CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Proc. 22nd Vertebr. Pest Conf. (R. M. Timm and J. M. O’Brien, Eds.)
Published at Univ. of Calif., Davis. 2006.

OPENING REMARKS

John M. O’Brien …………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………...………….. 1

MANAGING CHARISMATIC MEGAFAUNA (Plenary Session)

Are Viable Non-Lethal Management Tools Available for Reducing Wolf-Human Conflict?
Preliminary Results from Field Experiments

Thomas M. Gehring, Jason E. Hawley, Sarah J. Davidson, Shawn T. Rossler, Anna C. Cellar, Ronald N. Schultz,
Adrian P. Wydeven, and Kurt C. VerCauteren …………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 2
Non-Lethal and Lethal Tools to Manage Wolf-Livestock Conflict in the Northwestern
United States
Ed Bangs, Mike Jimenez, Carter Niemeyer, Joe Fontaine, Mark Collinge, Rod Krsichke, Larry Handegard, John Shivik,
Carolyn Sime, Steve Nadeau, Curt Mack, Douglas W. Smith, Val Asher, and Suzanne Stone …………………………….…..….… 7
Koalas and Kangaroos: Managing Australia’s Charismatic Icons on the World’s Stage
Catherine A. Herbert ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………..……… 17
Managing an Overabundant Koala Population for Conservation of Riparian Habitats on
Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Desley Whisson and Glenn Shimmin …………………………………………….…………………………………….…………………….…… 23
Managing Human Elephant Conflict – Lessons Learned
Leo Niskanen ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………..…… 29
Shark Attack versus Ecotourism: Negative and Positive Interactions*
A. Peter Klimley and Tobey H. Curtis ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 33

FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL

When, Where and for What Wildlife Species Will Contraception Be a Useful Management Approach?
Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Lowell A. Miller, Kimberly S. Bynum, John D. Eisemann, and Christi Yoder ………………………… 45

A Modeling Approach to Evaluating Potential Applications of Emerging Fertility Control
Technologies in the UK

David P. Cowan, Giovanna Massei, and Robert J. B. Mellows …………………………………………………………..…………….…… 55
Wildlife Contraceptives: A Regulatory Hot Potato

John D. Eisemann, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, and Jeanette R. O’Hare ………………………………………..……………….…………… 63
Long-Term Efficacy of Three Contraceptive Approaches for Population Control of Wild Horses

Gary Killian, Nancy K. Diehl, Lowell Miller, Jack Rhyan, and David Thain …………………………………………….……………… 67
GnRH Single-Injection Immunocontraception of Black-Tailed Deer

Kelly R. Perry, Wendy M. Arjo, Kimberly S. Bynum, and Lowell A. Miller ………………………………..……………………… 72
Field Test of GonaCon™ Immunocontraceptive Vaccine in Free-Ranging Female White-Tailed Deer

James P. Gionfriddo, John D. Eisemann, Kevin J. Sullivan, Ronald S. Healey, and Lowell A. Miller ………….………….……… 78
Safety and Toxicity Evaluation of GonaCon™ Immunocontraceptive Vaccine in White-Tailed Deer

Gary Killian, John Eisemann, Donald Wagner, Jacob Werner, Daniel Shaw, Richard Engeman, and Lowell Miller …….……. 82
PZP Immunocontraception in Coyotes: A Multi-Year Study with Three Vaccine Formulations

Lowell A. Miller, Kimberly Bynum, and Doris Zemlicka ………..………………………………………………………………….…..…… 88
Immunocontraception of Small Mammals: Case Study for the Wild House Mouse in Australia

Lyn A. Hinds ………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…… 96
Fertility Control for Wildlife Management – The Brushtail Possum in New Zealand

Phil Cowan, Janine Duckworth, Xianlan Cui, Frank Molinia, Werner Lubitz, and Petra Walcher …………………….…………… 102
Contraceptive Effect of a Recombinant GnRH Vaccine in Adult Female Pigs

Lowell A. Miller, G. P. Talwar, and Gary J. Killian ………..………………………………………………………………………….….…… 106
Avian Contraceptive Tools: One Size Does Not Fit All

Christi A. Yoder and Lowell A. Miller …………………………………………………………………………………………….……...……… 110
Development of Nicarbazin Bait for Managing Rock Pigeon Populations

