Evolution The Human Story by DK Publishing

burial continued chimpanzee continued cranial capacity (see also brain size) 32 diseases continued
Pre-Pottery Neolithic 208 skull 64 great apes 53 human genetics 179
religion 228 tool use 55 Homo neanderthalensis 153 Indus 235
steppe nomads 221
Ur 236 China, creation myths 228, 228 divergent evolution 38
chariot 221 cremation 228 divination 240
Burkina Faso 213 earliest human fossils 181 crocodiles 38 Djeitun 209
bushbaby 42 farming 214 crops, Djoser 239
Bushman rock art 204 grave goods 228 Djurab Desert 64
Busk, George 152 Homo erectus 124, 125, 183 Africa 212, 213, 213 Dmanisi 110, 110, 111, 113, 176, 180,
Buxton limeworks 88 metallurgy 225, 225 Andes 218
Oceania colonization 197 Çatalhöyük 209 180
C Shang culture 240–41 Indus 235 DNA 36, 36, 58
textiles 223 North America 218
Cactus Hill 195 writing 233 steppe nomads 221 archaeological science 24, 25
Caipora 44 CT scan 28, 64 Arctic people 193
cairn 230 Chinchorro mummy 218 Cueva de la Araña rock painting 202 biodiversity 45
calendar 229, 242 choppers 107, 118, 125 cultivation, genetic sequencing 29
Cambodia 215 chordates 38 Amazon 218 human/chimpanzee differences 54,
camels 220, 221 chromosomes 36, 36, 58, 59, 59 Andes 218
Cameroon 213 citadel 233, 234 animals 221 55, 55, 58
Canada 194 cities 199, 232, 233, 234, 241, 242 early 206 human diversity 178
cannibalism 130 city-states 233, 234 farming 208 human/gorilla differences 55
capuchin monkeys 39, 45 clades 38 Japan 215 human migrations 179, 187
Caral 242, 242 classification 38–39 North America 218 human/orangutan differences 55
carbon dating 24 clay 222 culture 33, 197, 233 molecular clock 29, 38, 58
carbon dioxide curve 11 clay oven 216 cuneiform writing 233, 233 Neanderthals 191
Carbonell, Eudald 130 clay pottery 208 cupellation 227 Oceania colonization 197
Carpathian Mountains 189 clay tablets 233 Cynognathus 11 Doggerland 201
Carpolestes 41 cleavers 118 Cyprus 208 dogs 215, 218, 221
carts 221, 227 climate change, Czech Republic 190, 190 domestication 208, 209, 220
carving 210, 242, 243 Africa 212, 213
cast fossils 17 Americas 195 D Amazon 218
Çatalhöyük 209 Cenozoic Era 12 Andes 218
catarrhines (Old World monkeys) 45, 46 farming in Africa 212 daggers 225, 225 animals 206, 206, 207
cats 13 human evolution 65, 65 Dali 183, 183 Europe 216, 217
cattle farming 206, 208, 209, 209, 220, human migrations 177 dancing 203, 203, 204, 228 Mesoamerica 218
modern humans 184 Danube River 189, 189 plants 206, 206, 207
221 prehistoric 11 Dart, Raymond Arthur 88 donkeys 212, 221, 227
Africa 212, 213 cloth 217, 223, 242 Darwin, Charles 36, 37, 88 draft animals 221
China 214 clothing 180, 203, 222, 223 Darwinius 20, 41 drainage 233
Europe 217 Clovis hunter-gatherers 201 dates 235 drilling 222
rock paintings 213 Clovis stone points 194, 194 dating methods 23, 24, 24, 25 Drimolen 93
steppe nomads 221 coal 17 Dryomomys 41, 41
Ur 237 coastal hunter-gatherers 202, 203 Homo erectus 183 Dryopithecus 46, 50
coconuts 206, 215 rock art 204 Dubois, Eugène 124, 181
cave bears 13 coelacanth 10, 18–19 rocks 10, 10 dyes 206, 223
cave lions 13 coffins 240 stone tools 32
caves, colobus monkeys 38, 47, 47 de Castro, José Maria Bermudez 130 E
color vision 39, 44 Deccan Plateau 235
art 33, 33, 188, 204 colugos 38 Deep Skull 187, 187 Early Dynastic Period 234, 236, 238
human fossils 21 composite tools 154 deer hunting 218 East Africa 78
religion 229 composite weapons 184 Deinotherium 68, 83, 100
cebids 45 computerized tomography (CT) deities 228, 229 climate change 65
cemeteries 203, 236, 238, 240 scanner 28 Denisova Cave 191 farming 212, 213
Cenozoic Era 12, 12 conifers 11, 12 Denmark 202, 203 hominin migrations 180
Central Asia 209, 221 continental crust 200 dental work 209 Homo sapiens 168, 184
Central Europe 217 continental drift 10, 11 Devil’s Tower 28 stone tool use 81
ceramics 222 continental shelf 200, 201 Dholavira, Indus 235 East African Rift System 65
cercopithecid family (Old World cooking 182, 215, 216, 222 Dicellopyge 15 East Asia,
monkeys) 47 Coppens, Yves 78 diet, colonization 192–93
cereals 155, 203, 206, 209, 213, 214 copper, Ardipithecus kadabba 68 earliest human fossils 181
Chad 64, 212 Egypt 238 Ardipithecus. ramidus 70, 71, 72 farming 208–09, 214–15
chariots 221 Indus 234 Australopithecus anemensis 74 Homo erectus 125, 183
China 240 metallurgy 225, 225 Blombos Cave 185 human migration 176, 180
grave goods 228 mining 226 Egypt 239 lactose intolerance 220
rock art 204 North America 218 farming 209 writing 233
Ur 237 Pakistan 227 human evolution 199 East Turkana 116
Châtelperronian tools 154, 190, 191, 191 trade 227, 235 hunter-gatherers 202 Easter Island 197, 197
Chavín de Huantar 223, 229, 233, 242, coppicing 217 Neanderthals 15 Eastern Europe 217
242, 243 Corded Ware Culture 225 omomyids 41 Eastern Mediterranean 189
Cheboit 68 Cordilleran Ice Sheet 201, 201 Paranthropus robustus 93 Ecuador 218
cheese 220 corn 206, 218, 218 dig 23 Edelweiss Speleological Group 130
chickens 214, 215, 215 Corsican dolmen 216 Dikika 78 Egypt 238–39
chickpeas 208 Coryndon Museum 94 Dikika baby 78, 78, 79, 81 chariot 221
chiefdoms 240 Corythosaurus 13 Dikika Research Project 81 faience hippo 222
Chile 44, 176, 195 cotton 218, 223 Dilmun 235 farming 212
chimpanzee 50, 50, 58, 72 Cougnac Cave art 188 dinosaurs 11, 12, 13, 38 grave goods 228
brain size 53 cow domestication 206 diseases, milking 220
comparative anatomy 52, 53 craftsmanship 222–23, 232 Homo heidelbergensis 137 mummification 228
evolution 36, 38 54 China 240, 241 Homo neanderthalensis 152, 153 religion 228
knuckle-walking 69 Homo sapiens 166 human evolution 199 social identity 223
primate family tree 38 Indus 234, 235 writing 233
einkorn wheat 206, 208

