Soeharto The Life and Legacy of Indonesia's Second President ( PDFDrive )

350 SOEHARTO

bygones be bygones and are demanding for the court case to continue even
when Pak Harto’s health is in such a critical state. On the other hand, Titiek
said that even in his present grave condition, when Pak Harto was informed
of Mount Merapi’s eruption, he had immediately asked her to fly to Yogya
on behalf of Yayasan Gotong Royong with a donation, which she did on
20 May. Even when he is fighting for his life, Pak Harto still thinks of the
well-being of his fellow countrymen.

My father had, as early as in 2001, found the courage to voice his
view on the approach that should be taken in relation to Pak Harto. On
20 December 2001, Kompas, the highest circulating local daily newspaper,
printed this report: “He [my father] pleaded for the government to have
a big heart and use humanitarian principles towards Soeharto, whom he [my
father] said will face difficulty in recovering his health.” On the same day,
Pelita, another daily local newspaper, quoted my father as follows: “For the
first 20 years, it was an extremely difficult time for HM Soeharto to lead our
country. Hence, I do not agree with those who claimed that HM Soeharto’s
32 years of rule had been all bad.” If the government is able to make this move
to end Pak Harto’s court case, it would go a long way towards accomplishing
our founding fathers’ dreams for a united and prosperous nation. With Pak
Harto’s court case unresolved, the differing factions will remain, along with
the risk of friction threatening the nation’s unity and development.

Some Indonesians have suggested that, in view of Pak Harto’s failing
health and futility in proceeding further with a court trial, one of the ways
to resolve his situation would be for him to offer a public apology for his
past wrongdoings. This was done when Titiek flew to Yogya on behalf of
Yayasan Gotong Royong with the donation for the Mount Merapi eruption
victims. She had offered precisely such a public apology on behalf of her
father and this was widely reported by the press. To this end, Pak Harto
himself had said in his 1988 biography:8

I know that I will not be free from mistakes. Thus, as I have often said and I want to
repeat it now and here once again, I do hope that others will follow the good things
that I have given to the country and the people, and stay away from the bad things
that I might have done in performing my duties.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe said, “Do your best to turn your life
into a festival.” I think Indonesia’s founding fathers would be proud if the

Reflections 351

Indonesian people not only manage to turn their lives into a festival worthy
of celebration but, at the same time, find it within themselves to show
compassion for their elderly former president who has spent 32 years of his
life serving his country.

ENDNOTES

1 Ismail Saleh SH, Proses Peradilan Soeharto Presiden RI ke 2. Penegakan Hukum atau
Komoditi Politik (Yayasan Dharmais, Indonesia, June 2001).

2 David Jenkins, Suharto and His Generals—Military Politics 1975–1983 (Cornell
Modern Indonesia Projects, South East Asia Program, Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York, 1984), p 54.

3 H Hardiyanti Rukmana, Butir-Butir Budaya Jawa (Yayasan Purna Bhakti Pertiwi,
Indonesia, 1996), p 189.

4 Alexander Downer, at the launch of A Fading Dream in 2004 and later published
in the article “Indonesia means an enormous amount to us”, Australian National
University Newsletter, Issue 4, Second Quarter 2004, Australia.

5 These words were extracted from the translated speech of Kompas Gramedia Group’s
President Director, Jacob Utama, delivered on 11 December 2005 in Hotel Santika,
Jakarta.

6 Pak Harto had quoted from a book by Hardiyanti Rukmana, Butir-Butir Budaya Jawa
(Yayasan Purna Bhakti Pertiwi, Indonesia, 1996), p 189.

7 Roeslan Abdulgani, Three Public Lectures in Australia, 1972 (Yayasan Idayu, Indonesia,
1974).

8 G Dwipayana and Ramadhan KH, Soeharto, Pikiran, Ucapan, dan Tindakan Saya (PT
Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, 1988), p 566.

TIMELINE

1921 - 8 June Born in Kemusuk (Central Jawa) from the marriage of
Kertosudiro and Sukirah

1929-1935 - Elementary School in Tiwir (Yogya), Wuryantoro and
Solo (Central Jawa)

1935-1939 - Junior High School and Islamic School in Wonogiri
and Yogya

1940 - 1 June Joined the Royal Netherlands Indies Army (KNIL)

- 2 December Military Cadres School in Gombong

1941 - Promoted to Corporal later as Sergeant and assigned
1942 to Battalion XIII at Rampal, near Malang; then duty
1943 in Gresik (East Jawa)
1944
- 1 November Joined Keibuho, the Japanese sponsored police force in
Yogya

- October Joined Peta, the Japanese sponsored voluntary army;
undertaken platoon commander course in Yogya;
commissioned to Shodancho as Platoon Leader

- April Undertaken company commander course in Bogor
(West Jawa); promoted to the rank of Chundancho
(Company Commander)

1945 - 17 August Proclamation of Indonesia’s Independence

- 29 September Arrival of Allied Forces in Jawa

Assigned to Peta troops in Solo, Peta office in Madiun
(East Jawa), then joined Battalion Peta in Blitar which
rebelled against the Japanese and consequently removed
to Brebek (East Jawa)

- 5 October Joined the People’s Security Corps (BKR); elected Deputy
Battalion Commander

1946 - January Appointed Lt Colonel and commander of Regiment III
1947
- 12 November Linggarjati Agreement

- November Became commander of 22nd Regiment, Division III (Yogya)

- 21 July First Dutch “Police Action”

- 26 December Marriage to Siti Hartinah

Timeline 353

1948 - 17 January Renville Agreement
1949 - 18 September Madiun revolt or PKI rebellion under Muso
- 19 December Second Dutch “Police Action”
1950
- 1 March Indonesian assault to regain Yogya
1951
1953 - 7 May Rum-Van Royen or The Round Table agreement
1956
1957 - 27 December Dutch “de jure” recognition of Indonesia’s Independence
1959 and transfer of its sovereignty to Republic of the United
1960 Sates of Indonesia
1961
1962 - January Confirmed as Lt Colonel of the Indonesian Army TNI
- 26 April Commander of Brigade Garuda Mataram on expedition
to Makassar (South Sulawesi)
- 17 August Formation of the unitary Republic of Indonesia
- September Commander of Brigade Pangeran Mangkubumi, Yogya

- 15 November Commander Brigade Pragola, Sub-Territorial IV,
in Salatiga (Central Jawa)

- 1 March Commander, Infantry Regiment 15, Sub-Territorial IV,
Solo

- 1 March Chief of Staff Territorial IV/ Diponegoro Division,
Semarang
- 8 September
- December Assumed command of Territorial 1V/ Diponegoro Division

