Anesthesia Implications
• Almost certain development of vestibular dysfunction
post‐op
– Dizziness, ataxia, disequilibrium
– Usually self‐limiting, as central compensation occurs in vast
majority of cases
• NOT due to anesthetic effects!
Brown‐Séquard Syndrome
• First described in 1849 by Charles‐Edouard Brown‐
Séquard
• Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries – 12,000 new
cases/year
– BSS – 2‐4% of these injuries (3‐4 / 100,000 – 0.003%)
• Injury to one side of SC, not a complete injury
– In most cases, due to “penetrating trauma”
Symptoms
• Loss of touch (light),
vibrations, and/or position
below level of injury
(Hemiparesis/Asymmetric
spastic paresis, with +Babinski
sign as a later sign) on
ipsilateral side
• Strong sensory loss and on
ipsilateral side
• Loss of pain & temperature on
contralateral side
Diagnosis
• Guided by initial symptoms
• Spinal MRI & evoked potentials
– Evoked potentials are of particular benefit
Anesthesia Implications
• Anesthesia for traumatic SCI
– Usually emergent
– Spinal stabilization essential
• In‐line traction or alternative airway management (Glidescope,
McGrath, etc)
– Prepare for the possibility of intraop evoked
potentials/SSEP
Post‐op
• Best outcome of all the incomplete spinal cord
syndromes
• 70% become independent in ADLs
• 80‐90% regain bowel/bladder function/control
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
• Most common of a group of
rare metabolic disorders
– Hereditary mutation that
alters enzymatic activity in the
heme biosynthesis pathway
– AIP – Porphobilinogen (PBGD)
is blocked
Symptoms & Diagnosis
• Abdominal pain (90%), bloating, nausea, vomiting,
tachycardia
• Prolonged/recurrent episodes of unexplained
abdominal pain, esp. when associated with
neurological symptoms such as peripheral motor
neuropathy, convulsions, coma
• May be exacerbated by fasting, diets, or exposure to
medications
Anesthesia implications
• Treatment is often via weekly administration of
hemarginate via central line (PICC or Port‐a‐Cath)
• Thiopental (and other barbiturates) and Etomidate
have been identified as exacerbating agents
• In addition, stress, dehydration, and
fasting/starvation may produce exacerbation of
symptoms
Anesthetic medications
”Safe” or “Probably Safe” Controversial or Unsafe
• Thiopental – US
• Meperidine ‐ S • Etomidate – NC/US
• Hydrocodone ‐ S • Propofol Infusion – C
• Buprenorphine ‐ S • Clonidine ‐ C
• Acetaminophen – S
• Fentanyl – PS • http://www.drugs‐
• Naloxone – PS porphyria.org
• Midazolam – PS
• Propofol (bolus) ‐ PS
• Muscle Relaxants – PS
• NDMR reversal ‐ PS
Zollinger‐Ellison Syndrome
• 1955 (2 cases)
• 1000 patients/3300 published articles
• Annual incidence – 1/1,000,000 annually
• Non‐insulin‐producing islet cell tumors creating
gastric acid hypersecretion (gastrinoma)
Symptoms
• Abdominal pain/diarrhea (70%)
• Heartburn (44%)
• Nausea (33%)
• Vomiting (25%)
• Weight loss (17%)
• 70% report h/o peptic ulcer
• Only 11% had a single symptom
Symptoms
• Features that should increase suspicion of ZES:
– Combo of abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss
– Recurrent/refractory ulcers
– Prominent gastric rugal folds (2o to trophic effect of gastrin)
seen on endoscopy (94% in NIH Study)
– GI symptoms with or w/o ulcers in an MEN‐1 patient
• These patients should have a fasting serum gastrin
test OFF PPIs for 72+ hours (possibly up to 7 days)
Diagnosis
• Triad:
1. presence of primary ulcerations in unusual locations (2nd
& 3 portions of duodenum)
2. Gastric hypersecretion of tremendous proportions
3. Identification of non‐beta islet cell tumors of the
pancreas
Diagnosis
• Usually dx in the 5th decade of life
– Between 20‐60 years of age in 90% of cases
– 33.2 = 50th percentile for MEN‐1, 43.5 for sporadic
gastrinoma
– Correctly dx with initial presentation:
• Sporadic gastrinoma – 2%
• MEN‐1 – 5%
– Most frequent dx – peptic ulcer dz
Diagnosis
Overall % of tumors localized Liver
Pancreas Duodenum
20‐30 ‐
Noninvasive 50 50
25 83
Transabdominal U/S ‐ ‐ ‐
71‐90 80‐100 35 ‐
Abdominal CT 97 ‐
‐ ‐
Abdominnal MRI 85 50 ‐
65 ‐ ‐
Somatostatin receptor 83 ‐ ‐
scintigraphy ‐ ‐
DOTA‐TOC PET
Invasive
Ednoscopic U/S 75‐100 28‐57
91 60
Palpation 95 58
‐ 100
Intraop U/S
Duodenotomy
Treatment
• PPIs
– Potent, specific, durable inhibition of production of gastric acid
– Measure Basal Acid Output (BAO) to normalize to less than 15
mEq/hour (<5 in those w/ reflux esophagitis or prior
operations to reduce acid secretion)
• Total gastrectomy no longer indicated
– Sporadic gastrinoma – surgical exploration d/t high % of tumor
resection/cure, even in absence of + imaging studies
Anesthesia implications
• STRONG indication for GERD
– Gastric pH often <2
• RSI strongly indicated
• Consider non‐particulate antiacids preop
– Remember, H2 blockers are ineffective w/in 20 min, PPIs
take longer
– Should already be on PPIs, still likely to have significant
gastric pH
References – Comparison of Common
Antiemetics
1. Herrstedt J. Antiemetics: State of the art. Eur J
Cancer. 2009;45(SUPPL. 1):439‐441.