INDEX 249

elephants 12, 103, 103, 119 fishing, geological timescale 10, 10, 15 hammer 154
Elephas recki 103, 119 Africa 212 geophysical survey 22, 23, 24 hammerstone 107, 131, 222
embroidery 223 Amazon 218 Georgia 154, 176, 180 handaxes,
Engis 152 Chavín culture 242 Germany,
England 138, 180, 203, 217 China 215 Acheulean 118, 118, 119, 119
engraving 33, 204, 204 Egypt 239 colonization 189 Boxgrove 139
ensete 213 Europe 217 Homo heidelbergensis 136, 138, hominin migrations 180, 180
Eocene Epoch 40, 41, 43 Homo sapiens 166 Homo heidelbergensis 138, 138,
Eosimias 12, 43 hunter-gatherers 202, 203 140
equinoxes 229 Mediterranean 216 Homo neanderthalensis 152, 154 182
Erlitou 240, 240 Mesoamerica 218 gibbons 38, 39, 50, 50 Homo sapiens 166
erosion 14 South Africa 185 Gibraltar 28, 152, 154, 157 Paleolithic 32
Ertebølle culture, Denmark 202 Ur 237 gift-exchange 226 “handy man” 100
Ethiopia 78, 79 Ginger 228 hangtu building technique 240, 241
flax 208, 212, 223 Giza 238 haplorrhine suborder 41, 41, 43
Bouri Formation 92 Flores 144, 144, 145, 146 glacial maximum 188 Happisburgh 180
Dikika 78 glacial periods 11, 13, 176, 194, 194 harpoon 201
farming 213 human migration 176 glaciers 13, 200 Harrisson, Tom 187
Gona 102 Florisbad 164, 184 glass 222, 227 Harz Mountains 154
Herto 164, 164 flute 189 Glesborg 202 Hawaii 197, 197
Homo heidelbergensis 182 footprints 17, 80, 80, 116 Glossopteris 11 Hay, Richard 102
Homo sapiens appears 184 Forbes Quarry 152 goats 206, 208, 209, 220 headdresses 203, 205, 236
Kibish Formation 164 fossil assemblages 15 Africa 212, 213 hearth 157, 166, 216
Lower Aramis 70 fossil collections 16 Europe 216 Heinrich events 184
Lower Awash Valley 81 fossil record 15 steppe nomads 221 Heliobatis 15
Middle Awash Valley 68, 68, 70, Ur 237 Hemudu 215, 215
primate family tree 38 Göbekli Tepe 210–11 Henshilwood, Christopher 166, 184
74, 92 fossilization 18–19 Gobero 212 Herappa 234, 235
Omo Basin 74, 92 fossils 16–17 gods 228, 229, 233, 239 herding 202, 206, 208, 212, 220
Euphrates River 234 gold 225, 225 Herto 164, 164, 184
Europe, colonization 194 Chavín culture 242 Hierakonopolis 238, 238
animal resources 220 continental drift 11, 11 China 241, 241 hillfort 216
cave paintings 33, 188 Darwin 37 Egypt 238 Himalayas 46, 235
colonization 189, 190 geological timescale 10 grave goods 224 Hipparion 68, 80
farming 216–17 Homo heidelbergensis 182 trade 235 Hobbit 186
hominin origins 88 Homo sapiens 184, 184 Ur 226, 236 Hohlenstein-Stadel Cave 189
Homo erectus 124 human 21, 181 Gona 102 hominids 54–55
Homo heidelbergensis 136, 137, human migration 176, 180, 180 Goodall, Jane 55 hominins 54, 57
piecing together 26, 26–27 Goodyear, Albert 194 African origins 88
138, 141, 182, 182 rock dating 10, 10 Gorham’s Caves 154, 157 archaeology 25
Homo neanderthalensis 152, 153, Fossum 204 gorilla 50, 51 evolution 65, 65
Fraipont, Charles 152 brain size 53 family tree 60–61
154, 155, 190, 191 France, /chimpanzee common ancestor 54 first 13, 58
human migrations 177, 177, 180 cave art 188 comparative anatomy 52, 52 migrations 110, 111, 180–81
hunter-gatherers 203 colonization 189 knuckle-walking 69 reconstructions 30
megalithic tombs 230 farming 216 primate family tree 38 hominoids 46
metallurgy 225 Homo heidelbergensis 136 tool use 55 Homo 55, 57, 88
Evenki people 193 Homo neanderthalensis 152, 153, gourds 197, 218 Homo antecessor 61, 65, 128–31, 139,
evolution 36–37, 38 grain 206, 217, 221 180
human 58–59, 178, 183, 199 154, 155 Gran Dolina 22, 130, 131, 131, 138, Homo erectus 61, 110, 118, 122–25,
Lascaux Cave 33 138, 139 126, 126–27, 181
F Lespugue 33 granaries 213 Acheulean stone-tool industry 118
fruits 202, 214 grassland 200, 201 climate change 65
faience 222, 222, 234 Fu Hao, Queen 240, 241 animal resources 221 earliest human fossils 181, 181
farming (agriculture) 199, 206–07 Fuhlrott, Johann 152 Cenozoic Era 12, 12 East Asia 183
climate change 65, 65 footprint trails 116
Africa 212–13 G farming in Africa 212 human migrations 176, 177
Americas 218–19 graves 224 Olduvai Beds 102
astronomy 229 galagos 38, 39, 41, 42, 42 Arch Lake Woman 195 trace fossils 17
Central Asia 209 Galapagos islands 37 China 214, 215, 240, 241 Homo ergaster 59, 61, 114–17, 118
Chavín culture 242 game 202, 203, 203, 215, 217 clothing 223 Acheulean stone-tool industry 118
East Asia 208–09, 214–15 gaming board 236 hunter-gatherers 203, 203 climate change 65
Egypt 238, 238 Ganges Valley 209 Newgrange 230 footprint trails 116
Europe 216–17 gemstones 222, 226, 235, 235, 238 religion 228 hominin migrations 176, 177, 180,
Indus 234, 235 gene trees 178, 178, 179, 179 Ur 236
Japan and Korea 215 genes 25, 36, 58, 59 great apes 50, 54–55 180
Oceania 197 great arc of colonization 196 Homo floresiensis 21, 61, 142–45, 146
South Asia 209 human diversity 178 Great Pyramid of Khufu 238
Southeast Asia 215 human migration 176, 177 Greece 136, 191 climate change 65
states 232 Neanderthals 190, 191 farming 216 Eurasia 186
Sumer 234 Oceania colonization 196, 197 Greenland Ice Sheet 201 Homo georgicus 61, 108–11, 180
trade 226 genetic characters 38 guinea pigs 218 climate change 65
West Asia 208–09, 210 genetic diversity 179 Gujerat 235 Homo habilis 59, 60, 98–103, 104–05,
Fayum 43, 43 genetics, 111
feasts 207, 240 Africa 187 H climate change 65
Feldhofer Cave 152 Arctic people 193 hominin migrations 180
Fertile Crescent 208 East Asian people 193 Hadar 78 Olduvai Beds 102
figurines, Homo sapiens 59, 184 Haida Gwai islands 194 reconstruction 29, 29
Balkans 216 human migrations 177, 178–79 Haile-Selassie, Yohannes 70, 70, 79 Homo heidelbergensis 61, 134–39, 182,
China 240 Neanderthals 29, 190, 191 hairstyles 223 182
Indus 234, 234 genome, Hambledon Hill 216 China 186
Olmec 242 human 29, 58, 177, 178, 190 climate change 65
South America 218 human/chimpanzee differences 55, East Asia 183
fire use 180, 182, 184, 222 Homo sapiens appears 184
55, 58
geological record 14–15

