THE CHEMIST & DRUGGIST - 26 JANUARY 1916

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 147

blended ground white peppers from known source, which digitoxin. Freund established that 0.02 gram digitalis-

were examined at the same time leaf containing 0.25 per cent, digitoxin (i.e., 0.00005
:
digitoxin) kills a frog in half an hour. On then adminis-
Crude Fibre tering pure digitoxin to frogs of the same weight, he

1. (This was not of very good colour) 3 2 per cent. found that he had to administer 0.0005 to cause death
in other words, digitoxin would be ten times more toxic
2 2.6 if administered in the form of leaves than in the form
3
4 2.6 of pure glucoside.

5. (" Best white ") 3.0 • „ At a later period Fromme and Focke also concluded
. 1.0
that the chemical standardisation by digitoxin proposed
These were all ground from home-decorticated samples, by Keller was unreliable, as it gives quite a false idea
and the decortication had been carried further than is
the case with the so-called " imported white peppers." of the physiological activity of the plant. To establish
The accompanying photomicrographs serve as illustra- this point, Ziegenbein made a series of experiments,
tions in connection with decortication. which I have summed up in the table below. The

Fig. 1 shows the general structure of the outside por- toxic doses are for 100-gram frog.
tion of a whole berry.

The pericarp proper extends from a to d, the layer a

being made up of the epidermis and the characteristic Qj a* = .J M a) S -2 -
heavy "stone cells" (sclerenchynia) shown in the sur- ".2 c.S" o
face view in fig. 2, and the layer d being the lighter p-i A£° p.r§ s
stone cells shown in the centre of fig. 3. OM O U
R"S> o o.^
Layer e represents the seed-coats (testa), and a sur-
face view of this portion is shown in fig. 4. f is the £3 A -B p

seed-tissue (perisperm). It will be seen that the peri- 0.04 0.14% 0.000056 0.00028 1 :5
carp shows two inner layers, b and c, and it is at the 0.03 0.18% 0.000054 0.00018 1 3.3
junction of these two that a point of specially easy 0.03 0.12% 0.000036 0.00024 1 : 6.6
severance occurs, and most of the " imported white 0.05 0.11% 0,000055 0.00022 1 •4
peppers" have been decorticated up to this point i.e., 0.06 0.22% 0.000132 0.00036 1 . 2.6
0.05 0.18% 0.00009 0.00036 1 :4

the outer portions a and b of the pericarp have been

removed, except in those cases where they have evidently This table shows that the toxicity of the digitoxin con
been left on accidentally. With some varieties (e.g., tained in the digitalis-leaf is from 2.6 to 6.6 times
Muntock) this removal results in a white-looking pepper- stronger than that of pure digitoxin. According to cer-
corn, although the inner pericarp and the testa are left tain authors, this greater toxicity would be due to com-
on; but with other varieties {e.g., Penang) the pepper- plex substances contained in digitalis, which play the part
corns are dark in colour, and could hardly be sold as of physiological catalytics by stimulating the absorption
whole white pepper. However, if decortication is carried of the active principles of the drug by the organism.
further, and the inner pericarp and testa (c, d, and e)
are removed, then a white-looking peppercorn is produced, Investigating the cause for the variability of digitalis
and the product could certainly be sold as whole white preparations, Ziegenbein, Focke, and others discovered

pepper. that these are due to various factors, among which I
may mention :

1. The age, or rather the period of growth, at which the

Heart-tonics : plant is gathered Focke has, in fact, found that the
A Retrospective Study of their Physio-
toxicity of the two-year-old plant, gathered at the begin-
logical Standardisation.
ning of July (the period of efflorescence) is from 15 to
By E. Hercod, Pharmacien.
20 per cent, higher than that of the one-year-old plant,
Part I.
gathered at the same time and the same place, while at
A CRITICAL glance through the various Pharmacopoeias
shows that, whereas they practically all prescribe the beginning of August the proportion is reversed ; this
a fixed standard in active principles for certain heroic
vegetable drugs and the galenical preparations derived is explained by the fact that the one-year-old plant does
from them, they only specify inadequate control tests
of a purely qualitative nature for the important class of not bloom until August, at which period the two-year-old

heart-tonics, comprising digitalis and strophanthus. plant is forming seeds. In a word, the maximum toxicity
This fact is all the more striking, seeing that as far back
as 1897 Houghton drew attention to the variability of coincides with the apogee of the efflorescence.
certain vegetable drugs, while Keller found differ-
ences of 0.26—0.62 per cent, in the content of digitoxin 2. The climatic conditions which prevail during the de-
in digitalis-leaves. Three years later Biihrer established
that the toxicity .of digitalis extracts of different origin velopment of the plant. The digitalis which develops in
yaried in the proportion of 4C0 per cent., and Ziegenbein
in 1902 found that digitalis-leaves showed differences hot and dry weather is much more active than that which
)f activity varying from 100 to 200 per cent., while,
Inally, Fraenkel reported variations of 100 to 275 per develops in cold and wet weather.
i:ent. in infusions and of 100 to 400 per cent, in
3. Finally, the mode of preservation, which constitutes,
ligitalis tinctures. When Schmiedeberg, Bohm, and
if not the most important, at least one of the principal
Kiliani had successfully isolated from the di°-italis-leaf
hree distinct glucosides—digitoxin, digitalein, and factors in the variability of the drug. Thus Focke was
ligitophyllin—Keller thought that the therapeutic value
>f this drug could be fixed on the basis of its content able to establish that the therapeutic activity of digitalis
>f digitoxin, this glucoside being the principle of which
he physiological action most resembles that of digitalis, dried in the open air by the ordinary process undergoes
iowever, Freund and Ziegenbein, after having studied
he comparative action of digitalis and dieitoxin on a retrogression proportional, in a certain degree, to the
rogs, according to a method similar to that of Houghton,
age of the plant. The following figures give an idea of
Droved that the physiological action of digitalis infusion
s stronger than that of the digitoxin contained in this the importance of this retrogression :

nfusion, and that consequently, there was no relation Within the space of Diminution of Activity
•etween the activity of digitalis and its content of 5 wer ks
— 34 percent.

7 weeks ... ... ... ... 41 ,,

3 months 76 ,,

This loss in activity is attributed either to ferments,

or to the humidity which remains in the leaf or which it

absorbs after desiccation ; these factors, which do not
appear to affect the glucosides themselves, would, on the

other hand, affect certain principles to the presence of

Wewhich digitoxin seems to owe its solubility. know,

as a matter of fact, that alkaloids and glucosides are not

present in the basic state in living vegetables they
;

are in the form of complex combinations, soluble in

water, which the humidity or the ferments remaining in

the plants after desiccation would decompose into simpler,

insoluble radicals.

It is therefore important to dry the digitalis-leaf as

rapidly and thoroughly as possible after gathering; the

desiccation can take place in the open (Wolf) or by

artificial heat (Focke), ensuring, however, that the heat

does not attain 100° C. The operation should be

:

THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 29, 1916

prolonged until the contents in water do not exceed 1.5 per Official Galenicals.
cent. Perrot-Goris have recently proposed a method of
desiccation by alcohol-steam, which would have the Notes for Students on the Methods of Manufacture.

advantage of destroying the oxydases. By H. F. Slack, Ph.C.
{Laboratories of the Standard Tablet and Pill Co., Ltd.)
Strophanthus preparations, like digitalis, present con-
siderable variations. Houghton, having had occasion

to analyse fourteen samples of strophanthus-seeds, found THE difficulties which arise in the manipulation in-
that their activity varied from 100 to 330 per cent. volved in the manufacture of pharmacopceial pre-
parations on a small scale are not without educative value
Fraenkel, studying the comparative activity of seven
to those preparing for the Qualifying examination in
strophanthus tinctures of German origin, reported differ-
pharmacy. Many operations involve principles which are
ences in these of from 400 to 6.000 per cent. These
differences must be attributed to the fact that in Europe of general application, and the present notes are the
there are obtainable, under the name of strophanthus,
result of experience gained in working on large and small
seeds which belong to all the varieties of the plant, so scales, combined with recollection of the difficulties en-
countered by the writer in his pre-examination days.
that, as Dr. Gilg so justly says, "it is very rarely that
one obtains, even from important export houses, samples General Counsel.
of Strophanthus Kombi, the sole kind that is official,

and," he adds, "seeing that the physiological activity For examination-purposes the manner of working, choice

of the various kinds of strophanthus varies enormously, of the most suitable apparatus required, and the rationale
it is clear that the effect of the medicament on the
patient depends exclusively on the absolute purity of of the process adopted are quite as important to the
examiners as the
the crude material." a elegance of the finished product.-
When commencing pharmaceutical manufacturing opera-

It must be added that the anatomical study of the tion with which a worker is not familiar the first thing
seeds of the different kinds of strophanthus is most diffi- he should think about is the kind of apparatus required
cult, as, apart from a certain number of characteristic
for the various stages he must be careful that the appli-
;

species, they cannot be differentiated under the micro- ances selected are suited to the different conditions, particu-
scope. This variability in action is also to be found in
the different strophanthins sold on the market. larly the temperatures involved, as these considerations
Houghton reports having analysed six samples, said to always minimise possibility of accidents and loss of material
caused by breaking of unsuitable apparatus, and such
avoidable operations as transferring the contents of one
be pure, and which gave the following result* : vessel to another on account of the container chosen proving

Strophanthin Minimum Strophanthin Minimum in the course of operations to be unsuitable. The Pharma-
Lethal Dose
Lethal Dose copoeia directions in the galenical monographs should be read

1 0.000009 4 0.00000062 with the greatest care so as to get all possible information

2 0.000001 5 0.0000001 from them, for omission to observe even details often spells
" failure.
3 0.000001 6 0.0000001

These strophanthins, which had been supplied by three As an example of a frequent cause of misdirected thought
and loss of time may be mentioned the difficulty of intro-
of the first manufacturers of pharmaceutical products in ducing into a preparation a minute fraction of the smallest
weighable amount of an ingredient without having to employ
the world, were, as said before, so-called pure, in spite some inert foreign substance as a diluent or triturant.
In such a case a component of the galenical being prepared
of which we see that one sample is ninety times more may serve as the dividing material. For example, the
sugar in syrup, ferri phosph. c. quinina et strychnina is
active than another a suitable triturant for an awkward amount of strychnine:
an equal quantity of the diluent being omitted from the
Professor Thorns writes, on the other hand, on the sub- weight of sugar to be added to complete the syrup.

ject of various strophanthins examined by him : " The The incorporation into a preparation of a substance
products sent me by various firms were, without excep-

tion, amorphous they possessed different chemical pro- requiring merely admixture with the basis is often facili-

—; tated by making a minimum excess of the galenical and

perties and what is of great importance from a preparing a trituration or dilution of the particular sub-

—therapeutic point of view they varied in their toxicity ; stance with some or the whole of the excess allowed; this

some of them had an acid reaction, and the majority means may be employed, for instance, in the addition of
contained a different quantity of nitrogen."
the otto of rose to ung. aquae rosae, when the volume of
It is obvious that under these conditions one cannot
establish the therapeutic value of strophanthus prepara-
tions according to their contents in a glucoside which is

not always identical. the otto does not admit of convenient direct measurement.
In the second part of this communication the different
Very frequently, when a small amount of a galenical has
physiological-testing methods for such heart-tonics will
to be manufactured, the calculated proportions of its

be dealt with. ingredients are inconvenient quantities for weighing or

measuring in cases of this sort it is usually permissible to
;

make a small excess of the preparation, so that the quan-

tities prescribed by the Pharmacopoeia may be taken in

terms of a set unit ; an ounce, for instance, as prescribed

in an official monograph, may be taken to correspond with

a drachm or other convenient amount, and the other

weights or volumes calculated in proportion. It should be

noted also that frequently, as in ung. paraffini, the pre-

scribed amounts are simple multiples of one another; in

such cases it is obviously unnecessary to work out elaborate

calculations for producing a particular amount. In calcu-

lation it is of considerable value to be conversant with

the more common equivalents of the Imperial and r.'etric

systems.

Although practical experience is the best and surest guide

to details of manipulation, of the numerous hints which it

is possible to suggest the following may be of use
When a semi-solid or sticky substance, like many of the

extracts, is required to be dropped into a bottle or flask

without clinging around the neck, it is often expedient to

twist up the substance in a small piece of parchment or

waxed paper and drop the whole into the vessel. For

introducing powders a perfectly dry long or short stemmed

funnel, as occasion requires, may be used, and the traces

of adhering matter washed into the container by means of

some of the solvent or medium in use. .,

When a small weight or volume is required of a thick

liquid unsuited for direct measurement it is often con-

Rue du Commerce, Soissons. venient to know the number of drops from a particular

This is how it looked after the bombardment, which also destroyed —container which are necessary to produce a definite quantity
a pharmacy of which the door is seen on the left.
in minims or grains. Small weights of liquids for example.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 149

—glycerin which cannot be obtained accurately by simple temperatures must be observed ; also pour and spread
quickly, as the plaster is almost solid at 70° C.
weighing, owing to their adhering to the scale-pan, may be
Emp. Plumbi.—Boil the ingredients until a portion
got by difference, a slight excess of the required quantity
being weighed first and the requisite amount being poured of the plaster, cooled and kneaded betw.een the fingers,
off in drops, the approximate number of which is regulated does not feel .sticky. The kneading with water before
"pulling" is to remove glycerin.
by calculation from the results of a previous experiment
carried out as above suggested. Emp. Reslnae.-The official directions, which state that

The conveniences above referred to are mentioned only each ingredient must be melted separately, are somewhat
in order to stimulate operators to thought when difficult and misleading in view of the difficulty experienced when
endeavouring to melt the hard soap. The resin should be
apparently insurmountable circumstances arise, and to melted first over a Bunsen flame, strained if necessary, and
the soap added in very fine shavings. The heating is then
indicate that, whatever the conditions may be, there are continued with stirring until the soap suddenly disintegrates
right and wrong ways of attaining the desired result, also and dissolves, and to this mixture is added the melted lead

a best way. plaster. A similar manner of manipulation applies to einp

Principles Illustrated in Preparations. saponis.

The following order of operations should be systematically Glycerin. Acid. Borlc.-Note that crystallised acid is
used. Stirring must be very assiduous, especially if the
adopted on setting out to manufacture a galenical : heating be conducted over a direct flame, otherwise darken-
ing in colour is likely to result.
1. Study with care the formula and official directions,
Glycerin. Acid. Tannic— An elegant light-coloured
so that the preparation may be made unhesitatingly and
preparation is obtained when the directions given in the
as expeditiously as possible, also in order to extract the British Pharmacopoeia, 1898, are followed, but complete
solution is not effected until the mixture has been allowed to
maximum amount of information from the particulars stand for some time with occasional stirring or shaking.
Should the preparation be required quickly, however,
stated therein. warmth must be applied, although this gives a preparation
considerably darker in colour, as is also the case when the
2. Decide upon convenient quantities, methods of dilu-
tion or trituration of awkward amounts, and general glycerin used contains a trace of iron as impurity.

manipulatory details. Glycerin. Aluminis. -The best result is obtained when
crystallised alum, preferably the ammonium compound, is
3. Calculate so that the resultant amount be sufficient, if used and freshly powdered in a composition mortar. The
small amount of water ordered is sufficient to dissolve the
permissible, to allow for any unavoidable loss. salt on the application of heat. The solution thus formed
is then poured into the glycerin and any suspended matter
4. Prepare for use the apparatus required, employing removed by straining through fine muslin. The same hint
only the minimum number of appliances.
as to the use of crystalline chemicals has wide application,
Representative preparations and classes of galenicals
and may be adopted when making up preparations contain-
\,hich merit attention are here treated in alphabetical
ing boric acid, borax, and sugar (as in syrups).
order
Glycerin. Amyli. -The starch should be mixed with the
Acida Diluta.— In preparing dilute acids as much care water first, thus avoiding the formation of lumps. Heat the
ingredients on a sand-bath and continue with diligent stir-
should be taken as when making volumetric solutions, ring until a translucent jelly is obtained. To avoid charring
the preparation it is also advisable, to remove the vessel
which implies that a graduated flask, or other vessel with from the sand-bath just before the starch has become com-

the desired volume marked on the neck or other con- pletely gelatinised.

i Infusa.—Carelessness as regards the observance of the

istricted portion, should be employed. Allowance should be time of infusion frequently occurs, although in order to

[made for changes of temperature that occur when strong obtain products of standard and correct composition it is

[acids are mixed with diluents, sufficient time being allowed most important that the officially directed lengths of time

for normal conditions to be regained before the volume is be rigidly adhered to, so as to obtain infusions containing
made up to the graduation mark. the proper amount of extractive. The requisite amount of

I>anae Hydrosus.- Rapid incorporation of the water may be either weighed, as is usually done, or

ater is facilitated by first melting the wool-fat and by measured in a graduated earthenware jug. It is customary
orking with a warmed mortar. to cover the infusion-pot employed with a tea-cosy, or fo
adopt other means for retaining heat by preventing exces-
IAAdleupms Exsiccatum.-To prevent loss of the acidic sive radiation, and finally to strain the resultant liquid

idicle of alum, and so obtain the resulting dry compound through a small piece of cotton-wool.

)mpletely soluble in water, the heat should be Xnf. Aurant. Co.— The fresh lemon-peel in this infusion
and in inf. gentian, co. is best obtained by removing the
irefully regulated and the temperature not allowed to rind of the fruit in large pieces, after having made longi-
se above 200° C.
tudinal slits; these pieces are then well scraped with a
Caffeinae Cltras Effervescens. Granulation is aided by knife to remove the inner white zest, which possesses no
nploying a vessel well suited for the purpose e.g., a
hotographic dish. It is necessary also to pay strict atten- aroma and contains tannin. The presence of the latter in
on to the officially prescribed range of temperature.
the finished preparation is often undesirable, because of
—Collodla. It is often advisable, in order to effect quick
possible incompatibility with other ingredients of mixtures.
>lubility of a soluble medicament in collodion, to dissolve

le substance in a suitable mixture of ether and alcohol
afore mixing it with the thick collodion. This is quite
asy when a collodion of lower (often three-quarters)

trength is ordered, whereas in other cases, when sufficient

lime is at disposal to allow any suspended particles of

lartly nitrated cellulose to deposit, pyroxylin may be dis-

olved in the solution of the medicament in the ether-

Icohol mixture. It should be observed that, as pyroxylin

i usually preserved in a damp state, moistened with

lethylated spirit, it is necessary to dry it before use, pre-
jrably at air temperature.

Confectto Sulpburis.-Care must be taken that the Xnf. Sennae. —The ginger is ordered to be sliced, as
-agacanth is perfectly mixed with the other powders before
ie liquids are added. powdered drug would result in a cloudy preparation.

Decoct*. —It is important not to use an iron or tinned- Injectlones Hypodermlca.- When making a solution

on vessel for preparing decoctions of drugs which contain for hypodermic injection, it is advisable, for convenience

nnin. An aluminium saucepan is quite suitable, and should and quickness, to have at hand a good supply of boiling

h loosely covered during the operation. When dispensing distilled water for the purpose of sterilising all the appa-

;coctions use a " shake " label, as mixtures containing ratus and containers in use ; also a sufficient volume of
iem usually deposit a sediment.
boiled and rapidly cooled water for use in the actual pre-
Bmplastra. — When calculating quantities for making
paration of the solution. The water for sterilisation-
efficient plaster to be spread over a definite area make
lowance for waste. Each square inch of surface requires purposes should be boiled in a perfectly clean glass flask,

1 gr. of emp. belladonna?, 12 gr. of emp. plumbi, and the neck of which is loosely plugged with cotton-wool to
gr. of emp. hydrarg.
prevent external contamination. All the appliances used,
Emp. Ammonlaclc. Hydrarg:.—As in most preparations
mercury, it is difficult to obtain the exact amount of such as measures, stirring-rods, funnels, filtering-media,
bottles, corks, etc., should be treated immediately before
ercury required by direct weighing. The best way out of
use with the boiling water.
e difficulty is to take a quantity of the metal slightly in
Inj. Morpbin. Hypoderm.— Morphine tartrate fre-
cess of requirements and adjust the weights of the other
quently contains a small amount of insoluble acid tartrate.
gredients in proportion to the amount of mercury taken. This should be ascertained, and, if present, the salt must
Emp. Menthol. -In order to avoid long exposure to heat
duce the menthol to a coarse powder before adding it be either exactly neutralised or recrystallised, so as to get
the melted wax and resin. Strict adherence to the official
a clear solution.

(To be continued.)

—

150 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

Nigerian Impressions. E. H. Caulcrick. Owing to the war none of them pos-
sessed what might be called complete stocks of all drugs
By R. C. Wren, F.L.S. and patent medicines required. Ships are less frequent
at the port, and many consignments are held up at
MY visit to the West Coast of Africa (C. <£• D., 1915, Liverpool owing to overcrowding of cargo. The reply
11., 675) was of necessity a short one, and I did to a request for a particular article is too often, "It is

not come back qualified either to write a book or give a finished," or the assistant will say, "English Massa come

lecture on the subject, but there is no doubt about the one time this morning and take it all." Cargoes to and

value of personal from the West

experience as Coast are likely

against book to be fewer

knowledge. Dur- rather than

ing my stay I the opposite

interviewed all during the war,

sorts of people owing to the
calls on the
Government offi- shipping com-

cials, English

doctors, native panies made by

doctors, che- the military

mists, and native a u t h o r i ties.
herb - doctors Nearly every
and from all
ship out carries

sides, black and soldiers and

white, trader munitions of war
for the Came-
and professional, roon campaign,

I was accorded

the utmost which is being

courtesy and carried out with

hospitality, and absolute tho-

thus .gained roughness. Ow-

quite an exten- ing to difficulties

sive fund of in- both of import

formation. I in- and export (the

terviewed three German boats

English doctors have ceased run-

in Lagos, one of n i n g, and

whom has a French boats are

dispensary and extremely

large practice, On the Rivrit Ogun, Iiiadax. scarce) , native

and two are produce is fetch-
Government doc- ing small prices,

tors. The large trading firms contract with one or cannot be sold at all, and trade is suffering severely

or two practitioners to look after the medical in consequence. This is a state of things which must

needs of their employes, while the Colonial Hos- naturally last until normal conditions are once more

pital, whose medical officer is Di Parkinson (I had established.

Cakhying Sugar-cane on the Ltigos Marina. Bananas and Cotton, Ibaiian.

the pleasure of meeting him going out in the s.s. In Sierra Leone there are native drug-stores, but of a

Karina), generally meets the necessities of the Govern- j
ment class. There are three chemists' shops in Lagos
owned by natives, the leading store being that of Mr. very poor type, and as far as I could ascertain such

stores are few and far between all along the coast. Busi-
I ness in patent medicines and perfumes is done by the

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 151

large traders, but no attempt appears to be made to set plantations, met the train, having cycled four miles to
up a regular chemist's business such as we know in Eng- do so, and offered me a bed on his verandah, but as I
land. Mr. E. M. Holmes suggested that while I was out
in Nigeria I might see whether the Government were had already fixed things up with Mr. MacDonald, I could
doing anything in the way of experimental work in the only decline the offer. From the damp heat and heavy

English Church, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

•oduction of botanical drugs, so I obtained introduc- rains of Lagos, Ibadan came as a welcome change, though
ons from the Secretariat at Lagos to the officers in it was truly hot enough, and after a full day's tramp
arge of the Moore plantations at Ibadan, one of the around the plantations I was pretty well used up and
Irgejst towns in the Colony. Here, owing to the kindly glad to rest most of the second day's stay there. It was
jffices of a friend in Lagos, I was most hospitably received
sad cared for by Mr. MacDonald, the local agent of
ililler Bros. In their bungalow, pleasantly situated in

acious compound full of crotons and other flowering

A Banana Plantation, Ibadan. Women Carrying Goods on their Heads.

t es and shrubs, I found the most pleasant of quarters on Thursday, September 23, that I was motored the loui
"fact, kindness and help for a stranger, if not out to miles to the Government trial-grounds. There I met Mr.

opposition trade, seems to be the happy rule in these Bell, the Curator, who took me in charge up till " chop "
ts. Mr. Farquharson, the mycologist at the Moore time, when I met Mr. Farquharson again, and the three

.:

152 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

of us tramped over the portion I had not already seen. I. You are required to estimate the sample of liq. arsenicalis and
inport whether it has been prepared to B.P. strength. N/10 iodine
The principal work done in the plantations is in connec-
solution provided.
tion with agriculture, and attention is primarily given II. Analyse powder No. 17.

to things which the native can cultivate to advantage. The "salt" I found to contain sodium, calcium, sulphate,

The crops grown on a large scale here are as follows : and' arsenate.

Cotton (American and native varieties) cocoa, Amclanado Dispensing in the afternoon was as follows
;

and Criollo (red and yellow podded varieties) ; coffee, Make six suppos. acid, tannic, B.P.

Abeokuta (Arabian and Liberian varieties) and Benga- Send mist, ferri co., B.P., 250 c.e.

liensis rubber, Para and Ceara maize, Lagos white (dent Acid, carbol gr. x.
; ; Pulv. amjli 3iv.
Glycerini
and flint varieties) and American white; Guinea corn; Aq. dest '
...

native groundnuts, Chinese yoniba, Hausa, Gambia, and

Zaria legumes, various native varieties kola, Gbanga Ft. applic. sec. art. M.D.TJ.
; ;

and Abata varieties. Lectures are given in various parts Acid, arseniosi gr. m5
Ext. case, sag gr- i
of the country on the cultivation and harvesting of these Pil. ferri gr. iij.

staple products, and plants are distributed or sold and Ft. pil. Mitte xxiv.

advioe given to farmers who are already growing them. Varnish, j. t.d.s. p.c.

In this way the Government is doing immense service Syr. tolutani,
Syr. pruni virg.
in improving the resources of this wonderfully prolific Codein. phosph. in xx.
Aq. chlorof. ad . gr. 1*5
country. One effect of their efforts may be seen in the
tremendously increased output of cocoa from the West Ft. linct. Mitte 31 j 3J-

Coast. From the Ibadan district alone 3,000 tons is The following day I was asked to attend for theory five

annually exported. days later, and was first sent to
All this was interesting enough ; but I wanted to see
—Prescription-beading. Here I was given a dozen pre-
some drugs among the trees and shrubs, but I was to
some extent disappointed. The drugs are few, and scriptions to read and the following calculation to work

they are all in the nursery or experimental stage. Still, out : Expross in metric terms the amount of strychnine

there is the nucleus of possible great things, and I am —in 10 minims of tr. nuc. vom. Several doses were asked.
Chemistry. I was shown labelled bottles containing re-
going to send out seeds and one or two suggestions
spectively bismuth oxide, amylum, iron wire, sodii sulpho-

which may further enlarge the scope of operations. carbol., amnion, carb., salol, borax, hydrogen peroxide,
The soil is so Tich that it should be easy to produce
many of our well-known remedies. The deciding factors ammon. brom., and amnion, phosph. The following are

some of the questions asked : How would you prepare

will 'be the climate and the cost of freight to destination. bismuth oxide from the metal and bismuth from the oxide?

No serious effort has been made to produce drugs, and What is sodii sulphocarb. chemically, and how made?

the only plant which is well on in the experiment stage Formula ? How is starch prepared, and how obtain alco

Ais the Truxillo variety of coca. Howhoi from it ? is iron extracted from the ore, and how

small plantation of estimate the purity of wire shown ? What is a normal

this looked beautifully fresh and green, and the plants solution and an equivalent weight ? What fraction of the

were nearly full grown. Vanilla, cinnamon, cassia, molecular weight of KMn0. is required to make a N/7
t

various peppers, castor-oil plant, areca, and various solution ? How prepare ammonium carbonate, and what

kolas are growing in small nursery plots. The castor-oil constitutes the official salt ? Give formula for ammonium

plant grows wild, but the seeds do not appear to be carbamate ? How would you prepare ammonium bromide

collected for the oil. The native boils them with other from pure bromine and ammonium phosphate from phos-

phorus? Give formulas for the three phosphates of sodium

things and takes the decoction as a purgative. Hwhich are obtained by neutralising 3 P04 with NaOH.

Strophanthus also grows wild in this country, and I sug- HowWhat is salol ? would you prepare salicylic acid?

gested that it would pay to cultivate it, as genuine seed HGive formula. Preparation of 02 2 ? What does "10
Hvolumes" mean? How is 02 2 estimated?
is so difficult to procure in England. I also asked Mr. —Materia Medica. Specimens shown : Jalap, false jalap,

Farquharson to make an experiment in collecting the hemlock, cherry-laurel leaves, digitalis-leaves, aconite-root,
stigmata of the maize, which article is always in demand
and has been obtained from Germany in the past. There sandarac, mastich, manna, myrrh, turmeric, squills,
were many other interesting trees, such as the banana
chondrus crispus, and tragacanth. The natural orders of
in full fruit, pineapples just ripening, the coconut palm,
several of the above were required, and sources of manna
and the silk cotton [Erioderuhon anfructuosum). The
last-named is analogous if not identical with the kapuk- and myrrh. .Constituents of jalap and how extract the
tree of Java, which produces the article of that name
resin? Constituents of aconite? Dose of aconitine? Con-
used in the making of life-saving belts, cushions, etc.
Before completing our circuit we went down to the Biver stituents of digitalis? What are the spots on cherry-laurel
HCNleaves ? Does
Ogun, which forms part of the boundary of the planta- pre-exist in them ? How are sandarao
tion, 'and obtained a characteristic and charming view
of tropical vegetation and river scenery. Just now there and mastich obtained? What is manna? To what is the
is plenty of water, but in a month or two the bed of
odour of myrrh due? Percentage of gum in myrrh? Con-
the river will be little more than a succession of pools.
The next morning I should have seen Mr. Johnson, stituents of squills, Irish moss, and tragacanth?

F.L.S., Director of Agriculture, and perhaps the best —Pharmacy. I was asked to write down all the official

authority to-day on the botany and flora of Nigeria. He preparations of opium I knew. State which come under

-was in residence at the Secretariat at Ibadan, but it was Part I. of the Poison Schedule. Describe the official assay
four miles away, . and in the morning I was due to go
back to Lagos. On the train back Dr. Laurie, one of process for opium. Enumerate the poisons of Part I. of
the Government sanitary officials, was on his way south
to inquire into a case of yellow fever, and he invited me the Schedule, with laws governing their sale. Give the

into his special car, where I had a nice lunch, a look at solubilities in water of phenol, sod. bicarb., and potassium

some mosquitoes' eggs, a talk about English plants likely chlorate. Give the B.P. processes for making tinctures, with
to grow on the coast, and a most interesting general
chat, which served to while away most pleasantly an examples. How would you make tr. aurant. and tr. Q" m
;

ammon.? What are the peculiarities about them? What

is calcination? Give B.P^ example! Give constituents of

pulv. rhei co. How make light and heavv magnesia re-

Howspectively ? is pulv. ipecac, co. made? Percentage

of morphine present ? Constituents of p. opii co. and p-
? Give B.P. preparations
glycyrrh. co. of iodoform a™

ergot, with strengths. Strengths of all the official injec-

Howtions ? make give, pepsin., give, amyli, and glyc-

acid, boric? How make liq. hamamelidis? Finally, some

otherwise long and tedious journey. apparatus was shown which I had to describe.

