ENZYME BIOCHEMISTRY Co-Factors and Co-Enzymes MLT 435 AHMAD HAIQAL BIN BADARUDIN(2022477906) AUDI HAIQAL BIN MOHD YUSRI (2022868608) ADAM BIN ZULKIFLI (2022622554) MUHAMMAD AMIRUL SHAFIQ BIN ABDULLAH (2022478186) GROUP 7
These can be organic vitamins, sugars, lipids, or inorganic metal ions Unlike coenzymes or cofactors, these groups bind very tightly or covalently to an enzyme to aid in catalyzing reactions These groups are often used in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Quick learning!!! Prosthetic groups What is cofactor A cofactor is a substance that isn't a protein but helps with biological chemical reactions. Cofactors may be metal ions, organic compounds or other chemicals such as calcium ion and zinc ion. Cofactors will attach near the substrate binding site to facilitate the binding of the substrate to the enzyme Cofactors can be classed as “ prosthetic groups ” or “ coenzymes ” depending on how tightly they are bound to the retrieved from: enzyme Cofactors - Definition, Structure, Types, Examples. (2022, July 10). GeeksforGeeks.
A variety of cofactors are found in the active site of the enzyme. The cofactor will aid in substrate binding to help enzyme carry out catalysis. An apoenzyme is an inactive enzyme that lacks a cofactor, whereas a holoenzyme is a complete enzyme that has a cofactor. How Cofactor works Retrieved from: Balint, E., & Unk, I. (2020). Selective Metal Ion Utilization Contributes to the Transformation of the Activity of Yeast Polymerase η from DNA Polymerization toward RNA Polymerization. For example; during DNA replication, DNA Polymerase use Magnesium ion as a cofactor by stabilizing the negative charges of DNA molecules which help enzyme carry out the catalysis. Retrieved from: Diksha. (2014, February 28). Difference between Cofactor and Coenzyme | Cofactor vs Coenzyme. Differencebetween.info.
Cofactor can be organic or inorganic. Inorganic cofactor is metal ions like iron and zinc that bind tightly with enzyme. Organic cofactors is coenzyme like vitamins that bound loosely with enzyme. Examples of Cofactors Retrieved from: Difference Between Coenzyme and Cofactor (2017, May 25). Pediaa.com. Retrieved from: 19.2: Enzyme Cofactors. (2017, August 5). Chemistry LibreTexts. Examples of organic cofactor Examples of inorganic cofactor
What is coenzyme An enzyme without a coenzyme is called an apoenzyme. When an enzyme gains a coenzyme, it then becomes a holoenzyme cofactor and coenzyme help an enzyme or protein to function appropriately Without coenzymes or cofactors, enzymes cannot catalyze reactions effectively. In fact,reactions cannot occur at the normal catalyzed rate, then an organism will have difficulty sustaining life. A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction Coenzymes are often broadly called cofactors, but they are chemically different A coenzyme cannot work on its own, it can be used repeatedly when combined with an enzyme. What is the importance of cofactor and coenzyme for enzymes? Apoenzyme-Inactive protein Holoenzyme-Whole enzyme(active) Quick View!!!! Retrieved from: BIOCHEMISTRY / ENZYME COFACTORS - Pathwayz. (2019). Pathwayz.org. Retrieved from: Taoufik, D. (2021, March 20). Molecular categories of the body - Medical Actu. Medical Actu - Actualités Médicales Quotidienne - Actualité Santé
How Coenzyme Works Helps the catalysis actions or reactions of its enzymes Loosely bind to enzymes to aid them fulfill their functions. Also known as cofactor but differ in chemical structure. Do not work by itself Energy Production Transferring groups Roles of Coenzyme Redox Reactions Antioxidants E.g. : Coenzyme Q10( CoQ10 ) Retrieved from: Ramirez, K. (2012). Function of Coenzymes [Diagram]. SlideServe. https://www.slideserve.com/kevlyn/chapter-21-enzymes-and-vitamins Retrieved from: Martucci, A & Nucci, C. (2019). Evidence on neuroprotective properties of coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of glaucoma [Diagram]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mainmechanisms-of-action-of-coenzyme-Q10-CoQ10-It-has-free-radical-scavenging_fig1_330060217
Non-vitamins Initiate intracellular production of fatty acid Initiate Citric Acid Cyle or Kreb Cycle. Function 1. 2. Examples of Coenzymes Vitamins Nicotinamide Adenine Coenzyme A Dinucleotide Also known as Acetyl-CoA Derives from vitamin B5 Also known as NAD Derived from vitamin B3 Vital in Citric Acid Cycle especially electron transport chain. Natural antioxidant Function 1. 2. Adenosine Triphosphate Common name is ATP End product of Citric Acid Cycle Supply energy for necessary chemical reactions Supply energy for muscle contraction Function 1. 2. Retrieved from: Omar, T. (2015). What is the role of ATP in an organism? [Diagram]. Socratic Q&A. https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-role-of-atp-in-an-organism Retrieved from: BD Editors. (2019). The Electron Transport Chain [Diagram]. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/coenzyme/ Retrieved from: [Overview of the citric acid cycle]. The citric acid cycle. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-andfermentation/pyruvate-oxidation-and-the-citric-acid-cycle/a/the-citric-acid-cycle