250 INDEX

Homo neanderthalensis 61, 150–55, I J lactose tolerance 220
156–157, 158, 158–59 Laetoli 78, 164
climate change 65 Ice Age 192, 195, 199 jade objects 215, 222, 240, 241, 242 Laetoli footprints 80, 80–81, 82–83
human migrations 177 Homo neanderthalensis 155 Japan 201, 214, 215 Lagar Velho child 190, 190
Java, Laibin 193
Homo pekinensis 125 ice bodies 21 Lake Baikal 192
Homo rhodesiensis see Homo ice sheets 11 colonization 196 Lake Mondsee 217
earliest human fossils 181, 181 Lake Mungo 187
heidelbergensis Americas 194, 194 Homo erectus 124, 125, 126, 183 Lake Ndutu 182
Homo rudolfensis 101, 106 Homo neanderthalensis 153 Java Man 181 Lake Toba 186
Homo sapiens 57, 61, 164–67 human migrations 176 Jebel Faya 186 Lake Turkana 21, 74, 75, 78, 92, 101,
melting 200, 201, 201 Jebel Irhoud 164, 168, 184
appears in Africa 184–85 postglacial 200–01 Jebel Qafzeh 164, 165 116
climate change 65 Quarternary Period 13 Jericho 208, 208 Lamites 234
first 13 Ichthyosaurus 15 jewelry 222, 222 language 32, 55, 196, 197
migrations 174, 176, 177, 177 Ida 20 Cambodia 215 langurs 47
multiregional model 183 igneous rocks 14, 14 China 215 Lanzón, Chavín culture 242
Olduvai Gorge 102 iguanas, marine 37 human migrations 176 lapis lazuli 226, 227, 235, 236
Toba volcano 186 Ileret 116 hunter-gatherers 203 Lapita culture 196
honey gathering 202, 235 imaging 24 metallurgy 225 larynx 32
horses 12, 220, 221 Imhotep 239 textiles 223 Lascaux Cave 33, 188
China 240 Impressed Ware 216 Jianshi 125 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 195, 196,
Homo heidelbergensis 138 impression fossils 17 Jinniushan 183
steppe nomads 221 Inanke Cave 204 Johanson, Donald C. 78, 78 201
horticulture 218 index fossils 15, 15 Jomon pottery 215 Latimeria chalumnae 18
houses 208 India, Jwalapuram 186, 187 Latin names 38
Çatalhöyük 209, 209 chickens 215 Laurentide Ice Sheet 201, 201
Chavín culture 242 continental drift 10, 11 K Le Moustier 154
China 214, 215, 241 farming 209 lead 225, 227
Europe 216, 216, 217, 217 migration out of Africa 187 Kabwé 137, 140, 182 Leakey, Louis 94, 100, 102, 102, 103, 119
Mehrgarh 209 rock art 204 Kadanuumuu 79, 79 Leakey, Mary 78, 80, 94, 94, 102, 103,
North America 218 volcano 186 Kagga Kamma rock shelter 204
howler monkey 44, 45 Indian Ocean 10 Kalahari Desert 88 119
Huang He basin 214 Indonesia 144 Kamoyapithecus 46 Leakey, Meave 75
human/chimpanzee common ancestor 54 earliest human fossils 181 Kanapoi site 74, 74 Leakey, Richard 92, 95, 101, 116, 116
human evolution 58–59, 177, 178, 183, Homo erectus 124, 126 Karanovo 216 leather 222
184, 199 human migration 176 Karanovo Stag drinking vessel 222 legumes 203, 206, 208, 209, 212, 216
human footprint trails 116 Liang Bua Cave 146 Kebara Cave 153, 154 lemurs 38, 41, 42
human fossils 15, 21, 22, 181 Indus civilization 227, 233, 234–35 Kennewick Man 195 lentils 208
Human Genome Project 179 infanticide 207 Kennis, Adrie and Alfons 30 Lespugue 33
human migrations 176–79, 189 inheritance, Kenya 74, 74, 75, 78 Levallois technique 154
human sacrifices 240 evolution 36 Levant, Southwest Asia 177, 187
human skeleton 27, 27 ownership 212 Koobi Fora 95, 101 Liang Bua Cave 21, 144, 145,
human skull 26, 26–27, 64 intelligence 32, 53 Lake Turkana 74, 75, 92, 101, 116
humans 50 interbreeding, humans and Neanderthals Olorgesailie 119, 119 146, 148
ancestors 41 190, 190, 191 Kenya National Museum, Nairobi 94 Libya 213
anthropoids 43 interglacial phases 11, 13 Kenyanthropus platyops 60, 65, 75 life, first 10
brain size 53 invertebrate fossils 16 Kerman region, Iran 226 linear accelerator dating 24
catarrhines 45 Iran 208, 208, 226 Khafre, King 238 Linearbandkeramik (LBK) 217
/chimpanzee common ancestor Iranian Plateau 209 Khok Phanom Di 215, 215 linen 208, 217
Ireland 230–31 Khufu, King 238, 239 linguistic evidence 196, 197
54 Iron Age hillfort 216 Kibish Formation 164 Linnaeus, Carl 38
comparative anatomy 52, 53 Iron Age rock art 204 kilns 214, 222, 225 lion-man carving 189
genes 36 iron ore 222, 242 Kimeu, Kamoya 116, 116 Liujiang skull 193
great apes 54–55 irrigation 218, 232, 234, 242 King, William 152 living fossils 18
Quarternary Period 13 ischial callosities 47, 47, 50 kings 236, 237, 240, 240 llamas 206, 218, 219, 221
haplorrhines 43 island (insular) dwarfism 144, 148 Klasies River Mouth 164, 176, 184 logographs 233
hominoids 46 isostatic recovery 200, 201 knapping 32 Lomekwi 75
Homo neanderthalensis 152 Israel, Acheulean stone-tool industry 118 long barrow 216, 230
Latin name 38 farming 208 Boxgrove 139 longhouses 215, 217
primates 37, 38 hominin migrations 180 Flores 145 Longshan culture 240
hunter-gatherers 202–03, 226 Homo neanderthalensis 153, Homo antecessor 131 loom 223
Blombos Cave 185 Homo neanderthalensis 154 lorises 39, 41, 42, 42
Clovis 201 155 knuckle walking 52, 55, 69, 72 Lothal 234, 235
Oceania colonization 196 Homo sapiens 170 Konso-Gardula 118 Lower Aramis site 70
postglacial 201 Jebel Qafzeh 164, 165 Konya Plain 209 Lower Awash Valley 81
hunting, modern humans 184, 184 Koobi Fora 95, 101, 106, 116, 116, 120 Lower Egypt 238
Amazon 218 Skhul 164 Koptos 238 Lower Pecos 205
Americas 195, 218 Timna Valley 226 Korea 214, 215 Lucy 26, 78, 78–79
Boxgrove 139 Italy, Kromdraai 93, 93 Luzia 194, 195
early humans 182 Alps 204 K-T Extinction 12 lyres 236, 237
farming 208, 212 colonization 189 Lystrosaurus 11
Homo heidelbergensis 136, 138 farming 216 L
Homo neanderthalensis 154, rock engraving 223 M
Uluzzian culture191 La Chapelle-aux-Saints 153, 153
155, 155 ivory objects 222 La Ferrassie 153, 154 Maba 183
Homo sapiens 184 Asia 192 La Roche-à-Pierrot 191 macaques 38, 39, 47, 49
Japan 215 China 241 La Venta 242 Madagascar 42
magic 203 Europe 189 lacquerware 241 Magan 234, 235, 235
Mesoamerica 218 Indus 235 Maka 78
huts 195, 242 Iziko South African Museum 166 Makapansgat 33, 88
hybridization (humans/Neanderthals) Makran coast 235
190 Malaia Syia 192
hylobatid family 50
hyoid bone 32, 32

INDEX 251

Malakunanja rock shelter 187 migrations continued Neanderthals 152–55, 158, 156–57, Old World monkeys 13, 45, 47
Malapa 93 Homo sapiens 166 158–59 Oldowan tool industry 94, 102, 102, 103,
Maloialomanskaia 192 human 176–79 burial 191, 228
Mal’ta 192 Oceania 196 DNA 29, 29, 157 107
mammals, out of Africa 186, 187 Europe 184, 186 Olduvai Gorge 94, 94, 96, 102, 102, 103,
fossil 16
archaeological science 24 milk 39, 220, 220, 221 genetics 191 106
Cenozoic Era 12, 12 millet 206, 213, 214, 215, 235 human migrations 177 Deinotherium 100
cladogram 38 mining 225, 226 Israel 184 Homo habilis 100, 101
first 11 Minoan civilization 225 meet modern humans 190–91 tools 32, 102, 103, 118
first carnivorous 12 Miocene 44, 46 Quarternary Period 13
number of species 37 Mission Paléoanthropologique Franco- skull 28, 30–31 Oligocene Period 46
primates 39 toolkits 191 Olmec civilization 222, 233, 242
Quarternary Period 13 Tchadienne 64 tooth 27 Olorgesailie 119, 119, 180
mammoths 192, 193, 195 mitochondrial DNA, Omo Kibish 184
mandrills 47 Near East 168 Omo River Valley 74, 92, 101, 164, 164
manioc 218, 218 Arctic people 193 Near Oceania 196 omomyids 41, 41, 43
marmosets 38, 45 Asia 192 Nebra Sky Disk 229 Oppenheimer, Stephen 176
marriages 203 human evolution 59, 59, 178, necropolis 238, 241 opposable thumb 39, 45, 47, 165
marsupials 44 178 Neolithic Period, oracle bones 240, 240, 241
Masek beds, Olduvai Gorge 102 human migrations 179, 179 orangutan 38, 50, 50, 52, 52, 53, 55
masks 241, 241 Neanderthals 191 drinking vessel 222 Oreopithecus 55
Maslin, Mark 65 Oceania colonization 196 England 216 ores 24, 225
mass extinction 11 Mitochondrial Eve 59, 178 farming 208, 217, 217 ornaments 184, 191, 223
mastodons 195 Mladec skull 190, 190 houses in Cyprus 208 Orrorin tugenensis 60, 60, 68
Mata Menge, Flores 145 modern humans, megalithic tombs 230 Ortvale Klda rock shelter 154
Mauer 136, 140 cave art 188 Oceania colonization 196, 197 Osiris 239
Meadowcroft Rockshelter 195 East Asia 193 tools 32, 32 Ötzi the ice man 21
meat 220, 221 Europe 189 trade 227 Out of Africa model 191, 193
medicinal plants 195, 206 Homo heidelbergensis 182 nest building 55 Out of Africa II model 177
Mediterranean, Homo sapiens appears 184, 184 New Guinea 187, 196, 196, 215 ownership 212
colonization 189 Neanderthals 190–91 New Mexico 195 oxen 221, 227
farming 216 reconstruction 170, 170–71 New World,
hunter-gatherers 203, 203 Modjokerto 124 animal domestication 206 P
metallurgy 225 Mohenjo-daro 232, 233, 234 colonization 194–95
trade 235 molecular clock 29, 38, 58 states 232 Pacific islands 196, 197, 215
megalithic tombs 216, 230 monkeys 13, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44–45, New World monkeys 44–45 pack animals 219, 221, 227
megaliths 228 45, 47 New Zealand 197 painting 32
Mehrgarh 209, 209, 227 monotremes 44 Newgrange 230–31
Melanesia 191, 196 Monte Verde 176, 195 Ngangdong 183 rock art 204, 204
Melos 216 Morocco 164, 168, 184 Ngawi 183 textiles 223
Meluhha 235 mosaic pavements 242 Niah Cave 187, 187 Pakistan 209, 227, 233
Memphis 238 Moula-Guercy 155 Niger Delta 213 palaces 232, 240, 241
Menkaure 238 mounds 216 night monkeys 44, 45, 45 paleoanthropology 23, 80
meridiungulates 44 Mount Carmel Caves 184 Nile Valley 212, 238, 238 Paleolithic Age,
Meskalamdug, King 236 mouse lemurs 38 Nippur 234 Asian camp 192
Mesoamerica, Mousterian sites 154, 155 Nkang 213 modern humans 190
craftsmanship 222 Mrs. Ples 89 nomads 221, 221 Neanderthals 190
farming 206, 218 mudbricks 208, 209, 216, 238 North Africa 168, 201, 212 rock art 204
Olmec 242 multiregional model 177, 181, 183 North America, tools 32, 32
rock art 204 mummification 21 Clovis people 201 paleontology 22
trade and transport 227 Andes 218 colonization 194-95 Paleocene Epoch 40, 41, 41, 44
writing 233 Egypt 238 farming 218, 218 Paleogene Period 12, 40, 40, 43, 44
Mesolithic tools 32 religion 228 human migrations 176 Paleozoic Era 10
Mesopotamia 234–35 Mungo Lady 187, 187 hunter-gatherers 201, 203 palynoloy 22
farming 208 Mungo Man 187, 187 metallurgy 225 Pangaea 10, 11
milking 220 muriqui 45 North Asia 192–93 Panlongcheng, China 241
temple 229 Museum of Burgos 130 North Atlantic 194 panning 225
trade 235, 235 music 189, 228 North Sea 201, 201 Paraceratherium 13
weights 233 mutations 179 Northern Europe, paranthropines 88
writing 233 Mycenaean civilization 225, 225 farming 217 Paranthropus aethiopicus 60, 65, 92, 92
Mesosaurus 11 mythology 203, 204, 228, 234 hunter-gatherers 203 Paranthropus boisei 61, 94–95
Mesozoic Era 11 lactose tolerance 220 climate change 65
metallurgy 215, 222, 224–25, 240 N Nubia 212 Olduvai Beds 102, 102
metals 24, 226, 238 nuclear DNA 179, 191 reconstruction 26
metamorphic rocks 14, 14 Nachukui Formation 75 “nutcracker man” 94, 95 sexual dimorphism 96–97
Mezhirich, Asia 192 nails 39, 41, 47 nuts 202, 203 Paranthropus robustus 61, 93, 95
Micraster 15 Nairobi 94 brain size 32
microliths 32 Naisiusiu beds, Olduvai Gorge 102 O climate change 65
micromomyids 41 Napier, John 100 Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus see
Micropithecus 46 Naqada 238 Oase 189 Paranthropus aethiopicus
Middle Awash River Valley 68, 68, 70, Nariokotome Boy 116 oases 238 pastorialism 208
74, 92 native Americans 220 obsidian 216, 226, 242 Africa 212, 213
Middle East 184, 187, 191 Natmer, King 238 Oceania 196–97, 201 animal resources 221
Middle Paleolithic 154 natron 238 ocher 166 Indus 234
Middle Pleistocene 136, 138 Natufian hunter-gatherers 203 Oenpelli rocks 205 raw materials 226
Middle Stone Age 154, 166 natural selection 36, 37, 220 oilnut palm 213 pearls 235
migrations, Nausharo 235 Old Copper Culture 225 peas 206
Americas 194 Nauwalabila 187 Old Crow River 195 pebble tools 32, 33, 196
early hominin 180 Ndutu beds, Olduvai Gorge 102 Old Kingdom 223, 238, 239 Peche Merle Cave art 188
Europe 189 Nea Nikomedeia 216 Old Man of La Chapelle Aux Saints 158 Peking Man 125, 181
Neander Valley 152, 152 personal adornment 154
Peru 242