—Botany. The following questions were asked : How many

stamens in LiUaccos, Banunculace<x, Solanacect, Composite,
and Rosa.'ewl Give position of ovary in each? What are

Minor Experiences. the functions of xylem and of phloem ? Explai.n11 t1.h.eV syn.™?^s

of endosperm and give the conditions for carbon assim"
tion. What are lenticels and what is their function, I
was then shown three slides illustrating sections of a rnon -

Orion II. (148/69) gives the following account of the cotyledonous root, selaginella, and a pine-leaf. Finall),
London examination : I duly received notice to attend at
•Galen Place and, after the usual preliminaries, was sent had to give the English names of a number of plants.

to Chemistry, where I had the following paper: This concluded my examination, and in a few minutes

received the President's congratulations.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMTST AND DRUGGIST

HEF' history of tobacco and the date of its introduc- method adopted is as follows : In March or April me

JL tion into England are matters of speculation. It is seeds are sown in hotbeds, and after seven or eight

generally supposed to have been imported first between weeks the sturdiest of the seedlings are transplanted on a
1660 and 1665 by Sir Walter Raleigh and Mr. John Lane,
the Governor of Virginia at that time. It suffices to say warm day into the fields. The soil has previously been

that its use rapidly increased in popularity, in spite of prepared and dressed with such artificial manures as have

A gentleman called King James, been found most suitable for the variety of plant being

In quilted doublet and great trunk breeches, Agrown. plentiful supply of potash salts is essential.

Who held in abhorrence tobacco and witches. Tobacco-ash contains 4 per cent, of potash. In about

He was responsible for a " Counterblaste " to tobacco, two months, when the plants are from 2 to 7 ft. high,
and also raised the duty to 6s. 10c?. per lb. from the 2d.
per lb. of Queen Elizabeth's time. Both measures were the flower-buds appear. These are pinched off or
equally without the desired effect. Like many other new " topped " by experienced hands, who cultivate an espe-

substances introduced in the Middle Ages, and indeed not cially long thumb-nail for the purpose. At the same
absent from modern ones, its medicinal virtues were enor- time " priming " takes place i.e., the lower leaves which
mously exaggerated until it was considered a panacea
for all ills. Gerarde's " Herbal " (1636) describes it are torn and splashed, together with the smaller upper
iunder Tobacco, or the Henbane of Peru, and adds a
list of diseases, from " Colicke " and " Dropsie " to leaves, are removed, it being the practice to " top " low
and " prime " high. Only from nine to twenty leaves

are allowed to come to maturity. The constant removal

of axillary buds, or "suckering," as it is called, is also

necessary. The plants come to maturity in about three

Virginia Plants Full Grown. Spearing the Leaf on Laths for Hanging in thk
Curing-shed.
eafness and scabs, for all of which it is a cure. To-day,
s every pharmacist knows, it has fallen into complete months after planting out, when the leaves commence to
esuetude as a drug.
change colour and the tips become gummy. The stems are
Tobacco consists' of three varieties : Nicotiana Tabacum,
rst found in America and extensively cultivated there usually slit down to within 3 in. of the bottom, and then

; Acut off as close to the ground as possible. day is chosen

Iicotiana rustica, a variety cultivated in Turkey and for cutting on which the sun is not strong. The plants
he Levant, suitable for cigarettes, but, owing to the
resence of a greater percentage of nitrates, it burns too are then allowed to lie on the ground until evening to wilt,
uickly for pipe-smoking; Nicotiana persica, a variety
rown to some extent in Persia, but not a commercial and afterwards straddled across laths and hung in barns.

rticle. Here the important process of " colouring " takes place.
By artificial heat the temperature is raised to 90° F.
The growth of tobacco in the Eastern States of America
> enormous, and every possible scientific aid to its lor thirty-six hours during this time the leaves become a
accessful cultivation is freely employed. Briefly, the ;

bright yellow. The temperature is now raised to 120° F.,

and gradually increased to 170° F. to dry the sap com-

pletely and fix the colour. This method applies to bright

——

154 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

Virginia leaf. For other varieties a somewhat similar try. As stated above, imported leaf pays duty at 5s. 6d.
process is employed. per lb., but cigars are charged 10s. 6d. per lb. The differ-

Upon a mild moist day the barn-doors are opened and —ence gives the English manufacturer a good working
the tobacco allowed to become sufficiently moist to handle,
when the leaves are stripped from the stems and thrown margin. Cigars consist of three parts tne filler, the
in heaps on the floor. While lying here they undergo
fermentation, and in the dark varieties become of a bunch wrapper, and the wrapper leaf. The filler is the
uniform colour. | During this curing and fermentation coarser tobacco forming the interior, which is held together

practically all the starch in the leaf is converted into into the desired shape by the bunch wrapper, and the
whole is covered by the wrapper leaf, 'lnis leaf is of
sugars, etc. Leaves are now sorted for quality, about very fine silky texture, and is stretched on the cigar,
eight leaves being fastened together by a leaf at the base being wound round like a puttee. Upon the quality of
into a "hand." For export to this country from this leaf depends the appearance of the cigar, and as
America the "hands" are "prized" by presses into much as 25s. to 30s. per lb. is paid for fine Sumatra leaf.
hogsheads of thin wood, which hold about half a ton Havana wrapper leaf of good quality is rarely on the
each. Turkish tobacco is usually packed in bales of two
or three hundred pounds weight each; Sumatra leaf is market, being used on the spot for cigar-making. Vir-
ginia cigarettes are made with "bright" or "semi-
frequently in cases. bright" Virginia leaf. This leaf is of the golden-yellow

On arrival here all the packages are weighed net by colour associated with cigarettes, and much larger than

the importer or his agent in the presence of a Customs the Turkish leaf, also used for cigarettes. Virginia leaf
officer. The duty is either paid at once or, more com-
monly, the tobacco is stored in bonded warehouses for may be 25 in. long and as much as 10 in. broad. Turkish
some time, during which it matures. Upon finally being " Dubec " is often not more than 3 in. in length, but
removed the trader has the option of again having the much tobacco used in Turkish cigarettes is larger, and is
package weighed for duty or paying the duty upon the
original "landing" weight. Tobacco is highly hygro- grown in Greece, Hungary, and South Eussia. Smoking-
scopic, and so the state of the weather very largely
mjxtures are blends of light and dark Virginia, together
The Curing-shed. with some Latakia, and often bulked up with China leaf.
Latakia is the only case in which the whole plant is used.
affects the decision. Tobacco must contain 10 per cent, The plant, which is grown in the mountainous districts of
of moisture upon importation, and in this case, provided North Syria, only grows to the height of about 1 ft., and
it is unmanufactured and unstemmed, it now pays a is allowed to flower. Its unique flavour is due to the
duty of 5.s. 6c?. per lb. Virginian tobacco is' frequently tarry deposit consequent upon its method of curing by
imported either stemmed i.e., the thick midrib largely exposure for six months to fires in which the Asiatic oak
(Quercus Ilex) is used as fuel. China leaf is slightly
—removed or as "strip"; this designates the halves of the
smaller than Virginia, and is chiefly notable for its lack
lamina which have been cut away from the midrib.
Stemmed leaf or strips are charged an extra halfpenny of body and flavour. It is about the thickness of tissue
per lb., a further charge of l^d. per lb. being added in paper, and has been aptly described as " the leaf without
either case if the moisture is less than 10 per cent. The soul." From the manufacturer's point of view its great
scales used for weighing are always of the beam pattern, virtue is that it is a good " drinker " i.e., it readily takes
and slung from the roof. It is remarkable how adept
the labourers in a tobacco warehouse become at knocking up water.
the head out of a half-ton hogshead and inverting it on
to the stout board, slung from the beam by ropes, which In this country there is a legal limit of 32 per cent,
serves for the scale-pan. The weights used are
in centals, not hundredweights. Alexandra Docks, of moisture in tobacco. Most varieties of good smoking-
Liverpool, and Victoria Dock, London, have the most
extensive tobacco warehouses of any British port. At mixtures contain 16 per cent, to 20 per cent., while
either mile after mile of hogsheads and bales may be
Virginia cigarettes average about 16 per cent., Turkish
seen. It will be recalled that a very extensive fire
occurred at the former some months ago. being usually a little drier. If they are as damp as
20 per cent, the paper may be stained, and great difficulty
The manufacture of tobacco in the British Isles has
become one of the most important of the minor occupa- will be experienced in smoking them. With the cheap
tions. Not only is the very great proportion of tobacco
used at home prepared for consumption here, but the varieties of shags and rolls it is quite another tale. Here
exportation of tobacco in the manufactured state which
has been imported as leaf has become a trade of consider- the profit depends upon the quantity of water the manu-
able dimensions. The varieties of leaf used for the various
grades of tobacco will be described under the separate facturer succeeds in introducing without either killing

heads of cigars, cigarettes, etc. Although, as is well his trade or exceeding 32 per cent. The Excise officer
known, the finest grades of cigars are imported, cigar-
making is extensively carried on by several well-known will watch this latter possibility, and, by frequently send-

firms. To all intents and purposes it is a protected indus- ing up samples to the Government laboratory, check his

super-activity with the watering-can. For shags, Java

leaf, a variety resembling a cigar-leaf, is largely used

owing to its excellence as a "drinker." It will absorb

half its own weight of water without looking wet. All

tobaccos are moistened before being cut, the homely

watering-can being the rough-and-ready method fre-

quently employed. After cutting they are partly dried off

in a steam-heated pan. It is during this process of

"panning" that the aroma of the tobacco is brought

out, and the man in charge of the panning is the skilled
worker of the factory. He has to decide when the "nose

has developed and the moisture is correct.
Black tobaccos of the so-called " cut Cavendish " vane-

ties are hot-pressed before cutting, while for " flakes
the leaves are first pressed into cakes and then cut. The

addition of anything as a preservative other than acetic

acid is illegal. The use of acetic acid dates from the

American Civil War. when stocks were difficult to keep and

supply was short. The use of olive oil not exceeding 4 per

cent, is permitted in the manufacture of roll. In this case

the leaves are spun into a rope which is moistened with oil
to prevent adjacent layers sticking when it is made up

into a roll. For black roll it is hot-pressed. The addition

of essential oils in spirituous solution as flavouring is also

permitted. True Cavendish tobacco is sweetened, and as

such can only be made in a bonded factory. The sweeten-

ing agents usually employed are glucose and gly eer n
l

Such tobacco, if sold in this country, bears a specialj

Customs stamp. Large quantities are made at the various

bonded stores for use on board ship. The chewing-

tobaccos beloved of the sailor are all sweetened.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 155

The nicotine-content of tobacco varies greatly. Turkish Building up a Proprietary.

leaf contains about 1 per cent., bright Virginia such as —I. A Cough-mixture.
THE pharmacist as a rule is apt to assume that pro-
is used for cigarettes double this quantity, while dark
prietary medicines possess no intrinsic merit, but
Kentucky or Western leaf may have as much as 5 per owe their large and continuous sales simply to their
extensive and forceful advertising. Some years ago this
cent., or even more. Pure nicotine is colourless and may have been true, but there is a growing disposition
on the part of manufacturers to recognise the fact that
almost without odour. It only develops that familiar a really efficacious preparation can be sold with far less
advertising outlay, and will maintain its position far more
smell of a dirty pipe on keeping, when it rapidly darkens

in colour. It is, however, highly toxic. Blyth says that

\rhx °£ a grain produces headache and giddiness, 3-$^
1 of a grain great feeling of faintness, giddiness, weakness,

sickness, and purging, from which the experimenter did

Ainot recover for two days. T\ of a grain would probably

be a fatal dose. The writer has personally found even

traces of pure nicotine so unpleasant as to discourage readily, than one the virtues of which are all on the
further experimenting. It has been observed that the label and not inside the package. Of all the many re-
naturally occurring la?vo form is more poisonous than the medies that the pharmacist is asked to supply in the
winter season, cough-mixtures are probably the most
extrorotatory form of the alkaloid. The chemistry of

icotine is almost all due to Pictet and his pupils. Details important, and if he is to compete successfully with the

utside the scope of this article will be found in the largely advertised brands, some little care and forethought
excellent monograph in Henry's " Plant Alkaloids." must be given to building up a preparation which shall

Tobacco-smoke consists of nicotine together with its de- be at least as efficacious and palatable as those it is pro-
posed to supplant. The day has gone by when a small
:omposition-products pyridine and ammonia. The dis- quantity hurriedly prepared and carelessly put up is of
tinctive aroma of cigars is due to collidine. The sugges-

tion has been made that the ill-effects of smoking are any real value : a fair quantity must be made at once,
both for the sake of economy of labour and materials,
lue not to the nicotine but to the pyridine formed.

Since the growth of tobacco in the British Isles was and to enable a good show to be made of the finished
irst permitted by the Revenue authorities in 1886 its product in the window and 011 the counter of the phar-
cultivation has been carried out both in Ireland, where macy, so as to create the impression that it is an article
ixperiments were first made, and in England. The efforts
with a large sale.

if the planters have met with varying success, and it is The object of this note is to show how the pharmacist,

>nly during the last decade that the quality has been such by using his professional skill, can, with the help of his

is to induce the manufacturers to consider it seriously. ordinary utensils and every-day drugs, turn out a cough-

Climatic and other conditions have proved a serious mixture which in medicinal properties, flavour, and

iandicap, and some difficulty has been experienced in appearance will do him credit and give his customers

uring. Latterly the cultivation has been considerably satisfaction.

xtended in the East and South of England, and with Suppose that we have decided to start the winter with
luch greater success. Although the leaf is rarely of a a gross of our cough-mixture, we must first prepare some
efficiently high quality to be used alone, much has been acetum scillae ; for this purpose we shall require a large,
mployed for blending with foreign leaf. Readers of wide-mouthed bottle, and nothing will answer our pur-
s Punch " may recall the rhyme about tobacco from
Hamps," which brought forth the witty reply from the pose better than one that has contained 7 lb. of citrate of
lanter. The photographs illustrating this article are of magnesia, which possesses the advantage of being easily
)bacco under cultivation on the estate of Mr. A. J.
random Church Brookham, Hants, and the writer is cleaned. Into this we now put 1 lb. of finely sliced
idebted to Mr. Brandon for permission to use them. The squill, 1 pint of acetic acid, and 7 pints of water, and
hotograph which we use at the commencement of the
"ticle shows a field of tobacco with the plants about half- after well shaking put the bottle in a not too cold
place. If it is well shaken night and morning it will be
•own. ready in a fortnight. (It will be noticed that this
acetum scillae is not quite so strong as the B.P. directs,
which is apt to give a too bitter preparation.)

We then coarsely powder in our largest mortar 8 oz.

of good carbonate of ammonia, and gradually add I5 pint

(50 fluid oz.) of acetic acid (B.P.), and when the caT-

bonate is all dissolved and the effervescence has subsided
strain through cotton-wool into a bottle and mark it

"Solution of acetate of ammonia."

Now we must get out our gas-stove and an evaporating-

dish with a capacity of at least 2 pints. Weigh out 1 oz.
of extract of white poppies and 2 oz. of powdered gum

acacia put these, with 4 oz. of water, into the evaporator,
;

and dissolve with a gentle heat, rubbing hard with a

steel spatula all the time to assist the" solution. Then

add 2 oz. of solution of hydrochloride of morphine (B.P.)

and strain into a 40-oz. bottle. To this add 1 pint of

glycerin, 2 fl. oz. of dilute hydrocyanic acid, 4 fl. oz.

of chloroform, 2 fl. oz. of ether, and 1 fl. oz. of tincture

of capsicum, shaking the bottle well after each addition

and giving an extra long shake at the end to ensure the

complete emulsification of the chloroform. Label the bottle
" Chlorodyne."

We are now getting our ingredients ready, and»we need

some utensil capable of being heated over a gas-stove.

A large-sized preserving-pan, preferably of the enamelled

variety, with a capacity of about 2 gals., answers the

Wepurpose admirably. first strain off 5 pints of the

acetum scillae, and by means of a gentle heat dissolve in

this 12 lb. of lump sugar; then remove the pan

from the stove. Eighty grains of tartarated antimony

is next dissolved in 2 oz. of hot water and added

to the syrup. The solution of acetate of ammonia is now
gently mixed in with a large wooden spoon, by adding a

1

—
.

156 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 29, 1916

little at a time, care being taken that the disengaged lots, but this does not include the cost of stamps nor
any allowance for labour. But, taking everything into
carbonic acid does not cause it to froth over. consideration, the total cost is less than 4d. the bottle,
and the pharmacist has a preparation that he can truth-
We must now trouble the household once more and
fully recommend as his own manufacture, and one that
obtain their largest wide-mouthed jug, in which we send has proved to be both good and useful.

—out for 4 lb. of the old-fashioned black treacle not The Pharmacist Retrenches.

the modern golden syrup, but the real article, which is
rather difficult to obtain in large towns but is still readily
procurable in smaller centres at 7>d. per lb. The

treacle is well stirred into the fast-cooling mixture, and

when it is no hotter than the finger can bear comfortably,

the chlorodyne is put in. When I dropped in, as usual, for a chat with, my

We have now nearly finished. Only an ounce of oil

of aniseed, dissolved in 4 oz. of rectified spirit, friend , whose shop is in the busy little town of ,

remains to be added. The whole must be well mixed, on last,* we talked, of course, of war-time and its
and our cough-mixture is completed. The finished pro-
dint should be dark brown (nearly black seen in the inevitable economies and makeshifts. As to business, etc.,

bulk) in colour, with a taste that is at once warming, my pharmacist "could not grumble, of course, but ,"
sharp and aromatic. The richness of taste that the treacle
etc. As he spoke, I caught sight of a handsome new
and aniseed impart to the mixture is really surprising. fourteen-foot mahogany fitting running all along one
The mixture is now quite ready for bottling, and we
side of the neatly-kept pharmacy, and I ventured to

require a gross of the 2-oz. green panelled flats that the interrupt

wholesale houses supply specially for this purpose; it is " Yes, yes, of course, one has to cut expenses, and
an advantage to bottle the mixture while it is warm, as
it then pours more readily from a small jug. If the pan so on, but I'm glad to see you keep the shop smart some-

has a lip all the better, as we can pour direct into the how," and I smilingly pointed to the new fitting. I
know he has a harmless foible for really good old

jug, but if, like the majority, it does not possess one, furniture and woodwork, for he had carefully preserved
we must borrow a large breakfast-cup and use it as such nice old " bits " when he took over and renovated

a ladle from the pan. the shop. And I prided myself I had " touched the

Use good-quality corks, soft and elastic, fairly broad, spot."
but not too long, as they should not project more than
—To my surprise, he smiled in his turn a mysterious and
half an inch from the neck of the bottle, or they will
—Gioconda-like smile and dropping his voice, said :
be too high to fit the cases nicely. "You won't give the snow away? "

The cases or cartons are our next consideration. It I protested that wild horses would not drag a secret
will be better at the beginning to content ourselves with
from my breast, and he explained :
a gross of the plain, light-brown ones of 4-oz. size, " You know the old fourposter which stood in the

leaving the more costly, but much more convenient, ready- best bedroom when I took this place, and how I used up
printed carton until we have a steady sale for our pre- the posts for palm-stands? " I nodded acquiescence.

paration, as they cannot be economically bought in " But don't you recognise the cornice of the parental and
quantities of less than a thousand. The cartons should marital couch ? "

be wrapped in paper of a distinctive colour, the precise " So your cornice cost you nothing. But the other

tint being largely a matter of taste, but a good deep red —parts they are as handsome as the cornice."

or warm brown looks well, does not fade readily or get " Do you remember the old mahogany dining-table and

dirty quickly, and makes a cheerful patch of colour in the ' leaves ' put in to lengthen it when our family was

our winter window. Now comes a most important item large and guests numerous ? Well, the supports of the
— Wefor consideration that of the label.
shall, of course, — —shelves the uprights were cut from those leaves. The

use the same for the outside of the carton as we put on shelves are the old ones, too good to throw away; hence

the bottle, so that our size will be limited to that of my scheming this fitment. They are fixed to the

Wethe bottle. must have a plain, distinct type, as —uprights by brass ' ears.' The spandrels, too, are made

large as the label will allow without overcrowding, and to match the handsome existing ones from a heel-

the directions must be quite clear and explicit. ball copy. They cost me about 2s. apiece."

The distinctive name adopted may be that of the phar- "And that was your entire expenditure? "

macist himself, or he may call it the White Cross cough- " Except the labour. ' It took a man three or four days

mixture, the Hospital cough-mixture, or anything else —to fit. You see the advantage of the fitment : it's made

he fancies, but it should attract. The doses for the vary- to suit my bottles much better than buying bottles to

ing ages should be clearly set out, together with a warn- fit bought shelves, isn't it? I put a beaver board to

ing against it being given to infants. Any outward pre- cover the wall, and did the cleaning and polishing of,

paration like an embrocation can be briefly mentioned, the woodwork myself. I reckon that fitment as it stands

and also the fact of the mixture containing a scheduled is fairly worth 147., and the money I paid out of pocket—

poison must, of course, be shown. The ailments it will it's cash, and cash only, that counts in war-time, isn't it

cure should be set out confidently, but without exaggera- — didn't amount to a five-pound note."
" And you wish to keep all this a secret from war-
tion, and. finally, the pharmacist's name and address
time brother pharmacists? " was my Parthian shot.
complete the label.
Of course, such a label makes a medicine-stamp neces- " No, no. It's only my name and address that I don t

sary, but as it is quite impossible to recommend and want biazed abroad. ' Censor that, and I release you from
advertise boldly a cough-mixture without stamping, it
is better to face the situation and obtain the additional your promise."
prestige of the Government stamp, which is still con-
* No " war " paragraph is complete without a few deleted
siderable.
names and dates, as every patriotic reader is aware. 1 o
The finished preparation should now be prominently onlv hint that the town was not. a hundred miles trom _tm
Metropolitan See of England, and the date quite a pecent
displaved both in the window and on the counter of
one.
the pharmacy, together with some attractive showcards
—Malted Treacle. A mixture of malt extract and treaelo
drawing attention to its properties and prices. The
is suggested by one of our readers as a new nutrient
price must vary according to the locality and class of children. The idea requires working out.

trade done in the pharmacy. From Is. the bottle Aeroplane-varnish.—The preservative-varnish employe'

down to 9d. is the usual range, and in order not mccionhnlstoihrseettshmaaonnfeucfewaliclttuhluorsaeemyoaflceataealrtcoeophlooarlnecasenldlisulbokeinndozewdnines.saoslvTehdedopcea,steeswa«

to have more than one size, at any rate for the com- poisoning which are reported from time to time are au
a specific action of tetrachlorethane on the liver.
mencement, three bottles may be quoted at prices from

2s. 6d. to 2«. The total cost of making a gross of the

cough-mixture does not exceed 25s., which may be re-

duced to not much more than 17. if made in five-gross

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 157

A Russian Pharmacy Side-line (c) Relation of average quantity of No indication
phosphoric acid to the quantity of
Urinology. the same acid in the form of phos-
phates
THE average Russian physician is an exceedingly well
educated man, and he is especially careful in the According to Prof. Gilles de la
Tonrette. this coefficient exceeds

—the normal in certain forms of

hysteria and neurasthenia in this

instance

application of his knowledge in the diagnosis of disease, III. Alkali of the Blood.

for which purpose recourse is had to all available aids. Relation of the average quantity of
The Russian pharmacist, in his own sphere, is equally
well educated and skilled, and he is capable of undertaking phosphoric acid of the urine to the

analytical work of great delicacy. In Russia there is no quantity of phosphoric acid in the

form of phosphoric compound

sodium salts l.iO : 0.92 = 100 : 63.0

such thing as a dispensing doctor or a prescribing phar- According to Prof. A. T. Pel and
macist. The doctor invariably writes a prescription and
V. Leyden (in the absence of
I
alkaline fermentation of the
the pharmacist dispenses it, so that each occupies a well-
defined sphere and each regards the other with respect. urine) the alkali of the blood in

this instance is Normal

In addition to being dispenser, the pharmacist ie physio- According to Prof. Bouchard, the
> logical chemist, and the consequence is that pharmacy is
oxidation of organic acids of the

(tissue) fluids is Norma!

, regarded as an important branch of medicine. IT. Vital Energy.

Among other work undertaken by pharmacists for Relation of urea to sodium chloride 19.00 : 5.10=100 : 26.2

medical men is the examination of urine, and in order to According to Prof. E. E. Fichwold,
show exactly what this involves we append a translation
of an actual analysis performed by a pharmacist on Bouveret, and Chabrie, this co-

efficient possesses a prognostic

value, and may serve for the

behalf of an Englishman resident in Petrograd : determination of vital dynamism

!i in this instance Is considerably lowered

—Examination of the Urine of Mr. Analytic-chemical Determination.

Analysis No. 1132)9, to be handed to Dr. N.

Physical and General Chemical Properties of the Urine. Normal In this Normal
Content in instance in Daily
Quantity of urine (offered for Normal Integral Parts In this
1000 c.c. 1000 c.c. instance in Quantitv in
examination) 660 1500 c.'c.--
1,016 660 c.c.
Specific gravity at 15° C. Acid
Yellow
Reaction Cloudy

foolour (according to T. Fogel) 1000 Not observed Urea
Uric acid ...
Transparency ... Sodium chloride ... 23.300/oq 19.50 0/oo 12. vr gin. 35.00 gm.
Phosphoric acid ... 0.47 „
i Sulphuric acid 0.66 „ 0.70 „
Total nitrates 10.00 5.7) „ 15.00 „
Influence on the plane of polarisa- 1.46 „ 0.44 „
(?)Nitrogen of leucomaine; 2.34 1.'2 „ 3.3r „ 3.50 .,
1 tion Tota solids .7 1.SO „ 0.96 „
1.66 1.70 „ 0.97 „ 2.50 „
Refraction and dispersion of light ... 11.88 31.28 „ 7.13 „ 17.80 ,.
1.12 „
Lowering of freezing-point 1.02 21.60 „ 1.53 ,.
46.60 69.90 .,
Absolute osmotic pressure

Sodium and potassium urates Not found
Not found
Uric acid In large quantity

Calcium oxalate phosphate, /AIDumen Ehrlieli's Reaction
Not found
Atagnesium ammonium ammonium a- Peptone :::

calcium phosphate, 1
parts
urate Not found Dextrose Not found
Incus •Swiii// quantity 1
Small quantity Laccose :: :::J 1 <s
Small quantity
leucocytes Calcium oxalate (in quantity
Not found
—Epithelium gravel and round exceeding normal ...

Ipithelium—unipolar and bipolar ... Leicine and tirosin

'ylinders— hyaloid, small-grained, Bile

and cereous l Acetone • i\ ot jovna

jpermatozoa ... M ^Acetic acid ...

Spectro-chemical Examination of Colouring Substances and T. Urate Diathesis

Chromogrens of the Urine. («) Relation of average quantity of

robilin (urochrome) Not above normal nitrates of urea to nitrate of uric
Not above normal
idol (indoxil) .;. acid ... i =10. SO : 0.22 100 : 2.0 i-

katol (s'katoxil) ... Not above normal According to Prof. Bouchard and

|iliary_ pigments, urorosein, Senator, in this instance There II considerable urate

urocritein, melanin, hemoglobin ... Not found diath sis

'hysiolojrical-chemical Declaration of the Urological Analysis (b) Relation of quantity of uric acid
I. Energy of Oxidation and (Tissue) Breathing. to quantity of phosphoric acid in
the form of phosphoric potassium
plation of quantity of nitrogen of
nitrate ... .; 0.66 : 0.92 = 0.72 : 1

'urea to the average quantity of According to Prof. Zerner, there is Only a slight disposition to

nitrogen of urine ... ,.. =9.10 -.10. 80 Si. 26 -.100 retain uric acid in the
Considerably below normal
^cording to Prof. A. Robin, utili- tissues
Considerably below normal
sation of properties containing Auto-intoxication is evident VI. Intestinal Fermentation.

nitrogen to a considerable degree

^cording to Prof. A. V. Peliou. tlie Relation of average quantity ~>f sul-
energy of the (tissue) breathing
phuric acid to the quantity of
^compound sulphuric acid
(internal oreanic oxidation) or 1 • 0 0S=17 r 1
'function of the liver 7>
According to Prof. Baumann and
Morax, putrid fermentation in the
cording to Prof. Bouchard, A. T.
Peliou, and Senator, in this intestines is not increased iu this
nstance
instance.

VII. Osmotic Properties of the Urine.

| II. Changes of Matter in the Neuve Tissue. (These were not determined.)

> Relation of average quantity of To anyone acquainted with the perfunctory methods of

ltrogen of the urine to • the urine-analysis in vogue, even in clinical laboratories in
[uantity of phosphoric acid
... 10 80 • 1 16=100 11 n this country the detailed work done in Russia will come
eortbng to Prof. Zuelzer, this co- There is considerable
rncient points to the division of
erardation of products of the as a revelation. It is true that a complete analysis may be
estroyed had in London—what is called a " Continental analysis "
nstance nerve-tissue— in this
but this is very rarely undertaken because seldom asked

fording to Prof. Mairc.t and Gilles retardation for. It will be noticed, however, that the above analysis

'< la iourette. the coefficient in- Does not exceed normal is purely chemical and physical, no bacteriological report
=1.1,6 -.19.50 1 :lS.i being submitted— this being regarded as a different branch
cases considerably in sundry and performed by trained bacteriologists. The fee charged
orebral maladies-in this instance
( Bflation
i of quantity of phos- was six roubles (nominally 12s. 6d.), whereas the fee in
"one acid to quantity of urea this country for a "Continental analysis" is 25.'., with

''^d.ng to Pmf. Gautier i Wefees for searches for bacteria in addition. have
obin, and Viellard. in this
[ance there is in'.
aosphate
no indiieeation of printed the report word for word, using italics to denote

, .. week the newspapers contained his advertisements.

158 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

Insurance Act Mixtures. VII. Mist. Ammonii Chloridi. IX. Mist. Potassii Chloratis et
Ferri
Ammonium chloride ... 10 gr.
Potassium chlorate ... 5 gr.
Potassium bicarbonate 10 gr. Solution of ferric

Syrup of Virginian chloride
Syrup
THE London Panel and Pharmaceutical Committees prune 30 m
cannot agree as to the keeping properties of the stock Water to Water to
\ oz.
mixtures which the panel doctors want to prescribe on
VIII. Mist. Gentiance Alkalina. X. Linctvs Scillce Compositus.
—the reduced dispensing-fee system reduced so far as Sodium bicarbonate ... 15 gr.
Compound tincture of
panel chemists are concerned. The formulas of the Compound infusion of
camphor
gentian 2 dr. Oxymel of squill 20 n
Syrup of tolu 20 m
mixtures are as follows : Chloroform emulsion,
20
L.I.P. ... 5 tn
/. Mist. Acida. IV. Mist. Fcrri Arsenicalis.
Water to Dose : 1 dr.

Diluted nitro-hydro- Arsenical solution ... 3m

chloric acid Iron and ammonium 5m It is the last four formulas that the disagreement is

Compound infusion of citrate ^ oz.
Chloroform emulsion,
gentian Weabout. reprint the formulas from the London
L-I-P
Chloroform emulsion, AInsurance Pharmacopoeia. year ago we began publica-
\\ ater to
L.I.P
V. Mist. Fcrri et Magnesii tion of a comparison of Insurance Pharmacopoeia formulas
Water to
for mixtures of the same name, and in the C. A D. Diary,
Sttlvhatis.

