Class 12 Social Book

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 301 klg w]/} 5g\ . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ efiff;DaGwL 1fgsf sdL, ;f+:s[lts ;d:of, ;DalGwt ] b]zsf sfg'gL Joj:yf ] / Go"g ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f ljebsf ] rk ] 6fdf kl ] //x]sf 5g\ . cfk|jf;gsf] Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf] csf]{ d'Vo ;d:of eg]sf] dlxnfx¿dfly w]/} lsl;dsf k|ltaGwx¿ nufOg' xf] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cfk|jf;gsf nflu ef/t eP/ hfg] hf]lvdk"0f{ ljsNkx¿ /f]Hg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . plrt egf{ cEof;x¿sf :yfkgf, ] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;'/Iff ;+oGqx¿sf u7g ] / gofF ljslGb|t zf;g Joj:yfcGtu{t ;ª ] 3Lo \ / :yfgLo b'j txdf cfk|jf;gnfO{ lgodg ug } { ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿sf ] :yfkgf ug ] '{kg] { b] lvG5 ] . lj|mofsnfk != cfk|jf;L sfdbf/n] ef]Ug'k/]sf d'Vo ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . @= ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu JolStn] s] s] ;'/IffTds pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{k5{, n]Vg'xf];\ . #= ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu /fHon] cjnDag u/]sf gLltx¿sf] ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ . @= ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g ;DaGwdf ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, lrq cflb ;ª\sng u/L a'n]l6g af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ . #= ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g ;DaGwL ;r]tgfd"ns kf]:6/ tof/ u/L ;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf 6fF:g'xf];\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu g]kfndf ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . -u_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;ª3;+:yfn] u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

302 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ a;fOF;/fOsf] k|efj a;fOF;/fOn ;d'bfodf cfly{s ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts k|efj kf5{ ] . a;fOF;/fOn kfg ] { cfly{s k|efjdf ] ljk|]if0f k|flKt, hLjg:t/df ;'wf/, nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf cflb x'g\ eg] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts k|efjdf ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf sdhf]/ x'g, kfl/jfl/s ljv08gsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g' cflb x'g\ . cfkm\gf sfsfnfO{ e]6\g ut jif{sf] b;}Fdf ljj|md cfkm\gf] kxf8 3/ uP . nfdf] ;dokl5sf] e]63f6, cfTdLotf k|bz{g / nfdf] s'/fsfgL klg eof] . sfsfn] ufpFsf] cj:yfsf] alnlj:tf ] / nufpg'eof] . klxnf slt x/e/f dgdf]xs nfUg] of] ufpF clxn] afFemf hldg / o'jfljxLg x'Fbf la/l;nf] ag]sf] /x]5 . o'jfx¿ /f]huf/Lsf l;nl;nfdf lab]l;g] j|md a9]kl5 ufpFdf afnaflnsf / j[4j[4fdfq} afFsL /x]sf /x]5g\ . 3/df sfsLsfsL dfq /xg] u/]sf] / gflt / a'xf/L glhs}sf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfdf 8]/f u/]/ a:g] s'/f;d]t s'/fsfgLsf j|mddf yfxf kfOof] . gfltsf k9fO ] / ;fgfltgf ] ] /f]huf/Lsf nflu pgLx¿ ;b/d'sfd a:g u] /]sf] s'/f klg sfsfn] atfpg'eof] . ;b/d'sfddf o;/L a:g] w]/} kl/jf/ /x]sf] / pgLx¿n] ljb]zaf6 cfPsf] k};f xfDf|f] nflu eGbf klg afnaRrfsf] k9fO / ToxfFsf] a;fOFdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] s'/f;d]t cjut eof] . ufpFsf k9\g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof j|mdzM 36\b} uPsf] glhs}sf] ljBfnosf] k|caf6 ;d]t hfgsf/L kfOof] . la:tf/} ufpFdf klg pkef]ujfbL ;+:slt a9\b} uPsf], dflg; dbf{kbf{, k"hfcfhf / ljjfx j|taGwdf ;d]t dflg;x¿sf] pkl:ylt Go"g x'g] s'/fn] cfkm"df clxn] lrGtf al9/x]sf] sfsfn] atfpeof] . ljk|]if0fsf] k};f klg 3/ hUufdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf / To;nfO{ s'g} pTkfbgzLn sfddf nufpg s;}n] rf;f] g/fv]sf] u'gf;f];d]t sfsfn] ;'gfpg'eof] . sfsf;Fusf] cfTdLo a;fOF, lrGtf / u'gf;fsf kf]sfnfO{ dgdf lnFb} d eg] ef]lnkN6} cfkm\gf] sd{ynf]lt/ kmls{PF . != cfly{s k|efj a;fOF;/fOn] Psflt/ hldgdf hg;ª\Vofsf] bafa sd u5{ eg] csf]{lt/ bafa a9fpF5 . o;n] hldgdf k|ltJolSt pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj / k|ltJolSt cfodf klg k|efjk5{ . a;fOF ;g]{ JolStx¿ pbdf kms{bf gofF 1fg, k|ljlw / j:t'x¿;d]t lelqG5g\ . o;n] kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg dbt u5{ . a;fOF;/fOsf] d'Vo cfly{s k|efj eg]sf]b]zdf ljk|]if0f lelqg' xf] . h;n] kl/jf/ / b]zsf] cfly{s kf7 M *

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 303 :t/ ;'wf/ ug{ dbt u5{ . of] /sd :jf:Yo, lzIff / ;DklQ j[l4df nufgL x'G5 . o;n] pkef]u ug]{ ;+:sf/nfO{ j[l4 u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|j[ltn] pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf nufgL sd x'g] ;d:of klg /xG5 . cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOn] uGtJo :yfgdf cfly{s c;dfgtf a9fpFb} hfG5 . o;sf] k|efj lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf kb{5 . a;fOF;/fOn] Ps7fpFsf] ;|f]t;fwgnfO ultzLn agfpF5 eg] csf]{ 7fpFsf] ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ k|of]uljxLg agfpF5 . o;n] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;nfO{ c;/ kf5{ . @= hg;fª\lVosLo k|efj a;fOF;/fOn] u|fdL0f If]qdf hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ sd ub{5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd bDklQx¿ cnu eP/ a:g] x'Fbf hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ dbt u5{ . ha w]/} o'jf k'?ifx¿ ;x/L If]qdf ;5{g\, ltgLx¿ ;x/L hLjgaf6 k|efljt eP/ ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug{ dg k/fpFb}gg\ . o; k|j[lQn] :jfefljs¿kdf sd ;Gtfg pTkfbg eO{ hg;ª\Vofdf k|efj kf5{ . #= ;fdflhs k|efj a;fOF;/fOn] u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf k|efj kf5{ . o;n] ;+o'St kl/jf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . Psn kl/jf/ a;fOF ;/]/ ;x/df :yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu hfG5g\ . ;x/sf ljleGg hflt / If]qsf dflg;x¿;Fu a;fOF ;g]{sf] cfk;L ;DaGwn] gofF d"NodfGotf / dgf]j[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 eg] k'/fgf d"NodfGotf / u|fdL0f /LltlyltnfO{ la:tf/} kl/jt{g ub{}hfG5g\ . ufpFdf a'9fkfsf, s]6fs]6L / dlxnfx¿ a;f]af; x'G5 . aRrfsf] lzIff :jf:Yo, j[4 cfdfa'afsf] :jf:Yo / x]/rfx cflb sf/0fn] ljb]l;Psf JolStsf kl/jf/ ;x/ jf ;x/pGd'v a:tLx¿df a;fO{ ;g]{ k|j[lQ a9\g uO{ ufpFsf hldg afFemf /xg], hgzlStsf] cefj /xg] cflb x'G5 . h;n] cfly{s c;dfgtf ;d]t a9fpF5 . a;fOF;/fOn] JolStsf] ;fdflhs hLjg ;'wf/ ug{ dbt u5{ lsgls pgLx¿n] gofF ;+:s[lt, rng, / efiffx¿ l;S5g\, o;n] efOrf/f ;DaGw, ;dfgtf, ;lxi0f'tf, ;'lglZrtf h:tf dfgjLo d"No dfGotfnfO{ klg a9fg dbt u5{ . ;x/df cfjf;, /f]huf/L, kfgL, ;8s cflbdf hgef/ a9\b} hfG5 / ;x/df a]/f]huf/L, le8ef8 / vfg]kfgLsf] cefj x'Fb} hfG5 . a;fOF;/fOn uGtJo :yfgdf czflGt, xf ] xNnf, le8ef8, lj;ª ] ult \ / ljs[lt pTkGg x'G5 . ;dfhdf 5f8fkg x's{b} hfG5, dflg;n] cfˆgf] df}lns klxrfg / ;+:s[lt u'dfpFb} hfG5 . $= ;f+:s[lts k|efj a;fOF;/fOn] uGtJo :yfgdf cfk|jf;LnfO{ eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs ;dfof]hgdf sl7gfO x'G5 . ;x/ / ufpFlarsf] leGgtfsf] k|efj la:tf/} ;+:s[ltdf klg kb}{ hfG5 . ljb]zL /xg;xgsf]

304 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ gSsn a9b} hfG5 . df}lns ;+:s[ltdf ljrng x'G5 . u|fdL0f–;x/L a;fOF;/fOsf] k|lts"n k|efj u|fdL0f If]qaf6 ;x/L If]qdf x'g] a;fOF;/fOn] ufpF / ;x/ b'j}nfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kf5{ . ;x/x¿df a;fOF ;/]/ cfpg] JolStn] c;ª\Vo ;d:ofx¿ ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . ;x/df ;'s'Daf;L a:tLx¿n] v'nf tyf ;fj{hflgs hldg cltj|md0f ub{5g\ . a;fOF;/fOn] ;x/sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf -h:t}M vfg]kfgL, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, lah'nL, 9n lgsf;, oftfoft cflb_ sf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf c;xhtf NofpF5 . ;x/df a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof, oftfoft / cf}Bf]lus If]qaf6 lg:sg] w'jfF, w'nf] / kmf]xf]/n] jfo' k|b"if0f a9fpF5 . cTolws le8ef8 a9\g uO{ ck/fwsf 36gfx¿df j[l4 x'G5g\ . lj|mofsnfk != a;fO“;/fOn] kfg]{ cfly{s k|efj ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . @= a;fO“;/fOn] kfg]{ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts k|efj ;DaGwdf sIffdf jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ . #= a;fO“;/fOn] tkfO{“ a;]sf] ;d'bfodf kf/]sf k|efjx¿ ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ a;fO“;/fOn] kfg]{ cfly{s k|efjx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'[{xf];\ . -v_ a;fO“;/fOn cfly{s ;fdflhs pGgog dfq gu ] /L ;fdflhs ljs[lt ;dt a9fPsf ] ] 5 eGg] kIfdf cfkm\gf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . -u_ a;fO“;/fOsf ;f+:s[lts k|efjx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 305 PsfO !) cy{tGq / ljsf; g]kfnsf] cy{tGq / ljsf; cy{tGqsf] kl/ro cy{tGqnfO{ cy{Joj:yf jf cfly{s k|0ffnL klg elgG5 . cy{tGq eg]sf] pTkfbg, pkef]u, ljlgdo, ljt/0f tyf /fh:jsf] cGt/;DalGwt lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] ;dli6ut ;+/rgf xf] h;n] b'n{e ;fwgx¿sf] plrt ljt/0f / ;b'kof]uåf/f dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{] p2]Zo lnPsf] x'G5 . ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx¿n] cfk\mgf] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; tyf gful/sx¿sf] sNof0fsf nflu cfkm" cg's"nsf] cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg ;dodf k'FhLjfbL, ;dfhjfbL / ldl>t u/L tLg k|sf/sf cfly{s k|0ffnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . k'FhLjfbL cy{Joj:yf eg]sf] cx:tIf]ksf/L ;/sf/L e"ldsf x'g], dfu / k"lt{sf] cGt/lj|mofaf6 d"No lgwf{/0f x'g] tyf lghL If]qsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /xg] :jtGq cfly{s k|0ffnL xf]. of] cy{Joj:yf cd]l/sf, a]nfot, Sofg8f tyf klZrdL o'/f]ksf b]zx¿n] cFufn]sf 5g\. ;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yf eg]sf] /fHoåf/f k"0f{ ¿kdf lgolGqt tyf lgb{]lzt, lghL If]qsf] s'g} e"ldsf gx'g], ;/sf/n] of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{] cfly{s k|0ffnL xf] . o;nfO{ s]Gb|Lo jf of]hgfa4 cy{Joj:yf klg elgG5 . of] cy{Joj:yf rLg, pQ/ sf]l/of, So'jf, leotgfd h:tf b]zx¿n] cFufn]sf 5g\ . ldl>t cy{Joj:yf eg]sf] k'FhLjfbL tyf ;dfhjfbL b'O{cf]6f cfly{s k|0ffnLlarsf] ;dfof]hg xf] . k'FhLjfbL / ;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yfsf /fd|f kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L agfOPsf] cfly{s k|0ffnLnfO{ ldl>t cy{Joj:yf elgG5 . of] cy{Joj:yf g]kfn, ef/tnufotsf cltsd ljslzt tyf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . ljsf;sf] kl/ro cfly{s ljsf; / cfly{s a[l4nfO{ kof{jfrL zAbsf] ?kdf a'lemg] ePtfklg oLlgx? jLr tflGjs leGgtf 5 . cfly{s ljsf; u'0ffTds cjwf/0ff xf] eg] cfly{s a[l4 ;+VofTds cjwf/0ff xf] . jt{dfg ;dodf ;+;f/sf ;a} ljsl;t b]zx¿n] cfly{s ljsf; gegL cfly{s j[l4 eGg ?rfpF5g\ eg] cltsd ljslzt tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿n] cfly{s j[l4 gegL cfly{s ljsf; eGg ?rfpF5g\. o;sf] cy{ ljsl;t b]zx¿df cfly{s ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 / To; ljsf;nfO{ j[l4sf] cj:yf tkm{ n}hfg' pgLx¿sf] p2]Zo xf] eg] cltsd ljslzt tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df cfly{s ljsf; g} gePsf]n] oL b]zx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo x'G5 . oL b]zx?n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] cfly{s bl/b|tf, cfly{s k5f}6]kg, ul/jL, a]/f]huf/L, c;dfgtf, cefj cflbaf6 gful/s kf7 M !

306 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ tyf b]zsf] d'lQmsf nflu cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo tyf nIo lnPsf x'G5g\ . jt{dfg ;dodf ;+;f/sf ;a} ljsl;t b]zx¿n] cfly{s ljsf; gegL cfly{s j[l4 eGg ?rfpF5g\ eg] cltsd ljslzt tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿n] cfly{s j[l4 gegL cfly{s ljsf; eGg ?rfpF5g\. o;sf] cy{ ljsl;t b]zx¿df cfly{s ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 / To; ljsf;nfO{ j[l4sf] cj:yftkm{ n}hfg' pgLx¿sf] p2]Zo xf] eg] cltsd ljslzt tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df cfly{s ljsf; dGb ultn] x'g] ePsf]n] oL b]zx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo x'G5 . oL b]zx¿n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] cfly{s bl/b|tf, cfly{s k5f}6]kg, ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, c;dfgtf, cefj cflbaf6 gful/s tyf b]zsf] d'lStsf nflu cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo tyf nIo lng] u5{g\ . ljsf; eg]sf] ;s/fTds kl/jt{g xf] . cyf{t\ b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts cflb If]qdf x'g] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf] . a]Ghfldg lxluG;, cfy{/ lnlj;, n]ljG;l6g, j'l6«s, Odf{ P8NDofg, jfN6/ j|mfph cflb cy{zf:qLx¿n] k|ltJolSt cfo pRr x'g' g} cfly{s ljsf; xf] eg]sf 5g\ . cy{zf:qL lnlj;sf cg';f/, æcfly{s ljsf; eg]sf] k|ltJolSt pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g' xf] .Æ cy{zf:qLx¿ d]o/, afN8ljg, s'hg]6 cflbn] jf:tljs /fli6«o cfo pRr x'g' g} cfly{s ljsf; xf] eg]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L cy{zf:qL d]o/ / afN8ljgsf cg';f/, æcfly{s ljsf; eg]sf] Pp6f k|lj|mof xf] h;sf sf/0f Pp6f cy{ Joj:yfsf] bL3{sfn;Dd jf:tljs /fli6«o cfo j[l4 eO/xG5 . cfly{s ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt tLg tŒjx¿ ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L / c;dfgtf x'g\ . b]zsf] jf:tljs /fli6«o cfo tyf k|ltJolSt cfodf j[l4 x'Fbf klg b]zdf ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L / c;dfgtf 5 eg] To;nfO{ cfly{s ljsf; eGg ;lsFb}g . of] cfly{s ljsf;;DaGwL gofF wf/0ff xf] . o; wf/0ffcg';f/ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; To;nfO{ elgG5 hxfF ul/aL, c;dfgtf tyf a]/f]huf/L x'g'x'Fb}g . o; ljrf/sf] kIfdf 8'8\n] l;;{, O8\uf/ cf]j]G;, 6f]8f/f] cflb cy{zf:qLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L b]zsf gful/sx¿sf] sNof0fdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] dfq Tof] b]zdf cfly{s ljsf; ePsf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . cfodf j[l4 eO{ dflg; / b]z hlt ;'s} wgL eP tfklg gful/sx¿sf] sNof0fdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 eGg ;lsb}Fg . o; wf/0ffsf] kIfdf lku', Snfs{, cf]s'g cflb cy{zf:qLx¿ /x]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf] cy{tGq g]kfnn] ldl>t cfly{s k|0ffnLnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yfsf k|d'v cfwf/x¿ ljsf;sf ;"rsx¿ pRr k|ltJolSt cfo pRr /fli6«o cfo pRr hLjgsf] ef}lts u'0f pRr dfgj ljsf; ;"rs cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L / c;dfgtf sd dfgj sNof0fdf j[l4 ;Dkbfsf] plrt k|of]u tyf ;+/If0f jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng dfgj v'zL

