MARCH 2022 Absorb. Reimagining The World A C H E M I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G D E P A R T M E N T I N I T I A T I V E
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IDEO DESIGN STUDIO GREEN CEMENT: A BETTER TOMORROW SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS: CREATING VALUABLE PLASTICS AND CHEMICALS FROM WASTE MOLECULAR NANOMACHINES ORGANIC SOLAR CELL ECONOMICAL GROWTH VS ENVIRONMENTAL HARMONY WATER A METAL?! PRESENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BIO-LUMINENSCENCE, XP100 & CO₂ KNOW YOUR COMPANY: ONGC CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DURING PANDEMIC Registrar Says. Department Head Writes. From the Editorial Board. Articles C O N T E N T S BEHIND THE PAGES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Registrar Says From the desk of our Beloved registrar Hello Readers, it gives me immense pleasure to announce the second edition of the Chemical Engineering Student’s Magazine, “Absorb”. The students who have been involved in the development of the magazine have worked passionately over the course of the past few months to gather resources, creating and exploring new ideas, capture the reader’s attention, and bring a new perspective into the field of chemical engineering. I wish the magazine stands up to its name and gives its readers an ocean of knowledge to absorb. Chemical Engineering is a branch of engineering that emerged upon the development of unit operations, that uses the principles of physics, chemistry, and mathematics, to create and sustain chemical reactions and produce essentials we use in our day-to-day life at an industrial scale. The study of chemical engineering first emerged as a direct consequence of the industrial revolution. Chemical engineering since then has been one of the prominent streams of engineering. The Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh was established on 20th August 2015 at our temporary campus in Tadepalligudem. With an intake of 30 students every year, the department has been one of the pivotal parts of the institute through the years. I wish all the students and readers, a great future ahead and that they use their skills to work for the development of our nation. DR. DINESH P SANKAR REDDY REGISTRAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-ANDHRA PRADESH
Department Head Writes FROM THE DESK OF OUR BELOVED HOD DR. VINOTH KUMAR RAJA HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-ANDHRA PRADESH
From the Editorial Board. It gives us immense joy and satisfaction to finally re-introduce our very own college's chemical engineering magazine “Absorb”. Just like the gods and the asuras churned the ocean of milk to extract the nectar, we have tried to churn out creativity from this mess of science. A lot of effort has gone into the making of this issue. The best thing about this issue is that it represents the creative side of the students to a fair degree-something that we think we all need to reconnect with. Amidst the busy schedule of a 4-month semester, with 3-exams, surprise quizzes and all those assignments and problem sheets, we tend to lose track of all the other simpler things that we are capable of, things that we could have been proud of, that can bring one satisfaction. So this time we have attempted to bring out the talent concealed within our student community by including articles, anecdotes, and a host of other things related to the theme based on sustainable development. We hope you enjoy reading this issue as much as we have enjoyed making it. We at ABSORB wish you all a good read. Cheers!! T H E E D I T O R I A L B O A R D .
Cement is an inorganic and nonmetallic substance with hydraulic binding properties, used as a binding agent for construction purposes. It is a grey fine powder that turns into a paste when added to water or any other liquid and has a plastic flow. The paste gradually hardens into a solid structure with varying degrees of strength and bonding properties, which improves with age due to a series of complex hydration reactions. Hence, cement is added with water, and fine aggregates like sand and gravel in a proper ratio to produce the concrete used in the construction. Cement is needed in all the sectors of an economy like the housing sector, infrastructure development, and construction of transportation systems. India's cement demand is expected to reach 550-600 Million Tons Per Annum by 2025. Due to the versatile nature of cement, its consumption and production have always been uphill. But for each ton of cement, 900kg of carbon dioxide is released. Therefore, ramping up the production of cement means increased emission of carbon dioxide ultimately leading to the greenhouse effect. As per listed by the central pollution board of India, the cement industry is in 17th position in causing pollution. Air, soil, land, and vegetation are being affected due to the cement manufacture and mining of limestone. Carbon dioxide is the most dangerous gas being excessively released in the cement industry. The cement industry comprises 8% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions. But still, every construction process uses cement as a primary ingredient, so is there any alternative to conventional cement that can be manufactured with less emission? Yes, there is !! GREEN CEMENT: A BETTER TOMORROW
