SPLENDID SCIENCE

Science SCE
Form 2 PUBLICATION

SPLENDID
SCIENCE

KSSM BY SITI NURAIN FARHANA

Acknowledgment

All the praises to God for granted me good
health, giving me strength and sabr' in
process completing this lesson book.

I would like to express a deep appreciation
towards my lecturer, Pn Siti Fairuz for the
endless support, kind and understanding

spirit during the class. Two semesters
together, give me lot of knowledges in terms

of science. Thank You Madam <3
To all relatives, friends and others who in one

way or another shared their support, either
morally and physically, thank you.

Hopefully, this lesson book will benefit those
who are in need.

AUTHOR i
SITI NURAIN FARHANA BINTI NOR AZMAN

2020850024



PUBLISHED FOR:
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE (SCE 551)



MEDIUM:

CANVA





COPYRIGHT 2022

Preface

This lesson book was created by a fourth-
semester student from UiTM Puncak Alam
based on the science textbook KSSM form 2

and the Dokumen Standard Kurikulum
Pentaksiran (DSKP) provided by the
Ministry of Education, Malaysia.

This lesson book helps to reinforce the
knowledge by using various

elements and approaches that are especially
available only in this book which are:

Clear explanations- easier to understand
Colorful design, and illustrations- improving
the memory
Tips, and additional information
Self-assessment- important to make the
evaluation
This lesson book focuses on Form 2 Science
Theme 4: Earth and Space Exploration,
Chapter 11 : Stars & Galaxies in Universe,

Chapter 12 : Solar System

ii

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement.................................................... i
Preface.......................................................................... ii

Table of Content

Theme 4: Earth and Space Exploration

Chapter 1: Stars & Galaxies in Universe
1.1: Stars & Galaxies in Universe............ 2

Test Yourself.............................................................. 7

Chapter 2: Solar System
2.1: Solar System......................................... 9

Test Yourself............................................................. 13

Answer Scheme....................................................... 14

References.................................................................. 15

Chapter 1

Stars

and

Galaxies

in

Universe

Learning Standard:

A student is able to:
Communicate about the characteristics of objects in
space.
Compare and contrast the characteristics of stars
(including the Sun) and relate them to the
obsevation of stars on the Earth.

1.1 STARS AND GALAXIES IN
UNIVERSE

The universe or outer space consist of everything around us.
Astronomy is a field that studies space matter, galaxies, stars

and other objects in outer space,
Besides stars and planets, other object such as
comets, meteorites and asteroids are also part of universe.

GALAXIES

What do galaxies mean? Galaxies are sprawling systems of dust, gas, dark
matter, and anywhere from a million to a trillion stars that are held
together by gravity. Galaxies come in many forms, such as spiral galaxies,
elliptical galaxies and irregular galaxies (Figure 1.1). Our solar system is
situated in the Milky Way galaxy (Figure 1.2).

Types of Galaxies

Spiral Elliptical Irregular

Examples: Examples: Examples:
Andromeda Ursa Major Small Magellanie
The Milky Way Messier 87 Cloud
Large Magellanic
Cloud

Figure 1.1 Types of Galaxies

2

The Milky Way

.

Figure 1.2 The location of our solar system within the milky way

The Milky Way is a medium-large spiral galaxy.
Our solar system is located at the edge of the spiral arms of The
Milky Way.
The Milky Way consists of approximately 200 billion stars and the
Sun is one of it.

STARS

The life Cycle of a Star
(Nebular Hypothesis)

Medium-sized Red giant White dwarf
star

Nebula Large star Red giant Supergiant Supernova Neutron star

Super-Large Red giant Supergiant Supernova Black hole
star
3
Figure 1.3 The life cycle of a star

Birth of Stars

Stars are formed from nebulae.
Nebulae are large clouds consisting of dust particles and
gases such as helium and hydrogen.

The gases and dust particles in a
nebula are pulled by a strong

gravitational force which causes
it to form a globe.