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 307 s[lif, pBf]u tyf Jofkf/, ko{6g, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cflb x'g\ . cy{dGqfno -@)&*_ cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& df s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg s'n d"No clej[l4df @^=$ k|ltzt / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf #)=& k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] eg] o:tf] tYofª\s u}/s[lif If]qsf nflu j|mdzM &$=@ k|ltzt / ^(=# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . /fli6«o cy{tGqdf If]qut of]ubfg -@)&^÷&&_ If]q k|fylds låtLo t[tLo s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf of]ubfg -%_ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf j[l4b/ -%_ @^=$! @=!# !@=%$ #=&^ ^!=)% #=(& ;|f]tM cy{dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/, @)&* To;}u/L g]kfnsf] cfly{s k|0ffnLnfO{ k|fylds If]q -s[lif, jg tyf dT:okfng / vfgL tyf pTvgg\_, låtLos If]q -pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u, lgdf{0f, ljB't\, UofF; tyf jfik, jftfg's'lnt cfk"lt{ ;]jf, kfgL cfk"lt{, 9n Joj:yfkg tyf k'gMpTkfbg If]q_ / t[tLo If]q -yf]s, v'b|f Jofkf/, uf8L tyf df]6/;fOsn dd{t ;]jf, cfjf; tyf ef]hg ;]jf, oftfoft tyf eG8f/0f, laQLo tyf ladf lj|mofsnfk, 3/hUuf sf/f]af/, dfgj :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{, lzIff, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, /Iff / ;]jfsf cGo If]qx¿_ df ljefhg u/L ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . g]kfnsf ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rsx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ;"rLdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf pRr ul/aL, Go"g k|ltJolSt cfo, s[lifdf pRr lge{/tf, k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] Go"g pkof]u, pRr a]/f]huf/L, pRr cfo c;dfgtf, pRr Jofkf/ 3f6f, Go"g dfgj ljsf; ;"rs cflb ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ljsf;sf oL cj/f]ws jf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ x6fpg] k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . t/ ck]Ifs[t glthf k|fKt x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf ljsf; ;"rs / cj:yf ;"rsx¿ cj:yf-@)&^÷&&_ dfgj ljsf; ;"rs s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -$, ca{_ s'n /fli6«o cfo -$, ca{_ Jofkf/ 3f6f -ca{_ ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rtL -ca{_ k|ltJolSt cfo -$, df_ ljk|]if0f cfo -k|ltztdf_ )=^)@ !!(! !!(^ –!@*&=& !#(!=* !!(^ @@=@* ;|f]tM cy{dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/, @)&*

308 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ lj|mofsnfkx¿ -s_ ef}lts tyf O{”k':tsfnosf] k|of]u u/L k'FhLjfbL, ;dfhjfbL tyf ldl>t cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] cWoog u/L ltgLx¿sf kmfObf tyf a]kmfObfx¿nfO{ ;"rLa4 u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . -v_ cy{dGqfno jf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u jf s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu jf /fi6« a}ª\ssf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u u/L tkfO{Fn] cWoog ul//x]sf] cfly{s jif{eGbf Ps jif{ cufl8sf g]kfnsf k|d'v cfly{s ;"rsx¿ ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ cy{tGq eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < -u_ cfly{s ljsf;sf s'g} b'O{ ;"rsx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . -3_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf s'g} b'O{ cj/f]wsx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . -ª_ cy{Joj:yfsf tLg k|sf/x¿sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -r_ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ o;sf ;"rsx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ . -5_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ o;sf ;"rssf cfwf/df JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 309 g]kfnsf] ljb]z gLlt / g]kfn ef/t tyf g]kfn rLg ;DaGw kl/ro g]kfnn ;+;f ] /sf ;a b} zx¿;Fu ljutb ] lv g ] eft[Tj, ;f } xfb{ tyf ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf } /df s"6gLlts ;DaGw /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ef}uf]lns tyf hg;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;fgf] eP tfklg Oltxf;b]lv :jtGq tyf ;fj{ef}d bzsf ¿kdf ] /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] cfˆgf ljb ] z gLltsf :ki6 tyf b" ] /bzL{ cfwf/x¿ cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / /fli6«o lxtnfO{ a9jf lbb} b]zsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf; ug{ låkIfLo, If]qLo / ax'kIfLo ;DaGwnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{, ljZjsf ;a} b]zx¿ / ljz]ifu/L l5d]sLx¿;Fu ldqjt\ ;DaGwnfO{ cem} k|uf9 agfpg], ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtf, kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg, ljZjf;, ;b\efj / ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 tyf cGo cGt/ f{li6«o ;+:yfsf lar ;lj|mo Jojxf/ ug]{ / ljZjdf zflGt, ;'/Iff tyf ljsf;sf] k|jw{g / lj:tf/sf nflu cy{k"0f{ / ;s/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljb]z gLltsf cfwf/x¿ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! sf] pkwf/f …ªÚ df g]kfnsf] ljb]z gLltsf af/] lgDg b'O{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . -!_g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o lxtsf] /Iff ug{ lj|mofzLn /xFb} ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf cfwf/df /fi6«sf] ;jf]{kl/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :jtGq k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfng ug]{ . -@_lautdf ePsf ;lGwx¿sf] k'g/jnf]sg ub}{ ;dfgtf / kf/:kl/s lxtsf cfwf/df ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ . ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt oL ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf ljb]z gLltx¿ o;k|sf/ to u/]sf] 5 M != ;a}sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ @= s'g} klg b]zsf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gug]{ #= ;dfgtf / kf/:kl/s lxtsf cfwf/df gofF ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ $= kf/:kl/s ;dfgtfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ %= ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ lg?k0f ug]{ ^= kf/:kl/s nfesf cfwf/df Jojxf/ ug]{ &= ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkqk|lt k|lta4 x'g] kf7 M @

310 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ *= k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ ug]{ *= ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfnfO{ cª\uLsf/ ug]{ (= ljutsf ;lGwx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ hfg] o;/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfnfO{ lz/f]k/ ub{} s'g} klg b]z;Fu kf/:kl/s lxt, ;dfgtf / nfesf cfwf/df k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkq / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfcg'¿k ljb]z gLlt ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . != g]kfn / ef/tlarsf] ;DaGw g]kfnsf] k"lj{, blIf0fL / klZrdL ;Ldfgf ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf lardf v'nf ;Ldfgf 5 . oL b'O{ b]zsflardf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ;DaGw ;lbcf}Fb]lv /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /xg;xg, efiffz}nL, hLjgz}nL, snf, ;ª\uLt, klx/g, ef]hg cflbdf klg oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf ;dfgtf kfOG5 . To;}n] g]kfn / ef/tlarsf] ;DaGw ax'cfoflds :j¿ksf] 5 . -s_ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw g]kfnL lxGb' tLy{ofqLx¿ ef/tsf rf/ wfdsf] ofqfdf hfg] / ef/tLo lxGb' tLy{ofqLx¿ kz'kltgfy, :ju{åf/L, d'lStgfy cflb wfld{s If]qdf tLy{ofqf ug{ cfpg] u5{g\ . g]kfnL / lxGbL efiffsf] Ps} ;+:s[t d"naf6 cfudg ePsfn] oL b'O{ b]zsf] e"ldnfO{ ;f+:s[lts PsLs[t e"ldsf ¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . oL b'O{ b]zsf ;LdfIf]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ gful/sx¿ Pscfk;df ljjfx ug]{ k|rngn] ubf{ oL b'O{ b]zx¿sf lardf ;fdflhs ;DaGw k|uf9 /x]sf] 5 . -v_ /fhgLlts ;DaGw g]kfn ef/tlarsf] ;DaGw cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv lyof] eg] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf;g\ !($& b]lv s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u/L ;f}xfb{k"0f{ Jojxf/ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts ¿kdf g]kfnn] ef/t;Fu ;w}F :jtGq tyf ;fj{ef}d ;DkGg b]zsf] x}l;otaf6 ;DaGw /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fi6« / g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxtcg's"n x'g] u/L ef/t / ef/tLo hgtfsf] lgi7f / k|lta4tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ / g]kfndf ef/tsf ;+j]bgzLn ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/x¿k|lt g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/ tyf k|dfl0ft k|lta4tfsf] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef/t;Fusf] o:tf] gLltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu låkIfLo ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . ;do ;dodf ef/tsf] pRr /fhgLlts g]t[Tj g]kfn cfpg] u5{ . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 klg ;do ;dodf ef/tsf] e|d0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] klg oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf /fhgLlts ;DaGw k|uf9 5 eGg ;lsG5 . tyflk oL b'O{ b]zsf larsf] /fhgLlts ;DaGw clwsf+z ;do ;f}xfb{k"0f{ /x] tfklg a]nfavt ptf/r9fj x'g] u/]sf] klg 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 311 -u_ cfly{s ;DaGw xfn g]kfndf ;~rflnt ef/tLo ;xfotfsf s]xL kl/of]hgfx¿ -s_ a'6jn gf/fo0fu9 ;8s lj:tf/ kl/of]hgf -v_ blIf0fsfnL s'n]vfgL ;8s lj:tf/ kl/of]hgf -u_ /fli6«o 6«df ;]G6/ lgdf{0f kl/of]hgf -3_ /S;f}n lj/uGh /]n kl/of]hgf -ª_ dx]Gb|gu/ 6gsk'/ ;8s kl/of]hgf sfd jf hflu/, k];f Joj;fo tyf cfly{s ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfgn] g]kfn ef/tsf] cfly{s ;DaGw cToGt} glhssf] 5 . b'O{ b]zlarsf] v'nf l;dfgf / eflifs ;dfgtfsf sf/0f 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnLx¿ ef/tdf / ef/tLox¿ g]kfndf a;L sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ef/tn] ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ b]zx¿sf] ;ftf}F :yfgdf g]kfn /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;lGw lj=;+= @)#% ;fndf ePsf] lyof] . of] ;lGw lj=;+= @)^% ;fndf ;+zf]wg / lj=;+= @)&# ;fndf gjLs/0f ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L, lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf Jofkf/ ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . oxL Jofkf/ ;lGwsf cfwf/df g]kfnef/tlardf Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5 . g]kfnsf nflu cfoft lgof{tsf] k|d'v ahf/ g} ef/t xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx¿af6 g]kfnn] cfoft ug]{ s'n j:t'x¿dWo] ef/taf6 ^$=) k|ltzt cfoft u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx¿df g]kfnn] lgof{t ug]{ j:t'x¿dWo] ef/tdf dfq ^#=) k|ltzt lgof{t u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] ef/taf6 cfoft ug]{ k|d'v j:t'x¿df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, ;jf/L ;fwg, :k]o/ kf6\;{, d]l;g/L ;fdfg, cf}ifwL, ljB'tLo pks/0f, vfBfGo cflb x'g eg] g]kfnn] ef/tdf lgof{t ug]{ k|d'v j:t'x¿df tof/L kf];fs, h'6, wfuf], h:tf kftf, kf]ln:6/ wfuf], 6]S;6fON;, s[lifhGo j:t'x¿ cflb x'g\ . g]kfn / ef/tsf lardf cfly{s ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg x'g] u5{ . g]kfnn] ef/tnfO{ cK7\of/f] k/]sf] ;dodf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] ef/tn] klg g]kfnsf nflu ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;fy} cGo If]qdf ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(%! b]lv g]kfn ef/t cfly{s ;xof]u sfo{j|mdsf] ;'? ePsf] lyof] . of] sfo{j|mdsf] p2]Zo g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf k|of;x¿df ;xof]u ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . ef/tn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;fgf :t/sf sl/j $&$ / demf}nf tyf 7'nf :t/sf sl/j #^ u/L %!) kl/of]hgfx¿df cfly{s ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfnsf nflu j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgLdf klg ef/tsf] e"ldsf pRr /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\s -@)@)_ sf] tYofª\ssf cg';f/ ;g\ @)!* df s'n j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgLdWo] ef/tsf] !(=* k|ltzt lx:;f /x]sf] lyof] . pSt jif{sf nflu b]zut ¿kdf of] tYofª\s ;a}eGbf pRr xf] . @= g]kfn / rLglarsf] ;DaGw rLg g]kfnsf] pQ/L e"efudf cjl:yt l5d]sL b]z xf] . ef}uf]lns hl6ntfn] ;xh ¿kdf

312 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ ;8sdfu{af6 cfjft hfjft ug{ s]xL sl7gfOx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf eflifs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts leGgtfx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfn rLglarsf] ;DaGw cf}krfl/s tyf ;/sf/L :t/df dfq ;Lldt lyof] . t/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf oL ;DaGwx¿nfO{ hg:t/df klg lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . -s_ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw g]kfn rLglarsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw k/fk"j{sfnb]lv /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . &cf}+ ztfAbLdf g]kfnsL /fhs'df/L e[s'6Lsf] ljjfx ltAatsf ;d|f6 ;|ª\rª uDkf];Fu ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL leIf' tyf ljåfg a'4eb| %cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ;'?df, g]kfnL l;Nksf/ c/lgsf] !!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{df rLgsf] e|d0f u/]sf lyP . To;}u/L lhg zf;gsf] kfnfdf lrlgofF leIf' dGt kmf lhofg / hf6f zf;gsf kfnfdf lrlgofF leIf' dª\s h'cfg g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf lyP . oL b'O{ b]zsf] ;LdfIf]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ Pscfk;df j}jflxs ;DaGw klg sfod x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx¿ Pscsf{sf] 3/kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf hfg]cfpg] klg u5{g\ . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ hg:t/df cem Jofks agfpg] k|of;x¿ b'j} b]zx¿af6 eO/x]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfndf ko{6s cfjfudgsf] lx;fan] rLg rf}yf] b]z xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{dGqfno -@)&*_ sf cg';f/ ;g\ @)@) df g]kfndf *=$ k|ltzt ko{6sx¿ rLgaf6 cfPsf lyP . uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagLnufot cGo If]qsf] ed|0fsf nflu lrlgofF ko{6sx¿ g]kfn cfpg] u5{g\ . rLg ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qsf] ljsf; h:t}M k':tsfonosf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{, lzIf0f ;+:yfsf ejgx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ cflb h:tf nflu 7'nf] /sd ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfnLx¿nfO{ pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu rLgsf ljZjljBfnox¿df 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . rLgn] ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{nfO{ rLgsf] e|d0fsf nflu lgdGq0ff ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . rLgdf g]kfnL efiffsf] cWoog cWofkg x'g] u5{ . g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] lzIfs k7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg lrlgofF efiff cWoog ug]{sf] ;ª\Vof al9/x]sf] 5 . -v_ /fhgLlts ;DaGw g]kfnn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf rLg;Fu ;g\ !(%% b]lv s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u/L ;f}xfb{k"0f{ Jojxf/ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] rLg;Fu ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtf, kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg, ljZjf;, ;b\efj / ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df ;DaGw /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf nflu lrlgofF b'tfjf;sf cg';f/oL b'O{ b]zx¿Ps csf{nfO{ slxNn} wDSofpFb}gg, rf]6 k'¥ofpb}gg\ / zª\sf ub}{gg\ . o;sf ;fy} oL ;w}F Ps csf{nfO{ ;Ddfg u5{g\, ljZjf; u5{g\ / ;xof]u u5{g\ . rLgn] cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] Ps rLg gLltnfO{ g]kfnn] ;wF} cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . ;do ;dodf rLgsf] pRr /fhgLlts g]t[Tj g]kfn cfpg] u5{g\ . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 klg ;do ;dodf rLgsf] e|d0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] klg oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf /fhgLlts ;DaGw k|uf9 5 eGg ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts ¿kdf b'j} b]zn] Ps csf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf s'g} x:tIf]k gug]{ gLlt cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 313 -u_ cfly{s ;DaGw rLg g]kfnsf] bf];|f] 7'nf] Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/ xf] . g]kfn / rLglarsf] cfly{s ;DaGw k'/fgf] 5 . Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] pQ/L ;Ldfaf6 g]kfnLx¿ rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAatdf g'g, ;'g, pg h:tf j:t'x¿ vl/b ug{ / ltAatLx¿ g]kfnsf] pQ/L If]qdf /x]sf ahf/df vfBfGg vl/b ug{ hfg] cfpg] rng lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df g]kfnsf] s'n cfoftdWo] rLgaf6 dfq @@=^( k|ltzt / s'n lgof{tdWo] rLgdf dfq @=@& k|ltzt ePsf] lyof] .g]kfn rLg s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod ePkZrft\ g]kfnn] rLgaf6 y'k|} cfly{s nfe lnPsf] 5 . g]kfn rLglarsf] klxnf] cfly{s ;xof]u ;Demf}tf lj=;+= @)!# cflZjg !^ -cS6f]a/ !, !(%^_ df x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)#) -;g\ !(*)_ sf] bzssf] dWob]lv lrlgofF ;/sf/n] cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]u sfo{j|mdcGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cg'bfg ;xof]u lbg] afrf ul//x]sf] 5 . rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ cg'bfg, Aofhd'St C0f / ;x'lnot C0fsf ¿kdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf ;~rflnt lrlgofF ;xfotfsf s]xL kl/of]hgfx¿ dflyNnf] lqz'nL xfO8«f]kfj/ kl/of]hgf sf7df8f}F rj|mky ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o Po/kf]6{ lgdf0f{ kl/of]hgf :ofK?a]F;L /;'jfu9L ;8s :t/f]Gglt kl/of]hgf l;len c:ktfn :t/f]Gglt kl/of]hgf sf]bf/L /fhdfu{ :t/f]Gglt sfo{j|md e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g ax'p2]Zo kl/of]hgf o;sf cnjf g]kfn rLg cGt/;/sf/L cfly{s / Jofkf/ ;ldlt, s[lif ;xof]usf nflu g]kfn rLg ;+o'St ;ldlt, ;Ldf sfg'g k|jt{g ;xof]u, ;Ldf z'Ns a}7s, ;+o'St ko{6g ;dGjo ;ldlt, g]kfn rLgsf] ltAat Jofkf/ ;xof]u ;ldlt, phf{ ;xof]u ;+oGq, g]kfn rLg ;xof]u sfo{j|md / kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;xof]usf nflu ;+oGq cflb y'k|} ;DaGwx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . rLgåf/f k|:yfljt ax'p2]Zo j]N6 /f]8 cjwf/0ffdf g]kfn klg ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)&! -;g\ @)!$_ df ;}4flGts ;xdlt, lj=;+= @)&# -;g\ @)!^_ df 6«flGh6 6«fG;kf]6 Plu|d]G6df ;xdlt / lj=;+= @)&$ -;g\ @)!&_ df o; cjwf/0ffdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . olb o; kl/of]hgfdfkm{t g]kfnn] /]nj] sg]lS6le6LnfO{ tof/ ug{ ;Sof] eg] ljZj;Fu hf]l8g] df}sf k|fKt x'g] 5 . kmn:j¿k ;d'›;Fu g]kfnsf] ;f]em} ;Dks{ x'g]5 . o;sf ;fy}g]kfnn] t];|f] d'n's;Fusf] Jofkf/sf nflu ;'ud kf/jxg ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ rLg ;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] oL b'O{ b]zsf] ;DaGw cem pRr :t/df k'¥ofPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ePsf] k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] lx;fan] rLg ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;|f]t xf] .