Regional military coups in Sumatra

- 1 January Promoted to Colonel

- 1 September Appointed as member of the Curator Council, National
Military Academy, Magelang (Central Jawa)

- October Removed from Territorial 1V/Diponegoro Division and
sent to attend course at SESKOAD (Miltary School for
Staff and Commander) in Bandung

- 1 January Promoted to Brigadier General
- 18 December Deputy 1 (operational) to army chief of staff

- 1 March Commander of Army Reserve Corps 1 (CADUAD)
- June
- 1 October First overseas trip

Commander of Army Air Defense Command
(KOHANUDAD)

- 9 January Promoted to Major General and appointed as Mandala
commander to liberalise West Irian

354 SOEHARTO

- 23 January Deputy Commander of East Indonesia Territory

1963 - 1 March Appointed as Commander of The Army Strategic
- 2 May Command (KOSTRAD)

Establishment of Yayasan Trikora

1965 - 1 January Deputy Commander, Mandala Siaga (Kolaga)
- 14 October
Appointed Army Commander and promoted as
Lt General

1966 - 11 March Supersemar

- 12 March PKI banned

- 18 March Arrest and dismissal of 15 cabinet ministers

- 27 March New cabinet, headed by 6-man team

- 25 July Ampera cabinet; appointed as chair of the presidium

- 28 July Promoted to General

- 11 August Normalisation of Indonesia-Malaysia relations

- 28 September Indonesia readmitted as member of the UN

- 3 October Undertaken economic stabilisation measures

1967 - 10 January Foreign Investment Law introduced
- 12 March Appointed as acting president by MPRS
- August Indonesia became founding member of ASEAN

1968 - 27 March Sworn in as full president, becoming Indonesia’s
- 28-4 April 2nd President

State visit to Japan and Cambodia

1969 - 6 September Attended Non-Blok Movement Conference in Lusaka
- 16 September West Irian became a province of Indonesia
- 22 November General Elections Law passed by DPR-GR (Parliament)

1970 - 21 June The passing of Bung Karno

1971 - 5 July 1st General Elections under the New Order

1973 - 23 March Elected for the 2nd time as president by MPR

1974 - 15 January Malari Affair

- 16 May Establishment of Yayasan Supersemar

1975 - 8 August Establishment of Yayasan Dharmais

Timeline 355

1977 - 2 May 2nd General Elections under the New Order
1978
1980 - 22 March Elected for the 3rd time as president by MPR
1982 - 15 November Rupiah devalued
1983
- 14 March The passing of Bung Hatta
1984 - 13 May Petisi 50
1985
1986 - 17 February Establishment of YAMP
1987
1988 - 4 May 3rd General Elections under the New Order
1989
1990 - March Petrus—Mysterious killings
1991
1992 - 10 March Named as “Bapak Pembangunan”, “Father of
1993
Development” by MPR

- 11 March Elected for the 4th time as president by MPR

- 30 March Rupiah devalued

Indonesia achieved self-sufficiency in rice

- 12 September Tanjung Priok shootings

- 8 June Establishment of Yayasan DAKAB

- 14 November Attended FAO meeting in Rome

- 23 August Establishment of Yayasan Gotong Royong Kemanusiaan
- 12 September Rupiah devalued

- 23 April 4th General Elections under the New Order

- 11 March Elected for the 5th time as president by MPR
- 27 October Banking deregulation (PAKTO)

- 23 February Met with Chinese Foreign Minister, Qian Qichen
- September Visited Soviet Union

- 5 December Establishment of ICMI

- June Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca

- September Elected as Chairman of the Non-Blok Movement

- 9 June 5th General Elections under the New Order

- 11 March Elected for the 6th time as president by MPR

356 SOEHARTO

1996 - 15 January Establishment of Yayasan Damandiri
1997 - 28 April The passing of Ibu Tien Soeharto
1998
- 29 May 6th General Elections under the New Order
1999 - July Currency crisis and economic slump in Asia
- October 1st IMF Bailout Financial Package
- December First mild stroke

- 15 January 2nd IMF Bailout Financial Package
- 11 March
- 12 May Elected for the 7th time as president by MPR

- 13-15 May 4 students shot and killed in Trisakti University,
- 18 May Jakarta

- 21 May Riots in Jakarta

- November Students occupied DPR/MPR buildings;
demanded President Soeharto’s resignation

Resigned from presidency and BJ Habibie sworn
in as Indonesia’s 3rd President

MPR called to investigate HM Soeharto’s wealth

- 20-30 July Hospitalised in RSPP (CVD)

- 12-17 September Hospitalised in RSPP (1st massive GTI bleeding)

2000 - April Under city arrest
- 29 May Under house arrest
2001 - 31 August Charged with corruption
- 28 September Charges dismissed on ground of ill-health
2002
2004 - 24 February-2 MarchHospitalised in RSPP (appendectomy)
2005 - 12-17 June
2006 Hospitalised in RSPP (fitted with permanent
- 17-23 December pace maker)

Hospitalised in RSPP (bronchopneumonia duplex)

- 13-23 March Hospitalised in RSPP (2nd massive GTI bleeding)

- 16-20 April Hospitalised in RSPP (3rd massive GTI bleeding)

- 4-10 May Hospitalised in RSPP (4th massive GTI bleeding)
- 4-12 November Hospitalised in RSPP (5th massive GTI bleeding)

- 4 -31 May Hospitalised in RSPP (6th massive GTI bleeding)

ABBREVIATIONS

ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia—the armed forces of the
Republic of Indonesia
ABS Asal Bapak Senang—as long as it pleases Father
AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area
Ampera Amanat Penderitaan Rakyat—Message of the People’s Suffering
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APRA Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil—Army of the Just Ruler
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
Aspri Asisten Pribadi—Personal Assistant to President Soeharto
Banpres Bantuan Presiden—Presidential Assistance
BAPINDO Bank Pembangunan Indonesia—Indonesian Development Bank
Bappenas Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional—National Development
Planning Board
BBD Bank Bumi Daya (a state bank)
BCA Bank Central Asia (a private bank)
BDN Bank Dagang Negara (a state bank)
BEII Bank Ekspor Impor Indonesia (a state bank)
BEJ Bursa Efek Jakarta—Jakarta Stock Exchange
BI Bank Indonesia—Indonesian Central Bank
Bimas Bimbingan Massal—mass guidance
BKKBN Badan Koordinasi Keluarga Berencana Nasional—Family Planning
Co-coordinating Board
BKPM Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal—Indonesia’s Investment
Coordinating Board
BKR Badan Keamanan Rakyat—People’s Safety Organization
BKTN Bank Koperasi Tani dan Nelayan—bank for farmers’ and fishermans’
cooperative
BNI Bank Negara Indonesia (a state bank)
BPD Bank Pembangunan Daerah—Regional Development Bank
BPK Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan—The Audit Board of the Republic
of Indonesia
BPR Bank Perkreditan Rakyat—Bank for People’s Small Credit
BRI Bank Rakyat Indonesia (a state bank)
BTN Bank Tabungan Negara—State Savings Bank