Here comes the concept of green cement which is manufactured by using a “carbon-negative process”. Becoming carbon-negative requires a company, sector, or country to remove more CO₂ from the atmosphere than it emits. Particularly, the cement that is manufactured in this process has very minimum emission when compared to the Portland cement process. So green cement is environmentally friendly by settling the environmental issues. But still, there have been certain breakthroughs. One among them which has had great success is Hoffmann Green Cement Technology. Hoffmann green created a manufacturing process that become a revolution in which the composition of cement is changed in such a way it doesn’t contain clinker which was a major source of carbon dioxide emission in conventional cement production. It also created a cold and clean cement manufacturing process where there is no firing of raw materials. The Hoffmann process is based on recovering and promoting co-products from industry and construction to substitute traditional raw materials. The major co-products used in this process are 1) Blast furnace slag, recovered from the metallurgical and steel industry. 2) Flash clay, a co-product of clay sludge 3) Gypsum, produced from construction site excavated material These co-products are mixed with activators and super activators formulated by Hoffmann green, producing three types of cement H-UKR, H-EVA, and H-P2A, all of these being produced by a carbon-negative process. As a result of this technology, it is now possible to produce carbon-free cement with 0% clinker. This not only reduces the emission of carbon dioxide and also preserves the natural resources of limestone. Another such green cement technology was invented by Navrattan green cement industry private limited. Navrattan group developed an ecofriendly concrete called Navrattan Crete produced from all-natural resources which don’t release any pollutants during its making process. In this process, a proprietary binder is derived through a species of algae and other marine life sources, and a guard extraction process is used in Navrattan crete. The above process is done to transform the enzyme of algae into a highly concentrated elastic polymeric powder. K.Koushik
-effective but also reduces the impact on the environment compared to petroleum materials. Something mesmerizing. In most of the processes of deconstructing the lignin, high pressures are required and are mostly expensive. The major problems are safety concerns and energy consumption with conventional solvents. It can be overcome by using glycerin as a solvent. Glycerin is mainly used in the manufacturing process of soaps, liquid cosmetics, and shampoos because of its moisturizing property. However, in our case, glycerin helps to break down the lignin into a building block used to make biobased products like 3D printing resins, different types of plastics, flavour and fragrance components, antioxidants, and many more. For the growing population, sustainable development plays a significant role. We should make it happen without disturbing the planet's ecological balance and at the same time, be economically efficient. We chemical engineers can accomplish this in different ways. The University of Delaware and CanmentENERGY came into a collaboration work, led by professor Thomas H. Epps, III. They are trying to upcycle biomass into new products, for example, using technical lignin (the most available resource) from the paper and pulp industry into high-performance plastics. [1] The ability to utilize waste byproducts from industrial processes like technical lignin, breaking down to turn into a useful Tl product which is not only costSUSTAINABLE MATERIALS: CREATING VALUABLE PLASTICS AND CHEMICALS FROM WASTE "When you put the whole picture together, Recycling Is the right thIng to do."
They got the same chemical functionality as methanol at a much lower temperature by using glycerin instead of methanol. It eliminates the need for a closed system, allowing the researchers to do the reaction and separation steps simultaneously, resulting in a more cost-effective system. The process is operated at atmospheric pressure. It is not just safer but also makes it easier to scale up the process from small batches to continuous operation, making it faster, thus producing more material with less labour. Another such development is the creation of potential chemicals from plastic waste. The most common method used for the upgradation of plastic waste is Pyrolysis. Polyolefins, which constitute two-thirds of plastic wastes are generally pyrolyzed to produce gaseous or liquid fuels or raw chemicals such as light olefins, benzene, toluene, and xylene. Rectify the problem in the transportation of plastic. Pyrolysis can be done on a smaller scale and near accessible collection sites. A wide variety of hydrocarbons like paraffin, olefins, and aromatics can be produced from Pyrolysis at low and high temperatures from plastic waste. The yield of these hydrocarbons varies with the composition, structure, and decomposition of plastics. P.V. B. KIRANMAI
BY Amit Kumar Molecular nanomachines (MNMs) are synthetically engineered molecules with light-induced actuation (motorization). In 1961, a conceptual design for these nanomachines was put out. However, the recent award of the 2016 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their discovery emphasizes the current high level of interest in their potential applications. To better understand potential applications for MNM, it is essential to evaluate how they can be applicable in different cells and tissues. Of particular interest here is their functioning in vivo in multicellular organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans is a hermaphrodite nematode worm, a free-living organism found on moist soil, is a leading model organism used widely in neurobiology, biomedicine, genetics, and the study of host−pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR NANOMACHINES .C. elegans has a life span of 15−20 days at ambient temperatures from 20 to 22 °C. It was first used as a model organism to study the mechanisms of ageing. Moreover, C. elegans has a transparent body that allows the visualization of fluorescently tagged molecules, pathogens, and tissue pathologies. Molecular work in C. elegans over the past two decades has led to the discovery of critical molecular mechanisms, including programmed cell death, RNAi techniques for gene silencing, and expression of the green fluorescent protein (GPF). These molecular characteristics make C. elegans a desirable model to study physiological and pathological changes caused by external agents or treatments. Daphnia species are crustacean filter feeders in freshwater reservoirs, commonly known as water fleas. MOLECULAR NANOMACHINES "Nanotechnology In MedIcIne Is goIng to have a Major Impact on the SurvIval of the human Race."
