan, C. H., & Omar, N. A. (2024). The integration of AI and IoT in human-centric manufacturing. Journal of EmergingTechnologies, 19(1), 67–78.Valstar, E., Green, D., & Newton, P. (2020). Overcoming barriers to industry-focused education: Lessons from engineeringprograms. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(7), 1393–1407.Wang, Y. (2022). University–industry collaboration in engineering education: A systematic review. International Journal ofSTEM Education, 9(1), 18.ConclusionIndustry 5.0 requires CS graduates to go beyond technical competence and contribute asinnovative, ethically responsible, and adaptable professionals. Education systems can support thisby updating curricula to reflect human values alongside advanced technologies, building strongeracademia–industry partnerships, developing faculty capacity, and using assessment approachesthat measure both technical and transferable skills in credible ways. With these changes,institutions can prepare graduates for workplaces that combine advanced technology with humancentred priorities.Page 95 of 132

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) anddigital learning technologies has reshaped highereducation globally. Applications such as ChatGPT,Quizlet, and Notion are increasingly used by universitystudents to support revision, knowledge organisation,and concept understanding beyond traditionalclassroom settings. At Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)Kedah, this digital transformation has been exploredthrough experiential learning initiatives designed tostrengthen students’ analytical competencies andresearch skills.Nurazlina Abdul Rashid*Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Kedah,Kampus Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected](*corresponding author)Biodata of authorsNurazlina Abdul Rashid is a Senior Lecturer inStatistics at the Faculty of Computer andMathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM) Kedah. She holds a PhD in Statistics with aspecialization in time series from Universiti SainsMalaysia.Based on student experiential research conductedby Nurul Farra Razita Binti Roslin and Nurul FateinBinti Ismail.AI LearningTransformation @UiTM Kedah:StrengtheningStudent ResearchThrough ExperientialStatistics.“Artificial intelligencesupports learningflexibility, butmeaningful academicachievementcontinues to dependon responsiblelearning behaviourand strong studentengagement.”Page 96 of 132

A student research project titled “The Effect of Using Learning Applications on Students’ AcademicPerformance” was conducted under the Statistics for Business and Social Sciences (STA404)course. The project was carried out by Nurul Farra Razita Binti Roslin and Nurul Fatein Binti Ismail,undergraduate students from the Bachelor of Administrative Science (AM238) programme underthe Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies. The research was supervised by Dr.Nurazlina Abdul Rashid from the Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences as part of UiTMKedah’s experiential learning approach.The initiative aimed to bridge statistical theory with practical application by engaging students inreal-world research activities. Students were exposed to the full research cycle, includingquestionnaire design, sampling strategy development, hypothesis formulation, statistical testingusing SPSS, and interpretation of analytical findings. Such exposure enhances critical thinking andprepares students to navigate increasingly data-driven professional environments aligned withEducation 4.0 aspirations.The study involved Part 3 AM238 students across three classes at UiTM Kedah. Using stratifiedrandom sampling combined with simple random sampling techniques, 100 respondents wereselected from a population of 110 students to ensure balanced representation. Data werecollected through an online questionnaire capturing demographic information, learningapplication usage patterns, cumulative grade point average (CGPA), and students’ perceptionsregarding the importance of digital learning tools.Findings revealed that artificial intelligence-based platforms, particularly ChatGPT, were the mostfrequently used learning applications among students. Many respondents relied on AI tools forexplaining complex academic topics, generating ideas, and supporting independent revisionactivities. The increasing adoption of AI reflects students’ preference for flexible learningenvironments that extend beyond classroom boundaries.Consistent with previous research highlighting the benefits of digital learning technologies inenhancing accessibility and engagement (Adedoyin & Soykan, 2020), AI learning assistants provideopportunities for self-directed learning and instant academic support (Tlili et al., 2023).Complementary tools such as Quizlet promote active recall learning strategies (Dizon, 2016), whileNotion assists students in organising academic materials efficiently (Rashid & Asghar, 2016).Inferential statistical analysis indicated no statistically significant difference in CGPA betweenstudents who used learning applications and those who did not. Similarly, noPage 97 of 132

significant association was found between academic performance classification and studentsperceived importance of learning applications. These findings suggest that technology adoptionalone does not determine academic success. Instead, academic achievement remains influencedby broader learning behaviours including motivation, discipline, and study strategies.Nevertheless, students widely perceived learning applications as valuable academic support tools.The study recommends structured guidance from lecturers and institutions to maximise theeffective use of digital technologies alongside conventional teaching approaches. Artificialintelligence systems may also support learning continuity during lecturer absences by facilitatingguided academic interaction.Beyond research outcomes, the project significantly strengthened students’ teamwork, analyticalreasoning, and communication skills. The initiative reflects UiTM Kedah’s continued commitmentto producing adaptable graduates equipped with digital literacy and statistical competenciesrequired in modern learning ecosystems.ReferencesAdedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. InteractiveLearning Environments.Dizon, G. (2016). Quizlet in the EFL classroom. Language Learning & Technology, 20(2), 40–56.Rashid, T., & Asghar, H. M. (2016). Technology use, self-directed learning, and academic performance. Computers in HumanBehavior, 63, 604–612.Tlili, A., et al. (2023). ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments, 10(15).Page 98 of 132

DESIGNER'S THOUGHTSPage 99 of 132

The Malaysian comic industry in 2026 is anticipated toembody a sophisticated convergence of traditionalheritage and globalized digital consumption. It is nolonger perceived merely as a derivative of Japanesemanga or American superhero narratives; rather, theindustry has evolved into a strategic medium for theformation of national identity and the psychologicaldevelopment of the nation's youth (Yeap et al., 2025).Historical Foundations and Cultural IdentityThe evolution of the Malaysian comic scene is deeplyrooted in the transition from traditional storytelling tomodern graphic narrative. Early works, such as the Anakanak Sidek series, served as foundational texts thatimmortalized local legacies and functioned as strategictools for identity formation and national pride (MohdRadzol et al., 2025). This practice of embedding\"Malaysian-ness\" into visual media has continued into2026, where creators prioritize authentic local aestheticsranging from Kampung (village) settings to the use oflocal dialects to create culturally resonant experiences(Mohd Radzol et al., 2025).Juaini Jamaludin*Faculty of Art and Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM), Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani,Kedah, Malaysia*[email protected](*corresponding author)The DigitalRenaissance:Malaysian Mangaand Comic Industryin 2026Biodata of authorsJuaini Jamaludin is a dedicated researcher andwriter, deeply committed to exploring Malaysia's artand design. She holds a Master's degree in Visual Artfrom Universiti Malaya and has a profound interestin art history, visual culture, graphic communication,multimedia, and comic research.Page 100 of 132sumber : canva