358 SOEHARTO

Bulog Badan Urusan Logistik—National Logistic Board
BUMN Badan Usaha Milik Negara (state-owned enterprises)
BUUD Badan Usaha Unit Desa—village business unit
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CSIS Centre for Strategic and International Studies
CTC Central Trading Company
Dakab Dana Abadi Karya Bakti (name of a Yayasan/foundation)
Damandiri Dana Sejahtera Mandiri (name of a Yayasan/foundation)
Dekon Deklarasi Ekonomi—Economic Declaration
Dharmais Dharma Bhakti Sosial (name of a Yayasan/foundation)
DI/TII Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia—Indonesian Military Islam
(name of a rebellion movement)
DPA Dewan Pertimbangan Agung—Supreme Advisory Council
DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat—People’s Representative Council
Dwikora Dwi Komando Rakyat—People’s Dual Command
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
Fretilin Revolucionária de Timor-Leste
G30S Gerakan tiga puluh September—the 30 September Movement
GBHN Garis-garis Besar Haluan Negara—Broad Outline of State Policies
Golkar Golongan Karya—Functional Group
Gora Gogo rancah—system used for land cultivation
HKTI Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia—Association of Indonesian
Farmers
HMI Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam—Islamic Students Association
IAIN Institut Agama Islam Negeri—Institute for Islamic Studies
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICMI Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia—Association of Intellectual
Muslim Indonesia
ICU Intensive Care Unit
IDI Ikatan Dokter Indonesia—Indonesian Doctors Association
IDT Inpres Desa Tertinggal—Presidential Instruction for backward villages
IGGI Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia
IKKH Ikatan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Hankam—Association of Armed Forces
Family
IMF International Monetary Fund
Inmas Instruksi masyarakat—Mass Instruction

Abbreviations 359

Inpres Instruksi Presiden—Presidential Instruction
IPB Institut Pertanian Bogor—Bogor Agriculture Institute
IPSX Indonesian Parallel Stock Exchange
IPTN Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara—indigenous aircraft industry
IRRI International Rice Research Institute
ISC Indonesian Service Company
KAMI Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia—Indonesian Student Action Front
KAPPI Kesatuan Aksi Pemuda dan Pelajar Indonesia—Indonesian Youth and
Student Action Front
KIK Kredit Investasi Kecil—credit for small business investments
KKN Korupsi, Kolusi dan Nepotisme—Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism
KKN Kuliah Kerja Nyata—practical work experience while attending university
KMB Konperensi Meja Bundar—Round Table Conference
KNIL het Koninklijke Nederlands(ch)-Indische Leger—Royal Netherlands
Indies Army
Kolognas Komando Logistik Nasional—Commander for National Logistic
Kopkamtib Komando Operasi Keamanan dan Ketertiban—Operational Command
for the Restoration of Order and Security
KOPPN Komando Operasi Kewaspadaan dan Tertiban Nasional—Operational
Command for Alert and National Order
Korpri Korps Pegawai Republik Indonesia—Civil Servants Professional Association
Kostrad Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat—Army Strategic Reserve
Command
KPR Kredit Pemilikan Rumah—Credit for Housing Loan
KTP Kantor Tabungan Pos—Post Office Savings
KUD Koperasi Unit Desa—Village Cooperatives Unit
Kukesra Kredit Usaha Keluarga Sejahtera—Credit for Family Prosperity
Mahmilub Mahkamah Militer Luar Biasa—Extraordinary Military Tribunal
Malari Peristiwa Lima Belas Januari—15 January incident
Masyumi Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia—Council of Indonesian Syuro
Muslim Association
MBAD Markas Besar Angkatan Darat—Army Headquarter
MMI Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia—Indonesian Muslim Mujahidin Council
MPR Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat—People’s Consultative Assembly
MPRS Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara—Provisional Consultative
People’s Assembly
Mubestek Musyawarah Besar Teknik—Grand Gathering for Technicians

360 SOEHARTO

MUI Majelis Ulama Indonesia—Indonesian Mufti Council
Nasakom
NICA Nasionalis, Agama, Komunis—Nationalist, Religion and Communism
NU
Netherlands Indies Civil Administration
Opsus
ORI Nahdlatul Ulama (name of a traditional Islamic association and political
Pakdes party)
Pakto
PAN Operasi Khusus—Special Operations
PBB
PDIP Oeang Republik Indonesia—Indonesian Local Currency

Pelaju Paket Desember—December Economic Package
Pemaju
Paket Oktober—October Economic Package
Perapi
Perdami Partai Amanat Nasional (name of a Muslim political party)

Permesta Partai Bulan Bintang (name of a Muslim political party)

Persit Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan—The Indonesian Democratic
PETA Party-Struggle

Petrus Petik, olah, jual dan untung—pluck, treat, sell and profit
PKI
PKK Proses, kemas, jual dan untung—proccessing, packaging, selling and
make profit
PMA
PNI Perhimpunan Ahli Bedah Plastik Indonesia—Indonesian plastic surgeons
Posyandu
PP Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mata Indonesia—Indonesian Eye
PRRI Specialist Doctors

PSI Piagam Perjuangan Semesta (name of a rebellion movement: Charter
Puskesmas of Total Struggle)

Persatuan Isteri Tentara—Association of Military wives

Pembela Tanah Air—Defenders of Land and Water (note: Indonesians
refer to their country as “Land and Water” because it is an archipelago)
Pembunuhan misterius—mysterious killings

Partai Komunis Indonesia—Indonesian Communist Party

Pemberdayaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga—Family Empowerment
for Welfare

Penanaman Modal Asing—Foreign Investment Law

Partai Nasional Indonesia—Indonesian National Party

Pos Pelayanan Terpadu—Centre for Combined Health Services

Peraturan Pemerintah—Government Regulation

Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia—Revolutionary
Government of the Republic of Indonesia (name of a rebellion movement)