II. M^t. Alba. Magnesium sulphate ... 20 gr. 1916, are given similar formulas for lotions and

magnesium Ferrous sulphate preparations other than mixtures, these being compiled

Light mixture, L.I.P., to £ oz.

carbonate dr. VI. Mist. Gentiance c. Rhco. from revised editions of the Pharmacopoeias. We now

Magnesium sulphate ... do the same in respect to the revised formulas for some

Peppermint water to oz. Gentian-root in powder 5 gr. mixtures. Each of the formulas is given in a single dose,

Rhubarb-root in

powder 5 gr. and the quantities are in parallel columns to facilitate

III. Mist. Bismuthi. Ginger ^n powder ... 1 gr. comparison. Each column is numbered, and the names

Sodium bicarbonate ... I1 Bicarbonate of soda ... 10 gr. of the areas, with alternative names for the prescriptions,
Bismuth oxycarbonate 1
Water to Oil of peppermint ... \
Water to i£ oz.
are indicated by the numbers.

Mist. Acida.

Acid, nitro-hyd. dil. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Syr. aurautii 10 m. lira.
15 m. 7} m. 10 m. 15 m. 10 m. 10 m. 15 m.
39 m.

Aq'. chloroform, ... 2 dr.

Inf. quassia? ... 90 m. 90 m.
Acid, hydrochlor. dil. 8 m.
Inf. gent. eo. cone. 1o 1 oz. i oz. 1 oz. 30 m. 2 dr. 3 dr. £oz.
Inf. gent. co. to £ oz. I oz. 5 m. £ oz. i oz.
•Jimuls. chloroform. £ oz.
Inf. gent, co £ oz.
Aq.

1, Birmingham (mist. acid, nitro-hydroehlor.) ; 2, Bournemouth; 3, Cardiff 4, Essex (Mist, gent, acid.); 5, Gosport (Mist. acid, ct gmt);
;

6, Hull (Mist, acid, gent.); 7, London; 8, Sheffield (Mist, gentians acid.); 9, Portsmouth (Mist. acida amara) 10, Gateshead (Mist. gent, acid.)
_ ;

* Chloroform. 1 oz., tr. quillaia? 3 dr., aq. to 20 oz.

Mist. Acetomorphina?.

Mist. Ammonii Picratis. Acetomorpli. hydrochlor. 1 2
Terpin. hydrat.
1 Syr. tolutan. ... A gr. A
Glycerin.
Ammonii pit rat. 1 gr. Aq. chloroform. 20 m. 2gr.
2 dr.
Aq. chloroform. Aq 20 m.

Aq to £ oz.

Birmingham and Gateshead 2, Hull.
;

1, Bradford 2, Hull (Mist, aeetomorphinaj et teipini).
;

Mist. Qentiana? Alkalina.

7 10 12 13 14
15 gr. 15 gr. 15 gr. 15 gr.
Pofc. bicarb

Sodii biearh. 15 gr. 15 gr. 10 gr. 25 15 15 '.'!'. 10 gr. 15 gr. 71 gr.
3 gr. ! ; 2 gr. 5 pr. 2^ gr.
,
25 pr. :o m.
Amnion, carb. — 2 m.
1 m.
Tr. capsici 1 m. —
30 m.
Inf. gent. co. cone. .
Magnes. carb. pond. .

Acid, carbol. liq.

Chloroform.

Spt. ammun. arom. . 11} m.

Inf. gent. eo. ... 3 dr. 3 dr. 2 dr.

Bniuls. chloroform

L.I.P

•Mist, mciith. pi|

Inf. quas.-ia? i OZ. £ oz. —
1 oz.
Aq. menth. pip. 4 dr. ;
Aq. chloroform.
Inf. gent. co. ... \ oz. £ oz. — I 4 oz. £ oz. £ oz.
oz.
Aq

1, Birmingham (Mist, alkalina); 2, Bournemouth; 3, Biadford ; 4, Cardiff (Mist, gentiana? c. soca), Essex, Leeds, and Gateshead 5, Doncaster
,

(Mist, alien lina) 6, Dorset (Mist, gentian, c. soda) 7, Gosport (Mist, soda et gent.) ; 8, Hull (Mist, alkalina) 9, Liverpool (Mist, alkalina amara);
; ; ;

10, London 11, Middlesex (Mist, gent.) 12, Sheffield ; 13, Portsmouth (Mist, alkalina amara) ; 14, West Riding (Mist, alkalina) ; 15, West Hartlepool.
; ;

* Saturated solution of ol. menth. pip. in water.

Mist. Strychninae Acid, vel Mist. Nucis Vom. Acid.

1 34 5 6 7 89 10 11 12 13 14 15
5 m. 10 n;.
Acid, hydrochlor. dil. 10 m. 10 m. 15 m. 10 m. 10 in.
Acid. nit. hyd. dil. 7i m. 10 m. 10 m. 3| m. 10 m. 10 m. 2£ m. 7i m. 10 m. 15 ra.
Liq. stryeh. hydlocli. 21 m. 1£ m. 5 m. 5 m. 3C m. 3 m. 5 m. 3 m. 4 m. 10 m. 5f m.
Tr. nucis vom. ... 1 m.
Glycerin. 15 m. £m. 30 m.
Chloroform. 30 m.
Ext. nueis vom. liq. 1 m. —
Inf. gent. co. cone.
Tr. gent. co. 30 in. —
•Mist, chloroform.
Mist, acida L.I.P. £ oz.
Inf. ealumb. ...
Inf. gent. eo. ... i oz. £ OZ. £ OZ. J oz
Aq. clilorofoim. £ oz.
£ oz.
Aq
• oz. i oz. £ OZ. £ OZ. £ oz. £ oz.

1, Birmingham (Mist, acida c. strychnin.); 2, Bournemouth; 3, Bradford ; 4. Doncaster (Mist. acid, tonica) 5, Dorset (Mfet- ac
;
(Mist, acida stryc'n$i[|i
6, Gateshead; 7, Hull (Mist. acid, tonic); 8, Hull ("Mist, nucis vom. acid.); 9, Hull (Mist, stryeh. acid.); 10, London
Chloro-
Leeds West Biding (Mist, nucis vom.) 15, West Hartlepool (Mist. gent, acid.)
11. ; 12, Sheffield 13, Sheffield (Mist, strychniria?) ; 14, ;
;

rra. 1 dr., aq. to 50 oz.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 159

Killing Cats. piece of wood, as shown in sketch. Cut a piece of wood
the same thickness as the lid and the same width as the
A Useful Appliance.
hole in lid. This slide should be cut with a circular hole
Mr. G. E. Marfitt (Leicester) writes: "Dogs are
moderately easy to destroy, but cats are somewhat more at one end as shown. When the lid of the box is closed
difficult. Chloroform, to my mind, is not particularly
humane. Prussic acid (Scheele's) freshly made is the best this piece slides in the hole in the lid under the cross-

by a long way. It is quicker and, if properly given, abso- piece and forms a circular hole in the lid. This hole
lutely sure I have destroyed hundreds of cats with it. should be made large enough for cat's neck to be comfort-
The one great difficulty with cats is to avoid their sharp able in, but not large enough for the head to come through.

claws. Some advise using a sack or a hamper. Hampers Straps should be fastened on either side of the lid, allowing
the lid to be fastened down by means of buttons on the

sides of the box.

Now to use the affair. Put puss in the box, close lid,

puss puts her head up immediately through the

hole in the lid. Now put the slide in under

the cross-piece and pin it with a movable nail or

pin, running through a small hole in the slide, into

the front of the box. Pussy's head is now through the
circular hole in the lid and cannot be drawn into the box.

All that remains is to administer the poison without an>

danger of being scratched, or even having to hold the cat
at all. Quickly withdraw partially the slide. Pussy's head
goes down because the rest cannot come out. Replace the
slide, and the trick is finished as soon as puss breathes

her last."

These observations may be regarded as a supplement to
the practical instructions by Mr. C. Bayley, Uppingham,

published in the C. <Sc D., January 8, p. 44. Correspondents

in the succeeding issues criticised Mr. Bayley's methods,
and in reply thereto we received the following from Mr.

Bayley too late for publication last week :
" It is a short step from the sublime to the ridiculous,

and your correspondents Messrs. Rowland and Carroll

hit the latter to a T. The C0 2 and sparklet-bulb sugges-

tion is immense, but carbon monoxide would be more

effective if it was compressed in bulbular form, and the

suggestion might be passed on to Aerators, Ltd. In order
to extend Mr. CawolPs humanitarian principles might I

are useful to get pussy's head out, but one has to be very

quick to get the head back into the hamper after puss
has had the last drink, otherwise the rest of the cat will
come out after the head instead of the head going after the
tail into the hamper again, and then there is a hurried

flight of the cat on to the neighbour's tiles and the dickens
of a job to get her down again until she rolls down.
Another objection to the hamper is that on holding the
lid down it is apt to constrict the cat's throat and the
poison does not get properly swallowed. Sacks are worse.

J\in$e Ming?
|»_-J

Strap •1 \'' .. Strap

I- o|

Slips suggest that the bottle-washer, if musical, should spare a

'•f-triz, fiU*. few moments to help the poisoner by singing a cat
Car(r)ol(l), such as ' Good-bye, pussy, I must' leave you,'
It is extremely difficult to hold a cat's head out of the or some other soothing melody as pussy breathes her last ?
If the chloroformed lint was suspended by a string pussy
neck of the sack moreover, pussy's claws easily penetrate might even play with it. As regards a lethal chamber, tin:
; is obviously a good idea if a suitable vapour is chosen,
and for this purpose hydrocyanic acid is, I maintain, the
the sack and the holder's hands and arms, resulting often speediest and most humane. If the sides of the chamber
were carefully lined with cotton-wool and suitable wreaths
in nasty scratches. One of my old assistants invented a were at hand it would form a happy climax to a rapid
transition to that haven of rest where all good pussies go."
3at-box some years ago and made one, sketches of which arc
For the Long Nights a most entertaining and readable
annexed. book is Wootton's " Chronicles of Pharmacy." The two

Here is how it is made. A good strong box is obtained volumes, published at a guinea, are sent post free by the

ind the lid is put on with hinges. The box should be large &G. D. for 7s. 6d.
snough to hold a good-sized cat easily. The lid should
lave a hole cut out of the front with a circular shape at —" Chemists' Windows." An illustrated treatise on the

;ne centre of the lid. Across this hole is screwed a cross- art of displaying pharmaceutical and allied goods in
chemists' shop-windows, with chapters on ticket-writing, the
mechanics of moving devices, and business-promoting acces-
sories. Contains 216 pages and 200 illustrations. Price

3s. 6cZ., by post 3*. 9rf., from the C. & D. Book Department,
42 Cannon Street, London, E.G., or leading wholesale

houses.

—

16<J THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Januaby 29, 1916

Sunny Spain. is evidently a delicate one. In England it is the chemist;

An Easter visit to Spain is described in this article In France, I should say, the herbalist or perfumer.
by an English writer, who devotes himself chiefly to Every country has its usages, and in each case it is a
the present position of pharmacy in the Peninsula. matter of pure convention.

Keeping Open Shop.

1LEFT the French frontier on the morning of Maundy The Spanish " contribucion " is something like the

—Thursday, and arrived at Valladolid the same —French " patente " a tax levied on tradesmen " keeping
—open shop " 'but the special feature of the Spanish system
evening to find all the shops shut even the pharmacies.
is that the proportionate sum to be paid by each individual
The incident was impressed on my mind by the fact is fixed by the body corporate. The Treasury, for in-
stance, informs the "Gremio," or guild of Madrid
that I had no soap, my cake having been left behind at pharmacists, that the amount their corporation is expected
to raise this year is 60,000 pesetas. If this sum were
the French hotel where I had been staying. Outside equally divided among the 150 Madrilene pharmacists they
would have about 400 pesetas (say, 16/.) apiece to pay;
each closed pharmacy there was a printed notice giving but it would be manifestly unjust to tax the little man
in the back street of a working-class quarter at the same
the addresses of the four pharmacies which remained

open " every Sunday," but I was never lucky enough

to run across one of the pharmacists who were "keep-

ing open shop," so I gave it up and waited till the

Friday, when, curiously enough, all the pharmacies were rate as the practitioner with a big frontage on a fashion-
able thoroughfare and an old and well established
open all day long, although all other shops were closed. clientele. The Treasury, therefore, takes as a base the
"share" of 400 pesetas (16?.) and simply stipulates that
Frenchmen who complain about the "English Sunday" no one shall pay less than a quarter share or more than
four shares, and leaves the Pharmacists' Committee to
should be sent to Spain to spend Maundy Thursday and apportion the burden. Each pharmacist has the right 'to
attend and vote at the committee election (held in Septem-
Good Friday. No wheeled traffic is allowed in the

streets on either day (the hotel 'buses were the only

exception), although the religious street processions do

not begin till 6 p.m. on Friday. Valladolid was the

capital of Spain in Tudor days, and boasts the finest ber or October as a rule). Once the committee is elected,

" pasos " in the Peninsula. I left before the hour the delicate task is taken in hand, usually working out
somewhat as follows :
when these coloured wooden images are carried through

the streets, but saw some marvellous specimens in the

Museum, as lifelike as anatomical models and as artistic Pesetas

—as the most captious critic would desire painful, in fact, 14 " First, category " pharmacists, each pay 1 ,600 ... 22.400
... 8,000
8 " Second category " ,, „ „ 1,000 ... 9.000
„ „ 500 ...
in their realism. Some were more primitive and naive 18 " Third „ „ ... 11.200
... 2.2C 0
among others a relief, representing St. Cosme and 28 "Fourth „ „ „ ,, 400 ... 5,400
9 " Fifth 3,700
St. Damian, the patron 6aints of the healing art. ., ., „,. 250

36 *' Sixth „ ,, „,, 150

Advanced surgery boasts a good deal nowadays of 37 "Seventh ,, ,, „ ,, 100

"grafting" skin and organs from the living animal on 61,950

the human patient, but this panel represented a still The use of " round " figures will explain the overplus of 1,950 pesetas

Amore remarkable case. negro, with his leg cut off,

lay on the floor, and on the bed was a white patient Any pharmacist who considers his assessment unduly

on whom the two worthy brothers in question had high can complain to the committee, and if the committee

"grafted" the missing leg. "Note," said my guide, refuses his request he has the right of appeal to the

"that the miracle is the more remarkable bearing in Minister of Finances. But he is required to produce
positive evidence of the injustice done him, and the process
mind that in the fifteenth century the negro was con- is a long and troublesome one.

sidered to be a mere animal." This curious method of taxation has some good points,
especially from a corporate as opposed to the in-
The Night-bell.
dividual point of view. For instance, an open or notorious
On the closed shutters of one pharmacy I noticed the " cutter," a pharmacist who is known to have lent a
inscription " Llamam al Sereno " (call the watchman), foreigner the privileges afforded by his diploma to enable
him to introduce " patents " more readily into Spain, or
and inquired its meaning. It appears that here, as
any other generally unpopular individual, may be named
at Madrid, runaway rings at the pharmacist's niglft-bell
by the committee for higher scales of taxation. The
and other stupid tricks of street-boys or drunkards are system also helps to keep down the number of pharmacies,

frequent enough to become a nuisance. So it is arranged as a beginner is apt to be charged the maximum rates

that the patient or doctor requiring the pharmacist's during the first few years he is in business. Injustice

services after closing-hours should address himself to to the individual for the corporate good seems the idea.

the watchman. Your Spanish watchman is a plain- It opposes all innovation. The older pharmacists " vote
solid " against the newcomer, and fair treatment is long
clothed, corduroy-clad individual not to be confounded and hard to obtain. But, like many other institutions,

with the modern uniformed and armed policeman. His j

badge of office is a stout staff with an oil lantern when actually put upon trial the "gremio" system is
worth just what the men who compose it are worth, and
attached, and one sees him trying doors and examin-
reflects their virtues and vices, their selfishness or dis-
ing keyholes in City-policeman style. But what dis-
interestedness as a whole.
tinguishes him alike from the London bobby and the

Spanish policeman is that he carries the keys of all the

houses in the particular manzana or "block" of houses

which he supervises. There is no ringing for the

concierge as at Paris, no latchkey as in London : the Modern Madrid.

sereno is there to open (and close) the door all night My Spanish tour included a visit to the capital, and sj
guide took me round. As I went I kept my eyes opei
long. If you require the pharmacist, he opens the
for pharmacies. Among those I saw was the " Queei
pharmacy door and rings a bell inside, and the proprietor
Mother's Pharmacy " (Farmacia Reina Madre), one of th
or assistant on duty answers this night-bell in the usual oldest in Madrid, it having been founded in 1578. Th

way. The sereno possibly owes his name to the fact building of which it forms the ground floor is marke

that in days gone by he used, like our old London by a memorial tablet to the most popular of the ol
Charlies, to call the hour and the weather. " Ave Maria Spanish dramatists. Here " Calderon de la Barca " live

purissima. Ten o'clock, and a fine (sereno) weather." and died. It stands in the Calle Mayor or old Hie
To return to the soap question. It is a curious fact Street of Madrid, not far from where a monument (i:

that fancy soap (savonnettes) is a popular "side-line" scribed with the names of the victims) marks the site <
the bomb outrage on the King's wedding-day, May 3
with Madrid stationers. The connection between paper 1906. " Madrid has not yet found its Baron Haussmann

and soap is not obvious to an Englishman, but is doubt- (as a Barillina guide sarcastically remarked), and the-Ca

less as natural to a Spaniard as that between bread and Mayor quarter has sc little altered that the 1656 m

eggs, which also seem to go together in Madrilene retail

business. The question of who should sell fancy soap

Januaby 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 161

would suffice to guide the present-day tourist round this pended from the top of the window. As the fish was huge
part of the Spanish capital. it added considerably to the attraction. The strips at the
top of the window were lettered in black and white, and
Advertising in Spain. were attached to the glass. The showcard at the bottom

The trolley trams of Madrid are now commencing to NaiuOu,-
display " knifeboard " advertising matter. The adver-
x THE RECOGNISED '
tisers are not yet very numerous, but include Bishop's
FiESH Former
Citrate of Magnesia (a well-known preparation here)
; is reproduced here on a large scale. It also was just
sufficiently out of the ordinary to attract. The empty
the Petroleo Gal, " Verdol," and, of course Scott's cartons at the back and sides were suitably arranged. - They
were in green, with white and black lettering. At the top"
—Emulsion that man with the cod is to me as suggestive of the window, and just seen in the photograph, were two
inverted pyramids of empty cartons, which were fastened
of Spain as a mantilla or a torero. Gal's perfumeria is to the top of the window. To finish off neatly curtains
were placed at the back of all. H. A. Martin, Leicester.
a very smart place, now in the Carrera San Jeronimo

(the Rue de la Paix or Bond Street of Madrid), just

opposite the Perfumeria Inglesa, another first-class place,

where the stock is largely French and English. Window-

show i6 not a characteristic of Spanish pharmacies, even

in Madrid. The British pharmacist's endeavour is to get

as much glass and as little wood framing as possible into

the street front, but here it seems the other way about.

The fact is, in this sunny land it is necessary when the

noonday sun strikes the shop frontage, to close these great

Ashutter-doors for coolness sake. "window-display"

is such a rare sight that I noted the few I came across in

Madrid. In the Calle Barquillo, one pharmacist devotes

a whole window to l ib. and £-lb. packages of boracic

acid, and the other to boxes of cough-lozenges; in the

— —newer streets the Calle Sorrano, for example a few

—pharmacists make a window-show of their own specialities
chest or stomach remedies; and in the Plaza de Santo

Domingo there was a whole window-show of insect-powder

(Leyer, Londres-Paris). One rather effective street adver-

tisement I saw in Madrid was a camel with a saddle-

cloth advertising a French boot-polish (Ecla). The

patient quadruped is led through the best-class shopping

streets every fine day ; and it only seems to rain here

once a fortnight, so the "Ship of the Desert''' is usually

under way.

Chemists" Windows.

Photographs of windows sent to the Editor for reproduction should
be accompanied by notes on how the displays were arranged,

A Malt-and-Oil Window. A Speciality Show.

he top codfish was coloured. It was made of paper The paper strip " Nervous breakdown tablets " was pasted
•it out and stuck on cardboard. Fastened on the back oi on the window outside. Immediately beneath this, and
ns was some preserved barley, both of them being sus-
stuck on the window, were cut-out letters in white paper,

" The best remedy." On the six discs of white paper with
black border were the words, " For nerve pains," " For
brain fag." " For that tired feeling," " For insomnia,"
" For mental exhaustion," and " For palpitation." These

were joined together by painted strips of paper 2 in. wide,
in black and white and arranged in the manner shown. The
centre showcard was supplied by the makers of the
speciality, as also were the two cards at the bottom oil

either side. The centre pyramid was an old case covered
with white paper, and the lettering was printed in black.
On the shelves above were outers with bottles of tablets,
while two black-and-white showcards with the words

"Weak nerves made strong" and "Creates appetite and

increases vigour " filled up the empty spaces. Other show-

cards were placed on the top shelf. H. A. Martin,

Leicester

—6

162 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Januaey 29, 1916

English Cod-liver Oil Industry. to whether a codfish is in an unhealthy condition. I have

By Frank Jagger, Ph.C, F.C.S. never heard of any livers being rejected on that score,

and my opinion is that many diseased livers are mixed

with the healthy ones. The livers are at least ten days

old when received by the cod-liver oil extractors.

AS we are now on the eve of the new Norwegian fish- [This does not apply to Norwegian medicinal oil, as a
ing off the Lofoten Islands, it is of interest at the
large proportion of the livers are dealt with imme-

present time to explain briefly the principal methods by diately they are caught. Ed.]

which the oil is extracted from the fresh liver of the During the half-year ended June 30, 1914, no less
than 2,223,199 cwt. of codfish was landed in Great
cod. That known as the "steam process," introduced
Britain, figures which are probably not surpassed by
about fifty years ago, still holds the field. The livers are
any other country.
placed in large jacketed steam-pans and subjected to It follows therefore that a fair

heat not exceeding 82° C. The oil is then drawn off and quantity of oil must be produced in England, and this
cooled to a temperature of —5° C, when a considerable
is done chiefly at Grimsby.
quantity of " fish stearine " which is used for soap- The introduction of strictly chemical data into the

making, is deposited ; this is removed by filtration, and requirements of the B.P. 1914 is a step in the right

the oil is then ready for medicinal use. The oil is only direction. But the limits in the case of the saponifica-

partially extracted by this process, as the livers retain tion-value, iodine-value, and specific gravity are far too

a certain amount; they are then subjected to a greater great to be of absolute importance in deciding whether

heat and the oil separated. Finally, the livers are pressed, an oil is adulterated or not.

and a third yield of oil obtained, which is known com- From a comparison of the chemical and physical data
mercially as " brown " or cattle oil.
of the oil from livers of the Gadidce (cod family) it is

Before the days of steam-refined oil, and when livers obvious that the detection of liver oils that have been

werei fewer than they are now, they were placed in fraudulently admixed in smaller or larger quantities

barrels and allowed to putrefy. By the end of the season with genuine cod-liver oil is in the present state of our

they were in a varying degree of putrefaction, according chemical knowledge an unsolved, problem. Formerly

Ato the time and temperature. certain amount of oil analysts considered that other liver oils could be detected

is set free by the bursting of the hepatic cells of the in cod-liver oil by taste. Thus the ordinary pollock

livers; this is skimmed off and set aside as "raw medi- or coalfish (Gadus mcrlangus) liver oil has so unpleasant

cinal oil." which is of a pale yellow colour. The con- a taste that it cannot be admixed with cod-liver oil with-

out injuriously affecting the taste. This is a well-known

fact, and for that reason the fisherman has ceased his

former practice of mixing this objectionable liver with the
cod livers. The liver oils of the haddock, ling, and

whiting are so very similar to cod-liver oil in taste that

their detection is almost impossible to the expert.

Some time ago Professor Crossley, F.R.S., in a lecture

before the Pharmaceutical Society, described the general

method employed for the conversion of liquid oils into

solid fats by " hydrogenation," whereby their commer-

cial value is greatly increased. In Newfoundland the
quantity of cod-liver oil now being converted into much

more valuable solid fats by this method is already
extremely large. In the near future we may look for-

ward to this comparatively new industry being fostered

in England, and proving a valuable source of glycerin

and soap manufacture.

COBFISH ON THE TRAWLER'S DECK.

tents of the barrel are stirred and left for a few weeks, The Finnish Pharmacopoeia.

and the surface oil is again skimmed off, the product

Abeing known as " pale oil." repetition of the stirring

and further exposure to warmer weather results in the HEHP essential oils dealt with in the latest (fifth) edition
X of the Finnish Pharmacopoeia are few in number, and
production of a further quantity of oil, known as " pale-
the tests given are not very exhaustive. The alcohols
brown oil." The three yields of oil thus obtained are col-
used for solubility purposes are strong alcohol of 90 to
lectively known as "natural oil," and owe their differ- 91 per cent, by volume and weak alcohol of 69.8 to 70.

ences in properties and colour to the varying propor- per cent., strength. The articles treated are as follows
tions of putrefactive products present. The livers are
|
subsequently placed in suitable vessels and subjected to
Aniseed Oil.—Specific gravity at 20°, 0.980 to 0.990; cpn-
a greater heat, when a fourth yield of oil is obtained, gealing-point, 17°; soluble in three volumes of strong
known as " brown oil." The oil obtained by this method
alcohol.

is always contaminated with decomposed products of the Camphor.—Melting-point 175°-178°. ,,

liver, and therefore possesses a rank odour and nauseous Lemon Oil— Specific gravity at 15° 0.855 to 0.861; soluble

taste. in twelve volumes of strong alcohol. 0.965 to 0.975; so,lute
Fennel Oil.— Specific gravity at 15°,
Some three years ago it was my privilege to spend a
in one volume of strong alcohol ; solidifies below 0 .
holiday on a fishing trawler in the North Sea, and during
Menthol.—Meltinfr-point 43°-44°.
that time I became acquainted with the methods adopted Clove Oil.—Specific gravity at 15° 1.044 to 1.070; soluble
by the fishermen. It is almost, unnecessary to say that
in two volumes of weak alcohol.
there is a great variety of fish in the net when hauled. I Peppermint Oil.—Specific gravity at 15°, 0 900 to U.aaiiun.
remember watching the fishermen "gutting" the fish,
Box? Oil. -Specific gravity at 30°, 0.850 to 0.863; solidifies

and I was rather surprised to sec haddocks' livers, lings' a

livers, etc., being thrown occasionally with those of the Sandalwood Oil.—Specific gravity at 15°. 0.973 to 0.985;

cod into the casks. I might say that about 75 per cent, soluble in six volumes of weak alcohol.
Mustard Oil.—Specific gravity at 15°. 1-022 to 1.0*.
by weight consisted of cod livers. On inquiry I found Turpentine Oil.—Specific gravity at 15°, 0.860 to U.a'u.
that the money obtained for the livers was divided be-
tween the men, and this explains why other fish livers boils at 155°-162°; solub'e in eight volumes of strong aioono •

were mixed with those of the cod Thymol.—Melts at 50°152°. at 15°, n, , .l.nu4wn,.
It may be asked if the fisherman is able to decide as Cinnamon Oil.—Specific gravity 1.023
to

soluble in three volumes of weak alcohol.

Jaxuaey 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 163

success, and in 1894 was floated as a limited company with a

Marriages. capital of 50.000Z.. a subsequent reconstruction increasing

Authenticated notices are inserted without charge. the capital to 250,000?. The Mawson filter was another

Bbelsfobd—Betts.— At St. Peter's, Leicester, on Janu- special production of Mr. Weddell's, and he had a large

interest in a silver-mine in Nevada, to which he mado

periodic visits. The business of Mawson, Swan & Weddell

Frank Brelsford, R.A.M.C.. to Miss was in 1912 amalgamated with the pharmacy of Proctor.
Sergeant was formerly with J.
ary 18, Staff-Sergeant Young Son & Clague (established 1678), the combined businesses
Ida being now carried on under the name of Mawson & Proctor,
Do'ris Betts. The

& Sons, chemists, Leicester, and has for nearly a year been Ltd., with Mr. T. Maltby Clague as the managing director.
an charge of the dispensing department of the 5th Northern
Those who visited the British Pharmaceutical Confe:enee

— —General Hospital, Leicester. in 1909 at Newcastle-upon-Tyne will have a pleasant recol-
Davies De MarT'NI. By licence, on January 24, at St.
Joseph's R.C Church, Penarth, Reginald Davies, pharma- lection of Mr. Weddell. At that time he lived at a

beautiful house near the famous Jesmond Dene, where he

cist, Penarth, third son of the late John Davies, school- entertained the members of Conference at a garden-party
inaster, Penarth,' to Carol, the third daughter of Mr. B. in circumstances which have left a permanent impression on

De Martini, Penarth.. all who were fortunate enough to have been included in

the party. Mr. Weddell had considerable literary tastes,

which are best shown in "Arcana Fairfaxiana," a facsimile

Deaths. of a manuscript volume of apothecaries' lore and house-

Authenticated notices are inserted without charge wifery connected with the Fairfax family, which he pub-

lished in 1890. The sympathetic treatment which this

interesting volume received from the author is rendered

especially valuable by the historical notes which Mr.

Fee.—At Ballybay last week, Mr. Arthur Fee, chemist Weddell contributed, and also by a study of handwritings

and druggist, The Medical Hall, Ballybay. He was well of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which the

Scnown in the commercial and public life of county author undertook with a view to settling some moot points
Monaghan, and carried on business with his brother as Fee
as to the authenticity of the volume. The original volume

Bros. was discovered in a lumber-room of the old premises of

—Latham. On January 18, at Crewe Road, Sandbach, Gilpin & Co. at 135 Pilgrim Street, Newcastle. About the

•Cheshire, Mr. Harry Latham, aged sixty. Deceased was same time Mr. Weddell published "How Do I Stand?"

•dispenser to his father until the Tatter's death, then acted a capital little work on bookkeeping for chemists, which he

in a similar capacity to Dr. Riddett. Afreelv distributed to brother chemists. book for record-

—Lewis. On January 17, after a brief illness, Montague ing family events, entitled " Family Records," was another

Richard Warren, third son of Mr. R. G. Lewis, chemist of his productions, which included a method of apportion-

and druggist, 5 Southbury Road, Enfield Town, N., aged ing family expenditure. He was also a musician and poet,

seventeen. a choral march of his entitled "Honour to the Mighty"

Pleasance.— At Melbourne, Vic, on November 18, Mr. having a considerable vogue some years ago. The verses
Charles Pleasance, pharmaceutical chemist, aged sixty-five.
he composed regarding German atrocities, some of which

Mr. Pleasance was born at Beccles, England, and. emigrat- were reproduced in The Chemist and Dbttggist a year ago.
ing to Australia, was apprenticed in 1868 to Gould &
well express the contempt with which Englishmen regard

Martin, Collins Street, Melbourne, a business which he a nation which so far disregards the unwritten laws of

subsequently acquired and which is now carried on by his civilisation as to massacre defenceless citizens on land ana
•son, Mr. F. Norman Pleasance. Deceased took a great
sea. The verses have been recited at recruiting-meetings

interest in municipal work, and in 1899 was elected to the with great .success. His favourite study was sociology,

Melbourne City Council, and became. Lord Mayor of Mel- upon which subject he contributed papers to the British
bourne in 1904. He resigned from the City Council in
Association and other learned Societies. Although Mr.
1907. and since then had been almost continuously in bad
Weddell took no prominent part in municipal politics, he
health. Mr. Pleasance was President of the Pharmacy
Board from 1905 to 1907. supported whole-heartedly the Newcastle Guild of Help

and was a member of the Newcastle Economic Society. Mr.