doi:10.1016/S0959‐8049(09)70081‐4.
2. Chatterjee, S., Rudra, A., & Sengupta, S. (2011).
Current concepts in the management of
postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology
Research and Practice.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/748031
References – Neuroleptic Malignant
Syndrome
• Sachdev, P. S. (2005). A rating scale for neuroleptic
malignant syndrome. Psychiatry Research, 135(3), 249–
256. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2005.05.003
• Berman, B. D. (2011). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a
review for neurohospitalists. The Neurohospitalist, 1(1),
41–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941875210386491
• Rosenberg, H., Pollock, N., Schiemann, A., Bulger, T., &
Stowell, K. (2012). Malignant hyperthermia: a review.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023‐015‐0310‐1
References – Acoustic Neuroma
• Bedavanija, A., Brieger, J., Lehr, H.‐A., Maurer, J., & Mann, W. J.
(2003). Association of proliferative activity and size in acoustic
neuroma: implications for timing of surgery. Journal of Neurosurgery,
98(4), 807–811. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.98.4.0807
• Gianoli, G. J., & Soileau, J. S. (2012). Acoustic Neuroma
Neurophysiologic Correlates: Vestibular‐Preoperative, Intraoperative,
and Postoperative. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2011.12.004
• Newton, J. R., Shakeel, M., Flatman, S., Beattie, C., & Ram, B. (2010).
Magnetic resonance imaging screening in acoustic neuroma.
American Journal of Otolaryngology, 31(4), 217–220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2009.02.005
References – Brown‐Séquard Syndrome
• Galvez, R., Hantson, P., Wittebole, X., Duprez, T., Guérit,
J.‐M., & Liolios, A. (2004). Traumatic Brown‐Sequard
Syndrome due to a Stab Injury Case Report and Review
of the Literature. European Journa
• Mastronardi, L., & Ruggeri, A. (2004). Cervical disc
herniation producing Brown‐Sequard syndrome: case
report. Spine, 29(2), E28‐31.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000105984.62308.F6
References – Acute Intermittent Porphyria
• Duque‐Serrano, L., Patarroyo‐Rodriguez, L., Gotlib, D., & Molano‐Eslava, J. C.
(2018). Psychiatric Aspects of Acute Porphyria: a Comprehensive Review.
Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920‐018‐
0867‐1
• Mumoli, N., Vitale, J., & Cei, M. (2014). IMAGES IN EMERGENCY MEDICINE.
Annals of Emergency Medicine, 63(267), 267, 273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.06.013
• Rigg, J., & Petts, V. (2007). Acute porphyria and propofol. Anaesthesia,
48(12), 1108–1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365‐2044.1993.tb07553.x
• Sheppard, L., & Dorman, T. (2005). Anesthesia in a child with homozygous
porphobilinogen deaminase deficiency: a severe form of acute intermittent
porphyria. Pediatric Anesthesia, 15(5), 426–428.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460‐9592.2005.01451.x
References – Zollinger‐Ellison Syndrome
• Ellison, E. C. (2008). Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome: a personal perspective. The
American Surgeon, 74(7), 563–71. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646472
• Ellison, E. C., & Johnson, J. A. (2009). The Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome: a
comprehensive review of historical, scientific, and clinical considerations.
Current Problems in Surgery, 46(1), 13–106.
https://doi.org/10.1067/j.cpsurg.2008.09.001
• Krampitz, G. W., & Norton, J. A. (2013). Current management of the zollinger‐
ellison syndrome. Advances in Surgery, 47(1), 59–79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yasu.2013.02.004
• Wilcox, C. M., & Hirschowitz, B. I. (2009). Treatment strategies for Zollinger‐
Ellison syndrome. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 10(7), 1145–57.
https://doi.org/10.1517/14656560902887035