Partai Sosialis Indonesia—Indonesian Socialist Party

Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat—Community Health Centre

Abbreviations 361

Repelita Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun—Five-Year Development Plan
RMS Republik Maluku Selatan—Republic of South Moluccas (name of a
rebellion movement)
RPKAD Resimen Pasukan Komando Angkatan Darat—Army Commando
Regiment (later Kopassus)
RRI Radio Republic Indonesia
RSPAD Rumah Sakit Pusat Angkatan Darat—Army Military Hospital
RSPP Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina—Pertamina Hospital
SBI Sertifikat Bank Indonesia—Bank Indonesia Certificate
SBPU Surat Berharga Pasar Uang—government promissory notes
Sekber
GOLKAR Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya—Secretariat of Functional Group
SSKAD Sekolah Staf dan Komando Angkatan Darat—Army Staff and Command
School
SSX Surabaya Stock Exchange
Supersemar Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret—11 March Instruction
Takesra Tabungan Keluarga Sejahtera—Saving for Family Prosperity
TKR Tentara Keamanan Rakyat—People’s Safety Army
TMII Taman Mini Indonesia Indah—Indonesia Miniature Complex
TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia—Indonesian National Army
TRI Tentara Republik Indonesia—Indonesian Republic Army
Trikora Tri Komando Rakyat—Three People’s Commands
Tritura Tri Tuntutan Rakyat—Three Demands of the People
UNTEA United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
Wanjakti Dewan Jabatan dan Kepangkatan Perwira Tinggi—a committee to
evaluate the promotion of army officers of higher ranks and positions
Wapangsar
KOGAM Wakil Panglima Besar Komando Ganjang Malaysia—Deputy Commander
to Crush Malaysia
YAMP Yayasan Amalbakti Muslim Pancasila (name of a Yayasan/foundation)
YPTE Yayasan Pembangunan Teritorial Empat—Fourth Territory Development
Foundations
YTE Yayasan Teritorial Empat—Fourth Territory Foundation

GLOSSARY

Aja kagetan, aja gumunan, aja dumeh do not be troubled (startled or shocked),
do not be surprised and do not be arrogant

Alon-alon asal kelakon slowly but surely

Azas kekeluargaan family-style affairs

Azas keluarga family affairs

Badan Pelaksana Urusan Pangan organisation for food distribution

Cakrabirawa personal bodyguard of President Soekarno

Cepat-cepat, tetapi kelewat “In acting quickly one would bypass important
matters.”

Chudancho Company Commander

Daidancho Battalion Commandant

Daya luwih Greater ability

Dewan Jenderal Council of Generals

Dewan Revolusi Revolutionary Council

Ganyang Malaysia Crush Malaysia

Gotong royong mutual cooperation and self-help

Heiho the local Japanese army; a combination of
volunteers and militia

Hormat kalawan Gusti, Guru, respect the Almighty, teachers, the kings/
Ratu lan wong atuwo karo queens/leaders and parents

Jihad Glossary 363
Kaigun
Kerukunan Nasional struggle
Mikul dhuwur mendhem jero
Musyawarah and mufakat Japanese navy

Nenek moyang national harmony
Panca Amanat Revolusi
Pancasila placed highly and buried deeply

Pemimpin Besar Revolusi agreement reached through consultation and
Rame ing gawe, sepi ing padudan consensus
Selametan
Sesajen ancestors
Shodancho
Sing rukun karo sedulur the Fifth Revolution Order
Tri Dharma
the five principles of Indonesian state
ideology: belief in God, humanitarianism,
nationalism through unity of the nation,
consultative democracy and social justice

The Great Revolutionary Leader

to work hard and stay away from arguments

to offer gratitude

offerings

a platoon commander

to live in accord with siblings

Three Good Deeds: rumongso melu handarbeni,
wajib melu hangrungkebi, mulat sarira
hangrasawani—a sense of mutual belonging,
responsibility to preserve and uphold one’s
rights, and the courage to be introspective

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INDEX

Abdul Latief, 45, 55, 68 army, renaming of the, 27–28
Abdul Madjid (freedom fighter), 206 Asia-Africa Conference (Bandung, 1955),
Abdul Rahman (of Yayasan Supersemar),
251, 309, 334
246 Asian Miracle, 207
Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur), 214, 217 Association of Intellectual Muslims
Abu Bakar Ba’aysir, 344–345 Indonesia (ICMI), 180, 191, 260
Adam Malik, 59, 61, 62, 63, 92, 162 Association of Wives of Military Staff
Adiguna Sutowo, 116
Agriculture Institute of Bogor (IPB), 94 (IKKH), 30
Ahmad Yani, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 51 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian
Ali Alatas, 135, 211
“Ali Baba” scheme, 184, 202 Nations)
Ali Moertopo, 36, 47, 63, 68, 87, 90, birth of, 75, 334
126, 128, 189 leaders (1967), 140
Ali Sadikin, see Bang Ali Aspri, 128, 129
Ali Wardhana, 62, 79, 80, 81, 92, 159 Atmopawiro (Soeharto’s stepfather), 21, 22,
Ali Wathon (of Yayasan Dana Gotong 23, 29
Royong Kemanusiaan), 264 attacks by the Dutch, 32, 33
allegations, 220, 298, 336
Allied Forces, the, 28, 41 Badan Keamanan Rakyat (BKR), 27
alumni of Yayasan Supersemar, 250 Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK)
Amanjiwo (luxurious hotel), 308
Amien Rais, 208, 222 (Audit Board), 164
Amir Machmud, 57, 58 Bali bombing (12 October 2002), 299
anarchy, 160, 212, 345 Balinese Banjar, 108
Andi Muhammad Yusuf, 57 Bambang Soeharto (Trihatmodjo), 133,
Andrianus Mooy, 179
Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia 302, 319–320
Bambang Widjanarko, 49
(ABRI), 28, 42, 194 Bang Ali (Ali Sadikin, Petisi 50 originator),
announcement of resignation from
133–134, 135, 181, 337
Presidency (Soeharto), 152 Bangga Suka Desa, 268
annual reports by IMF and the World Bank Bumi Daya scandal (1977), 132–133
bank credit, 95
Bank, 85 Bank Duta, 179
“anonymous” donors to foundations, Bank Negara Indonesia, 169
Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD)
232, 280
anti-Chinese riots, 128, 129, 192 (regional development banks), 263
Anwar Sadat (Egypt’s President), 141 Bank Rakyat Indonesia, 169, 170
Anwar Tjokroaminoto, 164 Bank Summa, 180
APEC summit in Seattle (1993), 149 Bank Tabungan Negara (BTN), 170
appointment of Acting President Soeharto, banking system, 165, 168–175
banks,
74, 138
Arifin Siregar, 82 competition, 178
Arjodarmoko (of Yayasan Supersemar), 246 foreign, 173, 174
Armed Forces Day celebration 47, 54, joint ventures, 175, 176
Army Parachute Commando Regiment private, 173
shortage of staff, 177
(RPKAD), 59, 71 state-owned, 171, 173, 174, 236

Index 369

Banpres (Bantuan Presiden), 240, Chinese capitalists/businessmen, 65, 103,
272–274 104, 131, 185, 231, 277