. Daphnia is a commonly used model organism in ecological studies examining different toxicities and environmental factors affecting freshwater systems. More recently, Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna have been used to study the effects of nanoparticles and their impact on the environment. Daphnia offers several advantages as a model system, including ease of handling and visible characteristics for experimental measurements. Small invertebrate models such as C. elegans and Daphnia allow light to penetrate the organism and make it possible to study morphological changes. Nematodes incubated with MNM for 15 min were transferred onto NGM agar plates and exposed to 365 nm light. (a) Light source with a wavelength of 365 nm. (b) The light source was placed directly above the NGM agar plate to cover the entire plate and ensure high and constant energy delivery. (c) C. elegans in NGM agar plate with 365 nm light source at a constant distance of 1.27 cm above the agar plate to deliver constant energy of 10–15 mW/cm2. (d) NMG agar plates with E. coli (OP50) as a food source were used to maintain C. elegans after MNM and light exposure Hairless nude mice study skin pathology, lesions, and ulcerations associated with skin cancers, including melanoma and adenocarcinoma. These mouse skin models observe skin histopathology and fluorescent microscopy to identify localized cellular processes. Previously it was shown that MNMs could be used to open cellular membranes and synthetic lipid bilayers, destroy cancer cells, and disrupt bacterial cell wells in vitro. It was sought to determine whether these MNMs can work effectively in vivo, retaining their disruptive nature in a spatially controlled manner when introduced to whole organisms. C. elegans, Daphnia, and hairless nude mice are used to study the morphological effects of light-activated fast motor MNMs in small eukaryotes and Am mammalian tissue. it kumar
Photovoltaics are devices attentively based on transforming light energy into electrical energy. In recent years the growing demand for clean resources has led to dramatic growth in the research and manufacturing of solar cells. Organic solar cells, conventional silicon solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells are relatively mature technologies. The power efficiency of these devices is approaching record limits of about 24.7% for crystalline cells and more excellent than 42.3% for some multi-junction cells (pushes solar cells) exposed to more than 400 suns. Silicon-based devices are the most used in solar technology. However, their fabrication is complex and requires high economic power. Because of the limitations of silicon wafer processing technologies, they cannot be manufactured in huge sizes. ORGANIC SOLAR CELL This disadvantage of silicon photovoltaic researchers leads to exploring alternate materials for solar energy generation—organic photovoltaic cells, spin coating, and spread deposition. OPVs have low cost, easy fabrication, and are mechanically suitable. Small molecule solar cells and polymer solar cells are the two types. Organic solar cells have a lower efficiency than conventional solar cells, but they can become competitive in terms of cost, fabrication simplicity, and noble applications. Solar cells and their characteristics: The most critical parameters profusely involved in determining the performance of solar cells are open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor & power conversion efficiency (PCE). Depict typical current-voltage characteristics of a solar cell in dark and illuminated conditions. Solar Energy - Today's Resource for a brIghter tomorrow!
Short circuit current - Current produced by the solar cell under illumination without application of external voltage. Open circuit voltage is the potential difference between two terminals of solar cells illuminated but with no current flowing through them. Fill factor - Quotient of the maximum power of solar cells and product of open circuit voltage to short circuit current. The efficiency of solar cells is known as the maximum power generated by the solar cell about the incident radiant energy. Other parameters and characteristics are responsivity (R ) and quantum efficiency (Qe). Responsivity is the quotient of current coming out of the cell to the incoming light beam of a given wavelength. Quantum efficiency is the number of hole pairs collected per incident photon. Construction of Organic photovoltaic devices: In addition to the transparent substrate, it has four layers. It is primarily composed of glass, polyester, or stainless steel. In this scenario, the substrate is on the backside. As a result, it must have a transparent conductive oxide coating, such as -Indium tin oxide (ITO). Glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are commonly covered with ITO. Nevertheless, The transparent layer works in a dual nature. One is a transparent window layer and an anode to collect photo-generated holes. It identifies that anode may diffuse into the active layer and cost device degradation due to formed charge. A barrier of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polymer between the active and anode will prevent the situation above (styrene sulfonate). It works as an electron blocker, allowing the generated holes to reach the anode. λ
This electron-blocking hole-transport layer is necessary for bulk heterojunction devices compared to bilayer devices. Because in bulk junctions, the donor and acceptor touch the anode and cathode, resulting in the flow of electrons and holes towards the same electrodes, calling poor device performance. Some researchers have proposed LiF between the cathode and active layer as a protective buffer to prevent the transport of cathode elements to the active layer. Carrier Transport mechanism in the OPV : Three phenomena occurring during the operation were as follows: Light absorption to generate electric:- 1) Charge carriers 2) Charge separation 3) Charge transport to electron The photoactive layer converts light into free electrons or a single exit when it absorbs light. The charge carriers are collected and separated by the formation of PN junctions between two semiconducting materials. At last, the charges are sent away by metal electrodes to the outer territory. When the below conditions meet, a charge transfer can take place: E - E > U Where E is electron affinity and U is the binding energy of exciton in the donor. A & D stands for acceptor and donors, respectively. Limitation of photocurrent in OPV: Although OPV shows acceptable PCE, the technology has not yet been broadly commercialization. Most published results have reported ~- 5.5% PCE for bulk heterojunction cells and slightly more than 6% PCE for tandem devices. However, significant strides have been made to introduce more than 7% PCE in the last three years. There have been two NREL-certified devices that have broken the 8% PCE mark. Sushil Shinde a A D a D a D