314 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ lj|mofsnfkx¿ -s_ sIffdf /x]sf ;fyLx¿sf lardf kfFr kfFr hgfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ / ljleGg ;|f]t ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog u/L g]kfn ef/t tyf g]kfn rLglarsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt ljb]z gLltx¿dWo] s'g} Ps a'Fbf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -v_ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] to u/]sf ljb]z gLltx¿dWo] s'g} b'O{ a'Fbf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -u_ g]kfn–ef/t aLrsf] cfly{s ;DaGwsf] ;ldIff ug'{xf];\ . -3_ g]kfn–ef/t aLrsf] /fhg}lts ;DaGwsf] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -ª_ g]kfn–rLg aLrsf] /fhg}lts ;DaGwsf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -r_ g]kfn–rLg aLrsf] cfly{s ;DaGwsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . -5_ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/x? pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 315 g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw kl/ro bf];|f] ljZj o'4eGbf klxn] l;ldt b]zx?sf] lardf dfq cfly{s ;xof]u, C0f, cg'bfg 1cflb k|rngdf lyof] . lj=;+= @))) -;g\ !(%)_ sf] bzsdf ha ;+;f/sf clwsf+z b]zx¿ pklgj]zaf6 d'St eP ta cfly{s ljsf;, ;DkGgtf, pTkfbg, k|ljlw cflb o'/f]k, cd]l/sf, hfkfg, ?; cflb b]zx¿df / ul/aL, cefj, k5f}6]kg, clzIff tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] 7'nf] lx:;f Pl;ofdf /xg k'Uof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfly{s ¿kdf zlStzfnL b]zx¿n] ljZj ahf/nfO{ cfˆgf] kx'Fr aflx/ hfg glbg cfly{s ;xof]u, cg'bfg, C0f cflbsf] k|rng ;'? u/]sf lyP . g]kfn / ljZjlarsf] ;DaGw lj=;+= @))) -;g\ !(%)_ sf] bzskZrft\ ;+;f/df cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, lghLs/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0f cjwf/0ffsf] ;'?cft ePsf] xf] . ljZj a}ª\s / cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]ifn] ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hgsf sfo{j|mdx¿ NofPkZrft\ g]kfnn] klg pgLx¿sf] ;t{x¿ dfGb} lj=;+= @)#) -;g\ !(*)_ sf] bzsb]lv cfly{s C0f ;xof]u lng yfn]sf] xf] . g]kfnn] lj=;+= @))* -;g\ !(%!_ df klxnf] k6s cd]l/sfaf6 @,))) cd]l/sL 8n/ gub ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ha g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf lnof] / ljZj a}ª\s / cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifsf ;t{x¿ k"/f u/L C0f lng yfNof] ta g]kfn klg ljZj ;d'bfo;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] s'n ljZj Jofkf/sf] sl/j )=! k|ltzt dfq c+z cf]u6]sf eP tfklg o;n] xfn ljZjsf sl/j !%) d'n'sx¿;Fu Jofkfl/s ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] 5 . tL d'n'sx¿dWo] clwsf+z ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o eO;s]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L lj=;+= @)$) -;g\ !(()_ sf] bzsdf ljZje/ 5fPsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / e"d08nLs/0fsf] k|efjaf6 g]kfn klg c5'tf] /xg ;s]g . ljZjJofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu g]kfnn] ljlwjt\ cfj]bg lj=;+= @)%% -;g\ !((*_ df u/]sf] lyof] t/ lj=;+= @)^) efb| @% -;]K6]Da/ !!, @))#_ df !$* cf}F ljZjJofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] lj=;+= !*&# -;g\ !*!^_ df a]nfot;Fusf] s"6gLlts ;DaGw tyf lj=;+= !*&# -;g\ !*!^_ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwkZrft\ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwn] gofF lbzf lnPsf] xf] . vf;u/L, lj=;+= @))& sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkZrft\ cGt/f{li6«o hut\;Fu s"6gLlts ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/, ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3nufot c;+nUg cfGbf]ng h:tf ax'kIfLo d~rdf ;lj|mo pkl:ylt, ;femf lxtsf ljifodf ljsf;f]Gd'v, cNkljsl;t, e"kl/j]li6t d'n'sx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ lj:tf/ tyf If]qLo ;xof]udf kf7 M #

316 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ cj4tf ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnn] /fli6«o lxtsf cfwf/ e"t p2]Zo k|fKt ug{] b[li6sf]0faf6 cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw agfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfly{s s"6gLlt d"ne"t ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;DaGwnfO{ d'n'ssf] ;+j[l4 / ljsf;df kl/rfng ug]{ lbzfdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgåf/f lgb]{lzt cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] 9fFrfleq /xL clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt x'g], lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ / /fli6«o ;f]Fr xfl;n ug]{tkm{ g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)&& ;fn;Dddf !&) b]zx¿;Fu s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u/L ljb]zsf ljleGg #( :yfgdf cfjf;Lo s"6gLlts lgof]u lj|mofzLn u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] df}lns zflGt k|lj|mofdf k|j]z u/];Fu} k|fKt pknlAwsf] :yfloTjaf6 låkIfLo, If]qLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfaf6 cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;xh k|j]znfO{ cem alnof] agfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn / If]qLo tyf j}lZjs ;ª\u7glarsf] ;DaGw ljZjsf dfgj hfltsf] nfdf] ;dosf] k|of;af6 jt{dfg ;+;f/sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf cGo ;a} vfn] ljsf;x¿ k|fKt ePsf x'g\ . cfly{s ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] ;+;f/sf ;a} /fi6«x¿ ;dfg 5}gg\ . h'g /fi6«x¿n] pRr cfly{s ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] Oltxf;df cGo /fi6«x¿af6 cfly{s ;xof]u lnPsf] kfOG5 . j|mdzM b]zx¿ cfˆgf] cg's"nsf If]qLo tyf j}lZjs ;ª\u7gx¿df cfj4 x'g yfn] . ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] If]qLo ;ª\u7g cd]l/sg g]kfn;“u låkIfLo s"6gLlts ;DaGw ePsf k|d'v b]zx¿ b]z -k'/fgf_ ldlt b]z -gofF_ ldlt b]z -;fs{_ ldlt ;+o'St clw/fHo !*!^ df8u:s/ @)!* ef/t !($& ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf !($& ;'l/gfd @)!* >Lnª\sf !(%& km|fG; !($( 6f]uf] @)!( kfls:tfg !(^) rLg !(%% PSo6f]l/on u'Og]cf @)!( ckmuflg:tfg !(^! ?; !(%^ P:jfl6gL @)!( aª\unfb]z !(&@ hfkfg !(%^ ;]G6 n'lsof @)!( dflNbE; !(*) l:jh/NofG8 !(%^ 3fgf @)!( e'6fg !(*# g]kfn / ljZj:t/sf ;ª\u7gx¿larsf] ;DaGw ;+:yfx¿ ;b:otf ldlt ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 !(%% cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if !(^! ljZj a}ª\s !(^! Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}ª\s !(^^ ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g @))# ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g @))$

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 317 /fHox¿sf] ;ª\u7g (Organization of American States - OAS) xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !**( df ePsf] lyof] . xfn o;sf :yfoL ;b:o /fi6«x¿ #% cf]6f /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L, ;g\ !($% :yflkt o'/f]lkog o'lgogleq xfn @*/fi6«x¿ cfa4 5g\ eg] lj=;+= @))@ -;g\ !(*%_ df :yflkt ;fs{ ;ª\u7gdf g]kfn;lxt cf7 ;b:o /fi6«x¿ cfa4 5g\ . oxfF s]xL If]qLo ;ª\u7g / s]xL j}lZjs ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7g -:ffs{_ South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation ;fs{sf] cjwf/0ff blIf0f Pl;ofsf cf7 /fi6«x¿ g]kfn, ef/t, kfls:tfg, aª\unfb]z, >Lnª\sf, e'6fg, dflNbE; / ckmuflg:tfg ;fs{sf ;b:o x'g\ eg] o;sf ko{j]Ifs /fi6«x¿ rLg, hfkfg, o'/f]lkog ;ª\3, blIf0f sf]l/of, cd]l/sf, c:6«]lnof, O/fg, df}l/;; / Dofgdf/ x'g\ . ;fs{sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)$@ dª\l;/ @# -;g\ !(*% l8;]Da/ *_ df 9fsf ;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf] xf] . ;fs{sf] :yfkgf sfndf ckmuflg:tfgafx]ssf ;ft /fi6«x¿ ;xefuL lyP eg] lj=;+= @)^@ -;g\ @))%_df ckmuflg:tfgn] ;b:otf lnPsf] lyof] . ;fs{ /fi6«x¿dWo] g]kfn, e'6fg / ckmuflg:tfg e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« x'g\ eg] >Lnª\sf / dflNbE; lardf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fs{ /fi6«dWo] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ef/t / ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dflNbE; xf] . ;fs{sf ;a} /fi6«x¿df ef}uf]lns, wfld{s, eflifs, hftLo, n}lª\us, ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ljljwtf 5 . lj=;+= @)&! -;g\ @)!$_ df ;fs{sf] c7f/f}F lzv/ ;Dd]ng sf7df8f}Fdf ePsf] lyof] . lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] cWoIftf ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] j|mlds ¿kdf u5{g\ . ;fs{sf] ;lrjfno g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}Fdf 5 . ;fs{sf] p2]Zo ;fs{sf] p2]Zo blIf0f Pl;ofsf hgtfsf] lxtsf] j[l4 ug'{, ;fd"lxs cfTdlge{/tfnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg'{, ljleGg If]qdf ;lj|mo ;xof]u / cfk;L ;xof]unfO{ a9fjf lbg' / cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;ª\u7gx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . ;fs{sf l;4fGt ;fs{ /fi6«x¿n] Pscfk;df ug]{ Jojxf/x¿ kfFr l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtf, If]qLo cv08tf, /fhgLlts :jtGqtf, ;b:o b]zsf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gug]{ / cfk;L lxt k|jw{g ug'{ x'g\ . ;fs{sf ;xsfo{sf If]qx¿ ;fs{sf ;xsfo{sf If]qx¿ !$ cf]6f /x]sf 5g\ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfOPsf] 5 M

318 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ != s[lif / u|fdL0f ljsf; @= phf{ #= ;"rgf, ;~rf/ / ldl8of $= nufgL k|jw{g %= lzIff / ;+:s[lt ^= jftfj/0f &= ul/aL lgjf/0f *= ;fdflhs ljsf; (= afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL !)= ko{6g !!= zflGt / ;'/Iff !@= cfly{s, Jofkf/ / ljQ !#= lj1fg / k|ljlw !$= hg;Dks{ blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo :jtGq Jofkf/ If]q South Asian Free Trade Area-SAFTA ;fkm\6fsf] cjwf/0ff kfls:tfgsf] /fhwfgL O:nfdfjfbdf lj=;+= @)^) kf}if @)–@@ (6-7 January 2004) df ;DkGg ;fs{sf] afx|f}F lzv/ ;Dd]ngaf6 ;fkm\6f ;Demf}tf cg'df]bg ePsf] xf] . ;fkm\6fdf ;fs{sf cf7 /fi6«x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{ef}ldstf, ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / /fHosf] If]qLo cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ub{} ;fs{ d'n'ssf hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu o; If]qsf] Jofkf/ / ljsf;sf] ;DefJotfnfO{ clwstd\ agfpg cGt/;fs{ If]qsf] cfly{s ;xof]unfO{ ;[b9Ls/0f ug{] k|lta4tf :j¿k ;fkm\6f NofOPsf] xf] . o;n] :jtGq Jofkf/;DaGwL k|lta4tfn] ;d"xleq a;]sf ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ;fkm\6fsf p2]Zox¿ ;fkm\6fn] lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] ;b:o /fi6«x¿larsf] cfk;L cfly{s ;xof]u / Jofkf/ j[l4 tyf k|jw{g ug{] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 M -s_ ;b:o /fi6«x¿lar j:t'sf] cGt/;Ldf cfjfudgdf cj/f]w x6fP/ ;/nLs/0f ug{] -v_ :jtGq Jofkf/ If]qdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] -u_ ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGq :yfkgf ug{] -3_ k/:k/ nfesf] lj:tf/ / j[l4af6 c¿ yk If]qLo ;xof]usf nflu cfjZos ;+/rgf tof/ ug{] ;fkm\6fsf l;4fGtx¿ != ;b:o /fi6«x¿df x'g] j:t' / ;fdfgsf] cf];f/ k;f/nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub{} Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt Jojwfgx¿nfO{ x6fpg] @= ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;du| / ;dfg'kflts kmfObfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{} v'nf Jofkf/ If]qdf :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|jw{g ug{]