252 INDEX

Peruvian stone carvings 197 Q Sahul 196 silver 225, 227, 227, 234, 235
Pestera cu Oase 190, 190 sails 223 Sima de los Huesos 27, 136, 136, 137,
PET scans 118 Qafzeh Cave 167, 170, 184, 184 saki monkeys 45
Petralona 136 Quaternary Period 11, 13, 13, 15 Sambungmacan 183 137, 138, 138, 182, 182, 183
Petrified Forest National Park 17 quern 212 San Lorenzo 242 Simons, Elwyn 43
pharaohs 238, 239 quinoa 218 San people 203, 204 Sinai 176, 186, 187
Philippines 215 Sangiran 124, 124, 125, 181 Singa 164
phylogeny 38 R Sannai Maruyama 215 singing 203, 204
phylogeography 179 Sanxingdui 241, 241 Sivalik Hills 46
Pickford, Martin 68 radiometric dating 10, 22, 38 Saqqara 238, 239 Sivapithecus 46, 50
Pierolapithecus 54 Recent African Origin theory 177, 177 Saraswati River 235 Skara Brae 217
pigments 154, 187, 222, 223 Regional Continuity theory 177, 177 Sargon of Akkad 234 skeleton,
pig farming 206, 208, 214, 215, 217 relative brain size 32 savanna hypothesis 65
Piltdown Man fossil hoax 16 religion 228–29, 232, 233 savannahstan 181 Australopithecus afarensis 79
Pithecanthropus erectus see Homo Scandinavian Ice Sheet 201, 201 great apes 52, 53
Balkans 216 Scandinavian rock art 204, 204 Homo antecessor 131
erectus Çatalhöyük 209 Schaaffhausen, Hermann 152 Homo heidelbergensis 137
pitheciids 45 Chavín culture 242 Schmerling, Charles 152 Homo neanderthalensis 152, 153,
placental mammals 39 Egypt 238 Schmidt, Klaus 210
plants, Olmec 242, 242 Schoentensack, Otto 136 155
Uruk 234 Schöningen 138 Homo sapiens 170
archaeology 24 remote sensing 24, 24 Schöningen spears 182 human development 27
farming 206, 206, 207 rhesus monkeys 39, 47 Scotland 217, 230 Skhul Caves 164, 184, 184
first 10, 11 rice farming 209, 214 sculpture 222, 222, 242 skull,
hunter-gatherers 202, 203 Africa 213 sea level rise 200, 200 Ardipithecus ramidus 71
textiles 223 China 214, 214, 215, 241 sea trade 227, 234, 235 Australopithecus afarenis 78, 84, 85
platyrrhines (New World monkeys) 44–45 Indus 235 seafarers 216 Australopithecus africanus 28, 89,
Pleistocene Period, South East Asia 215 seashells 218, 226, 227
Beringia 194 ridden animals 221 seasonal resources 202, 202 89, 90
Homo heidelbergensis 137 Ringkloster 202 secular leaders 232, 238 Australopithecus garhi 92, 92
human migration 176, 176, 187 ritual activities 228 sedimentary rocks 14, 14, 15 Australopithecus sediba 93, 93
Oceania colonization 196, 197 Arch Lake Woman 195 sedimentology 22 East Asian people 193
plesiadapiforms 40, 41, 41 China 240, 241 selective breeding 206 great apes 52, 52, 53
Plesianthropus transvaalensis see hunter-gatherers 203 self-awareness 55 Homo antecessor 130, 131
Australopithecus africanus Homo heidelbergensis 138 Seneb 239 Homo erectus 124, 125, 125, 126,
Pliocene Period 181 Homo neanderthalensis 154 Senetites 239
plow 215, 221, 221 Homo sapiens 166, 167, 184 Senut, Brigitte 68 126
pollen 23, 24, 24 rock art 204 settlements 203, 216, 217 Homo ergaster 117, 117
Polynesian islands 197 River Nile 212 sexual dimorphism 96–97 Homo georgicus 111, 111
population expansion 187, 213, 232 roads 227 Homo floresiensis 144, 144, 145,
Portugal 190, 190 Roberts, Mark 139 Australopithecus afarensis 82
postglacial period 200–01, 202, 203, Roc-de-Combe 190 Australopithecus africanus 89 145
204 Roc de Marsal 152 Australopithecus garhi 92 Homo habilis 110
potatoes 195, 218 rock art 204–05, 223 Australopithecus sediba 93 Homo heidelbergensis 137, 137,
potters’ wheel 222 Africa 212 great apes 53
pottery 220, 222 Cueva de la Araña 202 Homo erectus 125 140
Africa 212 Hawaii 197 Homo ergaster 97 Homo neanderthalensis 152, 153,
Asia 214 Olmec 242 Homo sapiens 165
Balkans 216 Sahara 213 Paranthropus boisei 95, 97 155, 159
Cambodia 215 rock layers (strata) 14, 15, 23 shamans 203, 205, 228, 229, 242 Homo sapiens 165, 168, 168, 169
Chavín culture 242 rock shelters 187, 204 Shang culture 228, 233, 240–41 human 26, 26–27, 53
China 215, 240, 241 Romania 189, 190 sheep 220, 220, 221, 221 Jericho 208
Europe 217 ropes 215 Africa 212, 213 Kenyanthropus platyops 75, 75
farming 208, 212, 217 royalty 241 domestication 206, 206 New World 194
Indus 234 Rudna Glava 225 Europe 216 Paranthropus aethiopicus 92
Japan 215 rulers 232, 233, 241 farming 208, 209, 212, 213, 216 Paranthropus boisei 26, 95
Lapita 196 running 117 Ur 237 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 64, 64,
Mediterranean 216, 216 shellfish,
South America 218 S Homo sapiens 184 66, 66
Potts, Rick 65 hunter-gatherers 202, 202, 203 speech 32
Pre-Pottery Neolithic 208, 208 saber-tooth cats 195 Japan 215 slash and burn farming 207
pre-Pueblo pit house 218 sacred places 229 South Africa 185 slow loris 42
Precambrian 10, 10 sacrifice 228 shells, smelting 225
prepared core technique 138, 154, China 241 Smith, William 14, 15, 15
154 China 240, 241 Homo neanderthalensis 154 Soa Basin 145
priests 228, 229, 232, 240 Olmec 242 hunter-gatherers 202 soapstone 226, 227, 235, 235
primates 35, 39 saddles 221 Indus 235 social hierarchy 214, 215, 238, 242
binocular vision 37, 37 Sadiman volcano 82 jewelry 184, 203, 215, 222, 222 society 223
evolution 13, 37 sago 206, 215 tools 216, 240 soghum 213, 213
family tree 38, 38 Sahara Desert, trade 227 Solo River Valley 124, 124
first 12, 35, 40–41 animal resources 221 ships 227, 235 Solutrean stone points 194
intelligence 53 farming in Africa 212, 212 shrines 229, 242 Somerset Levels 217
number of species 37 human migrations 176 Shu State 241 South Africa,
proboscidea 12 milking 220 Shulgi, King 234 Blombos Cave 33
proboscis monkey 47 postglacial 201 siamang 39, 50 Border Cave 164
Proconsul 13, 46, 46 rock art 204, 205, 213 Siberia 176, 191, 192, 192 Drimolen 93
Protopithecus 44 Sahelanthropus 13 Sibiloi National Park 116 Florisbad 164
Pulsed Climate Variability Hypothesis Sahelanthropus tchadensis 60, 60, Sibudu Cave 166 Homo sapiens 184, 185
65 62–63, 64, 66, 66–67 Sierra de Atapuerca 130, 138, 180, Klasies River Mouth 164
Purgatorius 40 182 Kromdraai 93, 93
pyramids 228, 238, 238, 239 silk 214, 223, 235 Makapansgat 88
Malapa 93
Sterkfontein Caves 88, 88, 89, 93
Swartkrans 93, 93
South America,
colonization 194-95
continental drift 11
farming 218
metallurgy 225