Sterlite Copper is a subsidiary of Sterlite industries, a company owned by Vedanta Limited, located in Thoothukudi, a port city in Tamil Nadu. It was the largest copper smelter plant in India during its operational time of 20 years from 1998 to 2018. But throughout this period, it has faced a lot of controversies. The plant has always been opposed by the local residents right from the beginning when it was first approved to be set up in Thoothukudi before being rejected by many other states considering the environmental hazards. On September 28, 2010, the plant was ordered to shut down by the Madras High Court, as evidence of contamination of the groundwater, air, and soil by the plant with its effluents and also violation of standards of operation was found by The National Environmental Research Institute (NEERI) and the Tamil Nādu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB). But on October 1, 2010, the supreme court stayed the closure order of the Madras High Court. On March 23, Thoothukudi town experienced a massive gas leak and residents woke up to itchy eyes, a burning throat, and breathing trouble. The plant had been shut down on the night of March 21 for routine maintenance. It was due to open on the morning of March 23, so rumours spread that it was "because of Sterlite" as people were running on streets and crowding on clinics out of fear. TNPCB accused Sterlite of the gas leak and reported that on march 23, the Sulphur-di-oxide levels showed a ECONOMICAL GROWTH VS ENVIRONMENTAL HARMONY STERLITE COPPER - A CASE STUDY
reading of 2939.55 mg/cubic meter against the prescribed limit of 1250 mg/cubic meter. And hence the board ordered the closure of the plant again. Finally, on April 2, 2013, Supreme Court refused to shut down the plant but ordered the company to pay a fine of Rs 100 crores for polluting the environment and for operating the plant without a renewal of the consents by TNPCB. The plant soon reopened after a favourable ruling was given by the National Green Tribunal. The agitations and the protests continued to prolong and they became massive in 2018 when the Vedanta group announced the expansion of the copper smelter plant. From February 2018, the people of Thoothukudi town and nearby villages affected due to the environmental hazards created by Sterlite Industries started staging protests every day. On May 22, 2018, the 100th day of their protest action, the people of Thoothukudi and nearby villages marched towards the collectorate to demand the closure of the factory against legal prohibitory orders passed by the district administration. The resultant commotion ended up with police opening fire and killing 11 people including a woman and a girl and more than 100 were injured. The plant was sealed by the Tamil Nadu government on May 28, 2018, due to environmental concerns. The Madras High Court on 18 August 2020 rejected a plea by natural resources company Vedanta seeking permission to reopen its Sterlite copper smelting plant in Thoothukudi. On 26 August 2020, Vedanta Ltd filed a petition in Supreme Court for reopening its Sterlite Copper plant at Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu. The plea challenged the validity of the Madras High Court's order of August 18 rejecting its plea to restart the plant and the final verdict is yet to come. What was the reason for such agitations among the Thoothukudi residents?
The reason was the adverse effects of the pollution caused by the plant. There was an increased prevalence of respiratory diseases and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) morbidity in the 5-km radius of Sterlite Industries. The prevalence of respiratory diseases in the area at 13.9% which was far higher than the state average and that of asthmatic bronchitis is 2.8%, which is two times more than the state average of 1.29%. Women were often found to have menstrual disorders, like menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea in the area. The groundwater iron content in the area of the plant was found to be 17–20 times the allowable limit, causing additional health problems for the population already experiencing higher than average incidence of respiratory diseases. According to the 1998 report given by NEERI, the levels of selenium, arsenic, and lead in treated effluent were higher than permissible limits. It was also reported that the industry's process of cooling the effluents can cause health hazards to the staff and residents in the local region. In another instance, the NEERI reported water samples from dug wells and borewells around the spot were found to be nondrinkable due to their high chemical content. Sampling tests by an NGO, Community Environmental Monitoring, found the salinity level in an open well to be 7854 mg/litre while levels exceeding 2000 mg/litre can badly damage the crops. A soil sample from the same spot containing 335 g/kg of iron and ingestion of just 3.5 grams by a child can be a serious case of Iron poisoning. A Scientific study in 2017, found most of the groundwater samples in the area are highly contaminated with heavy metals like arsenic, lead, boron, etc. which were higher than the WHO’s prescribed limit. Also, the waste effluents which were released into the sea poisoned it and hence they are no more fish found near the shore and this has destroyed the livelihood of fishermen who now have to go long through the sea for fishing. The plant has been closed citing the environmental pollution and the people’s welfare, but has it come without any losses?
The plant has been closed citing the environmental pollution and the people’s welfare, but has it come without any losses? The plant has contributed to 40 percent of the copper requirements of industries in India during its operational time. Industries manufacturing copper motors, wiring, radiators, connectors, brakes, and bearing use refined copper. After the closure of the plant, the domestic production of copper fell by 46 percent in 2019. This case study shows us the dilemma we are going through and the conflict between economic growth and the environment is more complex and sharper today than ever before. It is said ‘We cannot progress without sacrifice’, but can’t we? That is a question we need to ponder, try to shake out of the boundaries of existing norms and reimagine the world; to make it better. Sabarinathan A
What? Water is a metal. Such an interesting study that is cumbersome to our minds. Yeah!! It's right recent studies are proving that water acts like a metal. As we all know that impure water conducts electricity because of the flow of negatively charged particles present in the salts of the impure or unfiltered water. However pure water contains only water molecules with which no free electrons to conduct electricity. We also know that based on the theories at high pressures pure water acts as metal because the electrons bound in the valence shell would overlap and thus conduct electricity. But we require the high pressures of the range of 48 mega bars (over 4,7372,314 atmospheres), which is beyond the experimental capabilities. Such high pressures are available in huge planets and stars like the core of Jupiter, Neptune, and Uranus. However, the Czech academy of sciences in Prague, wondered whether they could find other means so that water acts as a metal without using that massive pressure. The researchers came up with a different approach to using alkali metals like sodium and potassium as having only one electron inhere valence shell and they easily lose their electrons to form new bonds. Whereas alkali metals are explosive to water. So, if we can reduce the explosion and borrow the electron from metals and use it for water to turn metallic. WATER A METAL?! "Water doesn't Cut through rock wIth Its strength only, It does so by being relentlessly persistent."