CHARACTERISTIC CO-FACTORS CO-ENZYMES DEFINITION The non-protein part of an enzyme that is essential for the enzyme ’ s activity as a catalyst. Organic non-protein part of an enzyme which functions as cofactors for the function of catalysis. RELATIONSHIP Consist of a broader group that contains coenzymes and prosthetic groups. A type of cofactor. COMPOUND NATURES Chemical compounds that can either be compounds, elements, or ions. Molecules composed of multiple elements. Organic or inorganic compounds. Only organic molecules. BOND NATURES Either loosely bounded or covalently bonded to an enzyme. Assist in the biological transformation of the enzyme for its function. FUNCTIONS Essential for the function of the enzyme. Assist in the biological transformation of the enzyme for its function. Increase the rate of the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate. Serve as carriers to the enzymes. ROLE Participate in the removal of electrons, protons, or chemical groups from the substrate as a part of catalysis. Often remove electrons from the substrate and transfer them to other molecules. REMOVAL Inorganic co-factors can only be removed from the enzymes by denaturation of the enzyme. Can be easily removed from the enzyme via chemical methods. PRODUCTION Can either be produced within the body or are consumed as a part of the diet. Produced within the body by different pathways. EXAMPLES Metal ions like Zn2+, flavin, etc. Vitamins, biotin, coenzyme A, etc. The Differences Between Co-Factors and Co-Enzymes
Cofactors and coenzymes are both molecules that help an enzyme or protein to function appropriately. CONCLUSION Coenzymes are organic molecules and quite often bind loosely to the active site of an enzyme thus aiding in substrate recruitment, whereas cofactors do not bind with the enzyme. Even though there are many differences between both of them, there are also some similarities between them for example both coenzymes and cofactors are small, non-protein substances. Both cofactors and coenzymes play a vital role in the metabolic functions of the cell by helping the enzymes to catalyze the biochemical reactions. Without them, the enzymatic reaction will take such a longer time to carry out their work.
REFERENCES MLT 435 Editors. (2017, February 22). Cofactor. Biology Dictionary; Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/cofactor/ Editors, B. D. (2016, November 15). Coenzyme. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/coenzyme/#coenzymes What are Coenzymes? (2021, February 17). News-Medical.net. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-areCoenzymes.aspx Difference Between Coenzyme and Cofactor (2017, May 25). Pediaa.com. https://pediaa.com/difference-betweencoenzyme-and-cofactor/ 19.2: Enzyme Cofactors. (2017, August 5). Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Fundamentals_of_General_Organic_and_Bi ological_Chemistry_(McMurry_et_al.)/19%3A_Enzymes_and_Vitamins/19.02%3A_Enzyme_Cofactors Balint, E., & Unk, I. (2020). Selective Metal Ion Utilization Contributes to the Transformation of the Activity of Yeast Polymerase η from DNA Polymerization toward RNA Polymerization. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(21), 8248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218248 Diksha. (2014, February 28). Difference between Cofactor and Coenzyme | Cofactor vs Coenzyme. Differencebetween.info. https://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-cofactor-and-coenzyme Martucci, A., & Nucci, C. (2019, February). Main mechanisms of action of coenzyme Q10 (coq10). it has free radical ... ResearchGate. Retrieved January 31, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Main-mechanisms-of-action-ofcoenzyme-Q10-CoQ10-It-has-free-radical-scavenging_fig1_330060217 Ramirez, K. (2012, March 18). Chapter 21 enzymes and vitamins. SlideServe. Retrieved January 31, 2023, from https://www.slideserve.com/kevlyn/chapter-21-enzymes-and-vitamins Omar, T. (2015, October 22). What is the role of ATP in an organism?: Socratic. Socratic.org. Retrieved January 31, 2023, from https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-role-of-atp-in-an-organism B. D. Editors. (2019, October 5). Coenzyme: Definition, function & examples. Biology Dictionary. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://biologydictionary.net/coenzyme/ Khan Academy. (n.d.). The citric acid cycle | cellular respiration (article). Khan Academy. Retrieved December 15, 2022, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/pyruvate-oxidation-andthe-citric-acid-cycle/a/the-citric-acid-cycle Coenzymes - role and types of Coenzymes with examples - TOPPR-guides. Coenzymes - What is Role of Coenzymes? (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/atomic-and-molecularstructure/coenzymes-what-is-role-of-coenzyme/