Stothabd.— At 1 St. Cuthbert's Terrace, North Shields, Weddell leaves a widow and three daughters. He was

on January 15, Mr. Thomas Stothard. chemist and drug- buried on January 22 at Greatham. one of the prettiest of

ist, aged seventy-one. Mr. Stothard passed the Modified old-world villages in the North Country. On the side of

xamination in 1871. He was formerly an assistant to Mr. the village which merges on the marsh-land, and thence to

ohn Bailey, Tynemouth, then started in business on his the sea, are the salt-mines and works of Cerebos, Ltd.

wn account but About 400 employes at the Works, besides many prominent
:
ill-health caused his retirement twenty- business men from Newcastle (forty miles away), attended

ivo years ago. to show their sorrow at the passing away of such a genuine '

Wain.—At Red Lion Square, Newcastle-under-Lvme, on friend. Messrs. T. Maltby Clague and J. R. Stewart repre-
January 21, the wife of Alderman C. J. Wain, Ph.C., from
pneumonia after a comparatively short illness. Mrs. Wain sented the directors of Cerebos, Ltd., Mr. H. W. Noble

represented the Newcastle Pharmacists' Association, and

laS e tour y°ung children. She was a daughter of the Messrs S. Oliver. H. B. Watkins. W. R. Grav. D. J.
atr, 'W, ,inl,liam Massey, ironmonger, High Street, Newcastle-
Weddell. and C. F. Clague (Sergeant, R.A.M.C.) repre-

mtler-Lyme. sented Mawson & Proctor. Ltd.

Weddell.—At Seaton Carew. West Hartlepool, on —Young. On January 21, Mr. John Young, pharmaceu-
January 20, Mr. George Weddell, chemist and druggist,
tical chemist. Elgin, aged eighty-four. He was a native of
managing director of Cerebos,
Rafford, and served his apprenticeship with the late D.

^MH^JHH^k Ltd., aged sixty. Mr. Weddell McBean, chemist, Elgin. After spending some time in

^jUSr ^^B^^k born Kelso. London and Glasgow, he passed the Major examination

nis apprenticeship in that town. in October 1868, and finally acquired Mr. McBean's busi-

He then went as assistant to ness at 116 High Street, Elgin. He ultimately took into

Mawson & Swan's business at partnership Mr. John Jnnes, chemist and druggist, who

Newcastle - upon - Tyne, after acquired the business on Mr. Young's retirement about

which he went to Paris and eleven years ago. Mr. Young took an active part in the

Mentone, and also had excellent public affairs of the town. For twenty years he served_ as

business experience as a traveller a member of the Town Council, and for part of that period

on the Continent for Burgoyne, was a magistrate, holding the office of Lord Provost for

CMM H JHfm Burbidges & Co. He passed the two terms (six years). He was all along a keen supporter

^Hl V Minor in 1876. In 1881 the late of the Volunteer movement, and during the South African-

*>> J |>h S\\;in Im.miv'IiI Mr. War eritcrtained at his own expense detachments of Volun-

Weddell back to Newcastle- teers on several occasions. On his retirement from the

'** upon-Tyne. and placed him. as Town Council he was entertained to a complimentary dinner
..„ „ ... a partner, in charge of the phar- as a mark of appreciation for his services. He also took
macy business in new premises an active part in Church affairs. Mr. Young is survived

m being in Grainger Street West, the by a grown-up family of three sons and two daughters.
this
then styled Mawson, Swan & Weddell. Of Silled In Action.

lsiness Mr. Weddell became proprietor in 1901. In the Casswell.—In France, on January 14, Major Charles
William Casswell, aged twenty-nine, only son of Mr.
eantime, in accordance with the traditions of the New- Thomas Casswell, 71 Windsor Road, Southport, representa-
tive of Johnson & Sons, Manufacturing Chemists, Ltd.,
' stle business, Mr. Weddell turned his attention to a wider Finsbury, E.G.

|here of interest. He developed Cerebos salt, an improved

nle-salt with exceptional physical characteristics and

etetic advantages. This speciality became ' a great

a

164 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Januaby 29, 1916

—Davidge. At No. 1 War Hospital. Reading, on Janu- the Exeter Lodge of Instruction. Bro. Luxton is also
P.P.G. Deacon (Craft), P.P.G. Treasurer (Mark) and
ary 20, from gunshot-wound received in Gallipoli, Corporal
Henry Edward John (Jack) Davidge, 13th Divisional Signal P.P.G. Treasurer (H.R. Arch), all of the Province of
Company, R.E., only son of Mr. Henry N. Davidge, Ph.C, Devon.
23 Rydal Road, Streatham, aged twenty.
Mr. Herbert William Colley, chemist and druggist,
—Hoene. Private J. L. Home, of the Manchester Terri-
Grimsby, who has been appointed President of the ?r<y
torials, and son of Mr. John Kay Home, chemist and
prietary Articles Trade _
druggist. Tarleton, formerly of Acorington, has been killed
Association in succession
in action.
to Mr. William Edwards,

London, was born at

Personalities. Bridlington Quay, York-

Authenticated notes are inserted without charge if not in the shire, in 1870, and after
nature of advertisement, and subject to Editorial approval.
his preliminary education

was apprenticed to Mr.
H. J. Jackson , Ph.C,
Bridlington Quay. There-

Mr. David Davies, chemist and druggist, Porth, Rhondda after he studied at the
Vallev, has been elected Treasurer of the local Chamber of
Westminster College of

Trade. Chemistry and Phar-

Mn. H. Davis, chemist and druggist, of Grays (Essex), macy, winning the medal
has been elected a member of the Committee of the local
for botany, and cer-

Traders' Association. tificates of honour in

Mr. James Mackenzie, of the Singapore Dispensary, has chemistry, pharmacy, and
completed his holiday in this country, and sailed for
Singapore last week. materia medica. He

passed the Minor ex-

Mr. Victor J. WOOLLS, chemist and druggist, Cecil amination in July 1892,
Square, Margate, has been appointed Organist of the
Union Lodge of Freemasons. and was afterwards an

assistant for some years

in Sir Richard Robin- COLLEY.

Mr. R. G. Laybourn, chemist and druggist, High Street. son's late pharmacy, Mai- Hett i fi lC-
Margate, has been elected a member of the Committee of den & Co., Brompton Road, London. S.W. left this
the, Margate Working Men's Club, of which he is the
on purchasing the business of the late Mr. Mason, chemist
retiring President. and optician, Grimsby. From that time Mr. Colley has

Mr. R. L. Brown, who has .obtained the A.I.C. certificate taken an active part in public work, first as a member ot
from the Institute of Chemistry, is employed in the labora- the Grimsby Board of Guardians, and he has been tor
tories of W. Martindale, 10 New Cavendish Street, London, many years 'a member of the Grimsby Pharmacists Associa-
tion' of which he long acted as Secretary, and is now Vice-
W.C., as an experimental chemist. President. ' He is also Vice-President of the Grimsby

Mr. A. H. Jones (Ayrton, Saunders & Co., Ltd.) has been Chamber of Trade and was its Chairman in 1914. Since
elected to represent Leeds on behalf of the United Kingdom the National Health Insurance Act came into force Mr.
Commercial Travellers' Benefit Society at their annual Colley has been a member of the Grimsby Insurance Com-

grand meeting, which is being held this year at Bristol. mitter, as well as of the local Pharmaceutical Committee.

Mr. William Forrest Livesey, Ph.C, whojias been act- He has long been a member of the Council of the Society
ing as chief checker for the Lancashire Insurance Com- of Chemist-opticians, and for fourteen years has served tne
mittee since 1913. has been appointed chief of the pricing Proprietary Articles Trade Association as a member of the
department of the same Committee, to which reference is
made elsewhere in this issue. Council.

The late Joseph Jarvis Blayney, chemist and druggist, Mm. Richard Welford, chemist and druggist, the newly
10 Alexandra Terrace, Haslingden, Lanes, formerly of elected Chairman of the Public Pharmacists' and Dis-

55 Deardengate, Haslingden, who died on December 11 pensers' Association, is well
last, aged eighty-four, left estate valued at 4,955/ 16s. id.
known to many C. <fe D.
gross, with net personalty 4,921/. 7s. Id.
readers, having spent nearly
Mr. E. Ha worth Evrle, Ph.C, Hull, has a wide reputa-
the whole of his life in insti-
tion outside pharmaceutical circles as a dramatist, a-nd his tutional work, and from time
fame in this direction will -be augmented by his latest to time published some very

production, " Griselda," a poetic drama. When it was useful notes specially pertain-

produced last week before the Park Street Church Literary ing to hospital dispensing.
and Social Union, Mr. Earle appeared in the part of the
Bishop of Saluce, Mrs. Earle as Griselda, and the daughter A native of Buckinghamshire,
Sinnetta was represented by Miss Phyllis H. Earle.
Mr. Welford migrated early
Some Time Ago we received from Griffiths & Prentice, in life to the North of Eng-
British chemists, Valparaiso, an excellent photograph of
#
Senor Percy Preece, of
land, and, after a six years'
that firm, which is here
reproduced. The photo- apprenticeship to a chemist in
graph sent to us shows Mr.
Preece in full figure as he a manufacturing town, passed
came off the shooting-
the Qualifying examination in
ran go, as captain of the
October 1879. After several

periods as assistant, he joined

the staff at the Lancaster

County Asylum. remaining

four years. Later he was at Mb. R. Welford

the Brighton and Hove Dis- .

British Rifle Club, Val- pensary, from which place he obtained his present post a

paraiso, winners of the Colney Hatch Asylum, which institution was taken over by
Gold Trophv, Santiago,
the L.C.C. in 1889. Since Mr. Welford entered the ser-
April 1915. that is all we
are told about him, but we vice the changes have been many. A photographic depart-
need scarcely say that at
ment was installed, and was voted a great success; this
the present time every
assumed great proportions, of which some 100,000 nega-
man who can use a gun
tives in the store-room are silent "witnesses. Here, it niay
with such excellent results
bo noted, Mr. Welford's inventive faculty has resulted in
as Mr. Preece has shown
is wanted in the British an arrangement by which, using an ordinary camera and
Army.
slide, two photographs (a profile and full-face) may _M

taken on one plate. An interesting collection of weiro

photographs, snowing obscure disease, abnormal con

Peggy Palmer, aged ditions. etc., have been gathered together, and of thesi

fifteen, yourtgest daughter many have been used to illustrate medical and surgica
treatises on mental diseases. With the* increasing grown
of Mr. J. Spencer Palmer,
Senor P. Preece. pharmacist and dental sur- of the institution (the number of inmates being 3,000), s
the dispensing-work has developed. Mr. Welford is supf
geon. Thornbury, Glos..
vising the installation of manufacturing-plant for the pi'1
has passed the examination for an associate of the Trinity
College of Music, London. paration of galenicals, and when this is completed tfi

Bro. Fred Luxton (James Townsend & Sons. Exeter and dispensary will compare favourably with modern L°nd°
London) has been elected for the tenth year Preceptor of hospitals. In addition to the busy day's duties, Mr. Wc

ford has 'given up much time to Association matters, is

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 165

Past-President of the Public Pharmacists' and Dispensers' Associations' Winter Session.
Association, and has been the prime mover in obtaining
many valuable reforms. The coming year will need a Other meetings are reported under Insurance Dispensing
strong and capable leader to deal with several matters of
oonoern to ipublic pharmacists,, and members are par- Re-ports.

ticularly gratified that Mr. Welford has agreed to accept

office. Chemical Society.—A meeting was held at Burlington

At the annual meeting of Blackburn Liberal Association House, London, W., on Thursday, January 28, at 8 p.m.,
last week Mr. W. Woolley, J. P., manufacturing chemist,
was elected a Vice-President and one of the Hon. Dr. Alexander Scott, F.R.S. (President), in the chair. The
Treasurers, and Mr. R. Lord Gifford, J. P., was elected to
serve on the Executive Committee for another year. Mrs. Chairman spoke feelingly of the loss the Society had sus-

Gifford was chosen as a representative on the Committee tained by the death of Sir H. E. Roscoe. one of the oldest
of the Women's Liberal Association.
Fellows, he having joined the Society in 1855. The first

paper was by Messrs. J. C. Philip and A. Bramley on the

Phofessob Sir Joseph John Thomson, O.M., D.Sc., Action, of Water on Cupric Thiocyanate. The authors said
LL.D., F.R.S., was on January 25 presented with the
Albert medal of the Royal Society of Arts " for his re- that it had long been known that by the prolonged action

searches in chemistry and physics, and their application to of water cupric thiocyanate was completely reduced to the
the advancement of arts, manufactures, and commerce."
The Albert medal was founded in 1863 as a memorial of cuprous salt. Also it has been shown that thiocyanic,
the Prince Consort, and is awarded annually " for distin-
guished merit in promoting arts, manufactures, and com- hydrocyanic, and sulphuric acids are formed. This does
merce."
not represent the whole change, for they have found that

carbon dioxide is also produced, also ammonia. When,

however, all these bodies are estimated there is a deficiency

in nitrogen in the total. The slowness with which the

Mb. William C. Alpers, D.Sc, the new President of the ammonia is liberated on heating the solution in the reaction
American Pharmaceutical Association, is Dean of the
flask with soda suggested that there might be some urea,

formed. This was found to be so. A number of experi-

Cleveland (Ohio) ments were carried out in which the reaction between water

College of Phar- and cupric thiocyanate was allowed to proceed to the end.

macy and a This takes from ten to twenty days. The following cop-
pounds were estimated : Carbon dioxide, ammonia
native of Han-
over. Our photo- sulphuric acid, thiocyanic acid, urea, hydrocyanic acid, ano
graph was taken
by Mr. William the amount of copper deposited was weighed. The amounts
Mair, F.C.S., on
of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur were calculated into
the occasion of a
atomic ratios, and as these were found to be nearly

visit to Profes- 1:1:1, it was concluded that these were all the bodies
sor Tschirch at produced by the reaction. When the thiocyanate was pre-
Berne, Switzer-
cipitated from a solution of copper acetate a quantity of
land, who ap-
cyanogen was detected and estimate i. It was found to be
pears on the
impossible to represent the change by one simple equation,

but the following three reactions were found to give, by

right. Dr. Al- calculation, results for the total acidity produced very

pers has all the closely approximating to those found bv experiment

presence and per- 8Cu(CNS) 2 + 6H 2 0 = 86CCuuCCNNSS++75HHCCNNSS++CH0C2 N+N+HH32 + H2SO.!.
6Cu(CNS), + S0 4 .
sonality of the 4rl,U=

senator, is an 16Cu(CNS) 2 + llH,0
=
e x c e ptionally 6CuCNS + 14HCNS + C0 +C0(NH +2H S0

gifted speaker, 2 2 ) 2 2 4 .

and past master A second paper was read by Dr. F. L. Pyman on a new

of the cere- synthesis of Histidine, in which a short history of the work
on histidine was given and a valuable new method was
monies. He has
introduced. In this Dr. Pyman stated that on a previous
done much good
occasion the author had synthesised this important amino-
work in the acid by converting hydroxymethylglyoxaline into chloro-
methylglyoxaline, condensing the latter with the sodium-
Scientific and
derivative of ethyl chloromalonate, hydrolysing the result-
Ethical Sections, ing ester, and treating the a-chloro-/i-glyoxaline propionic

and has been acid thus formed with ammonia. The • racemic form of
histidine obtained in this way was resolved by means of
Chairman of the the acid tartrate. In the new synthesis hydroxymethyl-
glyoxaline is oxidised to glyoxalineformaldehyde, which
Historical Sec- behaves in many respects similarly to benzaldehyde.
Glyoxalineformaldehyde (i) condenses with hippuric acid
tion. Originally in the presence of sodium acetate and acetic anhydride to

on Merck's New give 2-phenyl-4-(l-acetylglyoxaline-4 (or 5)-methylidene)-

Dhs. Alpers and Tschirch. York profes- oxazolone (ii), which yields a-benzoylamino-/j-glyoxaline-4
(or 5)-acrylic acid (iii) on hydrolysis. The latter is readily
sional staff, he
reduced to benzoyl-r-histidine (iv). from which /--histidine (v)
established a
pharmacy of his own in 1900 in New York, and this and is obtained by the action of boiling hydrochloric acid, the
others succeeding it have always been the embodiment of method of synthesis being similar to Erlenmeyer's method

a? a f what an etlli cal pharmacy should be. The of syn.thesismg phenylalanine and tyrosine. Glyoxaline-
, P ih°armacy is now conducted by his son at City formaldehyde combines with hydrogen cyanide to give a
1?T cyanohydrin. from which /3-hydroxy-/3-glyoxaline-4 (or 5)-
' Y- a fine new residential quarter. Always ethylamine is obtained on reduction. The latter is of
Na Alpers, during all his business career, asso- interest, since it contains an ethanolamine grouping similar
fteachuer, '
to that in adrenine. In physiological properties, however,
Dr.
it is less active than aminoethylglyoxaline (iminazolylethyl-
lated himself elo-ely will, educational matters, first as a
amine).
member of the New Jersev Board of Pharmacy and later
is a trustee of the New York College of Pharmacy (now
el.£ h tv-eighth year),
" Ado with the assumption culminating in his having much
o of the latter as a Department of

^olumbia University, New York. Dr. Alpers was appointed
^rotessor of PhaniM^y and Dean of Cleveland College of
narmacy, Western Reserve University in 1914.

Scarcity of Glass.—The " Hauptgremium " of the Chemists' Assistants' A ssoclatlon.— The Council has

. decided not to hold any more meetings of members while
the war lasts, owing to the absence of so many members
ienna pharmacists has sent a memorandum to the Ministers on military duties. The session, commenced in October
>t Commerce and of the Home Department asking that a
ovular supply of glass medicine-bottles be ensured. In — —1915, is to be considered as suspended not closed and it
ase the scarcity of glass is not soon overcome it will be
impossible to dispense medicines in the usual manner. is intended to resume it within six months after the declara-
tion of rjeace. Communications addressed to headquarters
Turpentine Distillation in Poland is oeing carried on by
pe brerman invaders. The " Pharmazeutische Zeitung," will receive attention.
,inuary 15, contains a photograph of German soldi ers on
lie Eastern theatre of war occupied in distilling turpentine & Glasgow.— A meeting of the Glasgow and West of Scot-
it in a very primitive apparatus. The wood is heated in
retort built up of stones, the vapours are led into a land Chemists' Association • was held at 165 Hill Street,
^ling-vat and the turpentine oil flows through Glasgow, on January 20, Mr. McMillan (President) in
ooden tubes into the vessel in which it is collected. open the chair. Mr. J. Miller Spiers gave a lecture on Dines
Hon and the Alimentary Canal. On the motion of Mr.
J. P. Gilmour, a vote of thanks was awarded to Mr. Spiers.

166 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

—Hamp&Mi e The President and Vios-Prcsidents cf the tion. Mr. C. Bruce was appointed Trade Secretary, to deal

Hampshire County Pharmacists' Association have issued a especially with matters connected with business. Mr. John

circular regarding improvements in the organisation. The Keall, who was congratulated on his election as Vice-

districts comprised within the Association are to be divided President of the Proprietary Articles Trade Association,

into sections, and these again are to be sub-divided, so that explained the Pharmaceutical Society's checking scheme,

l he pharmacist in charge of a section can, after having can- and the meeting agreed " to abide by whatever action the

vassed the chemists within his district, report to the Council Society decides upon the matter."

of the Association, and thus reflect the true state of trade Society of Chemical Zndustiy.— A meeting cf the Edin-

(.pinion. burgh and East of Scotland Section was held in the Cock-

—Lancashire 17. E.. The annual meeting of members of burn Hotel, Edinburgh, on January 19, Mr. D. B. Dott in

the North-East Lancashire Chemists' Association was held the chair. Mr. B. D. Porritt, B.Sc. (Lond.), chief chemist

on January 20 under the presidency of Mr. C. A. Critchley. to the North British Rubber Company, Edinburgh, read a
The Secretary (Mr. Fred Law) read correspondence with paper on the Functions and Organisation of a Technical

the Clerk of the Insurance Laboratory. This was an appeal to the manufacturer wi.o

Committee relating to the surveyed his business in this way, and probably asked him-

procedure to be adopted in self, " Do we require a chemist? " or " Are we making the

rendering accounts in the best use of our laboratory ? " The value cf the chemist to the

future, and also concerning manufacturer is, he said, unquestionable, but it should net be

" Re]), mist." On the latter emphasised to the exclusion of other factors equally essen-

question assurance was given tial for commercial success, and industrial shortcomings

that tho subject is about to be should not be attributed to neglect of research without

thoroughly discussed. Mr. realising that such neglect is only one manifestation of a

raw added that arrangements lack of foresight, thoroughness, and organisation. While
re being made for a visit the institution of an efficient laboratory would certainly

•om a representative of the make a good business better, the chemist unaided would

Proprietary Articles Trade seldom transform a failure into a successful enterprise,

Association to this district. since the manufacturer who has failed to appreciate the

The Chairman said regarding necessity for scientific assistance until his business is on
" Rep. mist." ho hoped that
the brink of disaster has generally committed many other

the practice of writing repeat vital errors of commercial judgment in addition to the

prescriptions would be omission of a laboratory. In the course of the discussion

abolished entire'y. Medical Mr. J. Rutherford Hill suggested that as we have organised
men have taken up the matter the nation to prosecute the war, we might similarly organise

Mr. R. Lord Gilford, J.P. of over-proscribing with satis- the nation from a commercial point of view. One had a
Mr. Law feeling that after all tho secret of Germany's success in
Ph.C, passed the Major ii factory results.
getting a footing in all the markets of the world had been
1878, and t in!; over the busi- (Secretary) presented the ac- the realisation of the necessity for combining high scientific
skill with commercial methods, and that was the part to
ncss of the late Mr. Pickup, counts, which were approved.
Blackburn. He was elected which we should have to direct our attention after the war.
Mr. Critchley then gave a Dr. H.E. Watts also read a paper on the Fat of Nux Vomica.
to tho Council of the Phar-
maceutieal Society in 1901, rev j ew 0 f the yvreeaftre'rsenwceorkfto
and tokos great interest in
Yi • • "Dedl er?by a recruiting
political matters.
VL"or*d, lncli ,

£

scheme, and a letter was read

from the Blackburn Town

Clerk as to the steps to be taken by those, such as chemists, Coming Events.
whose occupations are included in List D. The officers for

the ensuing year were then elected as follows: President &This section of the " C. D." is reserved for advance notices of

Mr. R. Lord Gifford, J.P. Vice-President, Mr. C. A. meetings or other events. These should be sent'to the Editor
; by Wednesday of the week before the meetings, etc., occur.

Critchley; Treasurer, Mr. J. W. W. Openshaw; Auditor,

Mr. Parkinson; Secretary, Mr. Fred Law. It was agreed

to continue affiliation with the Blackburn Chamber of

Trade, with Messrs. Parkinson and Law as delegates. Mr. Tuesday, February 1. %
R. L. Gilford. J. P., Ph.C, the new President, then gave
Jtontgen Society, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Victoria
an interesting review of pharmaceutical matters, and said
while tho position of pharmacy at the present time might Embankment, London, W.C., at 8.15 p.m. Dr. SidSey Russ on
appear serious and delicate, there is a great deal of
encouragement in tho situation. Referring to the checking " The Injurious Effects Produced by A'-Rays.''
arrangements at Bloomsbury Square, he said this would
Wednesday, February 2.
prove of material advantage to individual chemists. A
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 16 Bloomsbury Square,
subscription of one-fifth of a penny per insured person is London, W.C., at 11 a.m. Council Meeting.

only equivalent to a lA-per-eent. insurance against under- Leeds Pharmacists' Association, Hotel-d-e-Ville, at 8 p.m. Address
charging, and thsre are further benefits. In regard to the by Mr. W. L. Curric. Glasgow.

proposal 'that- the Society should take up the regulation of Birmingham Chemists' 'Recreation Club, Pitman Hotel, Corporation
Street, at 2.30 p.m. Whist-drive and afternoon tea; proceed*
ihe prices of proprietary articles, ho explained the reasons to be devoted to the Wounded Soldiers' Fund. Tickets (Is. 6rf. ,
each) from Mr. B. Gretton Watson, Alccster Pharmacv.
why this cannot be done., and cautioned chemists to beware King's Heath.

of cleavago in tho ranks, which would be detrimental to Thursday, February 3.

their interests. He referred also to the ability which Mr. Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.
at 8.30 r.M. Lecture by Professor W. H. Bragg, entitle!
Woolcock has shown in his dealings with Government " The Recent Work on A'-Rays and Crystals and its Bearin:
Departments. Replying to a question as to the status of on Chemistry."

chemists in the Army. Mr. Gifford said he had no doubt

that in the course of tiir.e pharmacists would enter the Nortli London Pltarmacists' Association, St. Padnrn's, Saltertoi
—Forces on the same footing as doctors do to-day they
Road, Seven Sisters Road, Holloway, N., at 3 p.m. Monthl

would be given commissions, and would have the same meeting.
privileges and be entrusted with special work.
Great Yarmouth Pharmaceutical Association, 156 King Strcv
London (S.W.).—A meeting of the South-West London at 8.30 p.m. Monthly meeting.

Pharmacists' Association was held at Stanley's Restaurant Friday, February 4
on January 18, Mr. W. H, Goy (President) in the chair.
Letters were read from the Brixton Pharmacists' Associa- WRoyal Institution of Great Britain, Albemarle Street, Pice
tion, urging the South-West Association to take a more dilly, London, , at 5.30 p.m. Professor W. Eateson, t

" Fifteen Tears of Meudelism."

active part in the future policy cf Insurance dispensing.

It was resolved to place before the London Organisation Soya-beans.—H.M Consul at Dairen reports that t
Committee suggestions that if prompt payment of accounts

is not made, and if there is a decrease in the profit as value of soya-beans exported from Dairen during 1914 v.
compared with the old Tariff of more than 15 per cent., 1,779.365/., an increase of 800.568/. ; of bean-cake, 2,347,09?

chemists should be advised as a body to give notice at the a decrease of 249,475/. ; and of bean oil, 763.370/., an increi
end of June to come off the panel. ' Another recommenda- of 43,293/. The year's export of beans amounted to 255,

tion which the meeting agreed to was that chemists and tons, being 100,533 tons in excess of that for 1913. Jaf

stores be urged to cease tho sale of Beecham's pills loose. was the heaviest purchaser with 139.222 tons, followed

A resolution was also carried urging tho adoption of the South China with 65,498 tons. Exports to Europe amour

Liverpool price-list for London. The question was then to 25,806 tons, an increase of 23,644 tons compared with IE

discussed as to educating the public to buy British goods In bean-cake there was a decrease of 32,605 tons compa

wherever possible, and those present welcomed the sugges- with the Drevious year.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 107

Insurance Act Dispensing. for accepting it was that practically all the other Iusur-

A Record of matters concerning- Chemists' interests in the National ance Committees concerned had accepted the scheme, and

Health Insurance Acts. it would look singular of them if they were to stay outside.
Mr. E. N. Buxton, who seconded the adoption of the report,
Reports from Local Centres.
said that when he first met the Insurance Commissioners
With special reference to the supply of medicines and he was of very much the same opinion as the Chairman.
The reasons given by the Commissioners, for unity of man-
appliances.
agement, were very powerful from the point of view of the
EVCLAVD, Commission, and probably if well managed there might be

Cheshire.— It was reported to the Insurance Committee economy, but he doubted if they as a Committee would
on January 19 that for the present quarter the chemists
save much by it. He thought they might save something
have been paid 3,100/. on account.
Essex.— At the meeting of the Insurance Committee on to other Committees whose managements were expensive.
Mr. C. Goode said that from the way the Chairman put
January 25, the Special Sub-Committee on Prescription-
pricing reported on their negotiations with the Commis- the case one would believe the Pharmaceutical Society was
sioners regarding the procedure for the ensuing year. After
delegates from the Sub-Committee had discussed the work- rather an autocratic body. (Laughter.) But he coulci
ing of the proposed East Anglian scheme with repre-
sentatives of the other districts concerned, the .matter was assure them that they were nothing cf the sort. Consider

discussed at a conference with the Commissioners, following able pressure had been brought to bear upon them from

which the latter wrote offering to make arrangements for throughout the country that the discount system, which had

the pricing of prescriptions during the first quarter of 1916. become intolerable, must go. The report of the Com-
mittee was unanimously adopted. Mr. W. Adams brought
The representatives of the several Insurance Committees up tho report of the General Purposes Sub-Committc",
had accepted the offer, and the Sub-Committee now recom-
which recommended that a contribution of £80/. be paid to
mended that the Essex Committee accept the provisional
the Joint Committee for the pricing of prescriptions. This
proposals of the Commissioners. With this recommendation
was more than they had been paying for the work, but
the General Pm-poses Committee and the Medical Benefit
then, as had been said by Mr. Buxton, by joining in the
Sub-Committee agreed. The Finance Sub-Committee who scheme they would be helping smaller Insurance Com-
mittees. The report was adopted. The Drug (Joint) Sub-
had considered the memorandum issued by the Insurance
Committee reported that the Pharmaceutical Committee
Commissioners relative to the administrative procedure in
had intimated that they do not consider it necessary to
connection with the drug-supply arrangements for 1916 and
require the Panel Committee to make an investigation under
prescription pricing, in which it is pointed out that chemists
Article 40 of the Medical Benefit Regulations, 1913, with
will be required to submit monthly the scripts dispensed
regard to prescriptions containing proprietary preparations.
by them, together with a statement of account, recom-
Hertfordshire.-Mr. D. W. E. Barker, F.C.S.,
mended that an advance payment at the rate of 6tf. per informs us that the chemists' accounts amounting to
script be made for the prescriptions dispensed during Janu-
5,851/. 18s. 9d. were for 1914, not 1915 as reported last
ary and received at the pricing-establishment not later than week (p. 48).