As we know that we must add acid dropwise to water rather than adding water directly to acid, as it was explosive. Similarly, water drops to a liquid solution of alkali metals then adding metal to water to reduce the explosion. As a result of this scientists explained a new experiment. They placed a syringe filled with sodium-potassium in a vacuum chamber, squeezed out small droplets of metals that are liquid at room temperature, and then metal droplets are exposed to a small amount of water vapour. The water vapour formed a thin layer of film(0.000003 inches,0.1 micrometres) over the surface of the metal droplet, and then immediately electrons from the metal ran into the water. Once the electrons started moving, the magnificent result showed that water turned into a shiny gold colour, under spectroscopy the bright golden colour showed the metallic. "You can see the phase transition to metallic water with the naked eye! The silvery sodium-potassium droplet covers itself with a golden glow, which is very impressive," reports Dr Robert Seidel, who administered the experiment. In the experiment, the water molecule turns into golden shiny metal only for a few seconds. The scientist also uncovered the spectroscopic information of the golden yellow metal. There are two metallic phase quantities known as Plasmon frequency(caused by the fluctuations of quasi-free electrons) and conduction band, these were determined by optical reflection spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy i.e. plasmon frequency of this golden-yellow metallic water skin is 2.7 eV and the conduction band is of width 1.1 eV with sharp Fermi edge. Still, research is going on to find amazing facts about this. These types of magical results conclude that there are chemical sciences behind them. Also we chemical students can do such outstanding results. P V B Kiranmai
Present: In the present scenario, most of the processes, design, and operations work are done by chemical engineers. It includes safety hazards assessment, analysis, control engineering, chemical reaction engineering, biological engineering, construction specification, and operating instruction. By the end of the 20th century, we saw those unit operations were incapable of developing chemical reactors. Furthermore, that made in thinking about other novel concepts like transport phenomena and process systems engineering (PSE). PSE gave a synthetic approach to chemical engineering. A primary concern at that time was regarding safety and hazard management. and the environmental impacts of large-scale chemical industries. Moreover, in many studies, IChemE established safety and hazard mitigation as part of every degree course is accredited What are some ways chemical engineers play a role in responding to the pandemic? Within weeks after its discovery, the virus genetic makeup (SARS-CoV-2) was decoded with the assistance of scientists and engineers. Optical, electrical, mechanical, computer and chemical engineers were all involved in making that possible. [1] Another area where Chemical engineers play a role is in the scaleup of therapeutics and vaccines. Scientists are discovering vaccines; PRESENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
that is a scientific task, but there is also engineering. However, going from making 100 doses to a billion doses is a considerable engineering challenge. The same is valid for manufacturing therapeutics. Chemical Engineers are working on that right now. The petrochemical industries gear up for significant developments in chemical engineering. However, advancements in biochemical engineering and polymer science paved new ventures in chemical engineering. They created a new era for the development of chemical engineering. Biochemical engineering paved the way for a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industry for the large-scale production of various antibiotics like penicillin. Polymer science made the 20th century an ‘age of plastics. Currently, industries have started manufacturing bio-degradable plastics, which are way more environmentally friendly and up to the concepts of the consumer. [1] Most people emphasize chemical engineering only in petrochemicals and oil. However, there is also the food industry, pharmaceuticals, environment safety, minerals, metals, papers pulp. The emerging concept of chemical engineering, nanotechnology and membrane technology are becoming milestones in industries. Advances in nanoscience are an efficient method, particularly in the food industry, for food safety from microbes. Nanomaterials which are having antimicrobial property are added to food to get rid pathogen borne diseases. Many everyday products like clothing, food, healthcare, automobiles and even electronics are made using nanotechnology.