Michael L. Avery, Kandy L. Keacher, and Eric A. Tillman ………..…………………………………………………………………..…… 116
AZA Wildlife Contraception Center Programs

Cheryl S. Asa ………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…… 121

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RODENT MANAGEMENT

What’s Up with House Mice? – A Review
Gary Witmer and Susan Jojola …………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….....…… 124

A Profile of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, in New York City: Its Impact on City Operations
and the Need for Collaborative Interagency Rat Management Programs

Robert M. Corrigan ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….…….....…… 131
Grower Evaluation of California Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) Control using
Anticoagulant Baits

Victor J. Kowalski, Rachel Long, Jim Sullins, Sergio Garcia, and Terrell P. Salmon .………………………………….…………… 142
Evaluation of Irrigation Valve Boxes as Underground Bait Stations for California Ground Squirrel
Control

Tracy Ellis, Terrell P. Salmon and Cheryl Wilen ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 148
Efficacy of Strychnine and Zinc Phosphide Cabbage Baits in Controlling Ground Squirrels in
Diamond Valley, Nevada

John Balliette, John M. O’Brien, and John D. Eisemann .…………………………………………………………………………...……… 151
Anticoagulant Resistance in Meadow Voles (Microtus californicus)

Terrell P. Salmon and Stephanie J. Lawrence ……………………………………………………………………….………………………… 156
Zinc Phosphide-Treated Bracts as an Alternative Rodenticide in Artichoke Fields for
Meadow Vole (Microtus californicus) Control

Terrell P. Salmon and Stephanie J. Lawrence .………………………………………………………………………………………………… 161
Efficacy of Cholecalciferol Baits for Pocket Gopher Control and Possible Effects on Non-Target
Rodents in Pacific Northwest Forests

Suzanne E. Rizor, Wendy M. Arjo, Stephan Bulkin, and Dale L. Nolte .……………………………………………………..………… 166
The Bailey Beaver Trap: Modifications and Sets to Improve Capture Rate

Stephen Vantassel .…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
Solving Beaver Flooding Problems through the Use of Water Flow Control Devices

Laura J. Simon .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… 174
Boomer or Bust: Managing a Pacific Northwest Pest Species

Wendy M. Arjo and Dale L. Nolte .………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 181
The Impacts of Nutria on Vegetation in Oregon

Andrew M. Meyer and Susan W. Beatty …………………………………………………………………………………………...…………… 187
Managing Invasive Nutria: The Role of Olfactory Cues (Poster)

Susan M. Jojola, Gary Witmer, and Dale Nolte ……………………………………………………………………………….……..…...… 192
Animal Use of Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Burrows: Preliminary Findings

Gary Witmer, Michael Pipas, and Timothy Linder ………………………………………………………………………………….…...… 195
Utah Prairie Dogs: Creative Strategies to De-list a Problematic Endangered Species (Poster)

Nicole Frey, Terry Messmer, and Dwayne Elmore ……………………………………………………………………………………....… 198
Rodent Management for Surface Drip Irrigation Tubing in Peanut (Poster)

Ronald B. Sorensen, Russell C. Nuti, and Marshall C. Lamb ……………………………………………………………………….…… 201
Designing a Rat Eradication Program for the Tropics – The Palmyra Atoll Experience

Gregg R. Howald, Stacey Buckelew, Alex Wegmann, Jacob Sheppard, Jennifer Curl, Pete McClelland,
Bernie Tershy, Katie Swift, Earl Campbell, and Beth Flint …………………………………………………….………………….……… NA

BIRD MANAGEMENT

Bird Hazing at Oil Spills in California in 2004 and 2005
W. Paul Gorenzel, Paul R. Kelly, Terrell P. Salmon, Daniel W. Anderson, and Stephanie J. Lawrence …………………..…… 206

Evaluation of Bird Response to Propane Exploders in an Airport Environment
Brian E. Washburn, Richard B. Chipman, and Laura C. Francoeur …………………………………………………………….……… 212

An Integrated Management Approach for Nesting Osprey to Protect Human Safety and Aircraft
at Langley AFB, Virginia

Thomas Joseph Olexa ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 216
A New Wrinkle on an Old Method: Successful Use of Scarecrows as a Non-Lethal Method to
Prevent Bird Damage to Field Crops in Israel

Simon C. Nemtzov and Eli Galili ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 222
Effectiveness of Flight Control™ to Reduce Damage to Lettuce Seedlings from Horned Larks