February 3; no payment, however, to be made of any Lancashire. — The Pharmaceutical Committee met at the
amount less than 10s. The report was adopted. The
County Offices, Preston, on Wednesday, January 19, when,
. among other business, a Sub-Committee was appointed to
supervise the new prescription-pricing arrangements. The
Special (Pricing of Prescriptions) Sub-Committee reported Association also met in the afternoon at 2.30, when an
important agenda was considered by a large and repre-
that they had a further conference, when an officer of sentative meeting. The pricing of scripts by tho new
method was described by the chief of that department, who
the Insurance Commission attended, and the subject was
pointed out the importance of acting on a system which
fully discussed. It was resolved to accept the provisional
proposals made by the Commissioners, and to give every should as far as possible be uniform with London methods.

facility to the present staff being transferred ' to the new He reported that the staff had assembled and were under-

establishment. They had since been informed that the going a course of training, and would be in a favourable
position to commence the new work on the arrival of the
Insurance Commissioners are arranging for rooms in pre-
new Tariff, which was expected daily. A number of phar-
mises adjoining the Committee's offices. The Chairman macists present, who dispense large numbers of Insurance

(Mr. J. H. Burrows), in moving the adoption of the report, prescriptions, offered to send in at once a supply of the

said that at the last meeting it was decided not to favour current month's scripts, so that an early start could be

the proposals of the Insurance Commissioners for the made. These scripts and the new Tariff duly arrived at

pricing of prescriptions by a staff controlled by a Joint the office, and the pricing-staff at ence commenced work
Committee composed of representatives of many Insurance upon them. It is expected that this early start may make
it possible to work to the Commissioners' time-table.
Committees, and they then appointed six members to place
—Liverpool The Special Sub-Committee of the Liverpool
ttheir views before the Insurance Commission. They saw
Mr. Vivian at the Commission, and he might say that he Insurance Committee, appointed to deal with the question
did not convince him (the Chairman) that it was desirable
of prescription pricing and checking, met on January 13.
fat the present time to establish what thev thought and held and recommended that the -draft agreement and scheme
was another authority. Against their view, however, was which were before the meeting on December 22 be approved
the tact that practically all the other Committees had and recommended for adoption and sealing by the Insur-
agreed to the proposal of the Commission, and they were ance Committee. The scheme involves participation in the
he only authority in the great district—from the Thames Central Pricing Bureau scheme, and permits the checking
to the Humber—that was standing out. It was true that to be carried out by the Pharmaceutical Society.—The
mahe r P rescri Ptions Medical Benefit Sub-Committee met on January 18, when
their opinion were more than one-third of the total, it was mentioned that three chemists had been -added to the
j appeared to have great weight, because panel, against five withdrawals. The use of rubber stamps
manner in which the work had been for signing prescriptions is to bo discouraged. Replies
M the successful from the Insurance pommissioners regarding points raised
by the Pharmaceutical Committee were considered, and
-arried out. The price of prescriptions had been reduced agreement given to the continuance of late fees and to the
o a reasonable level, a good understanding had arrangements for the loan of appliances. The question of
ecured between the practitioner and been " Rep. mist." prescriptions is to be discussed by the Special
ame time, he believed, the interests chemist, while at the Sub-Cornmittee and the Panel Committee. The number of
of the insured person persons entitled to Medical Benefit on January 1 was stated
fere being protected. They were distinctly told that great by the administrative officer to be 280,360.
iressure was being put by the Pharmaceutical Society that
^ V°uoonnWuAdrTnrdupfosgtstt?rslh.i?aJubthiloyaulloldnaetlJ0h>'ooeoentw?hPITeeanorlsfwdusir8mtt0aahhnleimcilneruCctaCohhcomocmmsomitSuitanrttntodtesuieevneu,,gnsdieto,eixvrncesreea.ptethmneeWetdwhhneeetmsownsyestaltthrveheemee'm,sya London. —The Insurance Committee met on January 27.
r ?r,„a to Stay ? utsid e- Continuing, he said that
fve,lCP0rmeasened7nttohvceli- rdscecunhmcesemteat>nhcaoetrs when the_ report of the Finance Sub-Committee showed, on
om^iVL . th <> several Insurance the Administration Fund account, an estimated excess of
expenditure over income for 1915 of 3,100/. The total' ex-
SfA^cn^li that the y agisted for penditure was 34,578/., including 2.479/. for the Drugs and
they had, however, Appliances Department: and the deficiency on 1915'is in-
creased to approximately 4.000/. The' Commissioners
on wh; U cioWunwCPa6va0eyiySU7cltxttliSil.C°aoOvani.nenledr, y„Sttw?boaarvkcesiehleinuostcybnUtr-emaP°i-nuntHbldgevy,h,HttapahfdenaoddrbewIodanuttssthhuteehribbaarpoytnrucjotnuetphsdhoteCesiiofartilmaocCcmatoithsiimsaaoo--dnyn have requested the Insurance Committee to reduce the con-
tribution from the Sanatorium Benefit Fund: but if that
f hB is done the deficiency on administration will be increased.
The Committee are paying salaries to members of the staff
vrtittee o- a serving with the Colours at the rate of 2,600/. per annum,
'%J£Lat which is likely to lie increased by further enlistments under

ot ccaarrrireSd

;

168 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Januaey 29, 1916

the Derby scheme. In regard to the suggested employment a total of ninety-six persons at an approximate cost of

of young girls as prescription-pricers (see below) the Sub 6,687/. per annum. The Sub-Committee think it may ulti-

Committee are assured that the supply of trained femal mately be found possible to replace some members of the

dispensers is likely, under present' war conditions, to rui technical staff by unqualified but accurate pricers, thus

short, and necessitate some such provision for the dilution reducing the expenditure. The total cost of the scheme for

of skilled labour. This in the course of a few months might 1916 would be 7,737/., as compared with 5,808/. for 1915.

effect a saving at the rate of 500/. per annum in the expense e latter sum is contributed by the Middlesex Insurance

of the Drugs and Appliances Department. With regard to Committee (889/.), the London Insurance Committee (2,479/.),

payments to chemists the Sub-Committee recommended Panel Committee (800/.), and Pharmaceutical Committee

" That no further payments on account be made to persons (1,640/.) ; but the responsibility for the whole expense for

supplying drugs and appliances who have resigned from th( 1916 will fall on the Insurance Committee.

London panel since April 1915." The Medical Benefit Sub Nottingham.— At the meeting of the Insurance Com-
Committee recommended "That, subject to the concurrence mittee on January 21, the Medical Panel Committee re-
ported the result of a number of cases in which it was held
of the Pharmaceutical Committee, payment on account that excessive charges were made by doctors for prescrip-

calculated at the rate of 5(7. per script, be made in accord tions. In one instance the cost of 359/. 5s. 7(7. was made in
respect of 1,300 patients. The prescriptions for that number,
ance with the Medical Benelit Regulations, 1916, to persons
supplying drugs and appliances in respect of scripts sub- if taken on the average cost for the whole, would havu
mitted by them during each month of the year 1916." The cost 163/. It was recommended that the doctor be sur-
Medical Benefit Sub-Committee reported, on the question charged 61. 10s. 7(7. The Committee referred the whole
matter back for consideration by the Medical Benefit Sub
of stock mixtures (see C. &• D., January 15, p. 43), thai Committee.

the Commissioners had rejected four of the Panel Com

mittee's suggested formulas, and that they required that

the mixtures to which the reduced dispensing-fee applies Salford.— The Salford and Manchester Insurance Com

will be stocked in bulk, and not in concentrated form (see mittees have appointed a joint Committee for prescription
p. 158). The new Tariff states in regard to stock mixtures pricing for the two_ districts.— At the meeting of the Salford

that the fee of 2.3(7. will apply only to such liquid pre- Insurance Committee on January 25, the Medical

parations, not exceeding ten in all "at any one time, as Benefit Sub-Committee's report recommended an allot

(i) have been selected by the Panel Committee from a loca" ment of 43/. 15s. to the Pharmaceutical Committee,

Formulary or Pharmacopoeia and agreed to by the Phar for administrative expenses for 1916. It further
_
maceutical Committee or (in the event of disagreement)
advised that fourteen days' notice be given to
have been adjudged by the Commissioners as capable of
panel practitioners to discontinue "Rep. mist." pre
being stocked in bulk without deterioration ; or (ii) have
scriptions, on the ground that such practice interfered with
been adopted from a list prepared by the British Medic
the insured person's choice of chemist ; that it involved
Association and the Pharmaceutical Society (subject to
considerable loss of time in searching for the original
similar appeal to the Commissioners) and have been notified
and that as the pharmacists had accepted the new Tariff on
to panel chemists by the Insurance Committee one montl
the understanding that they would only have to do the
before coming into use. This notice, the report points out,
actual dispensing, they oould not undertake the clerical
has not been given, so that the reduced dispensing-fee is work involved in writing out the prescriptions. The Sub-

not yet operative. The Panel Committee had investigated committee had decided that the price-list of The British
Drug Houses, Ltd., be adopted as the " net " list for non-
a complaint of excessive prescribing, and had declared such

complaint well founded and the Sub-Committee now Tariff drugs and appliances.
:

recommended " that the sum of 1/. 10.?. Ad. be deducted Sheffield. — As the settlement of accounts for Insurance
from the amount payable by the Committee to the prac
dispensing is always accompanied by so much uncertainty
titioner concerned, that the practitioner and the Panel Com
it is unsafe to say that the chemists' accounts will be paid
mitteo bo so informed, and that the amount so deducted
be paid to the credit of the Drug Fund for the medica in full for 1915, but the available figures as published from
year 1915." In regard to the pricing of non-Tariff drugs
etc., the Sub-Committee recommended, in agreement with time to time, with the exception of the December figures,
the Pharmaceutical Committee, " that for the purpose of
ascertaining the cost-price of drugs and varieties of sche- which are an estimate, give a full total, with doctors' ,'
duled appliances not specified in the Drug Tariff, reference
shall be made to the price-list of drugs, etc.. issued by the accounts of, roughly, 12,500/. for accounts, with apparent
wholesale house named in the letter, dated December 9
1915, addressed to the Committee bv the Pharmaceutical available cash to the value of 14,500/., thus leaving a.
margin of 2.000/. for unforeseen payments and paying the
Wechemists' claims in full.
have prepared figures giving

comparisons for the three vears' working of the Insurance

Acts :

Committee." The Sub-Committee further reported that
they had given
their own permission to thirteen insured persons to Drug Accounts Number of Scripts Average
make arrangements
for Medical Benefit. The per Script

report of the Special Sub-Committee on Prescription-
pricing stated that the Insurance Commissioners were of
opinion that this work could be most economically and 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915
efficiently done bv the London Committee independently:
and as. in view_ of the new grouping system, the Middlesex £ ». d. £ s. (7. 150,717 8.25 6.04
115,064 8.07 5.98
1st quarter 4.603 17 4 3,798 10 3 148,108
2nd do.
4,453 13 10 2.860 0 1 137,115
n™CMioo-dmHwd,m1 jlioientt,sltleveexetLcoohdeaemmrsi'riosrantensg'eCtooafmcocmrtoiuetdnrtetmsaei,leniatnthfgeoerwIitnthtsehhuierrLaoenexncxadeimosCitninonampgtmrieiostacngtrreieepoeftimhoaetnvnhsete
3rd do. 3,425 0 5 2,703 3 2 120,480 104,842 6.8 6.15
J he Sub-Committee point out that the objects of the new 4 th do. 2,935 15 4 2,825 19 8 104,282 108,549 6.75 6.5.'

15,518 6 11 12,187 13 2 509,985 479,172 7.47 6.1'

scheme are to carry out the obligation to pav chemists in Soke of Peterborough. -The Insurance Committee hi
full at the earliest possible date: to release prescriptions as
early as possible for their investigation by the Panel Com- resolved to join the East Anglian group for pricing pr
mittee under Article 40; and to dispose of all questions scriptions. Mr. C. Gibbons has resigned from the chemisl
and challenges as to the accuracy of the pricing prior to oanel, and Mr. Calder, of Cowgate, Peterborough,' ai
the release of the prescriptions for the Panel Committee's Mr. H. C. A. Gower, of Market Deeping, have joined it-
purposes, so that a settlement mav be effected with persons
supplying drugs nnd appliances before the prescriptions are Southport.—At a meeting of the Insurance Committ

parted with. The Sub-Committee on J anuary 25, a letter from the Southport Pharmaceutic
ment of ten or twelve girls, sixteen
advocate the employ- Committee was read, applying for an 1
vears old, as learners
allotment, unc

at 10*. a week, to receive a fortnight's instruction from the Article 33 of the Medical Benefit Regulations, of a sum

technical officer, when they should be capable of pricing 43/. 15s. for administrative expenses of the Pharmaceutic
frirls could Committee for 1916, which was agreed to. The Pharn
m) prescriptions dnilv then another group of
: ceutical Committee also asked that the practice of writi

be engaged and similarly trained. At. the end of three Rep. mist." prescription-forms should be discontinu
months they should be able to deal with 400 prescriptions and the Insurance Committee resolved that fourteen da
a day and the wn-res could be increased up to 20<t weekly
according to proficiency. notice be given to the doctors on the panel that all p
employed Trained dispensers should be
to check the girls' work, the staff beintr consti- scriptions must be written out in full, and that the
_

tuted as follows: One technical Rep. mist." is not to bo used. It was also agreed t
one female pricer at 21. the price-list, of The British Drug Houses, Ltd. be adop
annum; officer (male) at 300/ per
weekly, six at 35.9.. six at as the wholesale net price-list to be used in the case
and twenf-.V-eight at 30s. : one drugs and varieties of scheduled appliances not specifiec
o™, ' per male clerk at 160/ the table of drug-prices.
annum one at 130/.. one at 104/., and one at
Ito 200/.
three female clerks at 25*. weekly, twenty-one
65s. weekly: —AStoke-on-Trent.

at 20*., and seventeen at 15*. : two female typists at 30s special meeting of the Insure
ommittee on January 18 received a report from '
weekly, and seven female machine operators at'25* —making
eputation to the Insurance Commissioners in opposition '

Januaby 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 169

the proposed amalgamation with either the Birmingham or far as information was available, the doctor's prescribing
the West Midland Bureau for prescription pricing and
checking. The Chairman (Alderman Brookhouse) said they had been all along of an abnormally high nature. The
had failed to convince the Commissioners that the work report concluded by intimating that " the Panel Committee
could he done cheaper and more expeditiously by their own
checker than by the Bureau. Mr. Edmund Jones (chemist) were of opinion there had been excessive ordering of drugs

said the Commissioners had already decided what the Com- in the case above mentioned, and they now call upon the

mittee had met to discuss. The best thing the Committee Insurance Committee to deal with the matter in terms of

could do was to keep the checking and pricing in their Sub-Section (2) of Section 40 of the Insurance Regulations."
own hands. The pharmacists were quite prepared to make
After deliberating on the report it was moved by Mr.
t

Bisset, and seconded by Mr. Leith, that the doctor in

question be surcharged to the extent of 6/. 5s., being

a contribution towards the expenses, so that there would be approximately the amount of difference between the cost of
no risk of financial loss. The new scheme would be a
prescriptions written during the quarter ended December 31,

long time in getting into working order, and would cause 1914, and the amount available in the Drug Fund on the

disappointment and expense to the Committee. The Stoke basis of a fair average as between all doctors on the panel.

checker had the thing at his finger-ends, and could do the This was agreed to.
work satisfactorily and economically. Dr. A. R. Moody
Dundee. —At a meeting of the Insurance Committee on

said the unanimity of other Committees to join the scheme January 19, a proposal was carried by thirteen votes to ten
that doctors be asked to give one hour in the morning
cam© by pressure from the Commissioners. The Chairman

was satisfied that the Committee could do the work cheaper (9 to 10) for consultation with panel patients.

and as efficiently as the grouped Committees. Further, Edinburgh. -The sums paid to chemists for drugs, medi-

the particulars required for the Panel Committee could be cines, etc., during 1915 were : For the first quarter,

obtained at the same time as the pricing, and that would 2,067/. 8s. 4rf.. against 2,445/. 3s. in 1914; for the second

not be obtained if the work went to a bureau. Mr. Jones quarter, 1,427/. 4s., against 1,854/. 12s. 9(/. ; for the third
moved a resolution reaffirming the former decision of the
quarter, 1,164/. 2s. 2d., against 1,259/. 9s.; for the last
Committee to continue to do the work. Two amendments
quarter (90 per cent. of the amounts claimed),
were proposed and negatived, and the resolution was car-
ried,_ the Clerk being authorised to make arrangements for 1,164/. 19s. 7(7., against 1.338/. 17s. 9(7. in 1914— a total of
dealing with the matter on the existing lines.
5,323/. 14s. 2d., against 6,898/. 2s. bd. for the preceding
Surrey.— The Insurance Committee met at Caxton Hall.
—year. The revised list of panel practitioners numbers 119;

that of chemists 108, with half-a-dozen dealers in appliances

Westminster, S.W., on January 26, when the Medical only. WALES.

Benefit Sub-Committee submitted a report in regard to

arrangements for medical service during 1916. Twelve General Meeting. — A meeting of representatives of all

chemists have tendered their resignations, including the the Insurance Committees in Wales was held in Cardiff on

only chemist at Knaphill, and arrangements have been Friday, January 20, for the purpose of considering and
made with the panel practitioners~to supply practically the
deciding as to what should be done in regard to pricing
whole of the insured persons in that district with drugs
and appliances. It was recommended that Is. bd. per prescriptions during 1916. All the Committees were not

person be paid to panel practitioners in respect to the first represented, but it was agreed to accept the Commissioners'

quarter, and 4^(Z. per person in addition for those to whom proposal to have- the pricing done in Cardiff for six months.

they would dispense medicines during the quarter. It was At the same time they agreed to try and push forward

agreed also to advance 80 per cent, to chemists for 1915. the scheme to have a Sub-Joint Committee of representa-
nd 6(7, per script for the period January to April, 1916.
t was agreed that 1501. be allowed to the Surrev Panel —tives of Insurance Committees to take charge of the check-

ing of prescriptions. A meeting of the Executive of In-

ommittee for 1915, this including 100/. for checking surance Associations was held last week, but the pricing

rescriptions, and the rest printing, postages, rent of room, bureau was not discussed. Another meeting is to be held
nd clerical assistance from January 1 to December 31, 1915.
on February 3, this being a conference of Associations

A.n application from the Pharmaceutical Committee for called by Glamorgan, Merthyr. Newport, and Swansea In-

dmimstrative expenses for 1916 amounting to 400/. was surance Committees. The opinion is expressed that Cardiff
ecommended. This included 160/. for clerical and secre-
will not accept the pricing for six months only, and if it is

arial assistance, the_ same for checking accounts, 40?. for not for twelve months they will not touch it. If Cardiff
ent and office expenses, and the same for printing,
would accept six months they would all come in, and during

tationery, postages, etc. The Sub-Committee also reported the six months would very likely make other arrangements
ipon the matter of irregular practices in regard to
and withdraw. This Cardiff does not agree with, as 75 per

inscriptions in certain areas, and recommended cent, of the Associations have agreed to the pricing being
he chemist be informed that :
(a) That done in Cardiff.

in future he must refuse to Merthyr Tydvll.-At last week's meeting of the Insur-
lspense any prescription not signed by the
he tqur_ doctors concerned be requested doctor (6) that ance Committee the prescription-pricing question was again
; the discussed. Mr. E. R. Williams resented the " veiled
threat " of the Commissioners that if the Committee did
to re-collect

mirescnption books in the possession of the chemist, and
-ltormed that future all prescriptions must bear the not send the prescriptions to Cardiff it would not share in
the augmented grant. Eventually the recommendation of
gnature of the practitioner concerned; (c) that the Panel
iommittee be informed of the facts of the case and of the
etion taken by the Committee. The Sub-Committee also the Pharmaceutical Committee, to do the work locally
sported on the conference, with the Pharmaceutical Com-
uttee on November 10, [(7. & D., January 22, p. 49), was adopted.
3w covered by general 1915, the questions discussed being
that Monmouthshire. —The Insurance Committee on Janu
agreement. It was decided
ie list of The British Drug Houses, Limited, should be ary 19 discussed the question of contracting with the Cardiff
aoptect in the case of drugs and varieties of scheduled Committee for the pricing and examination of prescriptions
jphances not specified in the Tariff. The report of the
"nance and General Purposes Sub-Committee included the on the lines of the draft scheme as an expedient for one
rangements in regard to the Drugs and Appliances Com- year. The Chairman of the Welsh Insurance Commis-
ittee authorising the engagement of girls at 15s. per sioners (Sir Thomas Hughes) said the Treasury had made
-peK to pnce prescriptions. In regard to the payments to it perfectly clear that they would make good any deficiency.
emists, it was recommended that the Clerk 'be given The pricing would have to bo done by the Committee, arid
;.tnonty to draw cheques in respect
amounts as certified bv the of payments to not by the chemists. Eventually the Committee decided to
emists for pricing establish - enter the scheme on condition that it was under the

tLua, dj ay ofc cheques be signed in time for despatch control of the Welsh Commissioners or some other body on
each month. which the Committee would be represented.
'
tne 15th Newport (Mon.).— At a meeting of the Insurance Com-

mittee on January 19, the Clerk (Mr. Ivor Phillips) re-

e deen, SCOTLAND. ported that only a few chemists had agreed to the emer-

;ff ° n gency settlement for 1914, and it was decided that no
advances be made in respect of the quarter ended Decem-
a case

,
(^ W~w< otret d,anthehesegd,aeydm,eeoJtvaienrnu-gparreoysfc2r6ti.hbeitnhgeBubCrvogmhamitdIotncestueorracnoocnne- ber 31 last until all the chemists concerned had accepted

uI the proposed terms. The Welsh Commissioners consider the,
MT^' T' fee suggested by the local checker (Mr. Padgett) for a
r BoenPefitLSouTb-hCeommmaitttteere,cawmheic»hPstoanteda minute of
that there .
cali
statistical analysis of the 1915 prescriptions is excessive,
:i C£ommsiut>tmeiettewdithto them an am.ended report by the and he is to be asked to revise his estimate. It was further
regard the case. It was shown,
JIVn.epl1 to

iqM' ^.^.^IeemCsi decided that unless the Panel and Pharmaceutical Com-

fo>W n '
wvTV^n
taiXwp
}• the th f° r which ended mittees agree each to contribute one-third of the cost of
?* off Prescriptions written by the checking and analysis the Commissioners be informed that

°° st —the Committee is unable to analyse statistically the 1915

°n WOrked oufc at 1? insured prescriptions. At a special .meeting of the Committee it
- was resolved that the Commissioners be allowed to arrange
n for the pricing and checking for the present year.
A° * P r°P° rti °nate estimate the amount

l?Je eedu S P er lnR ured person in the city did not
. that so
ft or
the period. It was also indicated

170 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

IN these stirring times, when various departments of sules. Various other winter remedies, such as hurehouncS
industry are supposed to be quiet on account of the
war, it is apparent from the production of this number and honey, pectoral syrup, asthma cure, lung and bronchial
that the condition does not apply to pharmacy, for, con-
syrup, are shown in elegant profusion as to style and
sidering that this is an annual Winter Issue of The
Chemist and Druggist, it is obvious that it shows no labelling. Of toilet and bath preparations almost a score

—signs of curtailment in size in fact, there are more adver- are illustrated, the letterpress in each instance giving

tisements in this issue than there have been in any Winter the style and size of packing. It need hardly be said
Issue since the commencement of the war, and this we
that all the ingredients of these preparations are guaran-
believe to be due to the fact that the British chemical
Ateed to be of the finest quality. distinct style of label
and drug-trades have. not felt the curtailment of busi-
can be reserved for every pharmacist in each locality,
ness which has been experienced in certain departments
and when orders to the value of 12s. are placed for each
of British enterprise.
preparation, the chemist's own name and address is
The same remarks may be applied to those departments
printed free of charge. (Inserted loose.)
of this issue to which advertising houses have specially
Brunner, Mond & Co., Ltd.,
contributed by the insertion of insets. This method of
advertising in The Chemist and Druggist was com- Northwich, Cheshire, again place
menced very early in the history of the paper, and has
before our readers a two-page inset demonstrating the
proved to be so advantageous that some firms never allow
advantages of the "Crescent" brand of sodium bicar-
one of the two issues, in which the specially prepared
bonate which is specially made for the production of
insets are received for insertion, to pass without having
carbonic-acid gas for aerated beverages. The company's
some representation therein. There are examples in this
inset is solely devoted to this product, and full instruc-
issue of such insets, and it will be seen that they show
tions as to the use of bicarbonate are given
no fallirig-otff from previous monographs supplied by the
on one side of the inset. Its advantages as
firms. It is well to note that insets of this nature are
a substitute for chalk, whiting, limestone, marble,
always profitable, because it will be seen that the most
etc., in the production cf CO, are now so well known
ingenious advertising ideas have an opportunity of being
that their enumeration is unnecessary. Although all soda
produced so admirably and sumptuously that they cannot
products are higher in price as- a result of the war, the
fail to be attractive to the people to whom they are
bicarbonate is still comparatively cheap, and a 2-cwt. bag
specially addressed. Their object is thus secured, and
little need be said now by us to ensure that every user is obtainable on receipt of a postal order for 9.s. 6d.

of the commodities at home and abroad shall give these sent to Northwich. (Pp. 64-65.)

insets their special attention and consideration. Butler & Tanner,
It will be seen from" the notes which we give in regard
Selwood Works, Frome, in a two-page ,
to each inset that every opportunity is presented to coloured inset, tell how German trade is to be captured.
advertisers in order to produce a monograph distinctive in The time to do this is never better than now, and with |
the co-operation of sound and practical advice by a firm
character, and the notes that are appended on each of the who have specialised in the production of catalogues,
insets suffice to show the nature of the goods advertised
by each firm. It should be distinctly understood that pamphlets, circulars, etc., the capture of enemy trade is
insets of this nature are only placed in two issues of rendered much easier. Emphasis is laid on the fact that
literature should be printed in the language of the
—The Chemist and Druggist yearly namely, in the country to which it appeals, and also that the prices,
weights, measures, etc., which are used in that country
Winter Issue published on the last Saturday of January, should be correctly specified. The firm can readily under-
and again in the Summer Issue, which will' be published take work of this character, as they have at their disposal
this year on Saturday, July 29. The insets inserted in a large staff of expeits who can accurately translate any
the present number sufficiently exemplify the conditions
which have to be followed by advertisers* Most of those foreign language. (Pp. 32-33.)
which are inserted on the present occasion have been
produced by the advertisers "themselves, but occasionally Clayton & Jowett, Ltd
the publisher of The Chemist and Druggist is asked to ,
assist advertisers in the production of an inset. This he
is always pleased to do, and he can furnish any applicant essence distillers. Liverpool, make the
with printed particulars for the guidance of printers. Gold Seal brand soluble essence of lemon the feature of »
two-page inset, the front of which bears an artistic
The notes which are given here are the briefest possible facsimile of a bunch of lemons and flowers in natural
descriptions of the insets which may be found between colours with an embossed gold seal upon a band of red
the pages indicated in each note, and we ask all sub-
scribers and readers of The Chemist and Druggist to silk. The inset also bears the letters " M. P." or
follow up these observations by careful attention to the " Messina Perfected." The reverse of the inset is devoted

subject of each. to B. P. S. (Belfast Preservative Syrup), which is
guaranteed to be a safe and reliable anti-ferment for
Allen & Hanburys, Ltd aerated waters. B. P. S. is sold at Is. 6d. per lb., and is
,
used at the rate of one dram per gallon of syrup. The
In a beautifully-produced olive-
green inset of eight pages this company enumerate their inset is sent solely to our Colonial and foreign readers.
selected packed goods.. Each page is embellished with
numerous half-tone illustrations of representative, items, Edward Cook & Co,, Ltd.,
the background being of a delicatei green tint. First in
importance is a full range of extract of malt and cod- The Soapery, Bow, London, E., and
liver oil, then follow the plain extract of malt; of these soapmakers to H.M. King George V., entrust us with the
two products two dozen samples, all different in style
and "get up," are shown. Another page is devoted to distribution of a remarkable and intensely interesting
cod-liver oil emulsion, petroleum emulsion,' and cascara cap- 48-page booklet on "Soap: Its History and Connection
with the House of Cook's, London. " "The bulk of this
booklet deals with the history of soap, from about tm
time of Jeremiah down to the present day. It contain
a unique collection of reproductions of old prints am
portraits, including the Cook premises at various stage-5
The origin of the Cook business appears to be lost 'in Mij
mists of antiquity, as it is stated that " our first authenti

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 171

records date back to the close of the eighteenth century, End. The inset gives a short account of the historic
house of Morson, manufacturers of fine chemicals, etc.,
when the businesses were in the hands of a family of the and it is extremely interesting to trace the growth ot
Aname of 'Cook.'" this business from its foundation by Mr. Thomas N. R.
full description of the Soapery Morson in 1821 to the present day. Mr. Thomas N. R.
Morson was the first to make sulphate of quinine and
as it ex'ists to-day is given, and well-executed half-tone

reproductions are included of the toilet soap and per-

fumery departments. The milling, stamping, wrapping,

arid packing departments are all dealt with in their turn. morphine on a commercial scale in this country, and the

A personal note is given by the inclusion of portraits of pictures that are shown of the Summerfield Chemical-works
the past and present partners and directors, while at the u Ponders End are a revelation of the growth and

beginning of the booklet is a long Roll of Honour, giving mportance of this business in modern chemical industry.

the names of the directors, staff, and workmen serving From the account and numerous illustrations that are

with the Forces and their rank. (Pp. 32-33.) iven it is apparent that this firm are in a position at

Hillcrest Oil Co. (Bradford), Ltd., the moment, and in the future, to supply many fine

Clayton, Manchester. Previ- hemicals that were hitherto believed to be almost
exclusively the production of Germany. The inset is
ous to the war practically no lanoline was made in this beautifully produced, and will be an incentive, we feel
country, British makers who had met with temporary
success having been driven off the market by German ure, to British chemical and pharmaceutical industry
makers. Once again British makers are taking up the n the future. (Inserted loose.)
industry 'in earnest, and among them is the Hillcrest Oil
The Pneumosan Co.,

Co., who in a striking two-page inset of their " Silver 132 Great Portland Street. London, W..