DEEPTHI DEVAN PISHARADY Membrane technology is also getting wider applications as it is a clean technology that saves energy. Its applications are revolving around the food processing industry, carbon capture, wastewater treatment, desalination and demineralization. Information technology and computer science advancements have recently found new applications in designing and managing. chemical plants; these works were done manually before. Nowadays, chemical engineering is used to produce DNA sequences in large amounts. Now chemical engineers use computerized techniques and software like Matlab, python, and aspen to control automated systems and design processes in chemical plants. [1] Future: As of now, worldwide industries are trying to limit waste and reenvision product-based industries globally. In the future, there will be a shift from the current usage of fossil fuels and carbon-based fuels to renewable and sustainable ones like bio-based fuels. For these industrial innovations, there is a massive requirement for chemical engineering. The work for this is already undergoing in many places around the globe. There is a need for good establishment and improvement of industries of alternative fuels like biogas, biodiesel, and ethanol for a sustainable environment in the future. Lots more workers are already underway for these innovations to happen in the future. Much more work for a change of transportation fuels to biobased and even bio-based plastics and fibres. E Bio-Diesel thanol
By enclosing the nanoparticles into the plant, MIT researchers could glow the plant for nearly four hours. They have shown faith by further optimizing the process; we can illuminate the plants to light up the entire workplace. How does it feel to hear significantly differently? To glow the plants, MIT researchers have used luciferase, the same enzyme that helps fireflies glow. Luciferase is the enzyme that works on a luciferin molecule and helps him to light up. They have used another enzyme named Coenzyme A, which removes the by-product of the reaction and depresses luciferasen activity. They have embedded all these three particles in different nanoparticles and enclosed them in the plants. To send these particles into trees, they made a solution of these chemical components, drew the plant into that solution, and compressed it under high pressure, which ultimately helped to enter those particles into the plant. They tried to glow the plants, but those depended on genetic engineering and applied to a few plants. However, this process developed by MIT researchers can be applied to all the plants to convert them into glowing plants. By doing this, we can achieve a self-driving street lamp that lights up based on its metabolism energy. It will also help light up some domestic areas, which use delight. BIO-LUMINESCENCE, XP100 & CO₂
XP100 : FUEL It is a high-quality fuel developed by Indian oil corporate ltd, which helped India get into the league of prestigious countries with such high-quality fuel. The octane number helps to define the stability of the fuel. Higher the octane number higher the quality of fuel that resists the knocking. Knocking occurs when there is improper combustion of fuel, which can also lead to engine damage. It is a tremendous achievement for Atamnirbhar Bharat. CRACKING THE CARBON DIOXIDE (CO₂) REMOVAL : MIT researchers have achieved the method to extract the CO₂ from the airflow by implementing some charged plates connected to an electricity source; it is a game-changing invention for the future of earth to decrease the global Temperature and resist further increases. A large amount of energy was needed in the past to conduct the numerous experiments needed to extract carbon dioxide. The researchers at MIT Voskian and Hatton have achieved a successful design whose electrochemistry can capture carbon dioxide nearly in no effort. Their invented setup is a descendent of a battery in which they have a conductive electrode on which they have applied a Coating of a compound named "polyanthraquinone." Polyanthraquinone, as a natural affinity towards Carbon dioxide, features some specific conditions, but it has nearly no affinity towards CO₂ under calm conditions. When a supply of low-intensity (magnitude) electricity passes through those coated conductive plates, The battery gets charged and reacts with the passing molecules of carbon dioxide; as a reaction output, it gets absorbed onto the surface. At the point of saturation state of the battery, the CO₂ can be extracted by flipping the voltage supply to the battery as a pure gas flow. Sushil Shinde
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is India’s biggest oil and gas-producing company which is playing a vital role in fulfilling the energy needs of the country. ONGC was founded by the Indian government on 14th august 1956. ONGC has a distinguished function inside the Indian petroleum sector and complements India’s power availability. ONGC is a “Maharatna” with operations in the Exploration and Production of hydrocarbons, petrochemicals, LNG, and power. It produces around 70% of India’s crude oil. ONGC ranks third in India and ranked seventh among the pinnacle 250 global power organizations. ONGC is one of the pinnacle ten green companies in India. It has used ultra-modern green technologies to lessen pollution. KNOW YOUR COMPANY: ONGC .ONGC has performed the discovery of green crematoriums which are proper replacement for funeral pyres that emit so much smoke and uses up excess oxygen. In Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) ONGC is one of the organizations which recruits an excessive range of chemical engineers. ONGC recruits Graduate trainees through GATE, UGC-NET, and CLAT exams. Engineers are recruited in ONGC based on their scores in the gate exam. Candidates need to score a minimum of 60% marks in undergraduate-engineering programs to be eligible to apply for recruitment. ONGC provides summer and winter training i.e. internships for one or two months. The interns are exposed to the functioning of various departments in industries. There are 26 branches of ONGC all over India with headquarters located in New Delhi.