John L. Cummings, Darryl L. York, Thomas M. Primus, Richard M. Engeman, and Richard E. Mauldin …………………..… 225
Evaluation of the ChromaFlair® Crow Buster as a Starling Repellent at Nest Sites

Thomas W. Seamans and David A. Helon …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 228

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BIRD MANAGEMENT (continued)
Vulture-Cattle Interactions – A Survey of Florida Ranchers

Michael P. Milleson, Stephanie A. Shwiff, and Michael L. Avery ……………………………………………………………………… 231
Responses of Black Vultures to Roost Dispersal in Radford, Virginia

Michael L. Avery, John S. Humphrey, Eric A. Tillman, and Michael P. Milleson ………………………………………………..… 239
Locating Bird Roosts with Doppler Radar

Ronald P. Larkin ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 244
DRC-1339 Egg Baits: Preliminary Evaluation of Their Effectiveness in Removing Ravens

Peter S. Coates ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 250
Evaluation of Potential Insect Baits for Red-Winged Blackbirds (Poster)

George M. Linz, H. Jeffrey Homan, and Linda B. Penry ………………………………………………………………………………… 256

PREDATOR MANAGEMENT

A Review of the Impact of Sheep Predators in Australia and New Control Methods Under
Development ………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….. 258

Steven Lapidge, David Dall, Rob Hunt, Brendan Cowled, Michelle Smith, and Linton Staples
The Electronic Calling System: Effectiveness for Capturing a Wide Variety of Offending Wildlife
Species in Nevada, 2002 thru 2005

Ben A. Miller, Jack O. Spencer, Jr., Chuck A. Cleland, and Martin D. Lilly ………………………………….…..…………..…….. 264
Wildlife Damage Management Protection Efforts for a Vulnerable Pronghorn Antelope Population
in Northwestern Nevada: 2000 through 2004

Jack O. Spencer, Jr. and Robert H. Beach ……………………………………………………………….………………………………….. 269
Wildlife Damage Management Protection Efforts on a Mule Deer Population in Eastern Nevada:
2003 thru 2005

Zack L. Bowers and Jack O. Spencer, Jr. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 274
Using the CLOD to Deliver Pentachlorobenzene to Coyotes (Canis latrans)

Are R. Berentsen, John J. Johnston, Richard E. Mauldin, and Robert H. Schmidt …………………………………………...…….. 277
The Impact of Predation on the Threatened Endemic Kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae)
by Mammalian Predators on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand

Te Ari S. Prendergast, Shaun C. Ogilvie, Kerry-Jayne Wilson, and Andrea Byrom ………………………………………..…….. 282
Coyotes and Humans: Can We Coexist?

Camilla H. Fox …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 287
The Marin County Predator Management Program: Will It Save the Sheep Industry?*

Stephanie Larson ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 294

PUBLIC HEALTH AND DISEASE 298
304
Biological Risk Management for the Interface of Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and Humans 308
John R. Fischer and Richard W. Gerhold …………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 311
318
Surveillance of Vector-Borne Diseases in California 324
Anne Kjemtrup ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...….…….
329
Lyme Disease in California: Ecology and Epidemiology
Robert S. Lane ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……. 334
339
West Nile Virus in North American Wildlife 344
Robert G. McLean …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…….

Update on Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Janet Foley ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….

Chronic Wasting Disease in Free-Ranging North American Cervids
Michael D. Samuel and Bryan J. Richards …………………………………………………………………………………………..….…

USDA APHIS Wildlife Services’ National Wildlife Disease Surveillance and Emergency Response
System (SERS)

Tom J. DeLiberto and Robert H. Beach …………………………………………….……………………………………….……….…….
Urban Dingoes (Canis lupus dingo and Hybrids) and Human Hydatid Disease (Echinococcus
granulosus) in Queensland, Australia

Ben Allen …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….…….
Economic Modeling of Oral Rabies Vaccination: Issues and Concepts

Ray T. Sterner ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…….
Improving Rabies Vaccine Baits

J. J. Johnston, J. C. Hurley, T. M. Primus, B. S. Schmit, and T. J. DeLiberto ………………………………….……….…….

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PUBLIC HEALTH AND DISEASE (continued) 346
Terrestrial Rabies Surveillance on Cape Cod: A Community-Based Multi-Agency Strategy to
Provide Critical Information for Rabies Control 351