The globe of gases will shrink and
compress due to strong

gravitational forces until they form
a dense core.

When the temperature and pressure in the
core become too high, a nuclear reaction will
take place. Hydrogen gas turns into helium. A

huge amount of heat energy and light is
released.

The core will shine
and a star is form

Figure 1.4 The birth of star

The star is now known as protostar
It continues to expand into an average star like the Sun or a
massive star

4

Death of Stars

In a star, a lot of heat is generated which will heat up the
outermost layer of the star.
As a result, hydrogen within this layer starts to burn. This causes
the star to expand.
During this stage, the star appears red in colour and is called a
red giant.

- If the red giant is not massive, a white dwarf is formed.
- If the red giant is big enough, it contracts so quickly that

supernova occurs.
A supernova is extremely bright. It can be seen in daylight.
As a result of the explosion, a neutron star is formed if the
original star is a large star.
If the original star is a super-large star, a black hole is formed.

- Light could not escape from black hole.
- Any matter that enters it cannot escape too.

Relative Size Comparison between the Earth
and the Universe

Figure 1.5 relative size comparison between the earth, the solar system, the milky 5
way, galaxies and the universe

Characteristic of Stars

Brightness

Colour Temperature

Distance Size

Figure 1.5 Characteristic to classify star
Table 1.1 Classification of stars based on colour and temperature

Colour







Red Orange Yellow Yellowish- White Bluish- Blue
white white
3500 - >25000
Temperature <3500 5000 5000 - 6000 - 7500 - 11000 -
(K) 6000 7500 11000 25000

Hotter

Giant Dwarf

Supergiant

Figure 1.6 Sizes of stars 6

Test Yourself!

1.There are ____ types of galaxies.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

2. The Milky Way Galaxy is most likely
A. an irregular galaxy.
B. an elliptical galaxy.
C. a spiral galaxy.
D. a nebula .



3. What color are the hottest stars?
A. Red
B. Yellow
C. Orange
D. Blue

4. State three types of Galaxy..

5. List five characteristic to classify stars.

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7

Chapter 2

Solar
System

Learning Standard:

A student is able to:
Compare distances between the Sun and the planets
in the Solar System using astronomical units (a.u.)
and light years.
Compare and contrast the planets in the Solar System
with the Earth.

1.1 SOLAR SYSTEM

Do you know, how is the The distance between
distance between the the planets and the Sun is very
great. Therefore, astronomical
planets and the unit and light years are used to
Sun determined? measure the relative distances

between the planets and
the Sun.

Comparison of Planet Distances in the Solar
System from the Sun

Astronomical unit (A.U.) Figure 2.1 Distance between the Earth
Astronomical unit (A.U.) is the and the Sun
average distance between the
Earth and the Sun, which is
approximately 93 million miles or
150 million kilometres.

1 A.U. = 1.5 x 10^8 km

Light Years (ly) Science Info

Light years refers to the distance In early 2016, astronomers found a
travelled by light in one year. Light new planet in cur solar system.
moves at a velocity of 300 000 km Astronomers refer to this planet as
every second. Therefore, light can the 9th planet that could have a mass
move as far as 9.5 x 10^2 km in a year. about 10 times that of the Earth.
However, this discovery is still in its
1 light year = 9.5 x 10^2 km research stage.

9

Converting Units Between Astronomical Unit,
Light Year and Kilometres

To convert units between To convert units between
astronomical unit (A.U.) light years (ly) and
and km: km:

Distance in A.U. = Distance in km Distance in ly = Distance in km
1.5 x 10^8 km 9.5 x 10^12 km

Example 1:

Determine the distance of the Earth from the
Sun in A.U, and ly.

Solution:
Distance of Earth from Sun in km = 1.5 x 10^8 km
Distance of Earth from Sun in A.U. = 1.5 x 10^8 km

1.5 x 10^8 km
= 1.0 A.U.