. Sustainability through technologies in ONGC: In general, the popular oil and fuel line manufacturing industries may also produce pollutants and harm the surroundings with the inside procedure of manufacturing oils, petrochemicals, and gases. ONGC group has taken a step towards sustainability through technologies with the aid of making sure to shield the surroundings. ONGC is aware of dangers springing up because of weather extrudes and has institutionalized a carbon management and sustainable organization on account that the maximum of weather extrudes is a result of the emission of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. ONGC has given significance to pursuing low carbon and excessive increase approach and taking a few tasks in direction of its carbon and water management policy. To have an enormous effect on sustainable improvement ONGC took tasks like GHG mitigation projects, clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, renewable energy, green buildings, water foot printing, rainwater harvesting management, and seawater distillation plants. ONGC has pursued renewable assets of power like wind energy and solar energy to lessen its internal carbon footprint and discover unconventional hydrocarbons and additionally changed conventional lights with LED lights at many work centers. It has also taken steps in the direction of wastewater management. The major goal of wastewater remedy is to dispose of as many suspended solids as viable earlier than the effluent is discharged back into the water cycle. The organization strives for a top-rated remedy of water to recycle produced water for numerous operation procedures consisting of drilling and re-injection. ONGC-produced water conditioners (PWCs) had been established for the treatment of offshore effluent water. For the treatment of sewage water produced in Offshore platforms Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) are installed. To avoid groundwater infection in surrounding areas HDPE lining is laid in waste pits and drill sites to prevent the percolation of wastewater into the grounds during drilling. B. Lalitha sree
Introduction: The Corona Virus, which has been infecting millions of people worldwide, resulted in thousands of fatal victims; facing this unprecedented crisis in human history. Several research groups, industrial companies, and governments have been spending efforts to develop vaccines and medications. People from distinct knowledge fields are doing their part to overcome this crisis. Chemical Engineers are also contributing to developing actions to control the Coronavirus and covid-19. In this context, the present paper aims to discuss several knowledge fields within Chemical Engineering and correlated areas successfully applied to create innovative and effective solutions in the fight against COVID-19. What are some ways chemical engineers play a role in responding to the pandemic? Within weeks after its discovery, the virus genetic makeup (SARS-CoV-2) was decoded with the assistance of scientists and engineers. Optical, electrical, mechanical, computer and chemical engineers were all involved in making that possible. [1] Another area where chemical engineers play a role is in the scaleup of therapeutics and vaccines. Scientists are discovering vaccines; that is a scientific task, but there is also engineering. However, going from making 100 doses to a billion doses is a considerable engineering challenge. The same is valid for manufacturing therapeutics. Chemical Engineers are working on that right now. [2] CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DURING PANDEMIC
The future will eventually transition to electric vehicles that use recovered and recycled battery materials. A fuel cell is another booming technology that uses energy from hydrogen or other fuels to generate electricity. As hydrogen is a clean fuel that produces water as a byproduct, it is an efficient method with several benefits over conventional combustion-based technologies. In the future, these can be used in vehicles replacing petrol and diesel fuels. The development and implementation of all these products are significant challenges PPE Kits: Designing PPE kits that are breathable for the skin while offering maximum protection from the virus to the wearer is another challenge for chemical engineers. The PPE kits are now not breathable and cannot be worn for long periods without uncomfortable consequences. The development of suitable fabric which achieves the goals of safety and comfort needs contribution from chemical engineers. [3]
Medicines: There are few options available in therapeutical drugs for treating COVID-19. Chemical engineers collaborate with virologists to help expedite SARS-cov2 antiviral drug screening by incorporating nano-vesicles into a high throughput screening process. Accordingly, some tested medications include Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine (used to treat malaria); Lopinavir and Ritonavir (used to treat HIV); Heparin (an anticoagulant); Remdesivir (an antiviral used to treat the Ebola virus). The antimicrobial drugs used in treating viral infections, such as Azithromycin, Teicoplanin, Oritavancin, and Dalbavancin, exhibit positive coronavirus inhibition in human cells. So chemical engineers are makings efforts to build these medicines on a large scale at a low cost. [3] Rapid diagnosis and Vaccine development: Chemical engineers are trying to create a membraneincorporated, viral-particles-separation device. This device could be used to separate virus particles or serum from 15 mL of whole blood in 10 minutes without requiring a centrifuge or electricity. It refers to developing methods of rapid diagnosis and expediting vaccine development. [3] Girish. B