INDEX 253

South America continued sub-Saharan Africa 65, 212, 213 tents 221, 223 trade continued
mummification 228 Sudan 164, 213 teosinte 206, 218 North America 218
Oceania colonization 197 Sumatra 186, 196 terracing 217, 218, 232, 232 Olmec 242
Paleocene 44 Sumerian civilization 234 Tethys Sea 40 steppe nomads 221
textiles 223 textiles 223 textiles 223
kings 236 West Asia 226
South Asia 186, 208, 209 milking 220 Andes 218
South India 209 trade 235, 235 China 214 transport,
South Pacific Ocean 196 Ur 236, 237 farming 208 animals 220, 221
Southeast Asia, writing 233 trade 227, 235 trade 227
Sumidouro Cave 194 transport 227
colonization 196 Sunda 196 Thailand 196, 215 Trauth, Martin 65
farming 214, 215 Supe Valley 242 Thar Desert 235 traveling 69
Homo erectus 125 Sutkagen-dor 235 Third Dynasty of Ur 234 tree rings 25
migration out of Africa 187 Suwa, Gen 68, 70 Thylacosmilus 13 treeshrews 38
sea level rise 201 Swartkrans 93, 93 Ti 239 Tres Zapotes 242
spades 215, 215 sweet potato 197, 218 Tianyuan 192 Trinchera del Ferrocarril 130
Spain, symbolic thought 33 tiger 37 Trinil 181
colonization 189 symbolism 154, 166, 233 Tighenif (Ternifine) 126 Trinkaus, Erik 155
farming 216 Syria 208 timber 227, 235, 238 tropical rain forest 35, 40, 41
hominin migrations 180 Timna Valley 226 tubers 206, 214
Homo antecessor 130 T Timor 196 tumuli 228, 230
Homo heidelbergensis 136, 136, tin 225, 225, 227, 227, 235 Turkana Boy 116, 117, 116–17
Tabun Cave 184 Tinyuan 193 Turkey 227
138, 182 tails, primate 39 titi monkey 38, 45
rock painting 188, 202 Taiwan 197, 215 Toba volcano 186 Çatalhöyük 209
spears 32, 138, 182 tamarins 45 Tobias, Philip 100 colonization of Europe 189
speciation 65 Tanzania 78 tombs, farming 208, 208, 216
species 36, 37 astronomy 229 gift-exchange 226
speech 32 Homo heidelbergensis 182 China 240 Göbekli Tepe 210–11
spider monkey 38, 45 Laetoli 78, 164 Egypt 238, 239 turkeys 218
spinning 220 Olduvai Gorge 94, 94, 102, 118 Mediterranean 216 Turkmenia 227
spiritual beliefs 203, 204 tapestry 223 megalithic 230 turquoise 227, 240, 241
squashes 218 taphonomy 18 religion 228
squirrel monkey 45 taro 215 Ur 236 U
St. Césaire 154, 190, 191 tarsiers 38, 39, 41, 43, 43 tools 32, 33, 80, 81
Standard of Ur 236–37 Tasmania 187 Acheulean stone-tool industry 118 uakari monkey 45, 45
standing stones 230, 231 Tassili Maghidet 213 Arch Lake Woman 195 Ubeidiya 180
Star Carr 203 Tassili N’Ajjer rocks 205 bipedalism 69 Uluburun 227, 227
states 232–33, 235, 241 Taung, Kalahari Desert 88 Çatalhöyük 209 Uluzzian culture 191
statues 197 Taung Child 88, 89, 89, 90, 91 Châtelperronian 190 Unalaska, Aleutian Islands 195
status 223, 224, 225 taxes 233, 235, 240 China 215, 240 United Arab Emirates 186
Stegodon 145 taxonomy 38 colonization of Asia 192 Upper Egypt 238
Step Pyramid 239 TD-10 layer, Gran Dolina 138, 139 craftsmanship 222 Upper Paleolithic 192
steppe nomads 221 technology, East Asian people 193 Ur, Sumer 229, 234, 234
Sterkfontein Caves 88, 88, 89, 93 Homo heidelbergensis 182 farming in Europe 217
stone artifacts 240 Homo neanderthalensis 154, 190 Flores 145, 145 Royal Cemetery 226, 226
stone axes 196, 217, 226 modern humans 190 great apes 55 Standard of 236–37
stone carving 197 tectonics 11, 14 hominin migrations 180 Uruk, Sumer 234
stone circles 229 teeth, Homo antecessor 130, 131, 131
stone flakes 118, 125, 131, 138, 145, Ardipithecus kadabba 68 Homo erectus 125, 125 V
154, 194, 196 Ardipithecus ramidus 70, 71 Homo heidelbergensis 136, 138,
stone heads 242, 242 Australopithecus afarensis 78 Val Camonica 223
stone houses 208 Australopithecus africanus 89, 89, 138, 139, 182 Valdivia fisher-farmers 218
stone jewelry 203 Homo neanderthalensis 154, 191 Vanguard 154, 157
stone knapping 32, 102, 118, 118, 131, 90 Homo sapiens 166, 166 Variability Selection Hypothesis 65
139, 145, 154 Australopithecus garhi 92, 92 human migrations 176 variation 37
stone monuments 230 Australopithecus sediba 93, 93 hunter-gatherers 202, 203 Varna cemetery 224
stone objects 24, 241 catarrhines 45 Mediterranean 216 Vedbaek grave 203
stone palette 238 farming 209 metallurgy 225 vegetable farming 214
stone pillars 210, 210, 211 first primates 41 migration out of Africa 187 Venus figurine 33
stone tools 32, 80, 81 Homo antecessor 130 obsidian 226 vertebrates 10, 16, 38
Acheulean 118, 118, 119, 119 Homo erectus 125, 125 Toba volcano 186 vervet monkey 38
Asia 192, 193 Homo ergaster 116 trade 226 victoriapithecid family 46
Australia 187 Homo floresiensis 145, 145 United Arab Emirates 186 Victoriapithecus 46
China 240 Homo habilis 100 Topper site 194, 194 vicuña 219
Flores 145, 145 Homo heidelbergensis 137, 141 Toros-Menalla 64 Vietnam 215
hominins 60, 180, 180 Homo neanderthalensis 27, 153, Toumaï (Sahelanthropus tchadensis) 64, villages 208, 216, 233
Homo 102, 103 66 vision 35, 37, 39
Homo antecessor 130, 131, 131 159 towns 233, 235, 242 Voâgelherd Cave 189
Homo heidelbergensis 138, 138, Homo sapiens 165 trace fossils 17 von Koenigswald, Gustav Geinrich
Old World monkeys 46, 47, 47 trackways 217
139 Paranthropus aethiopicus 92 trade 24, 226–27, 235 Ralph 124, 181
Homo neanderthalensis 154 Paranthropus boisei 95 Andes 218
Homo sapiens 166, 166 Paranthropus robustus 93 animal resources 221 W
hunter-gatherers 202 platyrrhines 45 Chavín culture 242
migration out of Africa 187 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 64, 64 cities 233 Wadley, Lyn 166
stone vessels 238 Tell Abu Hureyra 208 farming 207, 232 Wales 230
Stonehenge 229 Tell Brak 229 Homo sapiens 166 Walker, Alan 116
stoneware 234 tells 216 Indus 235, 235 walking,
storage 213, 215 temples 229, 229, 232, 233 Mesopotamia 234
storytelling 203 Chavín culture 242, 242 metallurgy 225 Ardipithecus ramidus 71
stratigraphy 14, 15 China 240 Australopithecus afarensis 80
strepsirrhine suborder 41, 41, 42