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 319 #= ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog / o;af6 kg{] k|efjsf] cWoogsf nflu tyf ;+o'St k|zf;g Pjd\ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;d]t k|efjsf/L k4lt agfpg] $= k|:t't ;Demf}tfaf6 x'g] cfk;L nfenfO{ a9fjf / lj:tf/ ug{ yk If]qLo ;xof]usf vfsf tof/ ug{] ;fkm\6fsf] kmfObfx¿ != cGt/If]qLo Jofkf/ lj:tf/åf/f ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] pTkfbg j[l4 u/L t'ngfTds nfe k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . @= ;b:o /fi6«x¿lar ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] nfe k|fKt x'g ;S5 . #= eG;f/ tyf u}/eG;f/;DaGwL cj/f]w 36\g uO{, cGt/If]qLo Jofkf/df j[l4 x'G5 . $= ljsl;t /fi6«x¿åf/f cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df NofOg] k|lts"ntfx¿ lj?4 ;fd"lxs cfjfh p7fpg ;Sg] 5g\ . %= ljlzi6ttfn] pTkfbgdf lj:tf/ x'g'sf ;fy} clws afx\o nufgL cfslif{t x'g ;S5 . ^= o; If]qdf pknAw ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] clwstd pkof]u x'G5 . ;fkm\6fsf] r'gf}tLx¿ != :jtGq Jofkf/;DaGwL k|fjwfgn] 7'nf /fi6«x¿ clws nfe lng ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'U5g\ eg] csf{lt/ To;sf] Hofbf ef/ ;fgf /fi6«x¿n] axg ug{'kg{] x'G5 . @= ;fgf /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf pTkfbgnfO{ 7'nf /fi6«x¿sf pTkfbglar k|lt:kwf{Tds l:yltdf n}hfg'kg{] x'Fbf ahf/ u'dfpFg'kg{] cj:yf b]vfkg{ ;Sb5 . ;fy} cfˆgf] b]zsf] pTkfbgdf ljlzi6tf k|fKt ug{ 7'nf] nufgL / ;do nufpg'kb{5 . laD:6]s BIMSTEC laD:6]ssf] cjwf/0ff ax'If]qLo k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu aª\ufnsf] vf8L kxn laD:6]s (The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Co-operation - BIMSTEC) sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)%$ -;g\ !((&_ df a}ª\ssdf ePsf] lyof] . blIf0f Pl;of / blIf0f k"j{ Pl;ofsf ;ft /fi6«x¿ aª\unfb]z, ef/t, >Lnª\sf, yfONofG8, e'6fg, Dofgdf/ / g]kfn o;sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿ x'g\ . k|f/Dedf rf/ ;b:o /fi6«x¿ aª\unfb]z, ef/t, >Lnª\sf / yfONofG8 ldn]/ lj=;+= @)%$ k';& -@@ l8;]Da/ !((&_ df æaª\unfb]z, ef/t, >Lnª\sf / yfONofG8 cfly{s ;xof]u gfds ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . Tolta]nf o;sf] 5f]6s/L gfd 'BIST-EC' lyof] . lj=;+= @)%$ -;g\ !((&_ df g} Dofgdf/n] o;sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)^! -;g\ @))$_ df g]kfn / e'6fg klg o;sf] ;b:o ag]kl5 o;sf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L

320 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ BIMSTEC /flvPsf] lyof] . oL /fi6«x¿ ljZjsf ;fd' Pp6f cnu klxrfgsf ;fy pkl:yt 5g\ . lsgls oL /fi6«df sl/a !=% lalnog jf ljZj hg;ª\Vofsf sl/j @@ k|ltzt dflg; a;f]af; u5{g eg] sl/a @=& l6«lnog cd]l/sL 8n/ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg /x]sf] 5 . laD:6]ssf] nIoM o; ;ª\u7gsf] nIo b'O{ tyf ax'/fi6«sf larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ljleGg ;xof]usf dfWodaf6 ;'b[9 ug'{ xf] . laD:6]ssf p2]Zox¿ M o;sf p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M != tLj| cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{ @= ljsf;sf pkIf]qsf] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultdf tLj|tf Nofpg' #= ;femf rf;f]sf dfldnfdf ;lj|mo ;fem]bf/L / cfk;L ;xof]udf j[l4 ug'{ $= k|lzIf0f / cg';Gwfg ;'ljwfdf j[l4 ug{ Ps csf{nfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug{' %= ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿sf] ;kmntfsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;xof]u ug]{ ^= jt{dfg cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo ;ª\u7gx¿;Fu 3lgi6 / nfebfos ;DaGw sfod /fVg' &= pkIf]qsf] ljsf;df clws nfebfoL kl/of]hgfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] laD:6]ssf l;4fGtx¿ M o;sf l;4fGtx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M != laD:6]ssf ;b:o /fi6«sf lar ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt, If]qLo cv08tf, /fhgLlts :jtGqtf, cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gx'g], zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTj / cfk;L kmfObfsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ ug]{ @= ;b:o /fi6«x¿larsf] ;xsfo{ låkIfLo, If]qLo jf ax'kIfLo ;xof]usf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ laD:6]ssf ;xsfo{sf If]qx¿ M laD:6]ssf ;xsfo{sf If]qx¿ !% cf]6f /x]sf 5g\ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5 M != s[lif @= phf{ #= oftfoft / ;~rf/ $= Jofkf/ / nufgL %= ;+:s[lt ^= jftfj/0f / ljkt\ Joj:yfkg &= ul/aL lgjf/0f *= k|ljlw (= df5f kfng !)= ko{6g !!= hg:jf:Yo !@= cftª\sjfb / cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw !#= k|ljlw !$= hg;Dk{s !%= hnjfo' kl/jt{g g]kfn / laD:6]s

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 321 lj=;+= @)%% -;g\ !((*_ df 9fsfdf ;DkGg laD:6]ssf] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnnfO{ ;'kl/j]Ifssf ¿kdf cfdGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnn] pSt ;dodf o; ;ª\u7gsf af/]df a'em\g] df}sf kfPsf] lyof] . g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)%& -;g\ @)))_ df o; ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu OR5f hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] . kmn:j¿k, g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)^) df3 @% -km]a|'c/L *, @))$_ df cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] laD:6]ssf] ;b:osf ¿kdf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf If]qdf a9L sfd u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)^* df3 !–@ -hgj/L !%–!^, @)!@_ df sf7df8f}Fdf ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL laD:6]s dGqL:t/Lo a}7ssf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . pSt a}7sn] ul/aL lgjf/0f of]hgf kf; u¥of]{ . lj=;+= @)&# df3 @% -km]a'|c/L &, @)!&_ df g]kfnn] laD:6]ssf jl/i6 clwsf/Lx¿sf] a}7s sf7df8f}Fdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . rf}yf] laD:6]s lzv/ ;Dd]ng lj=;+= @)&% efb| !$–!% -cui6#)–#! @)!*_ df g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}Fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfnn] ;do ;dodf cftª\sjfb lgoGq0f, s[lifsf] ljsf;, Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/ cflb ljifodf laD:6]s :t/Lo a}7sx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug]{, of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf tL of]hgfx¿ a}7saf6 cg'df]bg ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g World Trade Organization – WTO ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] kl/ro bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 Wj:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f tyf lk5l8Psf b]zx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ljZjsf k|d'v Jofkfl/s /fi6«x¿sf] lj=;+= @))# -;g\ !($^_ df æJofkf/ / /f]huf/ ljifos cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngÆ ;DkGg eof] . pSt ;Dd]ngn] æcGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gÆ lgdf{0f ug{'kg{] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o u¥of] . lj=;+= @))$ cflZjg @@ -cS6f]a/ *, !($&_ df :yfkgf ePsf] ;Ldfz'Ns tyf Jofkf/df ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade –GATT) Ps k|sf/sf] cGtl/d of]hgfsf ¿kdf b]vfk¥of] . cGttM lj=;+= @)%! dª\l;/ -l8;]Da/, !(($_ df h]g]efdf ;DkGg sfof{Gjog ;Dd]ngn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g;DaGwL ;Demf}tfnfO{ lj=;+= @)%! kf}if !& -hgj/L !, !((%_ b]lv nfu' ug{] lg0f{o u¥of] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no l:j6\h/NofG8sf] h]g]efdf 5 . ;'?df GATT sf !@$ ;b:o /fi6« lyP . xfn WTO sf g]kfn;lxt !^$ ;b:o /fi6«x¿ 5g\ . d'n'sx¿lar Jofkfl/s If]qdf ;dfg / ;x'lnotk"0f{ Jofkf/sf] ahf/ Joj:yf sfod ug{] x]t'n] o;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf p2]Zox¿ != hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ @= k"0f{/f]huf/ tyf pRr Pjd\ l:y/ ultsf] jf:tljs cfDbfgLsf] kl/df0fdf j[l4 Nofpg] #= k|efjsf/L dfu Pjd\ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf laj|mL lj:tf/ ug{] $= lbuf] ljsf; ug{] nIocg';f/ ljZjdf pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] ;jf{]Qd k|of]u ug{ lbFbf

322 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ jftfj/0fsf] /Iff tyf ;+/If0ftkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] %= ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿ To;df klg vf; u/L cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿lar ltgLx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df ;xeflutf a9fpg] ^= pko{'St p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ PsLs[t Jofjxfl/s tyf lg:jfy{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{] ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf l;4fGtx¿ != e]befjlagfsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ug{ kfpg] @= :jR5 k|lt:kwf{df hf]8 #= ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt $= eG;f/ b/df ;Ldf lgwf{/0f / sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] cGTo ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf sfo{x¿ != ;j{kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfnfO{ nfu' tyf sfof{Gjog ug{] @= ax'kIfLo Jofkf/;DaGwL jftf{x¿sf nflu d~rsf ¿kdf sfd ug{] #= Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfb lg/fs/0fsf] k|of; ug{] $= /fli6«o Jofkf/ gLltx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug{] %= ljZj cfly{s gLltx¿sf] th{'dfdf ;ª\nUg cGo cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿;Fu ;xof]ufTds ;DaGw sfod ug{] g]kfn / ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g g]kfnn] s'n ljZj Jofkf/sf] sl/j )=! k|ltzt dfq c+z cf]u6]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gdf cfa4 /fi6«x¿dWo] clwsf+z /fi6«;Fu Jofkfl/s ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L lj=;+= @)$) -;g\ !(()_ sf] bzskZrft\ ljZje/ 5fPsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, lghLs/0f / e"d08nLs/0fsf] k|efjaf6 g]kfn klg c5'tf] /xg ;s]g . g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)#( -;g\ !(*(_ df GATT sf] ko{j]Ifs ;b:otf / lj=;+= @)%( -;g\ @))#_ df ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] lyof] . ljZjJofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:osf ¿kdf g]kfnsf nflu cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx¿ ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:osf ¿kdf g]kfn ljlwjt\ k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] o;af6 kmfObf lng ;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] ljifodf 7'nf] ax; ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 g]kfnsf nflu s]xL cj;/x¿ klg 5g\ /

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 323 s]xL r'gf}ltx¿ klg 5g\ . g]kfnn] cfˆgf nflu l;h{gf ePsf cj;/x¿nfO{ clwstd pkof]u ug]{ / r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ Go"g ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf kIfdf b]vfk/]sf cj;/x¿ / g]kfnsf nflu b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cj;/x¿ r'gf}tLx¿ != ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u != nfut k|efjsfl/tfsf] sd ;Defjgf @= cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf] ;"rgfdf kx'Fr @= pRr Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{ #= vfB cfk"lt{df k|fljlws ;xof]u #= j}b]lzs lge{/tfsf] ;Defjgf $= sfg'gL tyf ;'/lIft clwsf/ $= af}l4s knfog %= ljb]zL nufgLstf{sf] cfsif{0f %= sf]6f ljt/0fdf lgif]w ^= Jofkf/ ljljlws/0fdf lj:tf/ ^= v'nf Jofkf/sf] cj}1flgs k|fjwfg &= ljZjJofkL cg's"n Jofkfl/s jftfj/0f

324 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ lj|mofsnfkx¿ -s_ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+uug / g]kfnn] lng ;Sg] nfe lzif{sdf sIffdf jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutf ;+rfng ug'{xf];\ -v_ ;fs{sf] pb]Zox?nfO{ rf6{df tof/ kf/L sIffdf 6fF:g'xf];\ . cEof; != tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ BIMSTEC sf] k'/f?k pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -v_ ljZjdf Ps /fi6«n] csf]{ /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ k|rngsf] ;'?jft ug'{sf] sf/0f s] lyof] < -u_ ;fs{df sltj6f b]zx? e"kl/j]li6 5g\ < ltgLx?sf] gfd pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -3_ ;fs{, laD:6]s, Uof6 / WTO sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < -ª_ ljD:6]ssf] nIo s] xf] < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -r_ ;fs{sf p2]Zox? k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . -5_ ;fˆ6fsf l;4fGtx? pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -h_ ljD:6]ssf p2]Zo tyf l;4fGtx?nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -em_ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf p2]Zo tyf l;4fGtx?nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -6_ ;fˆ6fsf p2]Zox? pNn]v ub}{ o;af6 g]kfnnfO{ k'Ug ;Sg] kmfObfx?sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -7_ ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf nflu cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 325 g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ kl/ro j}b]lzs Jofkf/ s'g} b]zn] c¿ b]zx¿;Fu ug]{ Jofkf/ xf] . j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ klg elgG5 . o:tf] Jofkf/ pTkfbgdf ljlzi6Ls/0f, >d ljefhg, e"w/ftn, xfjfkfgL, sRRffkbfy{sf] pknAwtf cflbdf x'g] ljljwtfsf sf/0f ;Dej x'g] u5{ . o;sf] If]q cGo Jofkf/sf] t'ngfdf Jofks x'G5 eg] pTkfbg nfut / d"Nodf klg leGgtf x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfnn] s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg u/L vf8L /fi6«x¿df lgof{t ub{5 eg] vf8L /fi6«x¿n] t]nsf] pTkfbg u/L g]kfndf lgof{t ub{5g\, lsgls g]kfnnfO{ s[lif pTkfbgdf t]n pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf nfut nfe 5 eg] vf8L /fi6«x¿nfO{ t]n pTkfbgdf s[lif pTkfbgdf eGbf t'ngfTds nfut nfe 5 . 3/]n' Jofkf/sf] t'ngfdf j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] If]q Jofks x'G5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng,art / 3f6f j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng eg]sf] cfoft d"No / lgof{t d"Nolarsf] ;Gt'ng xf] . cyf{t\ b]zdf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jf ljb]zdf lgof{t ubf{ k|fKt x'g] d"No / ljb]zdf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft ubf{ e'Stfg ul/g] d"Nolarsf] ;Gt'ng g} Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng xf] . ;Gt'ng b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . klxnf] e'Stfg ;Gt'ng xf] eg] bf;|f] Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng xf] . Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng e'Stfg ;Gt'ngsf] Ps c+z dfq xf] . b[Zo tyf cb[Zo b'j} j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] sf/f]af/larsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ e'Stfg ;Gt'ng / b[Zo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] sf/f]af/larsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng elgG5 . olb lgof{t d"No cfoft d"NoeGbf a9L 5 eg] art÷cg's"n Jofkf/;Gt'ng, lgof{t d"NoeGbf cfoft d"NoeGbf sd 5 eg] 3f6f÷k|lts"n Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng / lgof{t d"No / cfoft d"No a/fa/ 5 eg] ;Gt'lnt Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng x'G5 . cfˆgf] b]zdf pTkfbg x'g g;s]sf jf pTkfbg nfut pRr x'g] j:t'x¿ cfoft ul/G5 / o;af6 k'FhL alx{udg x'G5 . pTkfbg a9L ePsf jf pTkfbg nfut Go"g x'g] j:t'x¿ lgof{t ul/G5 / o;af6 k'FhL cfudg x'G5 . o;/L b[Zo j:t'sf] cfoft lgof{t sf/f]af/df k'FhLsf] alx{udg / cfudglarsf] ;Gt'ng g} j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng xf] . cy{zf:qLx¿n] Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngnfO{ dfn;fdfgx¿sf] cfoft lgof{t d"Nolarsf] cGt/sf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . cy{zf:qL j]Gxdn] æPp6f b]zsf] Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng eg]sf] lglZrt cjlwsf] cfoft d"No / lgof{t d"Nolarsf] ;DaGw xf] eg]sf 5g\ . ctM Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng eGgfn] lglZrt ;dodf kf7 M $ lgof{t Ö cfoft → ;Gt'lnt Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng lgof{t > cfoft → cg's"n Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng lgof{t < cfoft → k|lts"n Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng

326 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ Pp6f b]zsf] cfoft / lgof{tlarsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw xf] h;nfO{ n]vf k|0ffnL d"Nodf JoSt ul/G5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] n]vfª\sg ubf{ lgof{tnfO{ j|m]l86 / cfotnfO{ 8]la6 kIfdf /flvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfoft d"NonfO{ nfut, ladf / ef8f (Cost, Insurance and Freight -CIF) cjwf/0ff / lgof{t d"NonfO{ ;Ldfdf lgMz'Ns (Free on Board – FOB) cjwf/0ffsf cfwf/df Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngsf] u0fgf u5{ . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] Oltxf; cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] eGbf k'/fgf] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] /fHo PsLs/0f cleofgeGbf cl3af6 g} o;sf] Oltxf; ;'? x'G5 . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f x'g' cl3 ef/tsf pQ/L If]qx¿;Fu tyf rLgsf] ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ ultljlwx¿ lyP. g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf nflu ef/t ;'?b]lv ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;fem]bf/ xf]eg] To;kl5sf] 7'nf] ;fem]bf/ rLg xf] . Ps ;do g]kfnsf] (( k|ltzteGbf a9L Jofkf/ ef/tdf ;Lldt lyof]. lj=;+= @))& -;g\ !(%!_ eGbf cl3 g]kfnsf] ljb]z Jofkf/ ef/t / rLgafx]s ;+o'St clw/fHo, ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf / k|mfG;df dfq ;Lldt lyof] . g]kfnsf sfhL eLd dNnsf kfnfdf ;DkGg g]kfn ltAat jfl0fHo ;Demf}tfkl5 g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿ ltAat uO{ Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ ub{y] . j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] j[l4 -k|rlnt d"No ?= s/f]8df_ ljj/0f÷jif{ @)&#÷&$ @)&$÷&% @)&%÷&^ @)&^÷&& lgof{t &#)$=( *!#^=) (&!!=) (&&)=( cfoft (()!!=# !@$%!)=# !$!*%#=% !!^(&(=( Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng –(!&)^=$ –!!^#&$=# –!#@!$@=^ –!)(()(=) s'n Jofkf/ !)^#!^=@ !#@^$^=# !%!%^$=% !@^&%)=( ;|f]tM cy{dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/ – @)&* . g]kfnsf] rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -lj=;+= @)@&–@)#@_ n] j}b]lzs Jofkf/df Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] l;4fGt cjnDag u/]kl5 dfq g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;d'b|kf/sf b]zx¿;Fu x'g yfn]sf] xf] / To;eGbf cufl8 g]kfnn] j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 t'ngfTds nfe k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ dfly tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/df j[l4 kl5Nnf jif{x¿sf] Oltxf; x]bf{ Jofkf/of]Uo j:t'x¿sf] n]gb]gaf6 Jofkf/ 3f6f ;Gt'ngdf a9\bf] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . of] l:ylt lgof{tsf cfsf/df sld / cfoftsf] cfsf/df j[l4sf] kl/0ffd xf] . k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoftdf clws vr{n] clwsf+z jif{df ;fdfgsf] lgof{taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] lgof{tsf] hu sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ cfoftdf a9\bf] lge{/tf 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 327 Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngdf j[l4 (Growth on Balance of Trade) g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|lts"n cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ b]vL @)&^÷&& ;Dd lgof{t a[l4 x'b} uO{/x]sf] ePtf klg of] a[l4b/ Aofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ kof{Kt 5}g . cf=a= @)&#÷&$ b]vL @)&%÷&^ ;Dd cfoft lg/Gt/ a[l4 eP/ Aofkf/ 3f6f klg a[l4 eO{/x]sf] 5 . cf=a= @)&%÷&^ df cfoft sd eP/ Aofkf/ 3f6f s]lx Go'g ePsf] b]lvPtfklg of] cNksfnLg k|j[lQ dfq xf] . sf]le8 dxfdf/Lsf sf/0fn] pQm cf=a=df cfoftdf ;+s'rg cfPsf] sf/0fn] Aofkf/ 3f6fdf s]xL ;'wf/ b]lvPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] ;+/rgf Jofkf/ ;+/rgfdf cfoft / lgof{t ul/g] j:t'sf k|sf/x¿ / sf/f]af/sf] /sd ;dfj]z ul/G5 . slt d"Nodf s'g k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ ljb]zL ahf/df a]lrPsf] xf] / slt d"Nodf vl/b ul/Psf] xf] ;f]sf] ljj/0f g} Jofkf/ ;+/rgf xf] . g]kfn] lgof{t ug]{ j:t'sf k|sf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;fgf] 5 eg] cfoft ug]{ j:t'sf k|sf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof 7'nf] 5 . j:t'ut cfwf/df g]kfnn] lgof{t ug]{ k|d'v j:t'x¿ h:tfkftf, kf]ln:6/ ofg{, h'6sf ;fdfg, pgL, un}Frf, bfn, tof/L kf];fs, cn}FrL, h'Qf tyf rKkn, k|zf]lwt 5fnf, /f]lhg, rfprfp, lrgL, lrof cflb x'g eg] cfoft ug]{ j:t'x¿ k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, tof/L kf];fs, kf6{k'hf{, ljB'tLo ;fdfg, ;~rf/ pks/0f, :jf:Yo pks/0f, oftfoftsf ;fwg, wft' / wft'af6 ag]sf ;fdfg cflb x'g\ . j:t'ut j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;+/rgf -?= s/f]8df_ SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) ;d"x @)&%÷&^ @)&^÷&& lgof{t cfoft lgof{t cfoft vfB j:t' tyf hLjhGt' !((%=) !^!%*=^ !^*&=( !^^)@=( ;'tL{ tyf k]o kbfy{ @%=$ *&$=! !*=% ^$!=! ck|zf]lwt kbfy{ / cvfB j:t'x¿ $%!=& %)(&=) #$^=) $%*!=( vlgh OGwg / lrNnf] kbfy{x¿ )=! @%#(^=& )=) !($&&=@ hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] t]n tyf af];f] !@($=( #^)*=^ #!!(=& $(#$=# /;fog tyf cf}ifwL $#%=^ !$@#*=$ $)!=( !#$!&=^ juL{s[t tof/L j:t'x¿ $)$&=) #!!!)=$ #!)@=^ @$)^&=! oftfoft tyf oflGqs pks/0fx¿ *@=$ #@$#@=( (#=& @^$#@=! ljljw tof/L j:t'x¿ !#&*=# ($&#=! !))))=& *!^!=^ juL{s[t gePsf j:t'x¿ )=^ #$^#=* )=) !#^$=) s'n (&!!=) !$!*%#=% (&&)=( !!(^&(=( ;|f]tM cy{dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/

328 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lbzf a}b]lzs Aofkf/sf] lbzf eGgfn] g] kfnn] j:t' lgof{t / cfoft ug]{ b] zx? eGg] a'lemG5 . csf]{ zAbdf a}b] lzs Aofkf/sf] lbzf eg]sf] lgof{tsf] uGtAo / cfoftsf] ;|f]t xf] . g]kfnsf] a}b]lzs Aofkf/ w]/} xb;Dd ef/t s] Gb|Lt 5 . s"n cfot tyf lgof{t b'j} df ef/t;Fusf] c+z em08} b'O{ltxfO{ 5 . ef/t kl5sf] g]kfnsf] a}b]lzs Aofkf/sf] bf];|f] 7'Nff] ;fem]bf/ rLg xf] . kl5Nnf] ;do ef/t / rLg afx]s ljZjsf cGo b]xzx? ;Fu g]kfnsf] Aofkf/Ls ;DjGw s|dz lj:tf/ eO{/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(^) ;Dd g]kfnsf] lgof{t / cfoft Jofkf/ ef/t;Fu s]lG›t lyof] . lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf g]kfnsf] s'n j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] () k|ltzt sf/f]af/ ef/t;Fu dfq x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . of] sf/f]af/ lj=;+= @)#@ ;fndf *@=! k|ltzt, lj=;+= @)%! df @&=$ k|ltzt / lj=;+= @)%$ df @^=$! k|ltztdf em/]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%^÷%& b]lv k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoftnfO{ ef/ttkm{sf] Jofkf/df lx;fa ug{ yfn]kl5 ef/t;Fusf] sf/f]af/ a9\g yfn]sf] xf] . j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lbzfnfO{ dfly tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . lj|mofsnfk -s_ tkfO{F a;f]af; ug]{ :yfgLo If]qsf Jofkf/L jf pBdL jf a'l4hLjL;Fu e]63f6 tyf 5nkmn u/L pSt If]qdf s[lif tyf jg;Fu ;DalGwt sRrf kbfy{af6 j:t'sf] pNkfbg u/L cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df lgof{t ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lbzf s'n Jofkf/df c+z -Ü_ @)&%÷&^ @)&^÷&& cfoft lgof{t cfoft lgof{t ef/t ^#=% ^#=% ^$=( ^@=@ lrg !#=( !@=! !@=@ !$=! cGo d'n'sx¿ @$=^ @$=$ @@=( @#=& ;|f]tM cy{dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 329 cEof; != tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ . -u_ art Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < -3_ Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ . -3_ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] P]ltxfl;s tYox¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -ª_ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] j[l4sf] k'g/jnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . -r_ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lbzfnfO{ ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ . -5_ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] ;+/rgf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

330 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt kl/ro >dzlStM ;fdfGo efiffdf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf sfd ug]{ JolSt >lds / pSt JolStsf] ldlxg]tnfO{ >d elgG5 . t/ cy{zf:qdf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kdf cfly{s pkfh{gsf] p2]Zon] sfd ug]{ JolSt>lds / p;sf] sfo{ jf ldlxg]tnfO{ g} >dsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb s'g} el/of jf 8fS6/ jf k|fWofks jf clkm;/ jf ufosn] cfly{s pkfh{gsf] p2]Zon] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] tL ;a} >lds / tL ;a}sf] ldlxg]t >d xf] . t/ cy{zf:qdf wg sdfpg] p2]Zo;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf jf lgMz'Ns ul/Psf sfdnfO{ >d elgb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} ufosn] cfˆgf] cfgGbsf nflu uLt ufpF5 eg] p;sf] uLt ufpg] sfdnfO{ >d elgFb}g . t/ ;f]xL ufosn] kfl/>lds lnP/ uLt ufpF5 eg] Tof] sfdnfO{ >d elgG5 . To;}n] dflg;n] wg cfh{gsf nflu ug]{ k|of; jf sfdg} >d xf] . /f]huf/L / a]/f]huf/L M /f]huf/L a]/f]huf/Lsf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb xf] . /fHosf] dfkb08cg';f/ sfdug]{ pd]/ k'u]sf / j}wflgs sfo{ u/L e'StfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolStnfO{ /f]huf/L / o:tf] sfo{af6 alGrt JolStnfO{ a]/f]huf/L elgG5 . /f]huf/bftfaf6 tna kfpg] u/L sfd ug]{, cfˆg} jf kfl/jfl/s Jofkf/ Joj;fodf sfd ug]{ / ljljw sf/0fn] :jljbfdf a;]sf /f]huf/ x'g\ . sfdsf] of]Uotf tyf l;k ePsf t/ Ps dlxgfb]lv sfd ePsf 7fpFdf sfd vf]Hbf gkfPsf / clGtd of]Uotf k/LIff lbP/ a;]sf a]/f]huf/ x'g\ . /f]huf/ klg gePsf / a]/f]huf/Ldf klg gkg]{x¿df sfdsf nflu tf]lsPeGbf sd jf a9L pd]/ ePsf, k"0f{sfnLg ljBfyL{, 3/fo;L sfo{df Jo:t /xg]x¿ / cjsfz k|fKt JolStx¿ k5{g\ / logLx¿nfO{ >dzlSt g} dflgb}g . j}b]lzs /f]huf/M Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf uO{ sfd ug'{nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ elgG5 . of]Uotftyf l;k ePsf sfd ug{ of]Uo pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿ Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf uP/ sfd ug'{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ xf] . o;n] ljb]zL k'FhLnfO{ cfGtl/s k|jfxdf j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u u5{ eg] b]zsf] a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofnfO{ cNksfnsf nflu s]xL xb;Dd sd u5{ . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL gLlt g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$ bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&% n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;DaGwdf gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . o;} P]gsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] kGw|f}F of]hgfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} o; of]hgfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf r/0fnfO{ ;'/lIft, zf]if0fd'St, dof{lbt / clwstd k|ltkmnbfos agfpg] /0fgLlt to u/]sf] kf7 M %

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 331 5 . To;}u/L o; of]hgfsf k|d'v sfo{gLltx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ . != g]kfnL >ldsx¿sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Ifsf nflu >d s"6gLlt cjnDag ug]{ @= ljb]zdf /x]sf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf, u}/cfjf;Lo tyf k|jf;L g]kfnL ;ª\3 ;ª\u7g / /f]huf/bftf sDkgL;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{ #= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf u/L k|efjsf/L sfo{ ug]{ $= ef/tdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu hfg] sfdbf/nfO{ kl/rokq hf/L ug]{ / ladf÷sNof0fsf/L sf]ifdf cfa4 u/fpg] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ %= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu hfg]x¿sf] k"j{ clen]v /fVg] / ;a}vfn] ljs[ltx¿sf] s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f ug]{ g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$ bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&% n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf gLltut Joj:yfx¿nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . != g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg kfpg] d'n's tf]Sg'kg]{/ tL d'n's;Fu låkIfLo ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ 5 . @= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ Ohfhtkq lng'kg]{ / JolStnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg' k"j{ >d ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ 5 . ;fy} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfFbf :jb]zL ljdfg:yn k|of]u ug{'kg]{5 . #= sfdbf/ 5gf]6 ubf{ !% lbgsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ / lgj]bssf] gfd ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF; ug'{kg]{ 5 . $= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ljgf n}ª\lus lje]bcf7f/ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf]6 ug'{kg]{ 5 . %= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, pTkLl8t, b}jLk|sf]k kLl8t tyf b'u{d If]qsf JolStnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] 5 . ^= ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ s'g} klg JolSt lghL k|lj|mofaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg ;Sg]5 . &= ;Demf}tfadf]lhd j}b]lzs /f]huf/L gePdf sfdbf/n] ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 jf ;f]em} >d ljefu jf lhNnf k|zf;g sfo{nodf ph'/L ug{;Sg] 5 . *= g= & cg';f/sf ph'/L kg{ cfPdf / ph'/L dgfl;a b]lvPdf Ohfhtkqjfnfn] vr{sf] Ifltk"lt{ eg'{kg]{ 5 . (= ljb]zdf /x]sf sfdbf/n] ;DalGwt d'n's x]g]{ g]kfnL s"6gLlts lgof]uaf6 a9Ldf b'O{ k6s >d :jLs[lt lng;Sg] 5 .

332 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ !)= sfdbf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg'cl3 Ohfhtkqjfnfn] sfdbf/sf] s/f/ cjlwe/ sfod /xg] u/L sDtLdf kfFr nfv ?lkofFsf] ladf u/fpg'kg]{ 5 . !!= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg'cl3 ljefun] tf]s]cg';f/ cled'vLs/0f tyf cfjZos tflnd lng'kg]{5 . !@= Ohfhtkq glnO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]df jf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu em'6f] cfZjf;g jf k|nf]eg b]vfPdf jf o;/L /sd lnPdf o;/L lnPsf] /sd / ;f]sf] krf; k|ltztn] x'g] /sd xhf{gfafkt c;'n u/L To:tf] JolStnfO{ ljb]z hfg / cfpg nfu]sf] vr{;d]t e/fO{ lghnfO{ tLg nfv ?lkofFb]lv kfFr nfv ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf / tLg jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Dd s}b x'g] 5 . ljb]z k7fO g;s]sf] eP ;f] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g] 5 . j|mofsnfkx¿ -s_ tkfO{Fsf] cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/af6 jf l5d]saf6 jf j:tLaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uO{ xfn :jb]zdf kmls{Psf JolStx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/df /xFbfsf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds kIfdf s'/fsfgL tyf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . pSt 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt lgisif{ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltsf lardf b]lvPsf a]d]n tyf gLltdf b]lvPsf sdhf]/Lpk/ sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] clt5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ >d eg]sf] s] xf] < cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ . -v_ /f]huf/L / a]/f]huf/Ldf leGgtf 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . -u_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ . -3_ gkfnsf ] kGw|f ] Fcfjlws of } hgfn ] to u ] /]sf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf sfo{gLltx¿pNnv ug'{xf ] ];\ . -s_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$ bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&% n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf d'Vo d'Vo Joj:yf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 333 cfly{s j[l4, dfgj ljsf; tyf lbuf] ljsf; cjwf/0ff cfly{s j[l4sf] cy{ ;fdfGo cy{df j[l4 eg]sf] cfsf/ jf kl/df0fdf yk x'g' xf] . o;nfO{ef}lts kl/jt{gsf] cj:yfsf ¿kdf klg a'em\g ;lsG5 . j[l4nfO{ kl/df0ffTds ¿kdf dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nfluha dflg; hlGdG5 ta lglZrt pd]/;Dd p;sf] zf/Ll/s prfO tyf df]6fOdf kl/jt{g x'G5 To;nfO{ j[l4 elgG5 . cfly{s j[l4 eg]sf] s'n /fli6«o cfo a9\g' xf] . o;nfO{ Jofks cy{df eGbf s'n /fli6«o cfo, s'n pTkfbg, s'n /f]huf/, s'n pkef]u, s'n ahf/ dfu, s'n lgof{t, s'n art, s'n nufgL cflbsf] cfsf/df j[l4 x'g' xf] . cfly{s j[l4sf] jf:tljs cy{ a'em\gsf nflu lgDglnlvt tLg tŒjsf] 1fg x'g' cfjZos dflgG5 . != k|lj|mof (Process) cfly{s j[l4nfO{Pp6f k|lj|mofsf¿kdf lnOG5 h;n] ;fdflhs, k|fljlws tyf cfly{s zlStx¿df kl/jt{gsf] z[ª\vnfnfO{ ;ª\s]t u5{ / tL zlStx¿ cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult b'|t agfpg pkof]uL dflgG5g\ . To;sf/0f, k|lj|mof eg]sf] kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt Ps nfdf] z[ª\vnf xf] h;n] jf:tljs /fli6«o cfonfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd j[l4tkm{ n}hfG5 . @= jf:tljs /fli6«o cfo (Real national income): /fli6«o cfo s'g} cy{Aoj:yfn] Ps ljlQo jif{df pTkfbg u/]sf] ;Dk'0f{ j:t' tyf ;]jf df}lb|s d"No xf] . of] s'g} klg b]zsf] cfly{s ultljlwx?sf] kl/0ffd xf] / o;nfO{ d'b|fdf AoQm ul/G5 . jf:tljs /fli6«o cfo eg]sf] l:y/ d"Nodf dfkg jf AoQm ul/Psf] /fli6«o cfo xf] . jf:tljs / fli6«o cfo a[l4 x'g b]zsf] pTkfbglzn Ifdtfg} a[l4 x'g' kb{5 . #= bL3{sfn (Long period): bL3{sfn eg]sf] nfdf] ;do cjlw xf] . jf:tljs /fli6«o cfo cNksfndf j[l4 eP/ dfq x'Fb}g\ . of] t nfdf] ;do;Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf a[l4 x'g'k5{ . cfly{s j[l4 eg]sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] Ps c+z dfq xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ ljsf;sf] t'ngfdf ;ª\s'lrt cjwf/0ff dflgG5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg, /fli6«o cfo tyf k|ltJolSt cfo pRr x'g', ul/aL tyf cfo c;dfgtfdf sdL x'g', dfgj sNof0fdf j[l4 x'g' / k|fs[lts tyf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng u/L /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug'{ cfly{s ljsf; xf] . cfly{s j[l4 of] Pp6f k|lj|mof xf] . h;cGtu{t k/Dk/fut / lgoldt k4ltcg';f/ jf:tljs /fli6«o cfo jf pTkfbgdf bL3{sfn;Dd j[l4 eO/xG5 . t/ o:tf] j[l4 ;w}F wgfTds dfq x'G5 eGg ;lsFb}g . slxn]sfxLF kf7 M ^