Distance of Earth from Sun in ly = 1.5 x 10^8 km
9.5 x 10^12 km

= 1.58 x 10^-5 ly

Example 2:

Uranus is the 7th planet in the solar system which is
2.87 x 10^9 km from the Sun.

(a) Calculate its distance in A.U.
(b) Calculate its distance in ly.

Solution:

(a) Distance = 2.87 x 10^9 km

Distance in A.U. = 2.87 x 10^9 km
1.5 x 10^8 km

= 19.1 A.U.

(b) Distance = 2.87 x 10^9 km

Distance in ly = 2.87 x 10^9 km
9.5 x 10^12 km

= 3.02 x 10^-4 km

10

Planets in the Solar Sytem

Mercury

Mercury is the closest planet to the sun and the smallest planet in the solar system
— it is only a little larger than Earth's moon. Mercury zips around the sun in only
88 days and because it is so close to our star (about two-fifths the distance
between Earth and the sun).
Mercury experiences dramatic changes in its day and night temperatures. Mercury
temperatures can reach a scorching 840 F (450 C) in the day, which is hot enough
to melt lead. Meanwhile, on the night side, temperatures drop to minus 290 F
(minus 180 C).
Mercury's atmosphere is very thin and primarily composed of oxygen, sodium,
hydrogen, helium and potassium. Because the atmosphere is so thin it cannot
incoming meteors, its surface is therefore pockmarked with craters, just like our
moon.

Venus

Venus is the second planet from the sun and is the hottest planet in the solar
system. Its thick atmosphere is extremely toxic and composed of sulfuric acid
clouds, the planet is an extreme example of the greenhouse effect.
The average temperature on Venus' surface is 900 F (465 C). At 92 bar, the
pressure at the surface would crush and kill you. And oddly, Venus spins slowly from
east to west, the opposite direction of most of the other planets.
Venus is sometimes referred to as Earth's twin as they are similar in size and radar
images beneath its atmosphere reveal numerous mountains and volcanoes. But beyond
that, the planets could not be more different.

Earth

Earth, our home planet, is the third planet from the sun. It is a water
world with two-thirds of the planet covered by water. Earth's
atmosphere is rich in nitrogen and oxygen and it is the only world
known to harbor life.
Earth rotates on its axis at 1,532 feet per second (467 meters per
second) — slightly more than 1,000 mph (1,600 kph) — at the equator.
The planet zips around the sun at more than 18 miles per second (29
km per second).

Mars

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. It is a cold, desert-like planet covered in
iron oxide dust that gives the planet its signature red hue. Mars shares similarities
with Earth: It is rocky, has mountains, valleys and canyons, and storm systems
ranging from localized tornado-like dust devils to planet-engulfing dust storms.
Substantial scientific evidence suggests that Mars at one point billions of years ago
was a much warmer, wetter world, rivers and maybe even oceans existed.
Although Mars' atmosphere is too thin for liquid water to exist on the surface for
any length of time, remnants of that wetter Mars still exist today. Sheets of water
ice the size of California lie beneath Mars' surface, and at both poles are ice caps
made in part of frozen water.

11

Jupiter

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun and the largest planet in the solar
system. The gas giant is more than twice as massive as all the other planets
combined, according to NASA.
Its swirling clouds are colorful due to different types of trace gases
including ammonia ice, ammonium hydrosulfide crystals as well as water ice
and vapor.
A famous feature in its swirling clouds is Jupiter's Great Red Spot, a giant
storm more than 10,000 miles wide,
Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, and with 75 moons, including the largest
moon in the solar system, Ganymede.

Saturn

Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and is famous for its large and distinct
ring system. Though Saturn is not the only planet in the solar system with rings.
Galileo Galilei first studied Saturn in the early 1600s, he thought it was an
object with three parts: a planet and two large moons on either side. Not knowing
he was seeing a planet with rings. More than 40 years later, Christiaan Huygens
proposed that they were rings.
The rings are made of ice and rock and scientists are not yet sure how they
formed. The gaseous planet is mostly hydrogen and helium and has numerous
moons.