254 INDEX

walking continued West Asia, wooden weapons 138, 182 Xujiayo 183
bipedalism 69 animal resources 220, 227 woodland resources, Y chromosome DNA 178, 179, 179
Homo ergaster 116, 117 farming 208–09, 210 Yamashita-cho 192
modern humans 81 metallurgy 225 climate change 65, 65 yams 206, 213, 215
trade and transport 227 potters’ wheel 222 habitat 70 Yangzi River Basin 215, 241
states 233 hunter-gatherers 202 Yellow River region 214, 240
Wallace, Alfred Russell 37 trade routes 226 management 217 Yemen 232
warfare 221, 240, 241, 242 writing 233 religion 229 yields 232
Washington State 195 resources 202 yoghurt 220
water, West Turkana 116 Woodward, Arthur Smith 16 Yuanmou, China 125
Western Europe 217 woodworking 217 Zambia 137, 140, 182
cities 233 whales 12, 203 wool 219, 220, 220, 223, 235 zebu cattle 209
farming 232 wheat 206, 206, 208, 209 woolly mammoths 13 Zhoukoudian, China 124, 124, 125, 181,
postglacial 200 woolly monkey 45
trade and transport 227 Africa 212 woolly rhinos 13 192, 240, 241
water buffalo 214, 215 Europe 216 worked bone 154 ziggurat 229, 234, 234
waterfowl 217 Japan 215 workshops 240, 241 Zilhao, João 154
wax 235 wheel 221, 222, 227 worship 228, 229 Zimbabwe 204
weapons, White, Tim 68, 70, 78, 92 woven textiles 208, 223 Zinj 94, 94, 102
China 240 White Shaman Cave 205 writing systems 233, 238 Zinjanthropus boisei see Paranthropus
culture 33 wild boar 217 Wucheng 241
early humans 182 wildfowl 202, 206, 218 boisei
Homo sapiens 184 Willandra Lakes 187 X, Y, Z
human migrations 176 Willendorf 189
metallurgy 225 Witwatersrand University 88 X-rays 27
stone tools 32 WoldeGabriel, Giday 70 xenarthans 44
weaving 242 Wolo Sege, Flores 145 Xia dynasty 240, 240
Wegener, Alfred 10 Wood, Bernard 101, 116 Xi’ang 240
Weidenreich, Franz 124, 181 wooden hut frames 195 Xin’gan 241
weights 233, 235 wooden objects 215, 222
West Africa 212, 213 wooden tools 125, 217, 240

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The publisher would like to thank the Copenhagen (bc). Getty Images: Kenneth / Ecoscene (cr). 41 Dr. Doug M. Boyer: (tr). Brunet: (br). Dorling Kindersley: Gary
following for their kind permission to Garrett / National Geographic (tl). 22 Jens L. Franzen: Gingerich PD, Ombler (bc, bl). Getty Images: Alain
reproduce their photographs: Science Photo Library: John Reader (bl); Habersetzer J, Hurum JH, von Koenigswald Beauvilain / AFP (tr). 65 Alamy Images:
Javier Trueba / MSF (t). 23 Alamy Images: W, et al. 2009 Complete Primate Skeleton WorldFoto (t). 68 Alamy Images: Mike
Genetic Tree on p.178 redrawn from fig. John Elk III (bl). Corbis: Visuals Unlimited from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Abrahams (bc). Camera Press: Marc
0.3, Out of Eden, Oppenheimer 2003; arrows (br). Science Photo Library: Pascal Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology. Deville / Gamma (tr). 69 Corbis: Markus
on map on pp.176–77 in part based on map Goetgheluck (ca); Pasquale Sorrentino (t); PLoS ONE 4(5): e5723. doi:10.1371 / journal. Botzek (cr). 70 Alamy Images: FLPA (br); F.
in Out of Eden, 2003, and fig. 1 of David Scharf (cr). 24 Science Photo pone.0005723 (br). 42-43 Corbis: Frans Scholz / Arco Images GmbH (crb). Los
Quaternary International 2009. Library: Pascal Goetgheluck (cl); Philippe Lanting (c). 42 Corbis: Frans Lanting (cla). Alamos National Laboratory (LANL): (cl).
Psaila (tl); James King-Holmes (br). 24-25 43 Dorling Kindersley: Harry Taylor, 71 Corbis: Reuters / Science / AAAS (cr, tr,
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; Corbis: Arne Hodalic (t). 25 Corbis: Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, bc). Reuters: T. White / Science / AAAS (l).
f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Reuters / Ho (tr); Visuals Unlimited / Biodisc London (cr). National Science 74 Kenneth Garrett: (b). National
(br). Science Photo Library: Pasquale Foundation, USA: Erik Seiffert, Stony Museums of Kenya: (tr). 75 Alamy
6-7 Andrew Yarme. 10-243 Corbis: Bill Sorrentino (bl). 26 Corbis: Christophe Brook University (br). 44 Dorling Images: Kolvenbach (b). Professor Michel
Ross (Background). 11 Dorling Boisvieux (bc). Getty Images: AFP (bl). Kindersley: Thomas Marent (cl). Brunet: (t). 78 Getty Images: AFP (bc).
Kindersley: NASA / Digitaleye / Jamie Hull York Medical School: Center for Photographs courtesy of Andrea L. Science Photo Library: John Reader (tl).
Marshall (br); University Museum of Zoology, Anatomical and Human Sciences. Produced Jones: (bl, bc). 45 Alamy Images: Terry 79 PNAS: Yohannes Haile-Selassie, Bruce
Cambridge (ca). 12 Corbis: Martin Rietze / by Dr. Laura Fitton with support from Whittaker (bl). Corbis: (c); Thomas Marent / M. Latimer, Mulugeta Alene, Alan L. Deino,
Westend61 (bc); Mike Theiss / Ultimate BBSRC (grant BB / E013805 / 1) to Visuals Unlimited (tr); Kevin Schafer (bc). Luis Gibert, Stephanie M. Melillo, Beverly Z.
Chase (tc). 13 Corbis: Franck Guiziou / Professors Paul O’Higgins (HYMS, Dorling Kindersley: Rough Guides (br). Saylor, Gary R. Scott, and C. Owen Lovejoy.;
Hemis (b). Science Photo Library: Mark University of York) and Michael Fagan (Dept. Getty Images: Photo 24 / Brand X Pictures An early Australopithecus afarensis
Pilkington / Geological Survey of Canada (tr). Engineering, University of Hull) (br). Science (cr). 46 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History postcranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia.
14 Corbis: Rainer Hackenberg. Wikipedia, Photo Library: Javier Trueba / MSF (cl). Museum, London (tr, cb). National doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1004527107 ; PNAS July
The Free Encyclopedia: from The 26-27 Science Photo Library: Javier Museums of Kenya: (fbl, bl). 47 Corbis: 6, 2010 vol. 107 no. 27 12121-12126 (br). 80
Geoscientist v 18, n 11, portrait by Hugues Trueba / MSF. 27 Science Photo Library: Theo Allofs (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Jamie Science Photo Library: John Reader (tl).
Fourau (br). 15 Dorling Kindersley: D Roberts (br). Professor Tanya M. Marshall (cra); Rough Guides (tc). 48-49 Paul Szpak: (tr). 80-81 Science Photo
University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge Smith: (bc). 28 National Institute of Corbis: Frank Lukasseck. 50 Corbis: Frans Library: John Reader (b). 81 Dikika
(cr). 16 The Natural History Museum, Standards and Technology / NIST: David Lanting (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Oxford Research Project: photo by Curtis
London: (bl, bc). 16-17 Dorling S. Strait / University of Albany, SUNY, University Museum of Natural History (tr); Marean; Christoph P. E. Zollikofer et al,
Kindersley: Natural History Museum, Photograph of Sts 5 by Gerhard Weber (bl). Rough Guides (tl). 51 Corbis: Petr Josek / Virtual cranial reconstruction of
London. 17 Corbis: James L Amos (cl); Science Photo Library: Philippe Plailly (c). Reuters. 52 © Bone Clones, www. Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Nature 434,
George HH Huey (tr). Science Photo Library: 29 Science Photo Library: Volker Steger boneclones.com: (tl, tc, cl, c, bc). 53 © 755-759 (7 April 2005), (doi:10.1038 /
Professor Matthew Bennett, Bournemouth (br). 32 Dorling Kindersley: Natural Bone Clones, www.boneclones.com: nature03397), figure 4, reprinted by
University (bl). 18 Dorling Kindersley: History Museum, London (ca). 33 Corbis: (cl, tc). 54 FLPA: Albert Lleal / Minden permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd
Natural History Museum, London (bl). Hemis / Jean-Daniel Sudres (b). Getty Pictures (bl). naturepl.com: Anup Shah (t). (tr). Raichlen DA,: Gordon AD, Harcourt-
SeaPics.com: Mark V. Erdmann (cl). 20 Images: AFP (cra). The Natural History 55 Corbis: Bettmann (crb); Frans Lanting Smith WEH, Foster AD, Haas WR Jr, 2010
Getty Images. 21 Corbis: Nigel Pavitt / JAI Museum, London: (tr). 36-37 Corbis: (cr); DLILLC (tc). Getty Images: John Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct
(tr); Vienna Report Agency (br). Dorling Specialist Stock. 37 Corbis: Wayne Lawler Moore (cla). Science Photo Library: Tom Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal
Kindersley: National Museum of McHugh (ca). 64 Professor Michel Biomechanics. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9769.