Bappenas (National Development Planning CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), the,
Board), 80, 83, 167 41, 43, 46, 58, 60, 88, 127, 346

barter, 35, 36, 37 “Christianisation”, 163, 179
basic needs of the people, 337 Clinton, Bill, 149, 209
Basuki Rachmat, 57 “cluster of crooks”, 181
bathin (inner strength), 284, 340 Cold War, the, 41, 79, 331, 342
Batik Palace Hotel, 304, 307 Commission of Four on Corruption, 106,
Benny Moerdani, 162, 192, 279
Berdikari, PT, 105 118, 164
Berita Yudha, 42 communists, see Partai Komunis Indonesia
“Berkeley Mafia”, 82 competition from China and India, 303
Bimbingan Massal (Bimas), 94, 95, 106 condom factory (Banjaran, Bandung), 108
Bina Graha press conference (1974), 328 conglomerates, 180, 181, 185, 201, 206,
BJ Habibie, 38, 86, 118, 152, 189, 210,
207, 232, 266, 270, see also Chinese
213, 215, 216, 217, 222, 223, 260, capitalists/businessmen
280, 284, 285 Constitution of 1945, the, 67, 68, 73, 110,
“Black Diamond”, 115 224, 226, 252
Blitar rebellion, the, 27 Constitution of 1950, the, 68
Bob Hasan, 28, 35, 36, 131, 210 co-operatives, 96–97, 101, 103, 113
Bogasari, PT, 104, 105 corruption, 37, 105, 106, 114, 164, 165,
Bogor Palace, 49, 50, 54, 57, 76 166, 340, 344, see also bribery and
bombing at Australian embassy in malpractices
Kuningan, 299 cosmic forces, belief in, 31
book launch (Roeslan Abdulgani’s life), court hearing (Soeharto on trial), 222–228
301, 304 cukong, 116
Borobudur, 18–19, 305, 307 “currency board system”, Steve Hanke’s, 209
bribery, 91, 344, see also corruption and
malpractices Daewoo, 224
budi pekerti (good-natured), 294 Dake, Antonie CA (Dutch scholar), 69
Bunker, Ellsworth (American diplomat), 38 dana abadi, 243
Bulog (national food agency/logistics Dana Revolusi (revolution funds), 62, 336
board), 100–106, 156 “December Package” (deregulation measures),
Bung Hatta, 27, 33, 34, 42, 131, 132,
135, 161, 164, 330 182 see also Pakto and Pakdes
bureaucrats, the, 119, 159, 167 Demang Wongsomenggelo (Soeharto’s
Bush, George, 146
great-grandfather), 19, 306
Cakrabirawa, 44, 46 democracy, 76, 90, 98, 314, 315, 332, 333
Camdessus, Michael (IMF Director), 151 demonstrations, 75, 118, 127, 128, 129,
capital market, the, 167, 182–185, 201
Center for Strategic and International 130, 209, 210, 211, 215, 303
deregulation, 176–178
Studies (CSIS), 126, 167, 189 Development Cabinet, 90, 92, 159, 161,
Chaerul Saleh, 50, 57, 59
charitable foundations, see foundations 162, 222
cheating, 166 see also bribery, corruption “Development Trilogy”, 200
Dewan Jenderal (Council of Generals), 43,
and malpractices
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 55
Dewan Revolusi (Revolutionary Council),

46, 47, 49, 50
Dipa Nusantara Aidit (PKI chairman), 42,

43–44, 50, 55, 67

370 SOEHARTO

Diponegoro Division (Semarang), 35, 87 capital for widows, 242, 244
disabled, the, 253 concept of, 228–232
distribution of wealth, 230 donations, 234–238, 259, 277
Djaeni (of Yayasan Dana Gotong Royong management, 280
Kemanusiaan), 264 orphanages, 252
“door openers”, 278 rationale, 227–228, 231
Dosomoko, 279 revamp by BJ Habibie, 280–281
Downing Street Years, The, 155, see also scholarships, 243, 248
Fourth Territory Development
Thatcher, Margaret Foundation (YPTE), 36, 238
Dutch occupation, the, 24, 26, 28, Fourth Territory Foundation (YTE), 36, 238
Dwidjo family, 154 Frans Seda, 82
Dwikora (“Crush Malaysia”), 40, 49, 56, Freeport (US mining firm), 122
friendship, 292–297
59, 244 frugality, 243

East Timor, 156, 192, 216 G30S (30 September Movement), 46, 48,
economic crisis of 1997, 207–208 50, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 70, 71, 332, 346
economic development, 78–86, 89, 230
economic nationalism, 96, 121 Gadjah Mada University, 301
economic policies, 63, 66, 80, 83, 85, 96, 198 gambling, 133
economic team, 63, 79, 81–84, 93, 95, 195 Gandhi, Indira 142
education, 111, 124–125, 203–205, 226, 240 Gandhi, Mahatma, 338–339
Eka Widjaya, 269 gardener in Kalitan, 325, 326
elections, 36, 91, 92 Gatot Subroto (foster father of Bob Hasan),
Emil Salim, 62, 81
Europe trip, 38 28
expatriates, schools for children of, 124–125 Gatot Subroto, RSPAD (military hospital),
extremists, 161, 252, 303
37, 54, 264, 272, 311, 312
family planning, 106–110, 113, 156 generals, Soeharto’s, 144
Family Planning Co-ordinating Board “Gilchrist” document, the, 43
(BKKBN), 107, 108 Ginandjar Kartasasmita, 163
farming culture, 23, 79, 89, 273 goats, 21
“Father of Development”, the, 159 gogo rancah (GORA), 273
Feisal Tanjung, 158 Golkar (Golongan Karya, army political
fertiliser production, 95, 96
financial crisis (1990), 179 group), 90, 91, 92, 159, 213, 218, 262, 263
“financial generals”, the, 126 Gombong (west of Yogya), 25, 26
floor price, 102–103 gotong royong, 23, 25, 113, 229, 258, 265
foreign aid, 64, 80, 84, 117 Guided Democracy (1959), 38, 42, 76, 314
foreign debts, 63, 82, 195 Gunung Lawu (burial ground in Mangadeg),
foreign investors/investments, 110, 117,
326
122–126, 130, 199, 315, 346 Gunung Pule (burial ground in Kemusuk),
forgiveness, 293
foster parenthood programme, 254 317, 319
foundations (Yayasan welfare schemes created Guritno (of Yayasan Supersemar), 246

by Soeharto and Ibu Tien), 36, 179, 192, hajj pilgrimage, 146, 261
216, 222, 225, 226, 227, 234, 239–282, 336 Halim (military air base), 46, 49, 50, 51
accountability, 281–282 Hanke, Steve, 209
alumni of graduates, 249–250 Hardjo (Ibu Bress; husband), 317, 319, 320
Harjono Kartohadiprodjo, 238
Hardjowijono (friend of Soeharto’s father), 24