Crest " lanoline leave no doubt in the reader's mind that nvite attention in a four-page inset to the claims of

it is British. (Pp. 64-65.) Pneumosan, which has met with great success in the

McKesson & Bobbins, New York, treatment of tuberculosis. The first page of the inset
manufacturing chemists, gives details of the principal constituents of pneumosan,
dosage, physiological and physical properties, indication

.S.A., again insert a four-page price-list of " McK. & of in what diseases it may be used, and the therapeutic
capsuled pills made according to formulas of the changes caused by the injections. Next follow some

ritish Pharmacopoeia and other standard authorities, typically illustrated cases in which pneumosan has been

here is little need to say anything in praise of these efficacious in the treatment of acute and advanced tuber-

roducts, as their reputation has been established in the culosis. Cases of tubercular joint and bone disease and
ritish Empire for many years. There are special com- lupus are also reported on with equal success. The drug

inations of 3,000 or more; pills, and large consumers has been subjected to very severe tests in various sana-

re given special quotations. The London agents are toria in this country and abroad, as is evident from the
Maw, Son, & Sons, 7 to 12 . Aldersgate Street, E.G. short abstracts from clinical reports of sanitary institu-
tions, consulting physicians, and general practitioners.
he fourth page of the inset is devoted to " Calox "

xygen tooth-powder, which on its merits and by exten- Pneumosan is manufactured under the personal super-

:ve advertising has acquired a lasting popularity the vision of Mr. A. U. Newton, B.Se.Lond., and is issued

orld over. G. B. Kent & Sons, Ltd., 75 Farringdon in vials containing twentv to thirty average injections,

feoad, London, E.C., hold the British agency for the price 15s. 6cL (Pp. 32-33.')
Sale of " Calox," which is on the P.A.T.A. list. (Pp. 138
Porges,
09.)
12 Boulevard de Magenta, Paris, in a two-page inset,
'lallock-Armstrong Tar Defender Co., give a representation of their' gold blond silk transparent
catheters and bougies, taken from a plate in their
I 86 York Street, West- illustrated catalogue. This firm is facile princcps in the
linster, London, S.W. In a two-page inset the com
any explain the merits of their patent ear-defender manufacture of high-class elastic gum and pure rubber

jhich is a preventive against gun-deafness and ear-shock surgical goods like catheters, bougies, vaginal, rectal,
|he "Defender" is made in accordance with acoustic oesophageal instruments, horse catheters, and cattle
hnciples, and is guaranteed to be not permeable by
Jjud sounds such as those from gunfire or explodin; probangs. The chief points about their catheters and
|ells; at the same time ordinary sounds and conversa bougies are referred to in detail in the inset, and we
tons are heard as usual, and no temporary deafness may note that these goods are especially adapted for
Isues. The " Defender " is of British invention and the tropics, where they will keep in perfect condition
Manufacture, associated with the names of Mr. A. Mai for a. considerable time without any special precautions.
fck, F.R.S., and Sir W. J. Armstrong-Whitworth, Ltd. In addition, the firm guarantee that their gum elastic
he Admiralty have given their official sanction to its and rubber catheters and bougies are not affected by

e in the Navy, and already 20,CO0 pairs have been sterilisation at high temperatures by. steam or boiling
Id to those on active service. The retail price is 4 water, and are also at!? to resist the disinfectants usually
employed. These goods have an international reputa-
V pair in metal pocket-case, and trade terms will be tion, and are in use in the French and foreign armies,
yen to chemists and druggists on application. (Pp. 32
navies, hospitals, etc. (Pp. 138-139.)

lkado Toilet-paper. PostMp Mills

AI sample of this old favourite and At the present time, when every effort is being
made to foster British industries, the four-page inset
titish-made product is inserted between pp. 64 and 65. of this firm make a particular appeal to all users of
e " Mikado" has a reputation of twenty years' stand filtering papers for pharmaceutical purposes. The
actual samples attached to the inset show what the com-
1 and the reasons why it should be stocked are given pany are doing to replace foreign makes which are now'
;, unobtainable. There has always been difficulty in getting

c, the sample. It is a high-class sixpenny line, and bears adequate supplies of pure filtering papers for analytical
a;ood profit; it is also claimed to be one of the softest
work, but this difficulty no longer exists. To the inset
A*P purest toilet-papers ever manufactured. supply of is appended a copy of the report from the National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington, to whom samples were
I uness-getting sample-packets mav be had gratis on submitted for examination and comparison with the best
foreign papers. These reports conclusively show, on the
plication to any of the usual wholesale houses, such as signed testimony of Mr. R. T. GLazebrook, director, who
has made exhaustive tests, that the fullest analytical
l:;clay & Sons, Ltd., Burgoyne, Burbidges & Co., Butler requirements are met. The papers are sent out in all
e^nspe, Geo. Curling, Wyman & Co., W. Edwards sized circles from 2 to 22 in., and they can also be
Ns, Evans Sons Lescher & Webb, Ltd.. R. Hovenden obtained in reams and on rolls from all wholesale houses.
Ns, Ltd., F. Newbery & Sons, Ltd., Maw Son & Son
m, Roberts & Co., Ltd., and Sangers. (Pp. 138-139.)

T mas Morson & Son, ltd.,

A. . insert a very attractive production

"'ling with their head offire. 17 Elm Street, Gray's In
T' London
> W.C., and Summerfield Works Ponder

—— .

172 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 29, 1916

Stevenson & Howell, Ltd., Animal and vegetable fixed oils and fats may not be used
for the preparation of soap or leather, nor may they be
manufacturers of soluble essences, decomposed for any purpose. The Imperial Chancellor is
Standard Works, Southwark Street, London, S.E., ha.ve
an effective two-page inset portraying a bunch of lemons authorised to extend these decrees to other, oils and fats and
in natural size and colours, while a typical bird's-eye view
for other purposes of application than have been mentioned.

A further decree contains the proviso that up to January 31

of the Sicilian maid gathering the fresh fruit is also palm oil, refuse of oils, and the commonest whale oils may

depicted. This is to convey the idea that the company's be used for soap-manufacture. After that date the Im-
perfect soluble essence of lemons makes perfect lemonade. perial Chancellor will fix every month the quantity and

The back of the inset gives some sound advice on the the sorts of vegetable and animal oils that may be used

desirability of using the finest quality of flavouring- for this purpose.
essences in the manufacture of lemonade, and on this point
—Organising the Fat-supply. The " Seifensieder Zeitung"

gives particulars regarding the organisation of the War

the company intimate that their perfect soluble essence Committee for the distribution of vegetable and animal

of lemon " is not the cheapest essence on the market, but fixed oils and fats, the business of which has much in-

is unquestionably the best value." They guarantee it to creased within the last three months. This Committee is

be free from terpeneless and sesquiterpeneless oil of a central organisation which works in collaboration with
lemon, oil of limes, artificial citrah or any other ad- several sub-divisions e.g., the " Kriegsabrechnungsstellen "
mixture. This firm also insert a circular, which is a
of the German oil-mills, of the soap and stearin manufac-
fine example of colour-work, in connection with their tories, of the German lac-manufacturers, and of the society
sparkling " Orana " orange-squash, which is'prepared en- of German margarine and food-fat manufacturers. In addi-
tion the " Harzabrechnungsstelle " and the War Com-

tirely from selected oranges. The glass bowl filled with mittees for the supply of leather and of lubricants on

the .succulent orange, and the tumbler of squash, both in behalf of the army work in close contact with the War

their natural colours, are a delight to the eye. The back Committee for the supply of fats and fixed oils. The
of this circular calls attention to the " Red Ball " brand required quantities of fats and oils are obtained by pur-
essence for cloudy stone ginger, which, no matter what chasing the commandeered inland stocks, by making use of

the temperature is, enables one to produce stone ginger- the inland sources of fat of all kinds (oilseeds, etc.), and
by claiming all stocks of fats and oils in the occupied
beer at a moment's notice, but emphasis is laid on the
fact that it must be the " Red Ball " brand. (Pp. 64- territories. From the last-named source of supply 15,000,000

hectolitres of fixed oils have been imported during the last

65.) three months. The War Committee has' four sub-divisions

in Belgium and Flanders, which also " buy " glycerin on

The next opportunity for distributing Illustrated Cir- behalf of the company for the supply of war-chemicals.
On the Eastern theatre of war, in Warsaw, the Committee
culars, Price-lists, or other advertising literature as has got another sub-division, which .not only "purchases"

Insets will be in the Summer Number, July 29, 1916. all available quantities of oils, glycerin, etc., but has also
arranged for the manufacture of bone-fat, bone-dust, and
Advertisers should, however, give this matter their atten- bone-glue, and set up a tallow-manufactory in Poland. An

tion now, and communicate with the Publisher, The

Chemist and Druggist, 42 Cannon Street. London, E.C., organisation of the same kind has been made in Courland

who will bo pleased to give further particulars. and Lithuania. The crop of oilseeds in Flanders and

Poland is also used on behalf of Germany at present. The

army butchers regularly send large quantities of offai fat

German News. and of bones to the War Committee, which deals with them

in a large manufactory immediately behind the Front.

Another sub-division of the War Committee for the supply

—Prices of Fats. The official maximum prices of mar- of fats and oils is the Scientific Committee, which is seeking
for new sources of supply of fats which have hitherto
garine and food-fats have been still further advanced.
not been used. This Committee has, for instance, devised
"Rubber " from Yeast.— According to the " Sudd. Apoth. plant for treating the sewage and wash-waters of slaughter-
Ztg.," Blucher and Krause have succeeded in making houses and restaurants. Some 1,200 of these apparatus are
" rubber " from the waste matter of yeast. already in constant use in Germany. In charge of the Fa!;
Committee an organisation of bone-dealers regularly collects
—Rontgen-rays Discovery. The twentieth anniversary of
bones from private households. The War Committee
the discovery of x rays was celebrated at a meeting recently
further gives pecuniary aid to the research which is endea-
of the Rontgen Society in the Institute for Physics at
vouring to devise a method of obtaining fat from yeast.
Berlin. According to a decree of the German Diet of July 15, 1915.

The Metal-i amine.— A beginning has been made with the

appropriation of copper, brass, and nickel household articles the War Committee is charged with the care of the entire

which were required to be entered with the military inland crop of oilseeds, which the Committee purchased on

authorities according to a decree of July 31. 1915. behalf of the' State. The Committee has had sunflower-

—Toll of the War. The " Pharm. Ztg." reports that seeds planted all along the railroads in Prussia, Hesse,
since the outbreak of war twenty-one military pharmacists and the Rhine Province, and sunflower-seeds collected by

and 349 pharmacists and students have been killed or died private persons were bought by the War Committee at a

from disease; 561 medical men, 76 university professors and rate of Pf.40 per kilo. The example of Prussia has been

assistants, and 245 technical chemists have met with a followed by all other Federal States in this respect, with

—similar fate. the exception of Wurteniberg, where the sides of the rail-

Hager Centenary. The centenary of Hermann Hager road are used for the cultivation of cattle-food. It has

occurred on January 3, 1916. The German pharmaceutical also been upon the initiative of the War Committee that

Press pays a tribute to his memory by publishing lengthy beechnuts and linden-seeds are collected all over Germany.

eulogistic articles on his work and attainments. The According to a decree of October 14, 1915, the War Com-

" Pharm. Zeit." describes Hager as " one of the most mittee only is allowed to press the oil out of the_ beech-

brilliant stars in the pharmaceutical firmament." kernels. Extensive researches regarding the quantity and

The Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft held its the quality of the fixed oils that can be obtained from

K-eneral meeting on December 16. The Board for 1916 is the different oilseeds have been made by the scientific sub-

same as last year. In the place of Dr. Wulff, who died division of the War Committee, which have, for instance,

during the year, Mr. von der Heyde was appointed Second led to the abandonment of the attempt to utilise the oil

Secretary. From the annual report it appears that the of walnuts, maize, and the kernels of different stone-

—number of members has decreased by 55: it is 1,132 now. fruits. The Committee further promotes as much as pos-
Disabled Officers. Measures are being taken in Ger-
many in order to secure for invalid officers appointments sible the cultivation of plants with oilseeds in Germany,

Austria-Hungary, and the invaded parts of foreign coun-

for administrative work in the service of the army, the tries. In order to economise as much as possible, the oils

Customs, prison, railway, and police services. The curri- and fats that can be used for food-purposes, several
culum of academic study is also made easier for officers prevent their use tm
who have become disabled in the war, and employment is measures have been taken to _
other purposes e.g., for colour-paints, for lubricants (m

obtained for them in all the civil professions . for which which only a maximum quantity of 25 per cent, of vegetable

their education has fitted them. or animal oils is admitted), for lighting-purposes, for soap-

Fat-scarcity Increasing.—A decree regarding the use of manufacture, etc. By a decree of the Home Department or
October 23. 1915. the War Committee is also charged witn
vegetable and animal fats and oils for technical purposes
was issued on January 6, according to which the use of the supply and the distribution of resin. These detai

butter, margarine, artificial food-fats, and lard for pur- suffice to show that the pressure of the Allies' sea-power
poses other than the preparation of foodstuffs is prohibited. having its desired effect.

DKTTOGTST

Teommee Malt and other Products. mixes readily with water. These factors form a very satis-
factory start for the manufacturers, and as the makers can
i In reply to recent inquiries, Francis Newbery & Sons, supply in any quantity, all demands can be satisfied with-
Ltd., 27 and 28 Charterhouse Square, London, E.C. (who out recours© to enemy makers. There are already large
users of haemoglobin, and now that a new source of supply
I are sole distributors of the products of the Trommer Co., is available we believe that the demands for medicinal
purposes will increase. Duncan, Flockhart & Co., who have
Ltd.) inform us that these are, without exception, of British
manufacture, and that none of the company's shares are, been for many years large makers of liquid extract of male
fern, have since the war largely extended their output, with
or have at any time, been held by alien enemies.
the consequence that large buyers can be met at liberal
Price-lists.
terms. This product, it should be noted, is of standard
The January price-list of Goodall. Backhouse & Co., quality, and should not be confused with the crude Con-
Leeds, and 54 Southwark Street, London, S.E., deals with
tinental article, the use of which had tended to damage the
packed goods, proprietary articles, patent medicines, drug- reputation of this unique vermifuge. Wholesale buyers of
gists' sundries, etc., and has been revised up to date. It
should be understood, however, that, owing to the uncer- liquid extract of liquorice should also note that this firm
tainty regarding supplies, the prices are subject to altera- manufacture large quantities, and are in a position to sell
on favourable terms-
tion. A special notice is given regarding packed goods and

the question of liability to stamp-duty.

Aspirin Tablets. Horlick's Malted-milk Tablets.

, Arthur H. Cox & Co., Ltd., Brighton, have secured a We mentioned last week that Horlick's Malted Milk Co.,

supply of aspirin of purely English manufacture at reduced Slough, Bucks, have introduced their celebrated milk
tablets in a new form
rates and are, therefore, enabled to reduce their prices
for soldiers and sailors
by 25 per cent, for bottled tablets. The present prices are
— viz., in ration-tins—
M.as follows per dozen: 25's, 12s. ; 50' s, 24s. 9rf. ; 100' s,
which can how be sup-
8s. 1,000's, 38s. These prices, it is intended, shall remain
; plied in limited quan-

n force so long as the stock of raw materials lasts, and tities to the trade at

vvill enable chemists to meet competition. 12s. 6t7. per doz. plus

Tommy's Cooker. carriage. Each tin

This aid to the comfort of our fighting men at the Front contains just enough

increasing in popularity as a chemist's side-line. to last a man for a

Jhemists appreciate the handling of a genuine British whole day, supposing

article which has so many points in utility that it recom- he has nothing else to
mends itself. By a clerical inadvertence the page on which
the announcement regarding Tommy's Cooker appeared fall back on, and a

p last week's issue was given in the " Index to Advertise- day's rations for

ments " as page 26, instead of 22. Will readers please eighteenpence is a
lote and correct ?
marvel. The illustra-

tion we give is smaller

Water-glass. than the original. It

Tornlinson & Hayward, Ltd., Lincoln, were pioneers in will be noticed that

itioducing silicate of soda for the purposes of egg-pre- the tin is hermetically

prving, and have made a speciality of the business, a very sealed, but it is quite

arge proportion of chemists selling an egg-preservative easily opened.

stained through them. This year, owing to continued war Midgley's Medicated Soaps.

unaitions, there should be an undoubtedly much larger We referred recently to changes which have taken place
e ot water-glass, and chemists will
•clers now as there are delays. on the do well to give their in the directorate of Charles Midgley, Ltd., 4 Exchange
railways. Tomlinson
Wayward pack water-glass of the best quality with the Street, Manchester, which company is known to most

I chemists on account of the special medicated soaps which

fatter S name ° n labels and W ' th suitable advertising- are manufactured. Mr. Ernest G. Nichols is the new
Chairman and managing director of the company, with
j Rose Simile.
Kwhom are associated Mr. Francis H. Sprott Mr A.
Stafford Allen & Sons, Miller, Ph.D. (Wurzburg), F.I.C., F.C.S., and Mr. William
i Ltd., manufacturing chemists and

mfeential-oil distillers, Cowper Street, Finsbury, London, MKirby. Mr. Sprott and Mr. Kirby are pharmacists. Mr.
L» 'f.. Ced S° H ars a S° a synthetic rose under the Sprott was apprenticed with Mr. J. Smith, Maryport.

i? y,?
OL f2F W©fv?+l a* and afterwards had experience in London with Harris &
Simile." have recently had an oppor-
of this product, and find it a Co., St. James's Street Roberts & Co. and Savory &
a• a$ a sample ;

Wno,PLW m\LTl<sEci. j fuo,9atnH*sk/oP„»vPt,t,nho;fa»£ttnrPltrc*)pl'o<'r-Mwm0O1a,h'pftXt,ioabCil-tl°r"-I0meih*u**-1sso*taoL,^h,heln,Talef,s1SyriTtec™rJahtaaPnhhecnd«deeoe**rmb>^oshrepvaarwoasmamdyhnuaenoycdttotehasfiwe.tsgilhl'teeaalrh«seegbtbcthuebpoahyeetmgeermlrnifaeniutdonmwfdreeitaorlpsotsl.eeisrs-ootfeolenRundusomdotbesuelo-edaref Moore, Ltd., New Bond Street; and Self ridge & Co., Ltd.
Mr. Kirby was apprenticed with Whitfield & Sons, Scar-
borough. The manufacture of medicated soaps was com-
menced by Mr. Charles Midgley, the founder of the
business, on the. suggestion of Dr. Brooks, who was at the
time physician to the Manchester and Salford Hospital for

Skm-diseases and co-editor of the "British Journal of
Dermatology." The idea taken up by Mr. Midgley has
developed into an extensive business where a large number
British-made Hemoglobin. of soaps aro made on a manufacturing scale. There are
^f hundred varieties of medicated soaps, and fresh
e mical W h ioh e ne€d nevel" a ^ ain obta; n now about a

-
V "^o^ ^n°S-,nv1 106 TflS
,, Duncan, Flockhart & Co., ideas are always considered with a view to extending the

11

-

s~tH^tJ ^LtTr ^burgh,'hda«t-i-fbmnieigoa-trrihnietheeluecriTaefTcbarlaocemnhfi.prSu^ttnLn•rnre?V,fn=hath°£Dcr8tderfei-iCpUmvn?OCaeCo«tUange'nlno",t'odgrbJboy,ueiFutsnalrsfoocripasnskorsohmohGaa,dn.rfutGtcricaeeortnrqem&dIummveyaeaCanrnsotfhtc.ylfllai'ya^PyvraenelopfsTtiruhsfntepceeo'saaerne»klrlneeh™ic,tvinooerlamhotnuoauhtIdp-sroeti;

usefulness of the series. An interesting point is that the
soaps are prepared with either an alkaline or superfatted
base, and there is a series of soaps in powdered form The
bases, moreover, are free from excess of alkalinity and
tree oi any filling-matter. A nricc-list has been produced
which enumerates the medicated
make, but recent additions are soaps which the com nan v
sulphur (o per cent.); ichthyol resorcin (1* per cent.) and
(5 per cent.) and resorcin

174 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

(lj per cent.) salicylic acid (3 per cent.) ; borax (5 per " Dead Shot " worm-pellets, and Comstock's nerve and
; bone liniment.

cent.) ; lysol (3 per cent.) ; lanolin and ichthyol (5 per Daxo' Paste-powder is a convenient preparation for
making adhesive paste. It merely requires the addition of
cent.) ; and ichthyol (5 per cent.) and corrosive sublimate boiling water. The packets retail at 2d. each. The sole
manufacturers are Daxo Adhesive Paste Powder Co., City
(i per cent.). The prices of Midgley's medicated soaps
vary from bd. to Is. 6(7., and the trade terms are fixed so

Aas to give a uniform percentage of profit. system of

agencies is also established to facilitate the carrying of a Mills, Durham.

range of the soaps ; to agents a special discount is given Vitafer Agencies and Depots in various parts of the

in addition to the regular trade terms. world are a feature of the advertisement in this issue of

Beak Street Products. Southall Bros. & Barclay, Ltd., Birmingham. The list,
incidentally, is a tribute to tho growing popularity of this
Parke, Davis & Co., Beak Street, Regent Street, London,
W., have just introduced, under the name of " Olaxine," valuable tonic-food.

a combination of the purest petrolatum, in the form of a Bishop's Effervescent Preparations are now all on the
jelly which in appearance and taste is exceedingly like a P.A.T.A. list, and are protected at the full face value.
fruit-jelly. " Olaxine " contains 95 per cent, of the purest Chemists will get particulars in regard to them from
Alfred Bishop, .Ltd., manufacturing chemist, 43 Spelmau
petroleum, and has the appearance and flavour of a jelly Street, London, N.E.
made from fresh fruit, such as pears. It is put up in a
fruit-jelly jar, and the combination is taken in doses of A Fine Reproduction of the new Sanaphos showcard is
one to two teaspoonf uls. " Olaxine " retails at 2s. bd. per
given in the advertisement in this issue of the British Milk
bottle on P.A.T.A. terms, and each jar is enclosed in an
Products Co., Ltd., 69 Mark Lane, London, E.G. It is

outer carton, which keeps it well until retailed. The firm important to emphasise the fact that sanaphos is a British

are also introducing a series of sterilised solutions for made and owned product.

hypodermic use in the form of " Glaseptic " ampoules or —Temperature Charts. The various kinds of ruled charts

bulbs. Tho specimen submitted to us is the sterilised solu- for sick-room use are now made in this country by Wodder-
spoon & Co., Gate Street, Kingsway, London, W.C. These
tion of emetine hydrochloride, each containing g gr. of
the salt for the treatment of amoebic dysentery and hepa- charts are superior to those hitherto obtainable from abroad.
Chart-holders in wood and metal are also offered.
titis. Other solutions for hypodermic injection prepared
The Various Agencies held by Felice Bonaventura &
in this form are adrenalin chloride (1: 1,000 and Co^ Chesterfield House, 93 Great Tower Street, London,
. E.C., are enumerated in that firm's advertisement in this
issue. Lanoline, hydrous and anhydrous, is also offered,
1 : 10,000), caffeine and sodium benzoate, camphor in oil, the prices and samples being obtainable on application.

codrcnine, aseptic ergot, eudrenine, compound glycero- Heney Wheeler & Son, import and export commission
merchants, 9 Great Tower Street, London, E.C., in an-
phosphate, sterilised iron arsenite ; the same with strych- nouncing the death of their senior, Mr. Henry Wheeler,

nine, iron citrate, morphine sulphate (three strengths), intimate- that the business will be continued by the sur-
viving partner, Mr. Arthur T. Wheeler, son of their late
morphine and atropine, nuclein, physiological salt solution,
senior.
pituitrin, quinine acid hydrochloride, quinine and urea
Roberts' Labour-saving Machines are just the sort of
hydrochloride, sodium cacodylate (two strengths), sodium
thing that many chemical and pharmaceutical manufac-
glycerophosphate. strophanthone, strychnine sulphate, turers want. Two pages of this issue are devoted to them,

thyroprotein, and veratrone, each of these being submitted each machine being illustrated. Particulars can be ob-

in a. solution required by surgeons. The firm are also tained from Roberts' Patent Filling Machine Co., 33 Round-
making capsules and globules each representing three
croft Street, Bolton.
Blaud's pills. Twelve of these capsules are put up in a
—Perrier Water. The price of Perrier water has been
container costing 7s. bd. per dozen boxes, a box of twenty- .

five costing 12s. per dozen, and 100 3s. bd. each net, these

prices being subject to the firm's discount. The capsules
are well made and beautifully finished, and associated

with them are globules of such articles as cascara tonic-

laxative, liquor sedans, and santal oil. Both the series

are fully described in a booklet for the medical profession increased owing to the continued advance in the cost of

which extends to twenty-four pages. freight, etc. Perrier, Ltd., 45-47 Wigmore Street, London,

W., advertise the present prices in this issue, but intimate

Memoranda. that these advances represent only a very small proportion
of the increase in cost.

Sambt-ci Healing Ointment is made by the P. II. Milne " Tcbelette " Products.—The Anglo-American Pharma-
ceutical Co., Ltd., Galen Works, East Croydon, are the
Co., 169 Brixton Road, London. 8.W. manufacturers of " Tubelettes " of menthol and Winter-
green cream. This -is a favourite remedy prescribed by
Gold Cross " surgical dressings are issued by Seabury doctors for rheumatism, neuritis, and other affections of the
& Johnson, and obtainable from Fassett & Johnson, Ltd.,
36 Clerkenwell Road, London, E.G.

Tablet-machines.—Thompson & Capper, Ltd., Manesty nerves. It is a popular remedy.

Buildings. College Lane, Liverpool, invite applications for Sanitas Anti-vermin Paste.—The Sanitas Co., Ltd., Lime-

tho price list of tablet-machines made by the F. J. Stokes house, London, E., have prepared a simple cure and pre-
Machine Co.
ventive of body-vermin which is particularly useful for the
" The Little Kitchener " Pocket-stove is now owned
by Mr. Robert Blackie, Shen Works, Tower Bridge Road. men in the trenches. The company offer special terms to
London, S.E., and consequently is both British-made and chemists who are prepared to make window and counter
displays, the particulars of which will be forwarded oak
British-owned.
application. I

"Red Club" Essences, manufactured by Barnctt & Arthur H. Cox & Co., Ltd., manufacturing chemists,
Foster, London, N.. make exceedingly attractive aerated Brighton, advertise two new chemical products in this issue.

beverages, and subscribers can obtain full particulars from These are chinadone (potassium oxychinoline sulphate), ar.
the manufacturers.
antiseptic, supplied in tablet-form; and ichthadone (am-
Drug-merchants.—J. W. Drysdale & Sons, 16 Fish Street
Hill. London, E.C., are importers and exporters of drugs monium sulpho-ichthyolate), used for rheumatism, skin
and fine chemicals. The firm's special lines are mentioned
affections, and as an internal antiseptic in constipation anc|
in an advertisement in this issue.
dyspepsia. Ichthadone is supplied in pill-form.
Chemists' Recipes.—Mr. Tom Brooks, pharmacist, Horn-
Wright, Layman & Umney, Ltd., Southward, London
sey, London, N., makes a special offer of three recipes. S.E., devote two pages in the present issue to a number o
showcards which advertise Wright's Coal-tar Soap and it
He supplies with the recipe instructions and a full-size preparations. They are a most attractive stimulus to advei
tising, and the originals can be obtained from the compan
sample of the finished product to show the style of get-up. by retailers on application. The names of the prize-winnei

Raiar Photographic Films, Plates, and Paper are manu- in the last competition are also given on another page.
factured by Rajar. Ltd., 10 Mobberley, in Cheshire, and
the company reproduce in their advertisement of this issue "Perfumery and Essential Oil Record."—The Januai
a picture taken on a Rajar plate and printed on Rajar
issue of this publication contains a resume of the medicin
paper. uses of essential oils compiled from Cushney's " Pharm

"Record" Hypodermic Syringes are manufactured by cology and Therapeutics." an article regarding' t
the Pelham Surgical Instrument Co., Ltd. (late Gray & _
Selby), Nottingham and London, whose sole selling agents
are Wilfred Turner & Co., Ltd., 30 Craven Street, Strand, cultivation of medicinal plants, and one dealing with tl
London, W.C. chief constituents of pure otto of rose. The editor plea

Comstock Specialities—The W. H. Comstock Co., Ltd., for more scientific research in the region of essential oi
21 Famngdon Avenue. London. E.C., call attention to their
and Mr. E. M. Holmes deals w ith the subject of cass
specialities— Dr. Morse's Indian-root pills, Comstock's
and cinnamon barks. .
.

COEVUSINE.—The season for using Corvusine seed-dressu
is at hand. It is made by Hawker & Botwood U<

59 Mark Lane, London, E.G. It will be noted tn,

January 29. 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 175

although ir.cit pi'od'.'.ets have advanced in price of late, the Interdigital Eczema.

price of Corvusine remains the same for the present: This This is a form of eczema in the dog, which is getting
may be taken as a hint to anticipate requirements as very common and is seldom dealt with in books. It
muucdh

as" possible! The makers supply literature regarding the occurs principally in middle-aged and old animals, house
uses of Corvusine and Molexo (for destroying moles) to
chemists, and invite applications for agencies. pets, and those pampered, over-fed, and in need of exer-
cise. The animal is seen to go lame on one or more feet,
Shears' Patent Mulseh is used by many manufacturers,
with great success, for the preparation of emulsions, but and on examination there are found redness, swelling, heat,
some difficulty has been found in dealing with very heavy
emulsions, such as those containing 50 per cent, of oil or and pain of a more or less marked degree. Blisters form
between the toes, and there is also a moist or clammy feel.

malt extract. To deal with such emulsions,- Bennett, Sons It is very liable to recur, and gives great annoyance to
& Shears, Ltd., now fit their machines, when required, with
machine-cut back gear and larger driving-gear and striking- all interested. Internal and external remedies are both

gear, which enables the machine to run continually at a essential. Eestrict the diet and give a mild purge, fol-
constant speed of 500 revolutions per minute without undue
lowed by salines and arseniates, such as liq. arsenicalis

friction, and doubles the output from 10 to 20 gals, per or Donovan's solution in three to eight drop doses.
Foment the feet, and, when considered ripe, lance the
hour. Machines of the ordinary pattern can be fitted with

the new gear, which is a great improvement in every case. blisters and dress with antiseptic dressings, such as

Further particulars can be obtained from the firm at glycer. ac. carbol., ung. boracic, et cresol., etc. and
;
Pontifex Chambers, Shoe Lane, London. E.C.
it may be necessary to cauterise with argent, nit. or

Veterinary Notes. liq. ferri perchlor,, but these must be cautiously applied,
otherwise serious results may appear by exposing the
By a M.R.C.V.S.
surface of the bone.

Msmmitis or Garget. Italian Medicinal Plants.

I.>tla:umation of the udder ;s a very common complaint Professor Cortese has published the result of a study of
of milch cows. It seldom proves fatal, but in many
instances it leaves an impervious gland. The causes are the native medicinal plants of Italy. He divides the plants
numerous and may be extrinsic or intrinsic. The extrinsic
into groups : (1) Plants common to all Italy, comprising

are cold water or air draughts, lying on wet floors, blows, seventeen species; (2) plants peculiar to certain districts,

injuries, and bacterial infection through cracked teats. twenty-five species. The groups referred to include the

following :

The intrinsic is improper milking, causing decomposition Common to all Italy

of the milk left in the gland, through the entrance of Althtea officinalis (N.O. Malvacea;).— Grows on moist and marshy

bacteria into the teat, which force their way through the low-lying ground by the seashore, specially in the north.

eat into the vessel, and there coming in contact with the —Artemisia Absinthium (N.O. Asteracea?). Found near houses and

along the low-lying seashore, also frequently cultivated.

ilk left behind, cause it to decompose, thus setting Atropa Belladonna (N.O.' Solanaeea?).— Grows in shady woods,

p the mischief. No doubt this disease is of microbial low-lying districts. It is found in various places throughout the/

rigin, either from within or without the animal economy, Peninsula.

ccompanied by the above-named causes, which lower —Matricaria Chamomilla (N.O. Asteracea?). Found near houses

he vitality and resisting powers, and allow micro- and by the wayside, the seaside, and in uplands not too high.