INDEX/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 255

doi:10.1371 / journal.pone.0009769 (tl). 88 Baab, Stony Brook University: photo Barcelona (http: / / www.bristol.ac.uk / news Kindersley: Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Alamy Images: AfriPics.com (b). Science courtesy of Peter Brown, University of New / 2010 / 6777.html) (r). 191 Corbis: DPA (tl). (bl); Peter Hayman (c) The British Museum
Photo Library: John Reader (t). 89 England, Australia (br). Dorling Kenneth Garrett: (bl, br). Max Planck (c). Getty Images: (cl). 222-223 Dorling
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (c, cr); Kindersley: Gary Ombler (tr, cra). 145 Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology: Kindersley: Michel Zabe / CONACULTA-
Harry Taylor, Courtesy of the Natural History Adam Brumm, University of Bence Viola (tr). 192-193 Alamy Images: INAH-MEX. Authorized reproduction by the
Museum, London (bc). Kenneth Garrett: Wollongong: (c). Kenneth Garrett: (br). Arctic Images (t). 192 Dr. Alice Roberts: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e
(br). Science Photo Library: John Reader Getty Images: Kenneth Garrett / National courtesy of the Hermitage Collection (bl). Historia.. 223 Alamy Images: Interfoto (br).
(bl). 92 Alamy Images: Hemis (tr). Dorling Geographic (bc). W.L. Jungers: (l). Science Photo Library: Ria Novosti (br). Corbis: Fritz Polking / Visuals Unlimited (tr).
Kindersley: Gary Ombler (bc). 93 Science 146-147 Flickr.com: Rosino (http://www. 193 The Natural History Museum, Getty Images: E. Papetti / De Agostini
Photo Library: John Reader (tc, tr). 94 flickr.com <http//www.flickr.com>/ London: (br). 194 Alamy Images: Phil Picture Library (tl). 224-225 Alamy
Corbis: Brian A Vikander (b). Science photos/84301190@N00/1525434007/). 152 Degginger (br). Corbis: Reuters (cl). Images: Edwin Baker . 225 Alamy
Photo Library: Des Bartlett (tr). 95 Corbis: Kenneth Garrett: (br, cl). 153 © Bone Kenneth Garrett: (bc, bl). 195 Kenneth Images: Liu Xiaofeng / TAO Images Limited
Gallo Images (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Clones, www.boneclones.com: (l). 154 Garrett: (tl, b). 196-197 Getty Images: (tr). Corbis: Jonathan Blair (cl). Dorling
Natural History Museum, London (tl). The © Bone Clones, www.boneclones. Altrendo (b). 196 Professor Glenn Kindersley: ARF / TAP (Archaeological
Natural History Museum, London: (c, br). com: (t). Dorling Kindersley: Natural Summerhayes, Anthropology, Receipts Fund) (br). 226 Alamy Images: (c).
100 Science Photo Library: John Reader History Museum, London (bl). PNAS: João University of Otago, Dunedin: (cr). The Dorling Kindersley: Australian Museum,
(tr); John Reader (bc). 101 Dorling Zilhãoa, Diego E. Angelucci, Ernestina University of Auckland: Courtesy of the Sydney (cl); The British Museum (tr, cr). 227
Kindersley: Natural History Museum, Badal-García, Francesco d’Errico, Floréal Anthropology Photographic Archive, 360 Degrees Research Group
London (br, tr). 102 Dorling Kindersley: Daniel, Laure Dayet, Katerina Douka, (www.360derece.info/english/360_eng.
Natural History Museum, London (cra). Thomas F. G. Higham, María José Department of Anthropology (c). 197 Alamy htm) : (br). Corbis: (tl). Dorling
Getty Images: National Geographic / David Martínez-Sánchez, Ricardo Montes- Images: Bill Brooks (tl). 200 Corbis: Kindersley: The British Museum (cra);
S. Boyer (c). Science Photo Library: John Bernárdez, Sonia Murcia-Mascarós, AlaskaStock (main image). 201 Alamy The Natural History Museum (tc);
Reader (tl). 103 Alamy Images: David Keith Carmen Pérez-Sirvent, Clodoaldo Images: Graham Barclay (cra); Paul Felix Natural History Museum, London (bl,
Jones / Images of Africa Photobank (tr); Roldán-García, Marian Vanhaeren, Valentín Photography (clb). Corbis: Nadia Isakova / bc). Getty Images: Robert Harding
Paul Maguire (b). 106 Kenneth Garrett: (t). Villaverde, Rachel Wood, & Josefina Loop Images (bl). Norwich Castle World Imagery (crb). 228 Corbis: Amar
110 Alamy Images: Danita Delimont / Zapata. Symbolic use of marine shells and Museum and Art Gallery: (ca). 202 Alamy Grover / JAI (tl); Sandro Vannini (tr). Dorling
Kenneth Garrett (br). Kenneth Garrett: (t). mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Images: Interfoto (cl). Torben Dehn, Kindersley: The Trustees of the British
111 Copyright Clearance Center - doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0914088107 ; PNAS Heritage Agency of Denmark: (b). Museum (bl). 229 Corbis: Alfredo Dagli Orti
Rightslink: Nature 449, 305-310 (20 January 19, 2010 vol. 107 no. 3 1023-1028 Dorling Kindersley: Chris Gomersall / The Art Archive / The Picture Desk Limited;
September 2007) | doi:10.1038 / ; (bc). 155 Corbis: Alison Scott (tc); Anup Photography (c). 203 Dr. Uzi Avner: Journal (tr); Richard List (tl); Michael S. Yamashita
nature06134, David Lordkipanidze et al, Shah (tr). Kenneth Garrett: (bl, br). 164 of Arid Environments, Vol 74, Issue 7, July (cra). Getty Images: Kenneth Garrett /
Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Alamy Images: Hemis (cr); Ariadne Van 2010, 808-817, A. Holzer, U. Avner, N. Porat National Geographic (br). 230-231 Corbis:
Dmanisi, Georgia, figure 2 from, reprinted by Zandbergen (b). Getty Images: National and L.K. Horwitz, Desert kites in the Negev Chris Hill / National Geographic Society (t).
permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd Geographic (tc). The Natural History desert and northeast Sinai: their function, 230 Michael Fox: (bc). 231 Corbis: Gianni
(cl). Kenneth Garrett: (tr). Getty Images: Museum, London: (tr, c). 165 The chronology and ecology (c) 2009 with Dagli Orti (br); Adam Woolfitt (bc). 232
National Geographic / Kenneth Garrett (bl). Natural History Museum, London: (tl). permission from Elsevier, reprinted from (tl). Corbis: Hervé Collart (b). Robert Harding
116 Alamy Images: Marion Kaplan (tr); 166 Marlize Lombard: and Laurel The Trustees of the British Museum: (bl). Picture Library: age fotostock (t). 233
John Warburton-Lee Photography (cl). Phillipson, Indications of bow and Corbis: Peter Johnson (tr). National Dorling Kindersley: Judith Miller / Helios
Copyright Clearance Center - stone-tipped arrow use 64 000 years ago Museum Of Denmark: Lennart Larsen (br). Gallery (bl); National Museum, New Delhi (tr);
Rightslink: Science 27 February 2009: 323 in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 204 Corbis: Hoberman Collection (bl). Courtesy of the University Museum of
(5918), 1197-1201 figure 3, Matthew R. Antiquity 2010, Vol: 84  No: 325  pp635– 204-205 Corbis: Robert Harding World Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge
Bennett, et al, Early Hominin Foot 648 (http: / / www.antiquity.ac.uk / Ant / Imagery / Gavin Hellier (b); Kazuyoshi / Dave King (cr). Robert Harding Picture