334 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ C0ffTds klg x'g] u5{ . g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4 cltsd ljsl;t tyf ljsf;lzn b]zx¿sf nflu cfly{s j[l4eGbf cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfjZostf w]/} x'G5 . ;g\ @)@) sf] ;'?cftb]lv j}lZjs dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf sf]le8 !( efO/;n] ljZjsf dfgj hfltx¿tyf ljZjsf] cfly{s If]qdf 7'nf] ;ª\s6 pTkGg u/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf ;':ttf cfP;Fu} g]kfndf klg To;sf] k|efj k|ToIf k/]sf] 5 . o;af6 cy{tGqsf ljleGg If]qx¿ h:t}M pTkfbg, ljt/0f, >d ahf/, ko{6g cflb k|ToIf k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . kmn:j¿k, a]/f]huf/L, ul/aL / c;dfgtfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4 kl5Nnf] b'O{ bzsd} klxnf]k6s cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& df @=!@ k|ltztn] C0ffTds ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ljut rf/ jif{sf] oyf{y s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_ sf] j[l4b/nfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] cy{ ;fdfGo cy{df dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] dflg;sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; xf] . dflg;nfO{ hGdb]lv d[To';Dd ;kmn hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ s'/fsf] k|flKt x'g' g} dfgj ljsf; xf] . dflg;nfO{ p;sf] hLjgdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff tyf :jf:Yo, ;Eo ;dfh, :jR5 jftfj/0f, ljleGg k|sf/sf clwsf/x¿, kf}li6s vfg]s'/f, ;'ljwfo'St jf;:yfg, u'0f:t/Lo klx/g, wd{, ;+:s[lt, dgf]/~hg, e|d0f tyf ofqf, zflGt tyf ;'/Iff, :g]x tyf ;Ddfg, :jtGqtf cflb s'/fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . oL ;a} s'/f /fHon] JolStdf ljt/0f ug]{ geO{ JolSt :jod\ k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd aGg' xf] . To;}n] dfgj ljsf;nfO{ dflg;sf] :jtGqtf / cj;/df j[l4 u/L pgLx¿sf] sNof0fdf ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lj|mofsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf dfgj ljsf;nfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4;Fu hf]8]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ @)@) sf] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{j|md (UNDP) sfcg';f/,ædfgj ljsf; eg]sf] dfgjLo hLjgsf] ;d[l4df j[l4 ug'{ xf], g ls s]jn Tof] cy{ Joj:yfsf] ;d[l4sf af/]df h;df pgLx¿ al;/x]sf 5g\ . of] Pp6f cjwf/0ff xf] h'g hgtf / pgLx¿sf] cj;/ / g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ cfly{s jif{ j[l4b/ -k|ltztdf_ @)&#÷&$ *=^ @)&$÷&% &=$ @)&%÷&^ ^=$ @)&^÷&& –@=! ;|f]tM cy{dGqfno – @)&* . dfgj ljsf;sf b'O{ kIfx¿ Ifdtfsf] lgdf{0f Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u 5gf]6sf] ;'lglZrttf :j:y tyf bL3{hLjgsf nflu ;fwg 5gf]6df kx'Fr . Jojxfl/s 1fgsf nflu ;fwg 5gf]6df kx'Fr . u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu ;fwg 5gf]6df kx'Fr .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 335 5gf]6df s]lGb|t x'G5Æ . To;}n] olb ;fwgx¿sf] 5gf]6df dflg;sf] kx'Fr 5}g eg] cGo cj;/x¿ -/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, :jtGqtf, cflb_ df klg kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5}g eGg] cy{ nufpg ;lsG5 . dfgj ljsf;nfO{ b'O{ kIf af6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . klxnf]M dfgj Ifdtfsf] lgdf{0f h:t}M :jf:Yo, 1fg / l;kdf ;'wf/ / bf];|f]M pgLx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] Ifdtf pTkfbg, km';{bsf] ;do, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts If]qdf pkof]u . UNDP sf cg';f/ ljsf; ;a} dflg;sf nflu x'g'k5{, ljsf;sf jl/kl/ /x]sfnfO{ dfq xf]Og . ljsf; hgtfsf], hgtfåf/f / hgtfsf nflu x'g'k5{ . n}ª\lus b[li6sf]0faf6 dfgj ljsf;nfO{ x]bf{ rf/ kIfx¿ h:t}M pTkfbsTjdf j[l4, ;dtf -;dfg cj;/_, ;dtfdf lbuf]kgf / z;StLs/0f -lg0f{odf ;xeflutf_ df ljsf; ePsf] x'g'k5{ . dfgj ljsf; ;"rs (Human Development Index - HDI) UNDP n] ;g\ !(() df dfgj ljsf;sf] dfkgsf nflu tLg ;"rsfª\sx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . tL ;"rsfª\sx¿ -!_ /fd|f] hLjgsf nflu cfDbfgL (Income for Decent Living), -@_ lzIff / -#_ hLjg k|Tofzf (Life Expectancy) . UNDP sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg -@)@)_ n] HDI sf] dfkgdf u|x bafa (Planetary Pressure) nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ atfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ u|x bafa ;dfof]lht dfgj ljsf; ;"rs (Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI) gfd lbOPsf] 5 . h;nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf PHDI elgG5 . PHDI sf] u0fgf ubf{ HDI df u|xdf bafa ;"rsfª\s (Pressure on the Planet Indicator) nfO{ yk ul/G5 . k[YjL Pp6f u|x xf] . k[YjLnufot cGo u|xx¿df dfgj lj|mofsnfkaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 h:tf UofF;sf] pTkfbgaf6 bafa l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .o;n] cGttM dfgj ljsf;df g} ;d:of pTkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)@) sf] k|ltj]bgn] ;+;f/sf ;a} /fi6«x¿nfO{ dfgj ljsf;sf] ;"rssf cfwf/df rf/ efudf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ dfgj ljsf;sf] ;"rsnfO{ ) b]lv ! sf] :s]ndf /flvG5 . olb s'g} b]zsf] dfgj ljsf;sf] ;"rssf] dfg )=*)) b]lv ! ;Dd 5 eg] clt pRr dfgj ljsf;, )=&)) b]lv )=&(( ;Dd 5 eg] pRr dfgj ljsf;, )=%%! b]lv )=^(( ;Dd 5 eg] dWod dfgj ljsf; / )=%%) eGbf sd 5 eg] Go"g dfgj ljsf;ePsf] dflgG5 . o;n] b]zsf gful/sx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ klg ;ª\s]t u5{ . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsn] dflg;sf] hLjgsf] ef}ltsnufot ;a} k|sf/sf] u'0fsf af/]df JoSt ub{5 . dfgj ljsf; ;"rfª\s lgsfNg k|To]s ;"rssf] clwstd\ / Go"gtd cª\s yfxf x'g'kb{5 . oL cª\s ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3n] ;a}sf nflu ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] x'G5 . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsn] b]zsf] ;fwg / ;|f]tnfO{ cfo k|fKt ug{], lzIff k|fKt ug]{ / pRr cfo' k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df nufpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ePsfn] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 . dflg;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] cfDbfgL xf] . To;sf ;fy;fy} n}ª\lus b[li6sf]0faf6 dfgj ljsf; pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ;dtf -;dfg cj;/_ ;dtfdf lbuf]kgf z;StLs/0f -lg0f{odf ;xeflutf_

336 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ lzIff, /fd|f] cfo' / :jR5 jftfj/0f klg x'g\ . UNDP sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg -@)@)_ sf cg';f/ ;+;f/df dfgj ljsf; pRr ePsf] b]z gj]{ xf] . h;sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs )=(%& 5 . g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs )=^)@ 5 . ljZjdf dfgj ljsf;sf] :t/df g]kfn !$@cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 / g]kfn dWod dfgj ljsf; ePsf] b]zleq k5{ . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cy{ lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] cfkm}Fdf wflgg ;Sg] Pp6f k|lj|mof xf] . o;n] efjL k':tfn] klg ljsf;sf k|ltkmn lg/Gt/ pkef]u ug{] k|lj|mofnfO{ ;'lglZrt u5{ . lbuf] ljsf;cGt{ut b]zleq pknAw k|fs[lts ;fwg tyf ;|f]tx¿sf] clwstd\ kl/rfng ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} tL ;fwg tyf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/If0f klg ul/G5 . o; k|lj|mofaf6 ahf/df x'g] ;fwgsf] dfu / k"lt{sflardf ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 . k|s[ltn] lbPsf] ;'Gb/ ;+/rgf / o;sf] cfˆg} lgod cfkm}Fdf Jojl:yt 5 . To;}n] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / ljsf;lar cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw :yflkt ub}{ ljsf; sfo{nfO{ ;~rfng ubf{ pSt ljsf; nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp x'g k'U5 . k|s[ltn] dfgj hflt;lxt l;ª\uf] k|f0fL hut\nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg] / h}ljs rj|mnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . o;af6 Psflt/ dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{ pTkfbg, cfk"lt{ / pkef]unfO{ ;Gt'ndf /fVg]/ csf]{tkm{ k|fs[lts lgod / o;sf] jf:tljs :j¿knfO{ hLjGt /fVb} ul/g] ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] ljsf; elgG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ ;g\ @)!% sf] ;+o'St/fi6« ;ª\3sf]&)cf}+ lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf !(# ;b:o b]zx¿n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ul/aL / o;sf ;a} cfofdnfO{ ;dfKt ug]{ / ;a} dflg; xfdL a;f]jf; ul//x]sf] u|x -k[YjL_ / ;a}sf] ;d[l4sf nflu Pp6f ;dfg, Gofo;ª\ut / ;'/lIft ljZj agfpg !& cf]6f lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿, !^( kl/df0ffTds nIo / @#@ cf]6f ;"rsdf x:tfIf/ u/L hgj/L !, @)!^ b]lv sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lbuf] ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf] ;DaGw k|ToIf ¿kdf jftfj/0f;Fu hf]l8Psf] lyof] . t/ kl5 o;nfO{ d'Vo tLg kIf÷cfofddf ;ª\ul7t ul/Psf] lyof] . tLkIf÷cfofdx¿ cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f x'g\ . pSt lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] Ph]G8f æxfd|f] ljZjsf] ¿kfGt/0f M lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu @)#) Ph]G8f (Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)" lyof] . cfly{s ljsf; jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;fdflhs ljsf; lbuf] ljsf;sf cfofdx¿

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 337 !& nIox¿ ul/aLsf] cGTo ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo :j:y / ;d[4 hLjg u'0f:t/Lo lzIff n}ª\lus ;dfgtf :jR5 kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO phf{df ;xh kx'Fr dof{lbt /f]huf/ / cfly{s j[l4 pBf]u, k"jf{wf/ / gjLg l;h{gf c;dfgtf Go"gLs/0f lbuf] ;x/ / ;d'bfox¿ lhDd]jf/k"0f{ pkef]u / pTkfbg hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf tTsfn kxn hnd'lgsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f hndflysf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f zflGt, Gofo / ;zSt lgsfo nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;fem]bf/L o; Ph]G8fleq !& cf]6f nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . tL nIox¿sf] 5f]6s/L :j¿knfO{ aS;df b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] tL nIox¿ -!_ ;a} 7fpFaf6 ;a} lsl;dsf ul/aLsf] cGTo ug]{ -@_ ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{, -#_ ;a}nfO{ :j:y hLjg ;'lglZrt ub{} ;d[4 hLjg k|jw{g ug]{, -$_ ;a}nfO{ ;dfj]zL tyf ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, -%_ n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{, -^_ ;a}sf nflu :jR5 kfgLsf] ;'lglZrtf ug]{, -&_ phf{df kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, -*_ lbuf] cfly{s j[l4, /f]huf/L / dof{lbt sfdsf] k|jw{g ug]{ -(_ k"jf{wf/ tyf lbuf] cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] k|jw{g ug]{ -!)_ d'n'sleq tyf d'n'sx¿larsf] c;dfgtf x6fpg]- !!_ dfgj a;f]af;nfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft / lbuf]agfpg], -!@_ pkef]u / pTkfbg k|0ffnL ;'lglZrt ug]{ -!#_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] k|efj lgoGq0f ug{]- !$_ dxf;fu/, ;d'› / ;d'›L ;|f]tsf] lbuf] k|of]u tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ -!%_ kof{j/0fsf] ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf / lbuf] pkofusf] k|jw{g ug]{- !^_ hjfkmb]xL, Gofo tyf zflGtk"0f{ / ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] k|jw{g ug]{ / -!&_ ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/L ;zSt agfpg] /x]sf 5g\ . lbuf] ljsf; oL !& cf]6f nIosf cfwf/df lbuf] ljsf;sf kfFr :tDex¿ to ul/Psf] 5 . tL :tDex¿ k[YjL, dfgj, ;d[l4, zflGt / ;fem]bf/L x'g\ . g]kfn / lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] rf}wf}F of]hgfb]lv g} lbuf] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . ;f]cg';f/ cfoj[l4, u'0f:t/Lo dfgj k'FhL lgdf{0f / cfly{s hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ lj=;+= @)&( ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t b]zaf6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ / lj=;+= @)*& ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ub}{ pRr dWod cfo:t/ ePsf] d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt x'g] u/L bL3{sfnLg nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLsf] /fli6«o cfsf+Iff xfl;n x'g] u/L ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] j:t'ut oyfy{tfnfO{ ;d]6\g @#@ cf]6f ;"rsdf @$& cf]6f ;"rsx¿ yk u/L $&( ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0fu/]sf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu jflif{s cf};t ?= @)@$=* ca{ cfjZos kg]{ / o;sf] %$=* k|ltzt ;fj{hlgs If]q, #^=% k|ltzt lghL If]q, $=$ k|ltzt

338 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ 3/kl/jf/ / $=# k|ltzt ;xsf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 of]ubfg x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] /sddf jflif{s sl/j cf};t ?= % va{ *% ca{ gk'u /x]sf] 5, h;df ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ?= @=!* va{ / lghL If]qaf6 ?= #=^^ va{ yk h'6fpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hg:jf:Yo, kz':jf:Yo / jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yolar ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ :jf:Yo /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf, pGgt laplahg sfo{j|md, rSnfaGbL v]tL sfo{j|md, l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿, s[lif k|of]uzfnf ;]jf sfo{j|md cflb sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . pBf]u If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ljz]if cfly{s If]q P]g hf/L u/L ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . ;x/L ljsf; sfo{j|mdcGtu{t 3/kl/jf/af6 pTkGg x'g] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;/sf/n] e"–OlGhlgol/ª tyf e"–jftfj/0fLo sfo{j|md, hgtf cfjf; sfo{j|md, ;'/lIft gful/s cfjf; sfo{j|md ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zocg'¿k /fli6«o hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt, @)&^, hnjfo' pTyfgzLn ljsf; of]hgf, sfa{g pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f sfo{j|md, ;f}o{ phf{ sfo{j|md, ;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf] sfo{j|md, jfo' k|b'if0fsf af/]df ;j{;fwf/0f gful/snfO{ ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ Air Quality Data Display Board sf] :yfkgf u/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 339 lj|mofsnfk -s_ g]kfnn] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ s:tf s:tf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{knf{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿ jf lzIfsx¿ jf hgk|ltlglwx¿, /fhgLltsdL{x¿ tyf :yfgLo j'l4hLljx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . pSt 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt glthf sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ cfly{s j[l4sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ . -v_ cfly{s ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -u_ s'g} tLg jif{sf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -3_ dfgj ljsf;nfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ . -ª_ dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf ;"rsfª\sx¿sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -r_ lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf tLg cfofdx?sf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . -5_ lbuf] ljsf;sf kfFr :tDex?sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -h_ lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] rfn]sf sbdx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