Brian M. Bjorklund, Timothy P. Algeo, Monte D. Chandler, Donald J. Wilda, and Dennis Slate ……………………………… 354
A Preliminary Field Trial of Bait Stations for the Delivery of Oral Rabies Vaccine: Can Varying NA
Diameter Exclude Non-Target Species? NA
NA
Amanda Manzo, Tad Theimer, Robert Delph, John Hall, Nancy Hernandez, Brandon Holt, Maureen Maloney, NA
Mayra Moreno, David Bergman, and Chad Heuser …………………………………………………………………………………..….
Gray Fox Research to Support Oral Rabies Vaccination Programs in Texas: An Overview (Poster)
Brian T. Mesenbrink, Bruce Leland, Mike R. Dunbar, Guy Moore, Randy DeYoung, Angeline Zamorano,
Robert G. McLean, and J. Jeffrey Root …………………………………………………………………………………………………..….
Wildlife Diseases, the Salton Sea, and Politics: A Toxic Situation
Douglas Barnum, Tonie E. Rocke, and Milton Friend …………………………………………………………….……………….………
Rodent-Reservoired Hantavirus as a Public Health Concern
Curtis L. Fritz …………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………….………………………
Current Status and Occurrence of West Nile Virus in California
Vicki Kramer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………
Avian Influenza – Public Health Concerns and the Role of Wildlife
Ben Sun …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….………………………

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Benefits and Costs Associated with Wildlife Services Activities in California
Stephanie A. Shwiff, Ray T. Sterner, Katy N. Kirkpatrick, Richard M. Engeman, and Craig C. Coolahan …………………… 356

The Benefits of Aerial Hunting for Feral Hog Management in Southeast Texas Pasture and
Rangelands

Douglas Steen ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..… 361
Developing and Implementing Feral Hog Management Procedures on an Urban Nature Center

Robert Denkhaus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….………..… 364
Is Trapping Success of Feral Hogs Dependent upon Weather Conditions?

A. Christy Wyckoff, Scott E. Henke, Tyler Campbell, and Kurt C. VerCauteren …………………………………….…….……… 370
Harnessing Community Opportunities to Achieve Large-Scale Possum Control in Rural New
Zealand

Peter Russell ………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….….……… 373
Cost-Effective Strategies for the Sustained Control of Bait-Shy Vertebrate Pests in New Zealand

James G. Ross and Katie B. Bicknell …………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… 379
Use of Fatty Acid Profiles to Distinguish between Selected Game Fish and Farm-Raised Channel
Catfish

Randal S. Stahl, Brian S. Dorr, Scott C. Barras, and John J. Johnston …………………………………………..….…………….…..… 389
Managing the Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) in the Midst of Human Recreation:
What is the Optimal Approach?

Jessica H. Quinn, Desley A. Whisson, and Felipe Cano ……………………….………………………………………….……………..… 393
The Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre: An Australian Initiative of Relevance to
North American Vertebrate Pest Management

Anthony J. Peacock and Glen Saunders ……………………….……………………………………………………………………………..… 399
Reno “Live Trap” Loaning Program

Jonathan La Combe ……………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….…….……..… 402

PESTICIDES AND REGISTRATION 406
413
Reflections on Improvements in the Use of Vertebrate Pesticides in New Zealand: 1996-2006 434
Charles Eason, David Morgan, Penny Fisher, Brian Hopkins, and Phil Cowan ………………………………………….………… 440

Ecological and Human Health Hazards from Broadcast Application of 0.005% Diphacinone
Rodenticide Baits in Native Hawaiian Ecosystems

John D. Eisemann and Catherine E. Swift ………………………………………………………………………………….………….……
Diphacinone in Pigs: Sublethal Exposure and Residual Persistence in Tissues

Penny M. Fisher …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Probabilistic Model to Optimize Formulation and Baiting Strategies for the Pesticide CPTH
(3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride)

John J. Johnston, John Cummings, Dennis J. Kohler, Randal Stahl, Melvin J. Holmes, and Andy Hart ………………………

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PESTICIDES AND REGISTRATION (continued) 447
The Effect of Time on the Recovery of DRC-1339 Residues from Tissues Collected from
Decomposing Mourning Dove Carcasses 450
458
Randal S. Stahl and John J. Johnston ………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….…
Changes in Taxonomic Nomenclature and Conservation Status of Ground Squirrel Species:
Implications for Pesticide Labeling and Use of Zinc Phosphide Pesticide Products