Index 371

Hari Sabardi (family doctor), 153, 290, 291, Indonesian Parallel Stock Exchange (IPSX),
292, 325, 349 183

Hariman Siregar (student leader), 130 “Indonesian Rockefeller”, 116
Harmoko, 214 Indonesian society, strata of, 64–65
Harry Tjan, 126 Indra Kartasasmita (of Yayasan Dharmais),
Haryono, MT, 51
Haryono Suyono (of Yayasan Damandiri), 267 250, 253, 257
Hasan Habib, 120 Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (IPTN),
Hatmanti (Ibu Tien’s mother), 29
healthcare, 111, 112 189, 190
Herno Sasongko (of Yayasan Supersemar), 246 inflation, 42, 62, 63, 79, 82, 105, 195
Hero’s Day (10 November 1965), 55 Inpres, 111, 112, 224, 240, 260, 280, see
Hibrida coconut from Africa, 273
Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI) also Keppres
Inpres Desa Tertinggal (IDT), 113–114,
(Islamic Students’ Body), 59, 70, 257
Hindu Mataram kingdom, 78, see also 246, 250, 267
Inter-Governmental Group in Indonesia
Sultan of Mataram
Hizbul Wathan (religious group), 22 (IGGI), 64, 84, 197, 199
Holst, Henrietta Roland, 339 International Bank for Reconstuctions and
hospitals, 112
humility in the donor, 234, see also Development (IBRD), 85
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 63,
“anonymous” donors
Hussein Onn (Malaysia’s Prime Minister), 141 64, 85, 151, 208
International Nickel (Canadian mining firm),
Ibnu Subroto, 50
Ibnu Sutowo, 90, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI),
120, 121, 126, 135, 249
Ibu Bress, 317, 318, 319 94
Ibu Nasution, 151 Ir Herman Johannes, 164
Ibu Soepardjo Roestam (PKK prime mover), Islam, 263, 294
Ismail Saleh (Attorney General), 120, 289,
113
Ibu Tien, 30, 31, 45, 55, 72, 137, 143, 292, 293
Israel, 158
146, 192, 193, 238, 240, 265, 274, issues at court hearing, 223–224
303, 319, 327 Istana Olahraga Senayan (stadium), 44, 45
Ibu Trimurti, 206 Istikomah (of Yayasan Dana Gotong
Idham Chalid, 59 Royong Kemanusiaan), 264
Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia
(ICMI), 180, 191, 260 Jakarta, 133
Ikatan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Hankam Jakarta Stock Exchange, 182, 183
(IKKH), 30 Jalan Cendana, 30, 45, 143, 153, 154, 213,
Immacon, PT, 181, 183
incentives for family planning, 109 216, 297
incentives for saving with banks, 172 Jalan Diponegoro, 45, 297
independence, 27, 34 Jalan Haji Agus Salim, 45
indigenous people, 198, 294 Jalan Tenusku Umar, 45
Indonesia, perspective of, 155–156 Japan, 117
Indonesia Air Show (1986), 189 Japanese occupation, the, 26, 27, 28
Indonesian Boy Scouts in Pulau Tunda, 150 Japanese police, the (Keibuho), 26
Indonesia’s darkest hours (1 October 1965), Javanese
44
families, 23, 24, 78
homes, 320, 322, 323
leadership qualities, 18, 78
people, 17, 329, 342
traditions, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 31, 78,

284, 320, 343

372 SOEHARTO

Jawarhalal Nehru, 132 Leo Wattimena, 48, 50
Jemaah Islamiah, 345 Liem Bian Kie (Ali Moertopo’s assistant),
job opportunities, 123, 224, 268
Jong Sumatranen Bond (Association of 126
Liem Sioe Liong (Sudono Salim), 104, 131,
Young Sumatra), 132
Jusuf Muda Dalam trial (August 1966), 269, 272, 277
Linggarjati Agreement, the, 32
the, 62 literacy rate, 111

Kakuei Tanaka (Japan’s Prime Minister), M Jasin (Soeharto’s opponent), 134
128–129 Mahathir Mohamad, 148
Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), 345
Kalitan, 323–324 Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara
KAMI, 55, 57
kampongs, 294, 321, 322 (MPRS) (Provisional People’s Consultative
KAPPI, 55 Assembly), 60, 61, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76
Kasimo, IJ, 164 Malari incident (15 January 1974 incident),
Kebayoran (prime residential district in the, 126–133, 135, 198
Malaysia, the Federation of, 39, 41, 43
Jakarta), 124 see also Dwikora
Kemayoran (low-income housing district), Maliki, 291, 318, 325
Malioboro (main street in Yogyakarta), 304
147 malpractices, 164–166, see also bribery and
Kemusuk (central Java), 18, 19, 304–306, corruption
Mamiek Soeharto, 30, 45, 275, 310, 312,
317, 328 316, 317, 320, 326
Keppres (Presidential Instruction), 223, Mandala (Liberation of West Irian), 38–39,
242
224, 270, 280, see also Inpres Mangadeg, 317, 326, 327
Kertoirono (Soeharto’s paternal grandfather), Mantrust Group, the, 104
Marcos, Ferdinand, 142
19 Marcos, Imelda 142
Kertoredjo (Soeharto’s father, also known Mar’ie Muhammad, 162
martial law (1957), 41
as Kertosudiro), 19, 20, 21, 22, 305 Masbukin (Panti Asuhan Muslimin), 256,
KIA, 224 257
Klaten, 321 Masyumi (Council of Indonesian Muslim
Kimia Farmia, PT, 108 Associations), 41
King Bumibol, 146 material wealth, 221
Knapp, Hubert (author’s husband), 143, 154 Matoa fish breeding, 150
Kohl, Helmut, 142 Maumere, 147
Kostrad (Army Strategic Command), 46, Mbah Dwidjo Kartono, 321, 322
Mbah Hardjoso, 320–321
48, 49, 50, 57, 68, 212 Mbah Kromodiryo (Kemusuk village
Krakatau Steel, PT, 117 midwife), 20, 23
“kretek” (cloves) business, 272 media, 295
Kukesra (start-up business loan), 271 medical treatment, 255, 256
Kuningan, 246 Mega, PT, 272
Kuntjoro, 47 Megawati Soekarnoputri, 191–192, 208,
Kyai Darjatmo (religious teacher), 24 240, 281, 311, 314
Mekarsari vegetable farm, 150
labour strikes, 303
lack of archives, the, 81
Laksamana Martadinata, 48
leadership, 341, 348
“leakages” (corrupt practices), 166
Lee Kuan Yew, 141, 181, 190, 209, 276
Leimina, J, 49, 50, 59