—Colchicuin autumnale (N.O. Liliaeeas). Found from the sea to

irganisms, innocuous during perfect health, to gain superi- highlands most abundant in the fields.
;
—Solanum Dulcamara (N.O. Solanaeea?). Indigenous to moist and
ority in the attack on the highly vascular and sensitive
marshy ground and by watercourses from the sea to the highlands.
land, the udder. The symptoms of mamm'itis are swell-
—Filix Mas (N.O. Polypodiaeea1 ) . Found in wild and mountainous

g and redness of the part, accompanied by pain on places rarely met with near the Mediterranean.
;

ressure, irritability during milking, which may be Fruxinus Ornus (N.O. Oleacea?) .—Grows in woods away from the

sea and in the highlands. The tree is also cultivated in mid-

ntirely suspended, and a dirty coffee-coloured or bloody- Italy.

atery discharge given instead standing with hind legs Syoscyamug niger (N.O. Solanaeea?! .—Found near ruins and
; desolate places from the sea to the highlands.

ide apart, and straggling gait when made to walk ; loss Graminem Cynodon Daetylon and Agopyrum repens.—Both
appetite, high fever, thirst, general depression, and common in fields from sea to highlands.

rmation of pus or matter, or maybe abscesses and slough- Malva sylvestris (N.O. Malvacea?).— Common in all moist, herba-

g or death of the part may occur. The effects of this ceous places from seashore to hilltop.

isease on the milk prevents its use, even for the lower Melissa officinalis (N.O. Lamiacea?) .—Sought for in shady and
limals— i.e., pigs, calves, etc., as it is impregnated with moist places from shore to hill.

e microbes and is therefore very dangerous to health, Saponaria officinalis (N.O. Diantacea?).—Found in herbaceous and
moist places, but rarely near the Mediterranean.
he treatment is : Combat the infection, reduce the
Datura Stramonium (N.O. Solanaeea?) .—Found in uncultivated
flammation, see to the animal's comfort, and assist in places from shore to hill.
moving the results of the malady. As in all other
letenal diseases, serums are used and found beneficial, Tilia platyphylla (N.O. Tiliacea?).— Grows in wooded uplands and
he serum recommended is equal parts of antistrepto-
ccus and staphylococcus. Milk frequently—say, every is frequently cultivated.

ree hours, night and day—give injections of chinosol, Valeriana officinalis (N.O. Valcriunacea?) .— Wild and wooded
damp places.
in milk fever, Tub with fluid extract of belladonna,
d cover all with cotton-wool with a good coating of Plants Peculiar to Certain Districts of the Peninsula.
tiphlogistine. If any permanent hardness is li'kelv Aconitum Najtellus (N.O. Ranunculacea?).—Alpine fields and pas-
exist rub daily with- the following tures; Apenines and Northern, Italy.

: Calamus Acorus (N.O. Aracea?).— In marshes and along the side
of rivers and canals in Northern Italy and around Puglia.
Iodi
—Chamomilla romana and Anthemis nobilh. Naturalised in dis-
Hyd. iod. rub. ... gr. xxx.
Pot. iodid tricts from Veneto Brescia down to Naples.
Adipis ... 3iss.
Convallaria majalis (N.O. Liliacea»;.— Found in shady and stony
Lanolini — M.... Jij. hilly ground in the Alps, Apenines, and near Abruzzi rarely in

dive internally 1 lb. mag. sulph. ... Jij- ;
febrifuge medicines as required
with pot. nit. Jss. lowlands.
mended. A draught often given Acetanilide is re-
Digitalis purpurea (N.O. Serofulariacca?) .—Grows in the moist,
Aloes capensis, hilly grounds of Piedmont, in Carnian Alps, and in Tuscanv.
Has been eradicated from many former habitats.
Pot. bicarb.,
Pulv. anisi, Gentiana lutea (N.O. Gcntianaeiw) .—Found in mountain pas-
tures in the Alps and Apenines in the North Central districts to
Sodii sulphat.
Calabria.
Aquam ad 5vnj.- -M.
Iris Florentina (N.O. Iridaeen?).— Grows on old walls and rockv
o be given at one dose in a quart of gruel. places in Mediterranean region, in Tuscanv. and in manv places

very good external preparation is camphorated further south.

f p lmiment, rubbed on twice daily, followed by a rub- Iris puKida et germanica.—Similar habitats.
Laurus nobilis (N.O. Lauracea?) .—Grows on Mediterranean shore,
D'lg of pure lard as a protective. also near Lake Garda.

Prunus Luttrocerasus (N.O. Rosacea?) .—Cultivated for ornament,
and also for its leaves, in the Mediterranean region.

Lavandula spica (N.O. Lamiaeea?) .—Occurs in drv and stonv
places by the Mediterranean all over the Peninsula, chieflv in
Liguria, Piedmont.

Glycyrrhiza glabra (N.O. Leguminosa?).— Occurs in sandv mari-
time regions of the Mediterranean and the Adriatic. It "is also
cultivated in certain districts.

17G THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 19 1G

South African News, Trade-marks Applied for.

(From " C. & D." Correspondents.) The figures in parentheses refer to the classes in which the marks

' The Chemist and Druggist " is supplied weekly to members of are grouped, for a list of which, with particulars as to registra-
all the Chemists' Societies in South Africa.
tion, see " The Chemist and Druggist Diary," 1916, p. 365.

Cape Province. (From the " Trade-marks Journal," January 19, 1910.)

Mr. Hull, representing Parke, Davis & Co., was in " Markrix " for all goods (1). By J. Elliott & Sons, Bush
Cape Town when the mail left. ;

Me. H. S. Pollexfen, to whom a presentation was made Lane, Cannon Street, E.C. 370,409.

on his leaving Heynes, Mathew, Ltd. (see C. <k D., Janu- " Clincher " for chemicals for use in indiarubber solutions
ary 8, p. 39), is joining in business Mr. John Hall, chemist, ;
Claremount.
(1), and for goods (50). By North British Rubber Co.,
Christmas Trade in Cape Town was surprisingly active.
The business done in photographic apparatus and supplies Ltd., Fountainbridge, Edinburgh. 370,566, 366,668.
was unusually large, and is traced to the influence of the
war and good crops. " Bridge Brand," with picture of bridge; for chemicals (2).
By R. W. Greeff & Co., Thames House, Queen Street
—The G.E.A. Campaign. Plenty of volunteers are coming
Place, E.C. 370,149. (Associated.)
forward eager to take part in the extinction of German
East Africa. From the staff of Heynes. Mathew, Ltd., " Alcresta " ; for a medicine containing alkaloids of

Messrs. L. C. Belloyer, J. E. Banks, and D. Gray, and ipecacuanha (3). By the Eli Lilly Co., 210-250 East
from Petersen, Ltd., Mr. W. Patterson, have left for McCarty Street, Indianapolis, U.S.A. 368,822.

Potchefstroom. " Tonasene " for a medicine for influenza, etc. (3). By
;
Ronald Cooper, son of Mr. J. W. Cooper, J. P., chemist,
Kalk Bay, recently saved the life of a sea-bather. Attempts F. H. Clarke, 17 Rockmount Road, Upper Norwood,
at rescue by means of a lifebelt had failed, and young
S.E. 369,742.
Cooper plunged into the sea and, reaching the spot where
" Zenodone " ; for medicinal chemicals (3). By Arthur H-
the drowning man had disappeared, dived down, brought Cox & Co., Ltd., Brighton. 370,099.
him to the surface, and kept him supported until further
" Kinetogen " ; for medicated wadding (3). By W. Jowett,
assistance arrived. Mellor, Marple Bridge. 370,206.

Transvaal. " CalOGEn " ; for medicinal chemicals (3). By Heppell &
Co., 164 Piccadilly, W. 370,232.
—French Chalk. -A mining company in the Transvaal is
Circular label with words " Compound Terpa Tabs," etc.;
in a position to make regular shipments of Frjnch chalk, for medicinal tablets (3). By Hough, Hoseason & Co.,
Bridge Street, Manchester. 370,241.
talc, and soanstone, and desires to get into touch with
" Valeronal " ; for a medicine for sleeplessness (3). By
United Kingdom importers of these minerals, who may Herm. Madoery, Leonhardstr.asse 24, Basle. 370,256.

" Phosphoneurate " ; for medicinal chemicals (3). By
M. F. Pratt, 212-214 Great Portland Street, W. 370,268.

obtain the name and address of a representative in London (Associated.) By J. C. Payne and Elizabeth
" En-yap " ; for medicines (3).
of the company referred to on application to the Trades Cliff Road, Leigh-on-Sea.
Davis, St. Margaret's,
Commissioner's Department, Government of the Union of
370,452.
South Africa, 90 Cannon Street, London, E.C.
Pyramid shaped device, including filter, filter-papers, etc.;
—Soda Products. The third ordinary meeting of the for filter-papers made in England (39). By J. B. Green

South African Alkali Co., Ltd., was held in Johannesburg & Son, Hayle Mill, Stocked Lane, Maidstone. 370,228.

on December 15, when the Chairman (Mr. Llewellyn " Vel-fin " ; for indiarubber sheeting (40). By S.. Maw,
Son & Sons, 7-12 Aldersgate Street, E.C 370,721.
Edwards), in the course of his remarks, said that at the
" Telac," for dry preparations of milk (42) ; " ChoCOLAC "
time of the company's last meeting its practical work con-

sisted in (a) mining, calcining, and marketing crude soda for dry preparations of milk and cocoa or chocolate (42 •
By the West Surrey Central Dairy Co., Ltd., 80 North
at Zoutpan and (h) supplying a proportion of that crude
;

product to the refining-works at Ophiston and there manu-

facturing pure soda crystals and other valuable soda pro- Street, Guildford. '369,729, 370,476.

ducts. Both these projects, Zoutpan and Ophiston, were " Allveco " ; for desiccated foods (42). By C. Hawes,
14a Winchester Road, Swiss Cottage, N.W. 370,141.
perfectly justifiable, and it was his strong opinion that the

directors would not -have been exercising their discretion " Antineuraloid " for a food (42). By the Lecithin Co.,
;

had they not tried them both. Zoutpan had proved a 18 Elclon Street, E.C. 370.524.

success and Ophiston. which had proved a failure, had been " Britmaco " ; for all goods (42). By the British Macaroni

closed. On September 30. 1915, Zoutpan showed a working Co., 17 Water Street, Liverpool. 370,547.

profit of 3.535/.. but a dividend could not be declared as " Permutarir " ; for goods (44). Bv Water Softeners, Ltd.,
91 and 93 Queen Victoria Street, E.C 366,537. (Asso-
considerable leeway had to be made up. The report was

adopted.

Things Worth Knowing. ciated.)

By " Hugo." "Stimmla"; for all goods (48). By Kate B. Dawson,
11 Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square, W. 3o9,346.

" Amaroseate " and " Erminia " ; for perfumery, etc. (48-

By V. R. Wilks, 5 Clarendon Road, West Hartlepool.

Solutions of silver salts should not be filtered through 370,595/598.
paper or cellulose. " Dissolve and decant '' should be the
" Rino " ; for brushes, etc. (50). By C. Stacey, 127 Mydd'e
rule. ton Road, Bowes Park, N. 370,333.

Spirit, aether, nit. should be kept in a bottle inverted. (From the " Trade-marks Journal," January 16, 191G-)
Loss of strength is thus greaty minimised by trapping tiie
" Corbrok " for all goods (1). Bv Cornbrook Cheniica
ethyl nitrite. ;

Mixtures with wholly soluble ingredients will look more Co., -Ltd., Millgate, Stockport. 370,410.
elegant if strained through absorbent cotfon to remove
minute foreign bodies. " Intramine " for chemical substances (3). By -
;
When dispensing apomorphine hydrochlor. in solution, 0»t
all trace of alkali should be removed from the bottle. The British Drug Houses, Ltd., 22 Graham Street,

faintest trace of alkali turns the solution " green." Road, London, N. 370,133. .:

Silver proteinate dissolves readily if placed in a measure " Creosalgen " antiseptic for human use (3). By C. «
and a. few drops of glycerin added. Mix with a stirring- ; Ore.;
rod to a paste, then stir up with the requisite amount of Ltd., 35-42 Charlotte Street
Hewlett & Son.
water.
Eastern Street, London, E.C. 370.704. (Associated.)
—Tapploid Rhapsodies. Frank Tapp has written a fantasia
;
with the title " Tabloid Rhapsody." No doubt " by per-
mission of Messrs. Burroughs & Wellcome," states a con- " Eusalax " aperient salts (3). By Robert Kego, chemi.'
;
temporary. 287 Stonelaw Road, Burnside, Rutherglen, Ulasgo
Overheard in a Newport chemist's shop : " Half-a-pound
370,815. (Associated.)
of Salonika, please, for electric be'ls." The chemist, who
"Ronix"; photographic paper (39). Bv L. Gevaert
has an interesting co'lection of funny requests, supplied the
customer with sal ammoniac. Compagnie, 23 Septe Straat Vieux-Dieux, Antwei

Belgium. 370,844. „ TmJ

" Carnival " for cocoa (42). By Cadbury Bros., nTt
;

Bournville, Birmingham. 367,591.

"Felix"; for edible oils (42). By Prices Co.,

31 Threadneedle Street, London. E.C. 370.221.

"Loxol": for goods in Class 48. By Arthur

41 Lome Street, Burslem. 368.635.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 177

Trade Report, with all faults at from 56s. to 60s. bd. for fair part coarse

The prices given in this section are those obtained by importers or to fair selected, 52s. bd. to 53s. for partly mouldy, 45s. to
manufacturers for bulk quantities or original packages. Tothese
prices various charges have to be added, whereby values are in 47s. for broken, 48s. bd. for loose collected, and 46s. for
many instances greatly augmented before wholesale dealers loose collected and broken ; 250 bales mixed with coarse
receive the goods into stock, after which much expense may bf
incurred in garbling and the like. Qualities of chemicals, drugs, sold at 43s. bd. to 44s.
oils, and many other commodities vary greatly, and higher
prices than those here quoted are charged for selected qualities —Cinchona. At the tender held at Amsterdam on Janu-
of natural products even in bulk quantities. Retail buyers
cannot, therefore, for these and other reasons, expect to ary 19 the equivalent of 53.983 kilos, quinine sulphate was
purchase at the prices quoted here. offered in the bark, of which quantity 43,208 kilos, were
taken up by the quinine-makers at the average unit of
4a Cannon Street, E.C., January 26, 6.30 p. jr. 9.56c. per half-kilo, against 6.20c. at the previous auction
an advance of 50 per cent. At the auction of pharmaceu-
AS this issue closes for press on Wednesday evening tical bark held on January 20 the equivalent of 3,794 kilos,
further market news will be found in our Coloured quinine offered, of which 384 kilos, sold: the prices paid
for the bark ranged from 34c. to 62^0. per half-kilo.

—Cinnamon. At auction 30 bales Ceylon sold with all

faults, including thirds at 9d., seconds %d., and firsts Is. 3d.
to Is. Ad. ; 36 cases Tellicherry offered, and part sold at
9(/. for fair fourths, 9i<?. for fair thirds, and 10g<Z. for fair

seconds.

Supplement. Meanwhile business in many of the fine Cubic Acid has been in good demand, principally for
export to Russia, and up to 2s. 9g<7. has been paid for quan-
chemicals continues quiet, the high prices asked, which
tity, with 2s. lOrf. asked at the close.
involves the locking-up of capital, making buyers cautious.
—Citronella Oil. The spot price of Ceylon in drums is
Generally speaking there is a fair export demand, and
Is. 8(2. to Is. 8grZ. per lb., and for February-March ship-
some good orders 'have been placed for Russia and other ment Is. b^d. c.i.f. is quoted.

countries. Quinine is dearer from second hands owing to Clove Oil is 2d. lower, English distillers offering from

the 50-per-cent. advance in the bark unit. Matto Grosso 5s. 2d. to 5s. Ad. per lb. as to quantity.

ipecacuanha has also sold more freely at firmer prices to Cloves are quiet and easier, with sales for Zanzibar on
the spot at b-^gd., and to arrive January-March at b-^gd.
emetine makers. Japanese refined camphor continues in
Wc.i.f. In auction 14 cases Penang offered, and seven sold
good demand. Menthol is quiet but firm. Persian opium
at 2 d. for good.
is also very firm, and morphine-makers are not anxious Cocaine remains firm and momentarily scarce, the values

for further business emetine is dearer. Ammonia sul- being from 21s. to 22s. per oz. net for hydrochloride.
;

phate is lower at all ports. Sal ammoniac has again sub-

stantially advanced. Citric acid is firmer, and in good Codeine is steady at from 21s. to 22s. per oz. for the

demand tartaric acid has also sold more freely for pure crystals.
;
—Cod-liver Oil. Our Bergen correspondent writes on
both home and export. Cocaine continues very firm and
January 17 that the quotation for finest non-congealing oil
comparatively scarce. Copaiba balsam is dearer. Among
is still nominal. The first attempts at the new cod-fishing
essential oils lemon is arriving freely, and is on the easier
Mde. Clove oil is lower, and West Indian lime oil and prove that the fish is in regular condition as regards size

time the turn easier in view of arrivals orange oil is and fatness. Writing further on January 19, our corre-
;
spondent states that the exports of cod-liver oil from Nor-
firmer. The fixed oils like linseed, palm, soya, and crude
way in 1915 were 101,000 hectolitres, against 53,000 barrels

potton-seed, all show a weaker tendency. The principal in 1914, which proves that there was a larger stock at the
Changes have been as under :
end of 1914 than presumed at that time. It is very diffi-

cult to express any opinion of the quantity of cod-liver

oil remaining in Norway at the opening of 1916, but we do

Higher Firmer Easier Lower not think it is less than 10,000 barrels. The winter fishing

in Finmarken has been poor, owing to stormy weather. As

yet there is no opening at Lofoten, but some little fishing

'itmamon Ipecacuanha Coconut oil Ammonia has taken place at Vesteraalen ; the cod has also been
Ijpaiba balsam
;lmetine (M. Grosso) ic i.f.) sulphate reported at Helgeland, and appears to be in good condition.
iuinine Orange oil Clove oil
Salol Cotton-seed Cloves The market is quiet, but firm, at about 330s. per barrel, and
(sec. hands) oil (crude) Linseed oil
Rape oil no doubt there will also be a good demand this year
1 Lemon oil
i Japan) again. Private advices from Bergen indicate that no
al ammoniac (c i.f.) Turpentine
stocks of fish or other oils were destroyed in the recent
Limejuice
fire, which chiefly affected the commercial part of the town.
Lime oil
—Copaiba. Filtered Maranham is dearer at 2s. 4gd. per lb.
(W.I.)
on the spot. makes for January-
Palm oil
Soya btan oil —Copper Sulphate. Liverpool

February delivery are quoted at 45?. per ton.

Cream of Tartar is firm at 185s. spot for 98-per-cent.

Acetylsalicylic Acid is unchanged at from 47s. bd. per powder.
>. upwards.
—Emetine. Makers are asking 6s. bd. per gram for hydro-

Ammonia Sulphate is 2s. bd. per ton cheaper all round, chloride.

pndon being 16/. 17s. bd. per ton net, naked at works for Eucalyptus Oil is quoted at from 2s. to 2s. 3d. per lb.,
>per-cent. ammonia for prompt delivery; Hull prompt, according to test and holder.

m.1-per-cent. is IQ S . Liverpool is 171. 12s. bd. and Formaldehyde is in better demand at from 57s. to 58s.
ton, ;
enn. 111. 15s.
per in bags, f.o.b., less 3i per cent. per cwt. for 40-per-cent. volume.

Balsam Peru -The spot value is 21s. bd., and for Janu- —Ginger. At auction 97 bags Jamaica sold, comprising
-y-February shipment 19s. U. per lb. c.i.f. is quoted.
small dull washed at from 75s. bd. to 76s., being firm;

Bergamot Oil.-A Sicilian advice, -dated January 15, 61 bags sold at from 74s. to 74s. bd. for good medium cut

t 6r bei n g few transactions, market remained Calicut, and 26s. bd. for common small limed tips.
- prices occasionally shaded
unchi,anged%, wit,h a trifle. —Glycerin. It is reported that Holland has re-imposed
™most
MU Sal*s continue ver y scarce carbonate is offered the embargo on the exports of glycerin. LTp to last week
;
1r ""bn^ate has been in good demand a fair quantity had been regularly received from this
for
,„U«M»?i»a'. ffrom 15s. bd. to 16s. per lb. is quoted. source. Meanwhile, the position of consumers in this

, _

SS/r £ ™>nmonium country is becoming more difficult, as the Government
e aiD fi . th e.P»nci P al demand being for
at 22s. potassium is 25s., and sodium 18s. per lb requirements continue to grow.

;

MPmillaf?rercP*„u-sn?tT;ommeMrasYkiesrruepstpa- il.li.uehldoowtwesivteahrr,esmemanalidlleaapbavlroecue,rlswtiaotth buyers at" Ipecacuanha.—Matto Grosso has been in good demand,
keep their
up to 22s. per lb. having been paid, principally by emetine
less
S f^12* a makers. Cartagena is still 16s. to 17s. per lb.

*&&?-V&s2i .ft^vsr*if £3 oi ' i" —Lemon Oil. Very fair arrivals, as is usual at this period,
ED)--The demand for Japanese has con-
' P nC€S are taking place from Sicilian ports. The demand is, how-
, ,- The Sales incl « de 2 i" lb - slab *
ever, very quiet, and prices are on the easier side at from
shipment
M.3s. bd. to 3s. 9d. spot and 3s. Ad. to 3s. c.i.f.
A .Sicilian advice, dated January 15, states that very little
^c^andTqf ^ ^ases
and 397 3 ," 3 1 26 auction on Wednesday, business has been done for export, and only slight fluctua-
,bales ex Koerber sold without reserve
tions have taken place. The demand having been lacking,

ITS THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Januaby 29, 1916

an easier tone has prevailed. Producers, however, prefer Maranham is so rich in babassu that supplies appear to be
to hold back, in the hope of a revival in the demand, and almost, inexhaustible. A firm in Maranham has arranged

wo think, therefore, it would be difficult to purchase any a suitable nut-cracking machine constructed in the United
important quantity at reduced prices. The future course Kingdom, and is about to order a further hundred machines
will depend on the actual demand from consumers.
to facilitate the breaking of the husks.
—Lime-juice. With fair arrivals taking place, stocks are
Cottonseed Oil for Germany.
beginning to accumulate, and this relieves the situation.
The Washington correspondent of the "Morning Post"
Very fair quality West Indian is obtainable at 2s. bd. gives some remarkable figures concerning the imports from
the United States of cottonseed-products by the Nether-
per gal. lands and Scandinavian countries. In the ten months from
January 1 to October 31, 1913, Germany imported from
—Lime Oil. Very fair supplies of West Indian distilled the United States 9,898.289 lb. of cottonseed oil, the Nether-
lands 31,867,327 lb., and Norway 6,176,033 lb. In the corre-
<>il have arrived, and the market is, if anything, the turn sponding period of 1915 not a single pound was imported
by Germany from the United States, but the importations
easier, with ready sellers at 6s. bd. per lb.
of the Netherlands increased to 93,153,175 lb., and. those of
Menthol.— Quiet, at from 12*. 3d. to 12s. bd. per lb. spot,
Norway to 24,110,269 lb. In 1913 Germany imported
as to brand ; for January-February shipment sales include 264.567^300 lb: of cottonseed cake and meal and none last
year ; in 1913 Denmark imported 613.306,653 lb., and in
Kobayashi-Suzuki at 12s. 3(7. c.i.f. Marseilles. 1915 878,872.334 lb. Knowing how desperately hard-up
Germany is for fats, and her expedients to obtain them and
—Mint Oil. Japanese dementholised on spot is quiet at
their substitutes, this large increase in imports by neutrals
from 4s. id. to 4s. bd. per lb., according to brand, and for
December-January shipment sales have been made at 4s. is significant.
c.i.f. London.
Chinese Antimony.
—Morphine. Makers are fully booked up with orders

until March, and are unable to accept further business.

Second-hands appear to have little or no stock, and the

value of hydrochloride is nominally 13s. 3(/. per oz.

Oils (Fixed).— Linscrd is lower at 42s. bd. in pipes and

43s. 6'/. in barrels on the spot; January is 42s. 9(7. Cotton-

seed is easier at 45s. 3/7. for crude in pipes on spot, 51s. for H.M. Consul at Changsha, writing in regard to the possi-

refined in pipes, and at from 52s. to 53s. for sweet refined bilities of export trade, states that the most interesting

in barrels. Ceylon Coconut is firm at 58s. bd. for pipes feature during 19i4 was the prominence given to the

and 60s. 6'/. in hogsheads, both on spot; Cochin is 60s. 6(7. Upantimony-trade as a result of the war. to the outbreak

to 62s. bd. on spot,rnd London pressed is lower at 51s. 6(7. of the European War the export of antimony had proceeded
Ordinary brown crude Rape oil is scarce and nominal at
on normal lines. When, however, it became known to all
52s.: British refined in barrels is 54s. to 56s.: Japan in the Chinese engaged in the trade that an urgent demand

rases is 48s. c.i.f. afloat. Soya oil is 36s. 6(7. for Manchurian had arisen in Japan, Russia. America, and the United

in cases in London. Hull (spot) extracted is easier at Kingdom, and that, with the exception of one or two minor

42s. Lagos Palm is easier at 50s. spot, and in Liverpool sources of production, the one important producing area
;

46s. is quoted for January-February. was Hunan, the Chinese seized their opportunity, held up

Opium remains firm, the sales including Persian at 25s. bd. supplies for a time, and cornered the market. The follow-
per lb. for 10-per-cent., and further buyers. Turkey drug-
ing table shows the quantity of antimony exported from
gists' is quoted at from 32s. 6(7. to 36s.— the latter for
Iiegulus 1911 1912 1913 1914
13-per-ccnt. Crude Tons Tons Tons Tons
Ore ... 1.566 2,012 2,106 2,735
—Orange Oil. A Sicilian advice, dated January 15. reports 7,245 5,386 6.914 9,816
Ash ... 4,169 4,672
that local transactions, supported by some orders from 501 680 6,283 2,555
abroad, have caused an advance in prices.
1 1
Otto of Rose.— A public auction of 11 cases of Bulgarian
B;ngal Government Cinchona.
ctto of rose (naval prize) will be held on Thursday, Janu-
ary 27. The bulk of the offerings appear to have been The report of the Government cinchona plantations and
shipped on consignment by a Bulgarian house to their factory in Bengal for 1914-15 shows a remarkable record ot
progress achieved since the department was reorganised ten
London agents. Privately "own distillation" is quoted
vears ago. In 1905 the maximum annual yield of quinine
at 45s. per English oz.. and various brands " guaranteed
pure " at from 32s. to 35s. from bark on the plantations fell short by 6,000 lb of the
annual demand, which then stood at 15,000 lb. To-day,the
Peppermint Oil.— American tin oil is quiet, agents offer-
ing at from 8s. 10^(7. to 9s. id. net on the spot.

Piienacetin is quoted at from 63s. to 64s. per lb. actual annual output of the factory is 50,000 lb. of quinine.

Potash Sulpho-guaiacolate.— It is difficult to get offers, On the whole plantation the net area under cinchona Has
owing to scarcity.
increased from 1,737 acres to 2,552 acres. The annua

Quicksilver is steady at from 16/. 12s. 6(7. to 16/. 15s. per possible harvest has increased from about 300,tXJU lb.
2.5-per-cent. bark to 1,000,000 lb. of 4.5-per-cent. bark, am
bottle.
this quantity is assured for many years to come, ini
—Quillaia. Quiet, at from 38/. to 39/. per ton ex store, extraction efficiency of the factory-plant has been raise'

Liverpool. from not more than 75 per cent, to 95 per cent ot tn
possible while the manufactured cost of quinine has Dee
—Quinine. The rise of 50 per cent in the cinchona-bark reducecfarom Rs. 9 to a little over Rs. 5 per lb. (5(7. per oz.

unit has led to a. large business on the spct at rising prices, The quinine reserve has risen from less than 3.51XJ id.
at from 3s. 6(7. to 3s. 9(7. per oz. from second-hands. over 163,0C0 lb. Major Gage, the Superintendent

—Sal Ammoniac. Firsts lump has been advanced 10s. per Cinchona-cultivation in Bengal, specially praises t

cwt. to 70s., and seconds lump by 7s. per cut. to 65s.: Government Quinologist, Mr. G. E. Shaw.
crushed or ground is 2s. more. Shortage of labour and
the demand for firsts is the cause of the advance.

Salol is firmer: business has been refused at 45s., from U.S. Quicksilver.

46-'. to 47s. being the lowest. According to the United States Geological Survey,

TNShellac is quiet. on spot offering at 80s., good at American quicksilver-industry has been active during j

AC81s., and fine 87s. 6(7. ; fine Orange 95s., Garnet 76s., Upfirst six months of 1915. to the beginning ot the
GAL.and
at 72s. bd. on the spot. the price per flask of 75 lb. in San Francisco had i

Soda Nitrate is strong at 16s. 6(7. per cwt. for ordinary reached a monthly average of $40 since January, but
and 17s. for refined, net, on spot: in Liverpool ordinary to August embargoes closed the important foreign some"
supply, except the Italian, and the average was quotea
refined is quoted 16s. 3(7. to 17s. 3(7. net. .pp$re8it0c.eeswIhrteoaslneiantfhrasotumppc$lo8iue0nsttrocyo$ue9ln0d.tenroeSdolmotehnegqeurwiacbrke,sielaxvnepdrecpitneadyJutsnoteiic
expected from small surplus supplies in Mexico or oi
—Tartaric Acid. A much better demand is reported on

home and export account, the current spot price being 2s. 6(7.

per lb.

TURPENTINE is about Is. per cwt. lower, closing at 52s. neutral countries perhaps, but otherwise the domesI ^
on spot, with 52s. 3(7. paid for February-April. ,

serious competition, and are in a P°= ; ti(J,
the war lasts. The normal annual dom

has been around 21,000 flasks, and the dom
Brazilian B ibassu-nuts. Ueware without ,
^
The Acting British Vice-Consul at Maranham writes that profit while
efforts are being made to develop an export trade in babassu- consumption
uuts (palm oil). A few tons of kernels have been extracted output has been below this the past two years
from the exceptionally hard husks by hand breaking, and _

ire Iteing packed for shipment to Europe. Reports are to now abnormal, for the manufacture of explosive }
hand that hundreds of tons of husks are being broken up will probably rule as surpiu »
the rivers for shipment in the new year. The State of cipallv, and high prices important producers in Lam" ^
are absorbed. The few find some difficulty in meetin,
Nevada, and Texas will ^

demand.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 179

Arrivals of Chemicals, Drugs, etc. To Hull. Dill-sted (B'bay) bgs. 421

Casein (France) 267 Geranium oil (Algiers) ck. 1

During the period January 19 to 24, inclusive, the follow- Castor seed (B'bay) bgs. 69,187 Glycerin (Amst.) dms. 185
ing produce has arrived at the English ports stated. The
figures denote packages where not specifically described : Chemical pr d. (Dunkirk) Lithopone (R'dam) 28

r':3. PCS, b:s. 133 Rape-seed (Karachi) bgS\

Cottonseed (ij'bayj bgs. 68,248 13,182

To London. Liquorice-root (Catania) bgs. Essential oils (Amst.) cs. 9, Soya beans (Vlad.) bgs. 77,253

Acetic acid (R'dam) eks. 102 39 crts. 12 Zinc oxide (R'dam) 125

| —To Folkestone. Drugs (France) pkgs. 14; perfumery (France)

Acetic anhydrido (Treport) Lime-juice cordial (Dominica) pkgs. 142. To Goole.— Farina (R'dam) 250. To Grimsby.—Chemi-

cbys. 11 hds. 15

Albumen (A'dria) cs. 76 Lithopone (R'dam) pkgs. 293 cal products (Dieppe) cks. 38; dyes (Dieppe) cks. 542. To

Alcohol wood (N. News) dms. Mineral waters (France) es. —Harwich. Fruit essences (R'dam) pkgs. 16.