Jeanette R. O’Hare, John D. Eisemann, and Kathleen A. Fagerstone ………………………………………………………….…..…
Ecological Risk Assessment for Use of Agricultural Rodenticides in California (Poster)

Eric M. Silberhorn, Duane L. Schnabel, and Terrell P. Salmon ………………………………………….…………………….………

OTHER TOPICS

Development of a String-Tracking System for Tranquilizer Dart Guns
George R. Gallagher ……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….………………...… 463

Use of Infrared Technology in Wildlife Surveys
Bradley F. Blackwell, Thomas W. Seamans, Brian E. Washburn, and Jonathan D. Cepek ……………………..……………...… 467

Genotyping Brushtail Possum Fecal Pellets and Ear Tissue to Identify Bias in Trap-Catch
Monitoring

David R. Morgan, Dianne M. Gleeson, Robyn L. J. Howitt, and Graham Nugent ……………………….………..……………..… 473
Novel Visual Lures for the Management of Brushtail Possums

Shaun C. Ogilvie, Keisuke Sakata, Malcolm D. Thomas, and Fraser Maddigan ……………………….………….……...……...… 479
Evaluation of Bait Matrices and Chemical Lure Attractants for Brown Tree Snakes

Peter J. Savarie and Larry Clark ……………………….…………………………………………………………………………………......… 483
The New Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management

Stephen Vantassel, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Paul D. Curtis, Robert H. Schmidt, Greg K. Yarrow, and Raj Smith …………...… 489
Survival and Movement Ecology of Ring-Necked Pheasants in Northern California Agricultural
Areas

Craig A. Ramey, Jean B. Bourassa, and Michael S. Furuta ………………………………………………………….……………...…..… 492
The Ethics of Wildlife Control in Humanized Landscapes

John Hadidian, Camilla H. Fox, and William S. Lynn ………………………………………………………………..……………...…..… 500
“Nuisance” Wildlife Control Trapping: Another Perspective

Brad Gates, John Hadidian, and Laura Simon ………………………………………………………………….……….……….……..…..… 505
An Overview of Vertebrate Pests in India*

Shakunthala Sridhara ……………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…..… 510
Characterizing and Averting Cottontail Rabbit Damage in a Southern California Nursery

Tracy Ellis, Autumn Sartain, Ryan Miller, Cheryl Wilen, and Terrell Salmon ………………………………………………..…...… 522
Using GPS and GIS Technology to Track Rabbit Damage in a Southern California Nursery (Poster)

Autumn Sartain, Tracy Ellis, Ryan Miller, Cheryl Wilen, and Terrell Salmon ……………………….……………………..……..… 527
Enhancing Private Sector Wildlife Damage Management with a Comprehensive Curriculum (Poster)

Paul D. Curtis, Jill Shultz, Lynn Braband, Louis Berchielli, and Gordon Batcheller …………………………..……………..…...… 530
Three-Man Thermal Team (T.T.T.): An Advanced Technique for Control of Overabundant or
Nuisance Wildlife (Poster)

Earl L. Hodnett ……………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..… 532
Invasive Frogs’ Influence on Lowland Forest Arthropod Communities and Ecological Processes in
Hawaii (Poster)

Hans Sin, Karen H. Beard and William C. Pitt ………………………………………………...…………………….………….…….……… 534
Feral Pigs in Hawaii: Historic and the Behavioral Approach on Settlement of Damage Control
Techniques

Selene S. C. Nogueira, Sérgio L. G. Nogueira-Filho, Kirsten Silvius, and José M. V. Fragoso …………………….…………...... NA
The Effects of Feral Ungulates on Native Hawaiian Plant Communities

Sérgio L. G. Nogueira-Filho, Selene S. C. Nogueira, and José M. V. Fragoso …...…………………….………………...…...……… NA

CLOSING REMARKS

Minoo B. Madon …………………………………………………………………..………………………………..……….………….………..….. 535

INDEX OF AUTHORS ……….………………………………………..………………………………..……………...……..….……………… 537
INDEX OF KEY WORDS / SUBJECTS ……...………………………………………………………………...…….….………...… 541
____________________

* Paper was accepted by the Vertebrate Pest Council for publication, although it was not presented at the Conference.
NA Paper was presented at the Conference, but it was not available for publication in this Proceedings.

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