340 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ g]kfndf ul/aL rj|m / ;Daf]wgsf pkfox¿ ul/aLsf] cy{ ul/aL eg]sf] cfˆgf] cfDbfgLn] cfˆgf b}lgs cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ufF;, af; tyf skf; h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg' xf] . csf]{ zAbdf Go"gtd Sofnf]/L pkef]usf nflu cfjZos cfo:t/eGbf sd cfo x'g'nfO{ ul/aL elgG5 . jf:tjdf ul/aL zAbn] cefjnfO{ hgfpF5 . h'g dflg;;Fu cfly{s cefj x'G5 Tof] dflg; ul/a xf] . To;}u/L h'g /fi6«;Fu cfly{s cefj x'G5 Tof] /fi6« ul/a xf] . h'g JolSt cfk\mgf] hLjg hLljt /fVgsf nflu lbg/ft ldlxg]t ub{5, lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf}li6s cfxf/sf] sdL 5, cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{ ;Sb}g, laxfg vfgf vfPsf] JolStsf nflu a]n'sf vfg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf x'Fb}g eg] Tof] JolSt ul/a xf] eg] p;sf] k|j[lQ ul/aL xf] . UNDP n] ;g\ !((* sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ul/aL eg]sf] 5gf]6 tyf ljsNkx¿af6 al~rt x'g' / dfgjLo k|lti7fsf] xgg\ x'g' xf] . o;sf] cy{ ;dfhdf k|efjsf/L ;xefuLdf sdL, ufF;, af; tyf skf;sf] kof{Kttfdf sdL, lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] kx'Fr gx'g', /f]huf/ tyf C0fdf kx'Fr gx'g', JolSt, kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhsf] c;'/Iff, zlStxLgtf tyf alxis/0f x'g' g} ul/aL xf] . UNDP k|ltj]bg -@))!_ sf cg';f/, æul/aLsf b'O{ kIfx¿ 5g\, klxnf] Go"g cfo xf] h'g ;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug{ ckof{Kt 5 / bf];|f] dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] Go"g Ifdtf xf] h'g JolStx¿n] cfkm"n] rfx]cg';f/ hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sb}FgÆ . ul/aLsf cfwf/ kl/efiff -ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt @)&^ sf cg';f/_ pkef]u cf=j= @)^^÷^& sf] d"Nodf jflif{s ?= !(,@^! eGbf sd pkef]u ug]{ cj:yf cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ cfwf/e"t tyf dof{lbt hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf ;Ifdtf ;a} k|sf/sf ul/aL / ljd'vtfaf6 d'St eO{ cfTd;Ddfg tyf cfTdlbg]{lzt hLjgofkg ug]{ ;Ifdtfsf] sdL u'0f:t/Lo hLjg dfgjf]lrt Go"gtd hLjgofkfgsf nflu cfjZos ;fwg, cj:yf / ;'ljwfsf] sdL c;dfgtf / lje]b ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bsf] cj:yfdf hLjg lhpg afWo x'g] l:ylt dfgj clwsf/ cfwf/e"t xs clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u u/L hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] g};lu{stfdf cj/f]w kf7 M &

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 341 g]kfnsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt, @)&^ n] g]kfnsf] ul/aLsf] kl/efiff / klxrfgsf cfwf/x¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o; gLltn] g]kfnsf] ul/aLnfO{ pkef]u, cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{, ;Ifdtf, hLjgsf] u'0f:t/, c;dfgtf / lje]b tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\sf cfwf/df kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . tL kl/efiffx¿ aS;df b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; gLltdf ul/aL dfkgsf ;ftcf]6f cfwf/x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL cfwf/x¿ -!_ cfo -@_ pkef]u -#_ lbuf] hLjgofkgsf nflu pTkfbgzLn ;fwgdf kx'Fr -$_ lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf cGo cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jfdf kx'Fr -%_ ;fdflhs lje]btyf alxis/0f, -^_ cfwf/e"t cfgj clwsf/ -&_ Ifdtf x'g\ . ul/aLsf b'O{ k|sf/x¿ 5g\ . tL o;k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M != lg/k]If ul/aL (Absolute Poverty) lg/k]If ul/aL eg]sf] cfk\mgf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ klg k"/f ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf xf] . Pp6f JolSt h;n] cfkm"nfO{ hLjg ofkgsf nflu geOgx'g] clgjfo{ j:t'x¿ vfgf, sk8f tyf af;sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ g;sL b'Mv ofkg ul//x]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ lg/k]If ul/aL elgG5 . lg/k]If ul/aLnfO{ csf]{ ul/aL;Fu t'ngf gu/L cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t'x¿;Fu dfq t'ngf ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt @)&^ sf cg';f/ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostfsf j:t', Ifdtf / ;]jfaf6 ljd'v x'g] cj:yfdf hLjgofkg ug{ afWo ePsf] l:ylt g} lg/k]If ul/aL xf] . @= ;fk]If ul/aL (Relative Poverty) ;fk]If ul/aLnfO{ cGo JolStsf] cfo;Fu t'ngf ul/G5 . o;df Pp6f JolStn] cfˆgf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f u/]sf] 5 t/ ;dfhsf cGo JolStx¿eGbf sd cfDbfgL ub{5 eg] Tof] JolSt ;fk]If ul/aLleq kb{5 . ;fk]If ul/aLsf] dfkb08 cfo ljt/0fsf] ;dfgtf tyf c;dfgtfsf cfwf/df x]l/G5 . olb /fli6«o cfosf] ljt/0f ;dfg 5 eg] ToxfF ;fk]If ul/aL sd x'G5 / /fli6«o cfosf] ljt/0f c;dfg 5 eg];fk]If ul/aL w]/} x'G5 . ul/aLsf] /]vf ljZj a}ª\ssf cg';f/ jflif{s %)) 8n/eGbf sd cfo k|fKt ug]{ JolSt ul/aLsf] /]vfleq kb{5 eg] @&% 8n/eGbf sd cfo k|fKt ug]{ JolSt clt ul/aLleq kb{5 . UNDP n] ;g\ !(() sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgdf k|lt lbg ! cd]l/sL 8n/eGbf sd cfo ug]{ JolSt ul/aLsf] /]vfleq k5{ eg]sf] 5 eg] ;g\ @)!% sf] k|ltj]bgdf k|lt lbg !=@% cd]l/sL 8n/ -k|ltJolSt cfodf_ eGbf sd cfo ug]{ JolSt ul/aLsf] /]vfleq k5{ eg]sf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f -@)!!_ cg';f/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ul/aL /]vfsf] cfo ?= !(,@^! xf] . g]kfndf ul/aLsf] dfkgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ eg]sf] k|ltlbg z/L/sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ @$ ;o lsnf] Sofnf]/Lsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfDbfgL xf] . h'g cfDbfgL jflif{s ? !(,@^! xf] .

342 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ g]kfn / ul/aL g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;a} k|sf/sf] ul/aLd'St ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rcg'¿k ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ /fli6«o ljsf; /0fgLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . ul/aLsf] km}nfj6, ljifdtf / uxgtfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L nlIft ;d"x sfo{j|mddfkm{t k'FhL, k|ljlw / :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]udf ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{sf] kx'Fr tyf ;xeflutf a9fpg] sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] cfly{s c;dfgtf Go'gLs/0f ug]{ Pjd\ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof lj=;+= @)*& ;Dd % k|ltztdf / lj=;+= @!)) ;Dddf z"Godf emfg]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cfly{s jif{ @)*)÷*! ;Dddf lg/k]If ul/aLnfO{ !) k|ltzteGbf sddf emfg]{ / ax'cfoflds ul/aLnfO{ !!=% k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . UNDP sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg -@)@)_ sf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs )=^)@ 5 . ;fy} g]kfn !$@cf}F :yfgdf / dWod dfgj ljsf; ePsf] b]zleq k5{ . ul/a 3/kl/jf/ nlIft sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ @# lhNnfdf ul/a 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfg sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf jt{dfg ul/aLsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{,cy{dGqfno -@)&&_ sf cg';f/ g]kfndf !*=& k|ltzt dflg;x¿ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg @*=^ k|ltzt dflg;x¿, ax'cfolds ul/aL/ !^=^& k|ltzt dflg;x¿ lg/k]If ul/aLleq afFlr/x]sf 5g\ . ul/aLsf] rj|m ul/aLsf] rj|mn] Pp6f JolSt jf /fi6« ul/a ePsf sf/0fn] g} k'gM ul/aLdf k'U5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 . o;} ;Gbe{df cy{zf:qL Ragner Nurkus eGb5g\– æPp6f b]z ul/a ePsfn] ul/a x'G5Æ .ul/aL Pp6f o:tf] tŒj xf] h;n] lg/Gt/ ul/aLleq g} kl/j|mdf ul//xG5 . Pp6f /f]6]lkªsf] lksf{ h'g :yfgaf6 3'dfpg ;'? u/] klg To;n] cfk\mgf] rj|m k"/f ubf{ k'gM ToxL 7fpFdf cfOk'Ub5 . ul/aLsf] rj|m klg cefjaf6 ;'? eO{ cefjdf g} cfP/ 6'ª\luG5 . g]kfndf cfly{s ljsf;sf] cj/f]wsf ¿kdf o; rj|mnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ dfu / k"lt{ kIfaf6 JofVof ul/G5 . ul/aLsf dfu / k"lt{ rj|mnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M ul/aL Go"g pTkfbg Go"g nufgL Go"g dfu Go"g cfo ul/aL Go"g pTkfbg Go"g nufgL Go"g art Go"g cfo k"lt{ kIf dfu kIf

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 343 of] g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] jf:tljs cj:yf xf] . o:tf] ul/aLsf] s'rj|m tf]8\gsf nflu nufgLdf j[l4 ug'{k5{ . nufgLdf j[l4 ug{] klxnf] pkfo eg]sf] cfGtl/s k'FhLsf] kl/rfng xf] . olb cfGtl/s k'FhLdf sdL 5 eg] j}b]lzs k'FhLsf] kl/rfng -;xof]u, cg'bfg tyf C0f_ åf/f nufgLdf j[l4 ug'{kb{5 . nufgLdf j[l4 ubf{ pTkfbg tyf /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 x'G5 . kmn:j¿k, cfo tyf artdf j[l4 x'G5 . h;n] ul/aLsf] o:tf] s'rj|mnfO{ ;'rj|mdf kl/0ft u5{ . g]kfnsf nflu ul/aLsf] rj|msf ;Daf]wgsf pkfox¿ ul/aL g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] k|d'v ;d:of xf] . g]kfnn] gjf}F of]hgfb]lv nuftf/ jt{dfg of]hgf;Dd klg ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ k|d'v p2]Zodf /fv]sf] 5 t/ klg !*=& k|ltzt dflg; ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ul/aLsf] rj|m alnof] u/L a;]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ tf]8\gsf nflu lgDglnlvt pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 M != nufgLdf j[l4M of] Pp6f ;zSt dfWod xf] . g]kfndf nufgLdf j[l4 ug{ cfodf / artdf sdL 5 . o:tf] sdLnfO{ k"/f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg :j¿ksf cfGtl/s tyf afx\o C0f, ;xof]u, cg'bfg cflb lng ;S5 . kmn:j¿k, nufgLdf j[l4 x'G5 / g]kfndf /x]sf] ul/aLsf] rj|m tf]8\g ;lsG5 . @= k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] pkof]uM b]zdf k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] pRr kl/rfngaf6 /f]huf/Ldf j[l4x'G5 . cfocfh{gdf j[l4 ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]uåf/f pBf]u, k"jf{wf/ tyf s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . oL If]qsf] ljsf;af6 b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 ubf{ gful/sx¿sf] cfodf j[l4 x'G5 . kmn:j¿k b]zdf /x]sf] pRr ul/aLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . #= nlIft ;d"x sfo{j|mdM b]zdf ljleGg If]qx¿df 5l/P/ /x]sf jf a;f]jf; u/]sf cfd g]kfnL gful/sdWo] jf:tljs ul/a g]kfnLx¿sf] klxrfg ul/ tL ul/a g]kfnLx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ug]{ vfnsf ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿ ;/sf/L tyf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ . o;/L nlIft ;d"xsf nflu agfOPsf sfo{j|mdx¿af6 c¿ dWod tyf pRr ju{sf dflg;x¿n] s'g} k|sf/sf] kmfObf p7fpg g;s'g egL ;ts{tf ckgfpg' kb{5 . $= hg;xeflutfdf j[l4M ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿df :yfgLo ul/a ;d'bfosf JolStx¿nfO{ sfo{j|md ;~rfng k|lj|mofdf ;xefuL agfpg'kb{5 . o;f]ubf{ pgLx¿n] tL sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ tyf ;xof]u ug]{ ub{5g\ . kmn:j¿k tL ul/aL lgjf/0f jf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{j|mdx¿ / tL sfo{j|mdx¿af6 k|fKt pknlAw lbuf] aGg] ub{5g\ . %= /f]huf/Ldf j[l4M ul/atyf a]/f]huf/ dflg;x¿n] pRr lzIff tyf l;k xfFl;n gu/]sf sf/0f Go"g cfDbfgL x'G5 . tL JolStx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;s]sf] v08df pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 / g]kfndf ul/aL Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 . ^= s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0fM g]kfndf w]/} dflg; s[lif k];fdf nfu]sf 5g\ . olb s[lif If]qnfO{