Faculty Advisors Editorial Board V S S Sarma (IV year) Ganga Bhavani (IV year) Riyaz Syed (IV year) P Lalitha Devi (IV year) B Girish (IV year) P V B Kiranmai (IV year) BEHIND THE PAGES DR. VINOTH KUMAR RAJA DR. PUCHALAPALLI DINESH SANKAR REDDY
Deepthi Devan (IV year) K . Koushik (IV year) Sabarinathan A (IV year) Amit Kumar (III year) G Neha (III year) M Ram Kumar (III year) Reethu Kumari (III year) Sushil Shinde (III year) Siddhant Patel (II year) Sanjay Malladi (II year) Contributors Adarsh Kumar (III year) A Parvallika (III year) Suman Jee (III year) Sanskruti Hanwante (III year) Adarsh Singh (III year) B. Lalitha sree (IV year)
DR. GOURHARI CHAKRABORTY DR. BINDHYA K.P. DR. MYLAPILLI S.V PRASAD DR. SUDHA MINZ DR.ATANU KUMAR PAUL DR. BANAVATH ANIL KUMAR NAIK DR. GARIMELLA SAI MANIKIRAN DR. VENKATA GOUTHAM POLISETTY DR. VINOTH KUMAR RAJA DR. PUCHALAPALLI DINESH SANKAR REDDY Department of Chemical Engineering Ad-hoc Faculty
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SOURCES Water a Metal?! Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) - Home. "Water as a metal." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily,28 July 2021. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/07/ 210728124310.htm Mason, Philip E., et al. "Spectroscopic evidence for a gold-coloured metallic water solution." Nature 595.7869 (2021): 673-676. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Vdz18ibX7rE&t=10s https://www.uochb.cz/en/news/332/metal lic-water-prepared-for-the-first-timeunder-terrestrial-conditions 1. 2. 3. 4. SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS: CREATING VALUABLE PLASTICS AND CHEMICALS FROM WASTE Sustainable Materials: Creating Valuable Plastics and Chemicals from Waste (scitechdaily.com) https://www.pigprogress.net/specials/welfareand-sustainability-a-balancing-act-for-globaldairy/ Imagereference:2https://www.google.com/url? sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F3dprint.com%2F2886 28%2Fresearchers-upcycle-lignin-into-bio-basedsla-3d-printingresin%2F&psig=AOvVaw3pj7cM0Wad1eFbYj4ZTzv p&ust=1646823147367000&source=images&cd= vfe&ved=0CAwQjhxqFwoTCIiel8WstvYCFQAAAAAd AAAAABAD 1. 2. 3. PRESENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2 211339819300486 https://www.nano.gov/aboutnanotechnology/applications-nanotechnology https://profbillanderson.com/2020/05/26/the-futureof-chemical-engineering/ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0- 387-68815-2_14 http://qspecs.wpenginepowered.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/04/QSPEC-SOLUTIONSControl-Room.png https://idecal.es/wpcontent/uploads/2019/04/sewerage780582_1280.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_GuLXAc2Kwcs/TSs6v3FHsx I/AAAAAAAAA5o/oeFoLPGygPs/s200/simplifydiagram-of-biogas-digester.JPG https://image1.slideserve.com/3350634/fuel-cellsfor-nasa-space-programme-l.jpg 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Green Cement a Better Tomorrow 1. https://www.kapre.com/resources/contractor/isgreen-cement-the-future-of-sustainableconstruction/#:~:text=Green%20cement%20is%20a%20f orm%20of%20cement%20produced,are%20minimized% 2C%20is%20referred%20to%20as%20green%20cement. 2. https://www.navrattangroup.com/green-cement.html 3. https://www.ciments-hoffmann.com/industrialprocess/manufacturing-process/ 4.https://www.startus.cc/sites/default/files/styles/compa ny_profile_gallery_image/public/company-profilegallery/navrattan_green_cement.jpg?itok=bJrq31FB 5.https://en.jcement.ru/upload/dev2fun_opengraph/bf7/ bf7f17ab9035d8624cce42013aeacbe6.jpg 6. https://i2.wp.com/civilblog.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/04/Blended-Cement.jpg? resize=600%2C442&ssl=1 7. https://149356857.v2.pressablecdn.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/11/3-3.jpg 8.https://cdn.flipitnews.com/img/flips/QQu2Wa4yRx3H5t kBoF8oFJBcWo5hAkK91FTXgMoR.jpg 9.https://financialtribune.com/sites/default/files/field/ima ge/17january/05_wastewater_300.jpg 10.http://www.tfod.in/UserProfileImages/ProjectImages/ ResizeOrignal/j4GpdgfD5ad6ccd4_184.JPG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SOURCES Bio-luminescence, xp100 & CO₂ https://news.mit.edu/2017/engineers-createnanobionic-plants-that-glow-1213 https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/nation al/indian-oil-launches-super-premium-petrol-xp100- octane-in-hyderabad/article33474464.ece .https://news.mit.edu/2022/cracking-carbonremoval-challenge-verdox-0915 1. 2. 3. KNOW YOUR COMPANY : ONGC https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_C orporation https://fiinovationblogs.wordpress.com/2016/02/29/to p- 10-green-companies-of-india/ https://ongcindia.com/documents/77751/1767719/33 52_466_sustainreport180618.pdf/c6078523-cff7-c4bfa159-4b65bbfea2da https://ongcindia.com/web/hi/w/ongc-is-top-energycompany-of-india-5th-in-asia-21st-globally-platts https://res.cloudinary.com/peoplematters/image/uploa d/w_624,h_351,c_scale,q_auto,f_auto/v1497957217/14 97957216.jpg 1. 2. 3. 4. ORGANIC SOLAR CELL 5. https://www.ossila.com/enin/pages/organic-photovoltaics-introduction https://www.solarreviews.com/content/image s/blog/post/focus_images/1661_focusorganic.jpg https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/organicsolar-cells https://www.solarreviews.com/content/image s/blog/post/focus_images/body-organic.jpg 1. 2. 3. 4. Chemical Engineering During Pandemic Mohamed T., El-aziz A., Stockand J.D. Infection, Genetics and Evolution Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - an update on the status. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;83 doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104327. Cascella M., Rajnik M., Cuomo A., Dulebohn S.C., Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19) StatPearls. 2020 3)AICHE CEP Magazine(November 2011) 1. 2. 3. Molecular Nanomachines https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.9b 22595 https://pubs.acs.org/cms/10.1021/acsami.9b2 2595/asset/images/medium/am9b22595_000 2.gif 1. 2.