Uranus

Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun and is a bit of an oddball.
It has clouds made of hydrogen sulfide, the same chemical that makes rotten
eggs smell so foul. It rotates from east to west like Venus. But unlike Venus or
any other planet, its equator is nearly at right angles to its orbit — it basically
orbits on its side.
Uranus holds the record for the coldest temperature ever measured in the
solar system — minus 371.56 degrees F (minus 224.2 degrees C). The average
temperature of Uranus is minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit (-195 degrees
Celsius).

Neptune

Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun and is on average the coldest planet
in the solar system. The average temperature of Neptune at the top of the
clouds is minus 346 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 210 degrees Celsius).
Neptune is approximately the same size as Uranus and is known for its
supersonic strong winds. The planet is more than 30 times as far from the sun
as Earth.
Neptune was the first planet predicted to exist by using math, rather than
being visually detected. Irregularities in the orbit of Uranus led French
astronomer Alexis Bouvard to suggest some other planet might be exerting a
gravitational tug. German astronomer Johann Galle used calculations to help find
Neptune in a telescope. Neptune is about 17 times as massive as Earth and has a
rocky core.

12

Test Yourself!

1.How many planets are in our solar system? (not including pluto)
A. 9
B. 8
C. 7
D. 10

2. What planet do we live on?
A. Jupiter
B. Sun
C. Earth
D. Mars



3. Which planet is the largest planet in our solar system?
A. Saturn
B. Uranus
C. Earth
D. Jupiter

4. Saturn is the 6th planet in the solar system which is 1.43 x 10^9 km
from the Sun. Calculate its distance in ly.

5. Name the planets in order from the one closet to the Sun

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13

Answer Scheme

Chapter 1

1. A
2. C
3. D
4.Spiral galaxy, irregular galaxy, elliptical galaxy
5.Distance, brightness, temperature, colour, size

Chapter 2

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. 1.51 x 10^-4 km
5. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,

Uranus, Neptune.

14

References

Anyflip.com. (2020, January 2). DSKP KSSM SCIENCE FORM 2 -
hudayusof123 Flip PDF | AnyFlip. Anyflip. https://anyflip.com/iyauw/ulsf

Anyflip.com. (2020, May 3). Textbook Science Form 2 - CHOI YU JUNG
Moe Flip PDF | AnyFlip. Anyflip. https://anyflip.com/rzgru/kvda

B. (2021, October 23). - Form 2 Science KSSM- Chapter 11- Part 1- Stars
and Galaxies in the Universe [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWy0r5IX9JA&feature=youtu.be

Dobrijevic, D., Britt, R. R., Tillman, N. T., Dutfield, S., & Choi, C. Q. (2022,
July 4). Solar system planets, order and formation: A guide. Space.Com.
https://www.space.com/16080-solar-system-planets.html

Greshko, M. (2021, May 4). Galaxies, explained. Science. Retrieved from
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/galaxies

M.M.S.E. (2019, February 18). Planetary Size and Distance Comparison.
National Geographic Society.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/planetary-size-and-distance-
comparison/

T. (2022, January 10). Types of Stars. AstroBackyard | Astrophotography
Tips and Tutorials. https://astrobackyard.com/types-of-stars/

Teo, C. (2020, October 16). [DLP] [Science F2] Chapter 11.1 (B) Birth of
Stars #KSSM #PT3 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hskauH1VgPM&feature=youtu.be

Teo, C. (2020, October 17). [DLP] [Science F2] Chapter 11.1 (C) Death of
Stars #KSSM #PT3 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=2g8rO5TOIIk&feature=youtu.be

15

SCIENCE IS SIMPLY THE
WORD WE USE TO

DESCRIBE A METHOD
OF ORGANIZING
OUR CURIOSITY



- TIM MINCHIN-

Semenanjung Malaysia : RM 10
Sabah & Sarawak : RM 11

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