344 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿ lzIff tyf lj1fg / k|ljlw g]kfnn] lzIff If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ ldnfO{ nufgLdf j[l4 ul//x]sf] ;dodf lj=;+= @)&^ ;fnb]lv ljZj dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf km}lnPsf] sf]le8 !( sf sf/0f b]zsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿ 3/leq /xg afWo ag] . o; dxfdfl/n] ;+;f/e/ sl/j ! ca{ #) s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿sf] cWoog sfo{df afwf k'¥ofof] . æhxfF ;d:of ToxL pkfoÆ eGg] pvfg rl/tfy{ ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt lghL If]q ldn]/ afnaflnsfx¿sf] cWoognfO{ ;'rf? ug{ cg]sfF} pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{ yfn] . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfn ljBfno aGb ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)&& h]7 dlxgfdf æj}slNks k|0ffnLaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lgb]{lzsf–@)&&Æ hf/L ub}{ cfiff9 ! ut]b]lv nfu' ug]{ u/L lgb]{zg hf/L u¥of] . o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿, lghL If]q, ljBfno k|zf;g tyf cleefjsx¿ nfluk/] . ljBfyL{sf] kx'Frdf /x]sf b'/;~rf/sf dfWodx¿ h:t} M /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg, b'/ tyf v'nf lzIff cflbsf] klxrfg u/L k7gkf7g k|lj|mof ;'? ul/of] . ;'?;'?df b'/;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] kx'Frdf sdL ePsf sf/0f ljBfyL{ ;xeflutfdf sdL lyof] eg] xfn j|mdzM ljBfyL{ ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf lzIff If]qsf] ;~rfngdf gofF tl/sfaf6 ;f]Rg] tyf of]hgfx¿ agfpg] sfo{sf] yfngL klg ePsf] 5 . xfn} dfq lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] :gftsf]Q/ txdf cfdg] ;fdg] 9fFrf / cgnfOg 9fFrf b'j}df egf{sf nflu ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] casf] afFsL ljZj k/Dk/fut ljlw jf k|0ffnLaf6 dfq ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej 5}g / To;sf nflu gofF ljlw tyf k|0ffnLaf6 ;f]Rg], of]hgf agfpg] / ;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{tkm{ cu|;/ ug'{k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f cfh ljBfyL{ cfcfˆgf] 3/ jf kfos kg]{ 7fpFaf6 lzIff cfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . df]afOn, sDKo'6/, Nofk6k, OG6/g]6 cflbsf] k|of]uaf6 cgnfOg sIffdfkm{t cWoog cWoofkg sfo{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ljBfyL{x¿ cgnfOg sIff lnG5g\, u[xsfo{ a'emfpF5g\ / k/LIff klg lbG5g\ . cgnfOg lzIffn] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{nfO{ k/Dk/fut kf7, lzIf0f tl/sf, ;fdu|L cflbaf6 w]/} dfly k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;n] lzIffnfO{ ljBfnosf] rf}3]/faf6 clws lj:t[t g]6js{df k'¥ofpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ t'ngfTds ljQLo nfut nfe k|fKt ePsf] 5. zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czSt ljBfyL{nfO{ cem} nfe ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} sfo{sf] ;Dej lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 ePsf] xf] . To;}u/L g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] k'FhL ahf/sf nufgLstf{nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ / sf/f]af/sf] kf/blz{tfdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ Jofj;flosd'vL, cfw'lgs tyf s[lifdf pTkfbsTj pRr ug]{ xf] eg] s[lif k];fdf nfu]sf ls;fgx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 / g]kfnsf] ul/aL Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lif pTkfbgdf nfu]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg], cfw'lgs ljlw tyf cf}hf/x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, plrt d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{, larf}lnofsf] zf]if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ cflb sfo{ ubf{ ls;fgx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 / u|fdL0f ul/aL Go'gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . &= lzIff tyf tflndsf] Joj:yfM u|fdL0f If]qdf /x]sf ls;fgx¿nfO{ s[lif;DaGwL lzIff tyf tflnd k|bfg ug]{ tyf ;x/L / cw{;x/L If]qsf a]/f]huf/ JolStnfO{ /f]huf/d"ns lzIff tyf tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 ug{ ;s]sf] v08df ul/aL Go'gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lj|mofsnfk -s_ ;d'x ;d'xdf /xL ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu ePsf cfkm\gf] kflnsfdf ePsf :yflgo k|of;x?nfO{ ;ldIff ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . -v_ ul/jLsf] b'irqm tf]8\g tkfO{ / tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf s] x'g ;S5 < ;d'xdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ ul/jLsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ . -v_ ;fk]If ul/jL eg]sf] s] xf] < . -u_ lg/k]If ul/jLnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ < -3_ ul/jLsf] rqmnfO{nfO{ JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -ª_ b}lgs slt eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] JolStnfO{ ul/j dflGfG5 < -r_ ul/jLsf] rqmdf dfu kIfsf ;"rsf+sx?sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -5_ ul/jLsf] rqmsf k"lt{ kIfsf ;"rsf+sx?sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -h_ g]kfnsf nflu ul/aLsf] rqmsf] ;Daf]wgsf pkfox¿sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -em_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ul/jL lgjf/0f gLlt @)&^ n] g]kfnsf] ul/jL s'g–s'g cfwf/df kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 < tL cfwf/x? pNn]v ub}{] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 345 ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿ lzIff tyf lj1fg / k|ljlw g]kfnn] lzIff If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ ldnfO{ nufgLdf j[l4 ul//x]sf] ;dodf lj=;+= @)&^ ;fnb]lv ljZj dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf km}lnPsf] sf]le8 !( sf sf/0f b]zsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿ 3/leq /xg afWo ag] . o; dxfdfl/n] ;+;f/e/ sl/j ! ca{ #) s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿sf] cWoog sfo{df afwf k'¥ofof] . æhxfF ;d:of ToxL pkfoÆ eGg] pvfg rl/tfy{ ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt lghL If]q ldn]/ afnaflnsfx¿sf] cWoognfO{ ;'rf? ug{ cg]sfF} pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{ yfn] . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfn ljBfno aGb ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)&& h]7 dlxgfdf æj}slNks k|0ffnLaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lgb]{lzsf–@)&&Æ hf/L ub}{ cfiff9 ! ut]b]lv nfu' ug]{ u/L lgb]{zg hf/L u¥of] . o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿, lghL If]q, ljBfno k|zf;g tyf cleefjsx¿ nfluk/] . ljBfyL{sf] kx'Frdf /x]sf b'/;~rf/sf dfWodx¿ h:t} M /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg, b'/ tyf v'nf lzIff cflbsf] klxrfg u/L k7gkf7g k|lj|mof ;'? ul/of] . ;'?;'?df b'/;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] kx'Frdf sdL ePsf sf/0f ljBfyL{ ;xeflutfdf sdL lyof] eg] xfn j|mdzM ljBfyL{ ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf lzIff If]qsf] ;~rfngdf gofF tl/sfaf6 ;f]Rg] tyf of]hgfx¿ agfpg] sfo{sf] yfngL klg ePsf] 5 . xfn} dfq lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] :gftsf]Q/ txdf cfdg] ;fdg] 9fFrf / cgnfOg 9fFrf b'j}df egf{sf nflu ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] casf] afFsL ljZj k/Dk/fut ljlw jf k|0ffnLaf6 dfq ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej 5}g / To;sf nflu gofF ljlw tyf k|0ffnLaf6 ;f]Rg], of]hgf agfpg] / ;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{tkm{ cu|;/ ug'{k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f cfh ljBfyL{ cfcfˆgf] 3/ jf kfos kg]{ 7fpFaf6 lzIff cfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . df]afOn, sDKo'6/, Nofk6k, OG6/g]6 cflbsf] k|of]uaf6 cgnfOg sIffdfkm{t cWoog cWoofkg sfo{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ljBfyL{x¿ cgnfOg sIff lnG5g\, u[xsfo{ a'emfpF5g\ / k/LIff klg lbG5g\ . cgnfOg lzIffn] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{nfO{ k/Dk/fut kf7, lzIf0f tl/sf, ;fdu|L cflbaf6 w]/} dfly k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;n] lzIffnfO{ ljBfnosf] rf}3]/faf6 clws lj:t[t g]6js{df k'¥ofpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ t'ngfTds ljQLo nfut nfe k|fKt ePsf] 5. zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czSt ljBfyL{nfO{ cem} nfe ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} sfo{sf] ;Dej lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 ePsf] xf] . To;}u/L g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] k'FhL ahf/sf nufgLstf{nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ / sf/f]af/sf] kf/blz{tfdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ kf7 M (

346 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ j[l4 xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] k|fylds tyf bf];|f] ahf/nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf cef}lts[t u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 nufgLstf{ 3/d} a;L IPO (Initial Public Offering), FPO (Further Public Offering) nufot k|fylds tyf bf;|f] ahf/sf ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]af/x¿ 3/d} a;L ug{;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} cgnfOgdfkm{t ;]o/ ahf/sf] ulx/fO x]g{ ;Sg] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . nufgLstf{n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;]o/ vl/bkZrft\ ug'{kg]{ e'StfgL cgnfOg dfkm{t ug{ ;lsG5 eg] vl/b u/]sf] ;]o/ nufgL stf{sf] vftfdf cgnfOgdfkm{t g} cfpF5 . To;}u/L nufgLstf{n] cfkm";Fu ePsf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;]o/ cgnfOgdfkm{t laj|mL ug{ ;S5g\ . ;]o/sf] laj|mLaf6 k|fKt x'g'kg]{ /sd JolStsf] a}ª\s vftfdf cgnfOgdfkm{t g} cfpg] u5{ . of] sfo{ klg lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 ;Dej ePsf] xf] . o;sf ;fy} lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] cfh j:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf nflu l;ª\uf] ;+;f/ g} Pp6f ahf/df kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf s'g} klg JolStnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ s'g} klg j:t' ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg If]qdf /x]sf] ahf/af6 vl/b ug{;S5 . j:t' vl/b ug{ / e'StfgL ug{ JolSt;z/L/ ahf/df hfg gkg]{ ePsfn] o:tf] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . g]kfnL ahf/df klg cgnfOg e'StfgLsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . xf]6/, /]:6'/]G6, ;lkª dxn, a; tyf xjfO{hxfhsf l6s6, z'Ns e'StfgL, df]afOn, OG6/g]6 tyf 6]lnlehg l/rfh{, C0f e'StfgL cflb sfo{ klg OG6/g]6dfkm{t ug{] sfo{sf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} sfo{n] JolStnfO{ ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 eg] ;dosf] art klg ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlt ;g\ !(@! h'nfO{ ! df rLgsf] ;fª\3fO{ ;x/df :yfkgf ePsf] lrlgofF sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -l;l;kL_ ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] / k|efjzfnL sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ xf] . oxL kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;g\ !($( df rLgdf hgjfbL u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . rLgn] ;g\ @)@! h'nfO{ ! df /fhwfgL ;x/ a]Olhªdf o;kf6L{sf] :yfkgfsf] !)) cf}F jflif{sf]T;j -ztjflif{sL_ dgfPsf] 5 . of] ztjflif{sL ;df/f]x cToGt} eJo tyf ;Eo lyof] . ;fd"lxs ¥ofnL, ;}Go dfr{kf;, k'ikj[li6, emG8f kmx/fO / b]zelSt uLtx¿n] sfo{j|md :yn clt /d0fLo tyf u'~hfodfg lyof] . pSt sfo{j|mddf xhf/f}F ljBfyL{, lzIfs, snfsf/, k|fWofks, 8fS6/, sfg'g Jofj;foL, pBdL Jofkf/L, sd{rf/L, /fhgLltsdL{ tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ;+;f/sf w]/}h;f] /fhgLlts kf6L{÷bn, ;/sf/ tyf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] sfo{j|mdsf] ;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf lbPsf lyP . of] sfo{j|md ;g\ @)@! sf nflu ;a}eGbf 7'nf]aGg] ;Defjgf klg /x]sf] 5 . rLgn] o; sfo{j|mddfkm{t ;+;f/nfO{ æu/] s] x'Fb}gÆ eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . rLgn] !)) jif{df lj1fg, k|ljlw, cfly{s cflb If]qdf u/]sf] k|ultnfO{ emNsfPsf] lyof] . rLgn] lgwf{l/t ;do cufj} g} nIo tyf p2]Zox¿ k"/f u5{ . To;}n]xfn rLg ;+;f/sf] bf];|f] 7'nf] cy{tGq ePsf] d'n's ag]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)#) sf] bzsdf g} rLg ;+;f/sf] klxnf] 7'nf] cy{tGq aGg] cfsng klg ul/Psf] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 347 cy{tGq tflnsf !)=(M ljZj cfly{s j[l4b/ -k|ltztdf_ cy{tGq 2019 2020 2021* ljZj cy{tGq 2.9 -3.5 5.5 ljsl;t cy{tGq 1.7 -4.9 4.3 pbLodfg tyf ljsf;zLn cy{tGq 3.7 -2.4 6.3 pbLodfg tyf ljsf;zLn Pl;of 5.5 -1.1 8.3 dWok"j{ tyf pQ/ clkm|sL d'n's 0.3 -2.6 3.2 pbLodfg tyf ljsf;zLn o'/f]k 2.1 -2.8 4.0 o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf d'n's 1.7 -7.2 4.2 Go"gcfo ePsf ljsf;zLn cy{tGq 5.1 -0.8 5.1 ;|f]tM cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if @)@! . k|If]k0f cfly{s cfFvfaf6 ;+;f/nfO{ x]bf{ ;g\ @)@) cln km/s k|s[ltsf] b]lvg k'Uof] . of] jif{ ;+;f/sf ;a} cy{tGqn] cfly{s j[l4sf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . To;}n], Ps b]zsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkn] csf]{ b]zsf] cfly{s kIfdf k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ u5{ . ;g\ @)@) df ljZjJofkL ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] sf]le8–!( sf sf/0f ;+;f/sf k|fo ;a} cy{tGqx¿sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ C0ffTds aGg k'Uof] . ljZj a}ªssf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4 ;g\ @)@) df !=* k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;du| ljZjsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ C0ffTds x'Fbf g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ wgfTds cj:yfdf /xg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . lj|mofsnfk -s_ tkfO{“sf] 3/kl/jf/df jf 5/l5d]sdf jf ;dfhdf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lt cflb;Fu ;DalGwt jt{dfg ;d;fdlxs 36gf l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . -v_ ;|f]t;fdu|Lsf] cWoog u/L g]kfnsf uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ . -u_ sf]le8 !( n] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf af/]df ;|f]t;fdu|Lsf] cWoog u/L tYox¿

348 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] clt5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ cgnfOg lzIff eg]sf] s] xf], pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -v_ lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf b'O{ kmfObfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -u_ ;g\ @)@) df g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ slt lyof], pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . @= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ ;g\ @)@! h'nfO{ ! df rLgsf] ;fª\3fO{ ;x/df ;DkGg ztjflif{sL ;df/f]xsf] /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;Gb]zsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . -v_ ;g\ @)@! df ljZj cy{tGqsf] cj:yf s:tf] /xg k'Uof] < o;sf ;"rssf cfwf/df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . #= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -s_ g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df lj1fg ] / k|ljlwsf k|of ] usf ] kl5Nnf ] ;d;fdlxs 36 ] gf k|:t't ug'{xf \ ];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 349 PsfO !! kf7 M ! lzIff / ;fdflhs ljsf; lzIff / dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; lzIff b]z ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] . o;n] bIfhgzlSt ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5. lzIffn] ljleGg ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L k|bfg u/]/, ljleGg ;Lk / tflnd dfkm{t dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ul//x]sf] x'G5 . cg'zf;g, g}ltstf,lhDd]jf/L jxg, ;bfrf/, k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] k|jw{g h:tf / u'0f / ;Lk ljsf; u/L b]zsf] nflu cfjZos dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug'{ lzIffsf] nIo xf] . tnsf] 36gf cWoog u/fF}“M ;lndsf] ufpFdf Pp6f dfWolds ljBfno 5 . oxfFsf afnaflnsfx¿ o;} ljBfnodf cWoog ub{5g\ . clxn] ufpFd} SofDk; v'n]sfn] w]/}n] cfkm\gf] cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ . klxnf ufpFdf SofDk; gx'Fbf w]/} hgfn] cfkm\gf] cWoognfO{ ljrd} /f]Sg'k/]sf] lyof] . ufpFdf ljleGg /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? klg j9\g yfn]sf 5g\ . lzlIft hgzlSt cGoq uP/ klg /f]huf/L ug]{ cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] 5 . w]/} hgf Jofj;flos v]tL tkm{ klg cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] s]xLn] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L txdf ;~rflnt Jofj;flos tflnd lnPsf 5g\ . s;}n] ufpFd} a]s/L, crf/, 8]/L h:tf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] ljleGg vfnsf k;nx¿ vf]n]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] cfw'lgs k|ljlw k|of]u u/L kmnkm"n g;{/L, kz'kfng, s'v/fkfng, t/sf/L v]tL, h8La'6L v]tL h:tf s[lif kmd{x¿ ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . To:t}j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kms{sf s ] xL JolStx¿n ] ljb ] zdf l;s ] sf l;k ] / k|ljlwsf k|of ] u u ] /L ufpFd pBf } u Joj;fo vf ] ]n]sf 5g\ .o;/LpgLx¿n] cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ dfq xf]Og ufpFsf cGo JolStx¿nfO{ ;d]t /f]huf/L lbPsf 5g\ . ca tnsf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/f}“ M -s_ ufpFdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ j[l4 x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -v_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfFbf s] s] kmfObf ePsf 5g\ < -u_ ljbzdf l;s ] sf ;Lk ] / k|ljlwn :jb ] zdf s; ] /L kl/jt{g Nofpg' dbt k'U5, cfˆgf ljrf ] /x¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . -3_ ufpFd} /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{ c¿ s] s] ug{ ;lsPnf < -ª_ /f]huf/L / lzIffsf] s:tf] ;DaGw 5 <

350 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@ dfgj ;+;fwg s'g} klg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfGo tyf k|fljlws hgzlSt g} dfgj ;+;fwg xf] . o;df ;fdfGo sfdbf/b]lv pRr tyf bIf k|fljlws;Ddsf hgzlSt kb{5g\ . b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / j}1flgs pGgltsf nflu dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ls;fg, Jofkf/L, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, jlsn, kfOn6, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, g;{, k|zf;s, 8sdL{, l;sdL{ cflb dfgj ;+;fwgsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; eg]sf] hgzlStsf JolStut tyf ;+:yfut 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Pp6f k|lj|mof xf] . p;n] ;+:yfsf hgzlStx¿sf 1fg, l;k / IfdtfnfO{ pTs[i6 ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ;+:yfsf nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo /fVb5 . o;df lzIff, tflnd, sf]lrª, sfo{ut tflndnufotsf Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . lzIffnox¿df lbOg] lzIff, k|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿df lbOg] tflnd tyf ;+:yfn] of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ug{] k|oTgx¿ cf}krfl/s dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf pkfox¿ x'g\ eg] sfo{:yndf k'/fgf hgzlSt jf k|aGwsn] gofF sfdbf/nfO{ l;sfpg] sfo{, sfdbf/ cfkm}Fn] k|oTg u/]/ l;Sg] cflb cgf}krfl/s dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf pkfox¿ x'g\ . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf tl/sfx¿ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{] tl/sfx¿ k"j{;]jfsfnLg / ;]jfsfnLg u/L b'O{ tl/sfx¿ 5g\ . s'g} JolStn] s'g} ;+:yfsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{' cufl8 pSt ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos kg{] 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf xfl;n ug{] jf u/fpg] tl/sfnfO{ k"j{;]jfsfnLg dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; elgG5 . To:t} JolStn] ;+:yfsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 k|bfg ul/g] tflnd, ;Nnfx ;'emfj, sfo{ut tflndnufotsf pSthgzlStsf] 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf ljsf; ug{] tl/sfnfO{ ;]jfsfnLg dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; elgG5 . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf s]xL tl/sfx¿af/] tn hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 M -s_ lzIff ljBfno, dxfljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnodf k|bfg ul/g] cf}krfl/s lzIff g} dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{] d'Vo tl/sf xf] . of] cf}krfl/s k|sf/sf] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{] tl/sf xf] . lzIff d'VotM k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg ePklg sltko cj:yfdf ;]jfsfnLg ¿kdf klg k|bfg ul/G5 .Pp6f JolStnfO{ p;sf] k];fut hLjgdf cfjZos kg{] 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ lzIffn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . To;sf/0f /fHon] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{sf nflu lzIffdf 7'nf] nufgL u/]sf] x'G5 . lzIfs, 8fS6/, g;{, OlGhlgo/, Joj:yfksnufot ljleGg k|sf/sf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{] sfd lzIffn] g} u/]sf] x'G5 .