Index 373

Merdeka Palace, 45, 57, 58, 109, 129 Pakto and Pakdes (reforms), 175, 178,
Mercu Buana (founded by Probosutedjo), 182, 183, 185

203, 207, 272 Pancasila, 63, 70, 74, 76, 90, 155, 156, 161,
military discipline, applying, 337, 345 332
mineral deposits, 122
mobile libraries, 255 Pangeran Diponegoro (national hero), 306
Moerdiono, 316, 349 Panglaykim, J (Chinese academic and
Moh Sadli, 62, 81
Mohammad Hatta (see Bung Hatta) businessman), 167–168
Mondale, Walter, 209 Panjaitan, 45, 51
monopoly, 190–191, 272 Panti Asuhan Muslimin, (Muslim orphanage),
moral values, distortion of, 205
mosques, building of, 258, 260, 261 256
Mount Merapi, 304, 350 Parliament Building (DPR), 71, 215
Munadi, 35 Parman, S, 45, 51
Muso (PKI leader), 33, 332 Partai Karya Pembangunan, 75
“mysterious killings”, 160 Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, Indonesian

Nasakom concept, 41, 42, 56, 67, 332 Communist Party), 33, 34, 35, 36, 40,
Nasution, 37, 38, 42, 45, 49, 59, 60, 62, 41, 42, 43, 47, 50, 55, 56, 58, 67, 70,
74, 79, 83, 84, 90, 134, 332, 333, 349
115, 133, 135, 151, 235 Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI, Indonesian
daughter (Ade Irma Suryani), 45, 49, Socialist Party), 41, 70
Pasar Klewer (Solo), 97–100, 194
54–55 Pelayanan Kesatuan Keluarga (PKK,
relationship with Soeharto, 72 family service centres), 108, 112, 113
relationship with Soekarno, 71 Pemebela Tanah Air (PETA), 26, 27
nation building, 230 people’s expectations, 196
“nation of hoarders”, 79 People’s Republic of China, the, 75, 162
National Economic Stabilization Board, Pertamina, 95, 114–122, 126, 249
130, 201 pesantren (religious boarding school), 263,
National Heroes Cemetery in Kalibata, 54, 344
138 Petisi 50 (petition), 72, 133, 135, 213, 337
nationalism, 335, 341 Pierre Tendean, 45, 51
natural gas, 117, 118 Piet Haryono, 120
Nawaksara (nine words), 61, 70 population, 79, 106–107
nepotism, 104, 232–233 Posyandu (Combined Health Services
New Order, the, 62–63, 73, 78, 83, 89, 200 Centre), 112
Noboru Takeshita, 144 poverty, 110, 253, 267, 269
Non-Aligned Movement, 34, 334, 335 Prabowo Subianto, 212
Nyoto (deputy of PKI leader, Aidit), 54 pragmatism, 198
Pranoto, 50, 51, 68
“obliged to donate”, 270 Prawirowihardjos, the (young Soeharto’s
oil boom, 67, 95, 114, see also Pertamina guardians), 19, 22, 23, 29
oil revenue, 116, 117, 122, 126, see also Prayogo Pangestu, 269
Prima, PT, 104, 105
Pertamina primbon (almanac), 17
Old Order, the, 70 primbumi entrepreneurs, 130, 131, 166–168,
Omar Dhani, 48, 50, 160–161, 293 180
Opsus (Strategic Reserve and Special Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, 140
Prince Charles, 145
Operations), 87, 90, 129 Prince Hasan bin-Talal of Jordan, 337

374 SOEHARTO

Princess Diana, 145 Royal Dutch Army, 25
Probosutedjo, 21, 29, 55, 186, 202–203, rupiah devaluation/depreciation, 175, 199,

206, 207, 272, 276, 327, 328 208, 209, 214
Prophet Muhammad, 157 Rusmono (of Yayasan Dakab), 241, 262, 263
prosperity, 240–241
PRRI–Permesta, 37, 69 Saadillah Mursjid, 211, 214, 310, 329, 349
public discontent, 206, 295 Sabirin Mochtar, 47
Pulau Buru (island for PKI exiles), 59 Saelan, 44
Purna Bhakti Pertiwi (museum), 275 Saleh Afiff, 161, 163
punctuality, 292 Santri (Muslim scholars), 263
Puskemas (community health centres), 112 Sarwo Edie, 48, 55
Sawito Kartowibowo (originated “Towards
Qian Qichen, 162 Salvation” document), 131, 135
Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, 140 Schakel School (in Wonogiri), 24
Qur’an, the, 157, 158 schools, 24, 111, 124–125, 203, 204, 226, 240
Semarang, 28, 35
Rachmat Saleh, 82, 120 “service fee” , 236
Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI), 46 Sinar Harapan, 42
Radius Prawiro, 62, 64, 82, 108, 120, “sinful activities”, 127
Singapore, 36, 255
121, 159, 161, 179 Siti Hartinah (young Ibu Tien), 29, 30
Rappaport, Bruce (tanker magnate), 121 small businesses, financing, 240
Ratna Sari Dewi, 44 “social illness”, 123–124
reading, dislike for, 255 social welfare, 110–114
Reagan, Ronald and Nancy, 144 Soebagyo (of Yayasan Supersemar), 246
rebellions, army vs government, 34 Soebandrio, 49, 57, 59, 68–69, 160–161, 293
“Rekonstruksi–Rasionalisasi” Soedirman, 28, 32
Soedjono Hoemardhani, 35, 68, 87, 88, 90,
(restructuring), 32
Renville Agreement, the, 32 126, 128, 189
Repelita (Five–Year Development Plan), Soeharto

87, 88, 89, 118, 162 achievements, 156, 188, 220, 251, 315
Republic National Bank of Dallas, army career, start of, 25
US$40m loan from, 120 bank clerk in Bank Desa, 25
Revolutionary Government of the birth of, 20
birthday (84th) celebration, 310
Republic of Indonesia (PRRI), 41, 69 character traits, 17, 22, 278–279,
rice
292, 295, 298, 300, 322, 329,
barter with sugar, 35, 36 330, 336–340, 342
cultivation, 66, 94, 101 childhood, 20–23, 109, 306
distribution, 101 children, 30, 153, 154, 203, 233,
productivity, 94, 101 266, 278, 287
self–sufficiency, 89, 95, 110, 143, 156 courier for the Japanese police, 26
yardstick, as a, 93, 156 departure from office, 207, 221
riots, 128, 129, 160, 191, 209, 211, 213 family, 29, 39, 153
Roem–Royen negotiations, the, 33 happy days, 20
Roeslan Abdulgani (author’s father), 31, 33, health, state of , 285–293
40, 59, 68–69, 86, 132, 134, 143, 153, house in Jalan Chendana, 297–298
156, 181, 192, 205, 229, 234, 246, 279, Kemusuk trip in 2005, 270
292, 293, 295, 296, 300, 301, 308, 309,
310, 311, 312, 313, 341, 342, 350
Rome visit (for FAO award, 1985), 265