Morphology Based on 1.5-Million-Year-Old 084 / ant0840635.htm), photo courtesy Nomachi (t). 205 Corbis: David Muench (tr). Library: Richard Ashworth (cl). 234 Corbis:
Footprints from Ileret, Kenya © 2009 The Marlize Lombard (tr). Science Photo Raveesh Vyas: (bc). 206 Getty Images: Nik Wheeler (clb). © Richard H. Meadow /
American Association for the Advancement Library: John Reader (ca, bl, cl). 167 DEA / G. Dagli Orti (b). 207 Corbis: Harappa.com, courtesy Dept. of
of Science (bc). 117 Dorling Kindersley: Science Photo Library: Pascal Stephanie Maze. 208 Alamy Images: Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of
Trish Gant / National Museum of Kenya (l); Goetgheluck. 177 Getty Images: Peter Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive (cla). Pakistan: (tr). 235 Dorling Kindersley:
Gary Ombler (tc). 118 Dorling Kindersley: Adams / The Image Bank (crb); Peter Dorling Kindersley: Rough Guides (b). The Trustees of the British Museum (br);
Dave King / Courtesy of the Pitt Rivers Adams / Photographer’s Choice (fbr); 209 Alamy Images: Interfoto (cla). © National Museum, New Delhi (tr). 236-237
Museum, University of Oxford (tr); The Matthias Clamer / Stone+ (br); Brad Wilson CNRS Photothèque: Catherine Jarrige Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the
Natural History Museum (tc). Faisal A: Stout / Stone (fcrb). 178 Science Photo (bc). Corbis: Nathan Benn / Ottochrome (tr); British Museum. 237 Dorling Kindersley:
D, Apel J, Bradley B (2010) The Manipulative Library: Don Fawcett (tr). 179 Science Buddy Mays (bl). Science Photo Library: The Trustees of the British Museum (b). 238
Complexity of Lower Paleolithic Stone Photo Library: Eye of Science (br); James R. Macchiarelli / Eurelios (crb). 210 Camera Alamy Images: Ancient Art & Architecture
Toolmaking. PLoS ONE 5(11): e13718. King-Holmes (bl). 180 Alamy Images: Press: Berthold Steinhilber / laif (cl, br, bl). Collection Ltd (tl). 239 Alamy Images:
doi:10.1371 / journal.pone.0013718 (br). Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd 211 Alamy Images: dbimages (t). Camera Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd (tl).
Science Photo Library: John Reader (c). (bc); FLPA (t); Danita Delimont / Kenneth Press: Berthold Steinhilber / laif (bl, br). Corbis: Jose Fuste Raga (cr). Dorling
119 Alamy Images: Karin Duthie (br). Garrett (c). Corbis: Visuals Unlimited / 212-213 Alamy Images: Roberto Esposti. Kindersley: The British Museum (tr).
Dorling Kindersley: Nigel Hicks (t). 124 Carolina Biological (br). KH Wellmann, 212 Dorling Kindersley: Museum of 240-241 Alamy Images: Liu Xiaoyang /
Alamy Images: (b). Getty Images: AFP Frankfurt am Main: (bl). 181 Alamy London (bl). NASA: Image Science and China Images (c). 240 ChinaFotoPress:
(cl). Copyright NNM, Leiden, The Images: Danita Delimont / Kenneth Garrett Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space (tl). Dorling Kindersley: By permission of
Netherlands: (tr). Science Photo Library: (bl). Getty Images: AFP (tl). Science Center. “The Gateway to Astronaut The British Library (bl). 241 Corbis: Nik
John Reader (c). 125 Alamy Images: Photo Library: John Reader (cr). 182 Photography of Earth.” (clb). Press Wheeler (br). 242 Alamy Images: The Art
Natural History Museum, London (bl). Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Association Images: AP Photo / Mike Gallery Collection (tr). Corbis: George
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Denkmalpflege (NLD): Peter Pfarr (bl). Hettwer, National Geographic Society (c). Steinmetz (bl). Dorling Kindersley:
Institution: photo courtesy Human Origins Science Photo Library: Javier Trueba / 213 Corbis: DLILLC (br); Philip Gould (tr). Demetrio Carrasco (c) CONACULTA-INAH-
Program / Science 3 March 2000: 287 MSF (c). 182-183 Getty Images: AFP. 183 Photolibrary: Guenter Fischer / MEX; / CONACULTA-INAH-MEX.
(5458), 1622-1626, figure 2. Mid-Pleistocene Kenneth Garrett: (tr). 184 Alamy Imagebroker (cra). 214 Dorling Kindersley: Authorized reproduction by the Instituto
Acheulean-like Stone Technology of the Images: Kenneth Garrett / Danita Delimont Rough Guides (t). Brian Ritchie. 215 Nacional de Antropología e Historia (tl).
Bose Basin, South China Hou Yamei, (cr). Corbis: Eberhard Hummel (crb); Corbis: Sakamoto Photo Research 243 Corbis: Charles & Josette Lenars.
Richard Potts, Yuan Baoyin, Guo Hanan Isachar (bl). University of Bergen, Laboratory (bc). Rowan Flad: (cl). Getty
Zhengtang, Alan Deino, Wang Wei, Jennifer Norway: Christopher Henshilwood & Images: De Agostini Picture Library (tc). Jacket images: Front and Back: Corbis:
Clark, Xie Guangmao and Huang Weiwen, Francesco d’Errico (tl). 185 Science Photo C.F.W. Higham: (br). 216 Corbis: Reuters / Bill Ross; Front: Science Photo Library:
(c) 2000 The American Association for the Library: John Reader. 186 Corbis: EPA Ho (cl). 216-217 Last Refuge: Adrian Javier Trueba / MSF (Skull); Back: Alamy
Advancement of Science. (br). The Natural (c); NASA (bl); Charles & Josette Lenars Warren. 217 The Bridgeman Art Library: Images: Edwin Baker (Grave); Corbis:
History Museum, London: (cl). 130 (br). Dr. Alice Roberts: (tc). 187 Corbis: Bildarchiv Steffens (br). 218 Alamy Images: Hemis / Jean-Daniel Sudres (Cave painting);
Science Photo Library: Javier Trueba / fstop / Marc Volk (t). Kenneth Garrett: (cr). Jim West (bl). Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti / Dorling Kindersley: Oxford University
MSF (cl, cr, br, bc, cb). 131 Getty Images: Colin Groves, Australian National The Picture Desk Limited (bc); Wolfgang Museum of Natural History (Skull); Science
AFP (bc). Science Photo Library: Javier University: published by permission of Kaehler (c). Getty Images: Claudio Santana Photo Library: John Reader (Footprints);
Trueba / MSF (skeletal bones, br). 136 Traditional Owners (bl). Traditional / AFP (br). 219 Corbis: Nigel Pavitt / JAI. Andrew Yarme: (Alice Roberts)
Getty Images: AFP (tl). Science Photo Owners, published by permission of. 220 Alamy Images: Mark Boulton (tl).
Library: John Reader (tr); Javier Trueba / 188 Dr. Alice Roberts. 189 akg-images: Corbis: Jose Fuste Raga (b). Dorling All other images © Dorling Kindersley
MSF (b). 137 Science Photo Library: (l). (cr). Getty Images: AFP (br). Mircea O. Kindersley: Courtesy of The Museum of For further information see:
138 Getty Images: AFP (c). 138-139 Getty Gherase: (bl). 190 The Natural History London / Dave King (c). 221 Corbis: Ren www.dkimages.com
Images: AFP. 139 The Natural History Museum, London: (bl). José Paulo Junchuan / Xinhua Press (b); Charles O’Rear
Museum, London: (br, cr). 144 Alamy Ruas: courtesy João Zilhão, ICREA (c). Dorling Kindersley: British Museum (tl);
Images: Banana Pancake (c). Karen L. Research Professor, Universitat de Science Museum, London (tr). 222 Corbis:
Les Pickett / Papilio (tl). Dorling

256 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ~StormRG~