Index 375

leadership qualities, 23, 72, 73, 82, 84, Sukirah Kertosudiro (Soeharto’s mother),
86, 87, 156, 187–188, 278–279, 285 19, 20, 21, 22, 29, 305, 317, 318, 319

lineage, 19 Sulaeman (of Yayasan Dakab), 241, 262
marriage, 29–30 Sulardi (classmate of Soeharto’s future wife),
medical reports, 286, 288, 289
mother-in-law, 192 24
on trial, 222–224 Sulastomo (of Yayasan Amalbakti Muslim
outlook on life, 329
name, meaning of, 20 Pancasila ), 257
post-presidency, 217 Sultan of Mataram (1745), 303
spiritual guidance, 158 Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, 27, 33, 59,
tastes, 298
strengths, 220, 251, 285, 292, 294 62, 63, 79, 90, 91–92
views on power, 339 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, 189
village life, 20 sultan’s household, a, 323
weaknesses, 194, 220, 225, 347 Sumarlin, JB, 82, 120, 121, 134, 159, 161,
Soekarno, 17, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 179
54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, Sumatra, 253–254
70, 71, 74, 86, 88, 90, 91, 132, 137, 138, Sumbawa dam, groundbreaking ceremony
156, 161, 168, 193, 213, 218, 230, 235,
254, 258, 276, 277, 284, 285, 293, 295, of, 147
311, 314, 315, 330, 334, 335, 342, 346 Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, 82
Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Sumitro, General (Head of Kopkamtib),
naming of, 301, 348
Soemantri Brojonegoro, 119 127, 128, 129, 315
Soemoharjono (Ibu Tien’s father), 29, 30 Supersemar document, the, 57, 58, 72,
Soepardjo (of G30S), 68
Soepardjo Roestam, 279 78, 335
Soeprapto, 45, 51 Surabaya Stock Exchange (SSX), 182, 183
Soewarno (of Yayasan Dakab), 241, 262 Suradi, 47
Staff Komando Angkatan Darat (SSKAD), 37 Suratin (taxi driver in Kemusuk), 305, 306,
state visits to
India, 142 307, 308
Iran, 148 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 302, 303, 312,
Philippines, the, 142
Soviet Union, the, 145 316, 349
Tunisia 148 Sutjipto Judodihardjo, 48
state-owned corporations, 168 Sutopo Yuwono, 127, 129, 164
stepping down, thoughts of, 163, 186 Sutoyo Siswomiharjo, 45, 51
Subiakto Tjakrawerdaja (of Yayasan Suweden, 291, 308, 316, 318, 325, 349
Damandiri), 267 Suwito (village head of Kemusuk), 304, 306,
Subono (of Yayasan Dakab), 241, 262
Subroto, 62, 81 307, 319
subsidised credit programmes, 176, 178 Syahfrudin (of Yayasan Trikora), 242, 245
Sudharmono, 161, 249, 310 Syaukat Banjaransari (of Yayasan Trikora),
Sudwikatmono, 22, 104, 269
sugar factories, 35, 36 242, 245
Sugiharto, 164
Takesra (saving for prosperity), 271
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Miniature
Indonesia complex), 192, 261, 274
Taman Suropati, 202
Tanggerang (West Java), 212
Tapos, cow cross-breeding, 150
Taylor, Charles (exiled Liberian president),

309
technocrats, the, 83, 187, 197, 199, 201, 203
Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR), 27, 28
tepo sliro, 345

376 SOEHARTO

Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI), 28 wong cilik, 166, 221, 302
Thatcher, Margaret, 143, 155 World Bank, the, 85
Timor Putra Nasional, PT, 223, 225
Titiek Soeharto, 30, 153, 265, 275, 299, Yarman, M, (of Yayasan Dana Gotong
Royong Kemanusiaan), 264
350
Tito (President of Yugoslavia), 140 Yasser Arafat, 149
Tommy Soeharto, 45, 223, 225, 242, 290, 302 yayasan, see foundations
“Towards Salvation” document, the, 131 Yayasan Amalbakti Muslim Pancasila,
transfer of power, 73, 215
transmigration policy, 110, 156, 157 227, 240, 257–261
Trikora (Three People’s Commands, 1961), Yayasan Bangun Mangadeg, 326
Yayasan Dakab, 227, 240, 241, 261–264
38 Yayasan Damandiri, 113, 227, 240 267–272
Trisakti University, 211, 212 Yayasan Dana Gotong Royong Kemanusiaan,
Tritura, 56
Try Sutrisno, 151, 162, 163, 209, 271, 316 264–266
Tutut Soeharto, 30, 153, 154, 210 , 217, Yayasan Dharma Putra, 104, 239
Yayasan Dharmais, 113, 227, 239, 250–257
264, 289, 302, 310, 319, 320 Yayasan Gotong Royong, 240, 350
Yayasan Harapan Kita, 104, 276
Umar Wirahadikusumah, 159 Yayasan Mangadeg, 276
United Nations Population Award Yayasan Purna Bhakti Pertiwi, 275
Yayasan Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949, 34
reception in New York, 144 Yayasan Seroja, 244
United Nations Security Council, 32, 39, 40 Yayasan Supersemar, 226, 238, 239, 246–250
Untung, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 55, 68 Yayasan Trikora, 226, 239, 241–246
Urip Sumohardjo, 32 Yitzhak Rabin, 158
US, relations (1963) with the, 39 Yoga Sugama, 129
US Seventh Fleet, the, 69 Yogyakarta (also known as Yogya), 31, 33,

visits by the author to 293, 301, 303
Jalan Chendana, 298, 309 Yuniarti Hatta, 153, 317, 320, 326
Kemusuk, 305–307, 316 Yusril Ihza Mahendra, 222

volunteers of PKK family service centres, 113 zakat (alms), 230, 259
von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 350 Zarlons Zaghlul (of Yayasan Dharmais),

wahyu, 193 250, 253, 257
Wanjakti (military rank evaluation

committee), 43, 48
water buffalos, 20, 21, 306
wayang, 17, 19
Wertheim (Dutch scholar), 68
Western democracy, 333
Western influence, 205
Western perspectives, 331, 341
West Irian, 38, 39, 87, 242
Widjojo Nitisastro, 62, 80, 81, 82–83,

92, 120, 211, 249
Winarto Soemarto, 179
Wiranto, 212
women, 113–114, 158