65 2,860 Heavy Chemicals.
Aloes (M. Bav) cs. 25
Anise (Seville) 100 Nutmegs (Bombay.) cs. 13 Manchester, January 25.
Nux vomica (C'cutta) pockets There has been a steady feeling in heavy chemicals
Antimony ore (Townsville) bgs. during the past week, demand again running on export
163, (B'bay) bgs. b2 account. Deliveries on contract for home consumption are
105 Olibanum (B'bay) cs. 25
fairly met, notwithstanding difficulties attending transport.
Arachis oil (R'dam) ck9. 700 Olive oil (M'seilles) cs. 70, cks. Bleaching-powder is nominally 151. to 15?. 10s. per ton, but
Arsenio (Paris) cs. 24 higher prices are spoken of where deliveries over and
Balsams (Paris) es. 8 6, (L'horn) pkgs. 25 above contract are obtainable. White caustic soda remains
scarce, and prices favour sellers ; 70 to 72 per cent, is
arytes sulph. (L'horn) 200 Opium (B'bay) es'. 163 (Mar- quoted 16/. to 16/. 10s.; 60 to 62 per cent., 15?. 10s. to 16/.
per ton. Bichromate of soda is in good inquiry at
seilles) 30. (Naples) cs. 19 5/. 12s. 6tZ. per ton, on rails, in bags. Phosphate of soda

oric acid (L'horn) brls. 177 Orris (L'horn) 5 is rather firmer at 20/. per ton. Ammonia alkali is strong
uchu (C. Town) bis. 2 Palmarosa oil (B'bay) pots 4
at 21. 17s. 6<Z. to 3/. 10s. per ton, on rails. Sulphate of
Cardamoms (Ceylon) cs. 308. Pepper, black (Batavia) bgs. copper remains firm at 45/. 17s. bd. to 46/. per ton, delivered
Manchester. There does not seem to be much change in
(B'bay) 38 3,300
uraway seed (Holland) 335 the market for raw metal. Alum is still nominally 9/. per
Casein (Dieppe) bgs. 100, Perfumery (France) cs. 46 ton for lump and 10/. per ton for ground, in bags. Sulphur
(B'bay) 265 Petrolatum (N.Y.) brls. 75
Pimento (M'seilles) ICS, (N.Y.) is about 10s. higher on the week, and the inquiry is fair.
There has been a better feeling in cream of tartar and
'ashew-nuts (B'bay) 168, (Cali- 200 acids, prices remaining steady. White powdered arsenic
quiet, though there is little change to note, notwithstand-
cut) 57 Potash iodide (Spain) cs. 10 ing reports of competition from the U.S.A. Permanganate
of potash is higher at 4s. 9d. per lb. Potash-compounds
Jassia (B'bav) 25, (A'dria) Quinine sulph. (Amst.) cs. 22 are now rarely quoted, and where this is the case there
is little change on the week. Sal ammoniac higher at 58s.
112, (Batavia) bgs. 453 Rhubarb (A'dria) cs. 10 to 60s., and crushed 60s. to 62s. Sulphate of ammonia
closes with a shade quieter feeling at 17/. 12s. dd. to
astor oil (Leghorn) cs. 80, Saffron (Dieppe) cs. 3 17/. 13s. 9d. per ton, on rails Manchester.

(C'cutta) cs. 350 Salicylic acid (N.Y.) brls. 5

.'hamomile? (Paris) bis. 83 Saltpetre (C'cutta) 2,920

'hemical products (Dieppe) Sandalwood (B'bav) pkgs. 135,

' pkgs 33, (Rouen) cs. 30. (Calicut) 44

(N.T.) pkgs. 42, (Boulogne) Senna (Tuticorin) bis. 408

cs. 18 Sesame seed (A'dria) bsrs. 2,546

|l

'hem. prod, medicines, per- Shellac (C'cutta) bgs. 800, cs.
fumery, etc. (N.Y.) pkgs. 16ft 530, button bgs. 58, cs. 95;
garnet cs. 325
'hillies (B'bay-) 41
Soda hypo (N.Y.) brls. 97
'inchona (Tuticorin) pkgs 158, Soda nitrate (Chile) bgs.
> (CaMcut) bis. 42

innamon (Ceylon) 58\ 23,493

(M'settles) 1130 Soda prussiate (Amst.) 20
Spermaceti (Boston) bris. 85
itric acid (Palermo) cks. 70 Sulphur (Catania) bgs. 5,078,

itronella oil (Rangoon) efts.

•21, (Batavia) dms. 5, (Ceylon) brls. 1,302

dms. 16 Tannic acid (N.Y.) brls. 16 American Drug and Chemical Markets.

loves (B'bay) bis. 22 Tartar (Naples) cks. 21 New York, December 31.
Tartaric acid (L'horn) cks. 158,
Ijicoa-butter (N.r.) C s. 70 Trading in the general list of drugs was good for the
iconut oil (Ceylon) pkgs. 271 (Naples) brls. 232 first part of the month, but towards the end the demand
(Cochin) pps. 190, hds. 20, cs. Tragacanth (B'bav) cs. '0 became quieter, due no doubt to the approach of the holi-
748 Turmerio (B'bay) bgs. 173 day season, and the fact that most of the houses in tii

->pra (Ceylon) bgs. 4,973, Yalonea (Greece) bgs. 5,239, —trade were preparing for their annual inventory.
i(Trinidad) bgs. 632, (Cochin) Balsams. Peru continues in small supply and remains
2,754, (Calicut) 444 (Naples) 877 firm at $5.25 and $5.50 per lb. South American copaiba is

>tton seed (A'dria) tons 3,962, Vanilla (Frisco) cs. 39 —steady at 40c. to 42c.
(TrinidRd) bg3. 672 Buchu -leaves. In limited demand, but steady at $l.cD
tiebs (B'bay) bgs. 23, (Amst.) Wax, bees' (C'cutta) pkgs. 61, for short and $1.15 for long.

cs. 46 (B'bav) cs. 23, Bdckthorn-bark is held at 50c. to 55c, stocks being ex-
tremely light.
(Marseilles), cs. 22; bgs. 181,
Castor Oil is very scarce, and quotations are nominal at
his. 38?, (L'horn) bgs. 106
18£c. per lb. in 40-lb. tins.
ttlefish-bone (B'bay) 16 Wax, vegetable (M'seilles) 11
anamide (R'dam) ') gs. 1,921 Wine lees (M'seilles) bgs. 550 —Gentian. Owing to a shrinkage in supplies dealers now
g-yolk (A'dr ; a) eks. 75 Witch-hazel ext. (N.Y ) brls. 68
Zinc oxide (R'dam) cks. 420 ask 19c. to 20c.
'sential oils (Catania) pkgs Gtjarana is easier. Prices have been reduced to $1.15 to

fi, .Messina) pksrs. 389. To Liverpool. $1.25 for whole and $1.20 and $1.30 for powdered.

Amst.) pkgs. 6, (M'seilles) Albumen (S'ghai) cs. 269 —Ipecacuanha. Cartagena has sharply advanced, sellers
Aniline dye9 (S'ghai) cs. 500
s. 24. cks. 4 Bismuth ore (M'bourne) bgs. asking $3.75 and $3.85.
Menthol continues in fair demand. Prices maintained by
rina (Amst.) 100 210
Matin (Paris) bis. 41 most dealers are $3.25 and $3.30, with fair sales reported
<iger (B'bay) bgs. 301 Camphor ref. (Kobe) cs. 70 on this basis
Castor oil (C'cutta) cs. 1,100
Jicose (N.Y.) brls. 900 bxs. Cream of tartar (U'lona) ksrs. —Ohtjm. Trade is stagnant. The gum in cases is still
—quoted at $11.00, powdered at $12.25, and granular at $12.50.
( co-thymoline (NY) 70
Peppermint Oil (American). The shrinkage in this year's
33 Drugs etc. (N.Y.) pkgs. 141 yield is making for stronger prices, although $1.90 in cases

<m acacia (B'bay) bgs. 390 Indiiro (S'pore) 15 is still quoted.
damar (Batavia) cs, 50
Linseed (R. Plate) b-s. 3,597 —Saffron (American). The advance in American saffron-
famine (N.Y.) brls. 9 T ithopone (R'dam) 56
Hey (Frisco) cs. 693, (Pira;us) Molasses (Cuba) tons 5.000 flowers to $1.25 is firmly maintained.
Pepper (S'pore) bgs. 205
i. 28 Potash (St. John, N.B.) brls.

I igo (C'cutta) pkgs. 64, chts. 12

(B'bay), chts. 155, cs. 21 Potash iodide (Janan) cs. 5
(L'horn) 40 Roots (H.-Kong) bis. 241
' f, berr. Shellac (C'cutta) cs 25
Soy (H.-Kong) cks. 100
iper Soya beans (Janan) bgs. 560
Soya-bean oil (Kobe) dms. 38
J- rel-berries (L'horn) bgs. 8

l rel leaves (L'horn) bis. 10

'-ion oil (Messina) pk"-s V>
ilermo) cs. 15, (Catania) cs.

see also Essential oils

|,

Liongrass oil (Cochin) dms. Mincing Lane and. the Navy.

f cjuice (Trinidad) cks 73 Wajt, bees' (B'ltona.) cs. 30, At the annual meeting of the General Produce Brokers'
(R'dam) 18
(renada) cks. 241 ( gt' Association of London, held at the London Commercial
Wax, veget. (Kobn) ?5 Sale rooms on January 24, the following resolution, moved
lorn) cks. 147. (Do-ninicr.j Zinc oxide (R'dam) 230

[S. 318. hds. 77, cks. 293, To Manchester. by Mr. W. W. Green, J. P., C.C., and seconded by Mr.
G. H. Garrard, was carried unanimously: "The members
<is. 135. pkgs. 4

oil (Dominica) cks. 5. dms Arachis oil (R'dam) cks. 60 of above Association desire to express their thanks to the
Calcium carbide (St. John)
<"?-.16 (St. Lucia) cbys. 6, Navy and the men of the Mercantile Marine, fully realising
dms. 2.000
Jrimdad) cs. 11, d ms g the splendid work they have done in the protection of our
L,<!ed ( ?' bay) 1.H8, (C'cutta) Farina (R'dam) bis. 300
Lithopone (R'dam) eks. 17 shipping .enabling the trade of this country to be carried
. s. 111, .597 Phosphorus (St. John) cs. 300
on so successfully. The resolution to be entered on the
MML|orioe juice (Catanin) c B Soda phosph. (N.Y.) brK 62
seilles) cs. 8, (Naples) minutes and a copy sent to the First Lord of the
Tannic acid (St. John) brls. 12
Admiralty." H

A. . .

i 30 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

Market-prices of Drugs and Chemicals Ij 11 II 111 VCtj\UAQ n01f
in Germany at the end of July and
November 1915. •July -NOV. Baxm
Duly paid.
Duty paid*
M. per
J1 .OUfUl Ilfii-IllnUco. 1UU KllOSt

INORGANIC CHEMICALS. npiAi.'pipHlhp* inrn-iirul QjRo funu jI.DuAu u*\ft ... ... 115-120 11 7/ nu_-iloaUn
...
Acetate, lead ... ... ... |

... ... 80-90 115-120

End of ,, solution of aluminium ... 22—24 26-28
November
End of Acetone pure 9iid'.roKi_—0ifOiUn
July 1915. 1915. ,
Duty paid.
Duty paid. -A.nl yl acetate ... ... ... 350-375
M. per M. per
100 kilos. Benzoic acid (ex toluol) DJU D 1 O DjU-D 19
100 kilos.
Pufcyric acid 50 p.c. pure ... ... ...

Camphor (Jap an) ... ... ... 7CA Aft 7( RDOU_—a0nUAU
18—20
Camphoric acid ... ... ...

... 18-20*

C arbon tetraohlori d e... ... ... ... Itv-ltO
950-1,000
Alum, crvst. and powder 22-24 25-27 Oifrip pv\ cfL' 1 1 1* ... 1 dnn-1 4<;n
... ... ... 65-70 85-90 ofirl - 32-35* 45-50'J
... ... ... 41-43 40-42 J1.4t0U_—TI;jiUr^
... 320-325 1 '1 .1 ... ... ... ... 159-169
... 65-70 1 ,' ... 60—62 62-65
... 75-80 11 . 1r1i*Iavo 1f1vUnI1m1 IAATtmIe^ot ... 66-70 66-70
180-185 ... 44f\_4 c,fl
Chrome alum ... ... ... j 175-180 mC 0 u a ri n 04U-3DU
j 250-260 ... ooc inn
... 240-250
... 200-220 pTmiruro 100l1-,'tlIIn'1 iJ" ,
.-Unnionia (0.910) ... 110-140 n1 1 .
22-24
15-17 —'
22-24
Amnion* carb. ... ... 1 140-150 85-95 Formic acid 50 p.c. pure ... ...

Amnion, chlor. cryst., chem. pure 60-65 67 Formaldehyd c ... ... ...
45-50
Karium nitrate 55-60 1,100-1,150 «Grallic acid ... ... ...

Borax, ref. powd. ... ... ... i 120-125 9-94; 'Mill 1 111 ZO ... ... ... ...
125-130
,, cryst. 23-25 Hydro Quinonc ... ... ... ... OUU^OQU

Boric acid| ref. powd. 150-155 30J-32* Mannite . .. ... ... ... ... 14—15* 17-18*
26-27 i*
„ H erysfc. ..." 145-150 •Oxalic acid ... ... ... ... 72^—75 791_7c
Bromine 25-26
475-500 120-175 Fhenolphthalein ... ... ... ... 12—14* 12-14*

Bromide, potass. 420-460 48-50 Pyro^allul, pure ... ... ... ... l,UOU^l, J.UU
64-7
Oalcium carb. ... ... ... i 18-19 700-720 iiesorcin, cryst. ... ... ... ... — uu0 1 -J 1 775-800
12-14 oca otc
it chloride Salicylic acid, cryst 320-360 320-360
phosphate 275-300
20-22 1 Qf\_9A£ n powder 280-320 280-320
Sodium salicyl. cryst
Oarhon disulphide 75-80 14D— loD 380-420 380-420
140—150
Copper sulphate 67 Tannin, pure 360-380 400-450
95—100*
Ferric chloride, cryst. 45-50 65-67 Tartar, cream of, chem. pure 600-650 480-500
104-11 375-400 450-500
Ferric oxide ammonia ... 1,100-1,150 18-22 Tartar emetic ...
23—24
Ferrous sulphate 85-95 Tartaric acid, cryst 950-1,000 775-800
O 91 * 825-800
Hydrogen peroxide, pure 22-24 chem. pure
40—44
Iodine, resub. 30J--32* 70-75 Terpin. hydrate 550-575 575-600
26-27A* 80-85* 96-100*
Iodide, potass. Vanillin
14J-15A
I.itniuni carb. 120-175

ifagneeia, calc. 48-50

Magnes. carb. 6£-7 * Pur kilo.
600-620
- , sulp b ate 140-150
Mercuric chloride 145-155
105—115
Nickle ammon. sulpli. 145-165 Crude drugs.
125—130
„ sulphate
Potassium bichrom. ... 90—95
... 63—65*
cyanide End of End of
11-12 July 1915. Not. 1915.
,, forrocyanidc 18-22 Duty paid.
:.. 22-24 Dirty paid.
ii permang. ... M. per M. per
2-2** 100 kilos.
Silver nitrate ... ... 100 kilos.

Soda, calcined 98 to 100 p.c.
Sodium bicarb.

,, hydroxide ... ... Aloes, Cape 145-155 185-190
ii perborate ... ... Aloes, Curacao 125-135 170-175
ii persulphate Balsam, Canada 1,150-1,200
,, thiosulphate ... 3J-4* 1,150-1,200 210-220
Zinc chloride 20-22 ,, Copaiba, techn. 210-220 350-400
D.A.B.V. 300-380
65-70 23-25* 22-23*
,, Peru 600-640
* Per kiU „ Tolu, natural 625-650 260-280
PHARMACEUTICAL AND CMUANi CHEMICALS. Calabar beans 290-310 160-170
160-170
End of End of Cascara sagrada 45-60
November 45-60 280-290
July 1915. Cassia fistula 175-185
Dulv paid. 1915. 110-120 625-675
Olltv n:iit] Cassia lignea 840-660
M. per Coca leaTes, Truxillo ... 75-85 160-170
M. per Condurango bark 550-600 165-250
kilo. Ergot ... 620-650
kilo. 150-160 65-70*
Gamboge 135-250 38-39*
Acetanilide 225-250* 265-285* Ginger, Cochin C. 36-57'
520-620* 520-620* 60-62* 80-130
Acetylsalicvlic acid Gum arabic 38-39* 28-30*
32-34 32-34 34-35* 130-375
Antipyrin 17-18 Hydrastis 125-150
22-244 18- 20 Ipecacuanha, Bio 80-85 140-160
Bismuth subt il late 35-37| 26-28 28-30* 725-750
300-320 35-374 ,, . .Cartagena 130-375 725-750
ii subnitrate 300-320* Jaborandi leaves 125-150 140-150
Caffeine t 220-330* 125-140
205-215 Jalap resin 675-700 150-160
Chloral hydrate cry**t. 145-165* 640-650 Jalap root 575-600 39-40*
205-215 3.60-4 Kola 125-140
Chloroform, pure 625-650 240-300* Liquorice root, Russian 33-35* 140-150
Cocaine hydrochLnh e Lycopodium 75-95
5.60 1 13J-15J Jlanna ... 150-160
Codeine, pure 240-300* 18J-204 Matico leaves ... 42-45 * 280-29C
4.90-5.20 Menthol 165-17-'
Creosote 13i-15J Myrrh 190-200 150-15!
36-38 75-95
Gelatin ... ... ..." 184-20.'. 810-820* Opium 10 p.c. morphine 250-28'
300-320 520-60
Guaiaeol licj. 4.90-5.25 165* Quillaia bark, cut 165-175 140-16
36-38 460-465 145-155
Guaiaeol carb. 325-330* Rhatany 45-50
725-750* 450-500* Rhubarb, high dried ... 9-10 525-55
Hexamethvlcueteti'Hinini' 135* Sabadilla seed ... 250-280
7.70-8.30 Saffron, Spanish 520-600
Iodoform 450-460 Saponine, crude 140-160
31-34 i
Mercurous chloride Sarsaparilla, V.C. 45-50*
. 4-44 t60-65 ,, Honduras
Milk-sugar 64-7 50-52 475-500
Senna leaves ...
Morphine, hydrochlor. t45-50 . 61J-64 Vanilla, Maurit.
4J-5 Zedoary
Paraldehyde 39J-434
48-53 260-285
Pepsin .'
4J-5 62J-654
Phenacetin 260-285 30-52
624-654 80-84
Pilocarpine hydrochlor.f 70-72
25-261
Quinine sulphate (German! 72 74 185-195
D.A.B/V 55-60
155-175
Salol

Santonin, cryst.

Strychnine nitr.

Sulphonal

Theobromine, pure

Thymol, cryst. —SAIGON Pepi er. The e3x,p0o94rtstonsf,roamgainNset w4.1UC1alwed''

Veratrine, pure during 1914 amounted to

1913 and 3.593 tons in 1912. During 1914 France rece {

Per 100 kilos. t Per 100 graiiw. 2.626 tons, Singapore 300, and Hong-Kong 100 tons.

Ianuary 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 181

Continental Drug and Chemical Markets. The Uses of Amyl Acetate.
'he following notes chiefly refer to the Hamburg and
Mr. T. H. Durrans, B.Sc, contributes from the labora-
•lin markets under date of January 3 and 5 tories of A. Boake Roberts & Co., Ltd., Stratford, E., to
the " Journal of Chemical Technology " an article dealing
lLBUMEN is firm and unchanged. Dried egg-yolk has been
1 at m.16 per kilo. Liquid egg-yolk has met with a with the industrial applications of amyl acetate. The most
dy sale at m.325 per 100 kilos.
important property of amyl acetate is its power of dis-
Iascaea Sagrada is dearer, and has been sold at from
!10 to m.220 per 100 kilos., but m.250 is now asked. solving nitro-celluloses of widely varying degrees of

'evadilla remains very active, and large quantities have nitration. The solutions thus obtained yield tough, elastic,

n sold at m.250. and transparent films on evaporation, and the property of

Iitric Acid remains in active demand at m.14.50 per yielding such films is, in the main, the reason for the great

). for prompt. success of amyl acetate. The solutions are more viscous

'ondubango is firmer at from m.I15 to m.120 per 100

)S. than those in other solvents, and can be made of any degree
of viscosity. These are usually known as " Dopes." Two
—'ormaldehyde. Makers have advanced their price to
kinds of lacquers for brass and silver ware are made, hot
'5 per 100 kilos. ; the demand is large.
and cold, according to whether stoving is or is not neces
[ydroquinone has been advanced from m.6 to m.15 per
>., on account of the dearness of raw materials. Asary. hot lacquer is usually a solution of a gum or_

pecacuanha is firmer. For Rio from m.44 to m.45 and lac in methylated spirit and, after application to the work,
Cartagena from m.41 to m.42 has been paid.
requires to be dried by heat to prevent the deposition of
!x)LA is much firmer. Quarters have been sold at m.135
moisture from the atmosphere. The boiling-point of amyl
I halves at m.130. C(iso) acetate is 137° C, and the flash-point is 40°
Amyl
iEAD Acetate has again advanced to from m.120 to m.125
100 kilos, for white large crystals, and from m.115 to acetate is essential for cold nitro-cellulose lacquers. The

.20 for small crystals and powder. only effectual substitute is amyl formate, which, although

iECTITHIN is extremely scarce and has advanced to from of a lower boiling-point and higher cost, is used because
.50 to m.200 per kilo., according to quality.
of its freedom from the pear odour of amyl acetate; jt

has a smell recalling that of leather. Amyl acetate is an
excellent solvent for gum resins, in this respect easily

.YCOPODIUM has also advanced, in consequence of scar- outstripping turpentine oil. Amyl-acetate cold lacquers art-

'. Cases are quoted at from m.825 to m.840, and bags applied by dipping, brushing, or spraying, and vary mainlj

b m.815 to m.830. in the percentage of nitro-cellulose in solution and the

Ienthol is firmer again on increased demand m.51 has solvent employed. Dipping-lacquers range from 2£ to 3g
;
per cent- of nitro-cellulose and at least 50 per cent, of
n paid and m.53 to m.55 is asked.
amyl acetate. Brushing-lacquers, used as fillers for wood
US (Essential).—Star-anise is higher and the demand
and leather, contain up to 10 per cent, of nitro-cellulose,
increased; m.16.75 per kilo, has been paid and
and also sometimes gums up to 30 per cent. Spraying-
8.50 is asked. Cassia has been sold at from m.10 to
lacquers contain 2g to 3 per cent, of nitro-cellulose and a
1. Clove has been sold at m.20, but prices are
large amount of some diluent, such -as benzene or petrol,
ected to advance. Globulus Eucalyptus is quoted at
which will evaporate quickly and is not hygroscopic. The
150 per kilo. Small quantities of Ceylon Lemongrass
spraying method is used for gilding picture-frames, metallic
".still be had at m.6. 75. The principal owner of Japanese
powders being mixed with the amyl-acetate solution. Nitro-
M oil maintains the price at m.26 per kilo., but buyers
cellulose dopes or lacquers are extensively employed on tbe
se to pay more than m.24.
Continent and in the United States for the production ol
—:ls (Fixed) and Fats. The Hungarian Home Depart-
patent leather, with results far surpassing the old linseed-oil
!t has commandeered all existing stocks of hempseed
process so tenaciously adhered to in this country. Dopes
and hempseed. The official maximum price fixed for
are also used in the boot-trade to stiffen toecaps and to
'pseed is kr.54 per dz. The sale of rape, lin, and hemp-

4 is officially regulated. coat the eyelets and lace-holes, etc., for cementing, water-
proofing, and " filling " leather, and also for backing furs,
(hash Carbonate.—Makers have again advanced their
etc. An important industry is the manufacture of artificial
res to m.45 for 80 to 85 per cent., and to m.52 per
leather and leather-cloth. Here amyl-acetate dopes are
Xtilos. for 90 to 95 per cent. ; granulated, m.55.
used for the best qualities, although ether-alcohol collodions
MASH Chlorate.—Technical is offered in larger quan-
ta, and is cheaper at from m.160 to m.170 per 1C0 kilos. are sometimes employed for the cheaper sorts. The dope.^
Itash Ferrocyanide has advanced to from m.150 to
'•p. All makers are now said to have joined the Con- in these instances are incorporated with a mineral pigment

? ion to impart the desired colour and body to the coat and then

distributed over the leather or cloth by means of rollers

1|WASH Permang. has been advanced by the makers, or brushes ; the fabric may be, but seldom is, dyed pre-
nil crystals are quoted m.115, medium m.120, and large
•\als m.125 per 100 kilos. viously. Another process is to prepare the nitro-cellulose

Cellaia.—Whole has been quite cleared, and cut is getting film separately by drying on smooth metal plates and t
njr again, with sales at from m.145 to m.150 (Decem-
cement (he resultant film on to the cloth by means of
ei|l. 1915).
glue or gum and the application of pressure. The coated

cloth is then generally embossed. Spraying is also resorted

( inine. Makers have advanced the prices from m.56 to in the manufacture of leather-cloth. Leather splits are

™}p kila for sulphate (Ph.G. II.). from m.66 to also similarly treated, and much carriage and motor
-i
1 -?- V,; hydrochloride (Ph.G. II.) is m.75 to •jpholstery is manufactured in this manner. The nitro-
m jVi-
and hydrochloride (Ph.G. V.) from m.85 to m.88 per cellulose coating has such a strengthening effect that the

No contracts are being made. inferior grades of splits can be utilised economically for

-iega is quoted at from m.775 to m.800 per 100 kilos. this purpose. Dopes also find employment in the treatment

TNtllac has been sold in large quantities, especially of fur. both to stiffen the hairs and to strengthen the

t'i^cxahengbeet,terfrsoormts.m.3T0h0etoprmic.e3s10a;re:"lTeNm,onym,."265frtoom m.270 skin. In the former case the dope is applied by means of
m.330
M4r? German Garnet marks are still offered at from a oomb dipped in dilute amyl-acetate solutions of nitre-
to m.260.
cellulose. Metallic powders are sometimes added to simu-

S|PS.—The Austrian makers have advanced the price of late the appearance of silver fox, bearskin, etc. Artificial

ar soap by kr.34 to kr.230 fur tails are worked up from narrow strips of fur with a
anps has been advanced by
per 100 kilos. ; the price of thick dope on to a cord. Lacquers are extensively used
kr.45 to kr.255.
for waterproofing a diversity of materials, among the mc
i (AEINDS are cheaper, in consequence of which the
important being cloths and fabrics, cartridge-cases, wood,

sl tly ^creased. First black E.I. have electric insulations, and paper. Mackintoshes are in some

u V&f .poi, sold at! m.150 per 100 kilos. instances produced in a similar manner. Aeroplane-wings

TAEIC CI°,-~T he demand has again increased, and are lacquered for the purpose of waterproofing and tighten-
i^>3i 7
per 100 , , been paid. ing, and also to reduce air-friction; while balloons are

kilos, has

0L 19 stl11 to be had in small quantities at m.! per similarly treated to render them gastight. In the motor-
iljr

4_pHSI Leaves are in active d*emand, in consequence industry amyl-acetate lacquers are used, as already men-

|J^r Tf X pe tioned, for the production of upholstery leather, also for

- d Prohibition of exportation from Austria. the manufacture of accumulators and celluloid-covered

°A tr a lre

'twe P jdestined; , said to b e only small, and parcels steering-wheels, and as petrol-proof varnish and for
been held back;
for Germany have lacquering brasswork. Straw hats and linen collars have

is quoted at from m.180 to m.185 per 100 kilos. of recent years been treated with amyl-acetate lacquers to

S mln V6ry Sma11 lots at from ' 96 to render them waterproof and washable. Another large in-

>9ber kil dustry that utilises amyl acetate is the photographic and

182 THE CHEMIST AND DRUG 01 ST January 29, 1916

cinematograph industry, in which lacquers are used to

varnish the sensitised film side of the negative to protect

it from abrasion. Mixtures of amyl acetate with other

solvents are also used to cement lengths of film together

and mixtures with fatty oils are used to soften the surface

of phonograph cylinders prior to cutting the record. Th

high gloss on picture postcards is obtained by cementing Letters for this section should be written on one sideoft'e

a thin celluloid film on. to the card by means of warm paper only. The writer may adopt an assumed name (a;

gelatin solution; hence the technical term " gelatining '" purposes of publication, but he must in all cases furnish his
real name and address to the Editor.
given to the process. The necessary celluloid film

obtained by allowing dilute amyl-acetate lacquers to dry on

plate glass. Amyl-acetate lacquers are employed in the

manufacture of artificial flowers and feathers, in the coating 4~„ Sl The Tariff Ready -reckoner.
of buttons and such articles, and also as anti-fouling paints A fundamental error in the Insurance Dru"
when mixed with antiseptics, such as phenols, nanhthols
naphthaline, corrosive sublimate, arsenates, and arsenites * nn£ lves e prlce of drugs P er avoirdupois pound
Dispensing is seldom, if ever, on
while medicinally they find application for the purpose of otr 7,000 •

producing a protective coating for wounds. Amyl acetafr grams.

is an ideal paint-stripper although generally too costly this basis. The chemist sells drugs, etc., to the
;
Insurance Committee by apothecaries' weights, 16 bz
for the purpose, its high solvent properties and low of 480 grains or minims to the pound of 7.680 grains;
volatility enable it to remove paint and varnish with ease but in calculating the charges on a prescription the primary

factor is the price for 7,000 grains. Now, let us see what
happens. The quantities in which drugs are ordered arc,
more or less, simple multiple or divisional parts of 480 grs.
Royal Institution.
or nuns. Suppose 3j. of a drug is required at, say, W.
per pound, one's training would lead one to believe that
48 + 16 = 3d.
The first Friday evening discourse of the session took would give the correct answer but this is
;
wrong; the price 48d. is for the lb. of 7,000 grs. or mins.,
place on January 21 at the Royal Institution, the Duke

of Northumberland in the chair. The hour of meeting is therefore 3j. would be -X 3 = 3.29(Z. Again, take Siv.

now 5.30, but the attendance was not so large as is usual |
on a first night. Among those present were Sir J. J.
aq. chlorof. at 2d. per lb., the answer is not 2H=.5, but

Thomson, Sir Thomas Barlow, Mr. Robert Mond r Sir 4 480 _ 55d. One could fill a column with illustrations
James Crichton-Browne, Professor H. E. Armstrong, Pro
7000

Cfesor Silvanus P. Thompson, Professor G. G. Henderson, of the tedious character of pricing by the Tariff method,
Dr. C. Carpenter, Dr. M. O. Forster, Dr. Rudolph
but at present it may suffice to state that 60 per cent, of
Messel, and Mr. E. Grant Hooper. Professor Sir James
prescriptions will order medicated waters or infusions in-
Dewar delivered the lecture, which was entitled " Problems
volving the above incidentals, and shows the fatal error of

in Capillarity." This referred to the diffusion of gases using a factitious 7,000-gr. lb. instead of the natural

through films, and was a record of research undertaken medicinal 7,680-gr. lb. Yours, etc.,

since the subject was realt with a year ago. Referring to Wakefield, January 25. J. Denton.

Graham's experiments on diffusion, the lecturer explained Pricing and Checking Insurance Prescriptions.

ihe simple manometric method that has been devised —Sir, Is there any other panel chemist besides mysolf

by which diffusion of gases through membranes can be losing money on the dispensing- fees of Drug Tariff. 1916?
_
The analysis of 191 prescriptions recently dispensed is:
estimated at low temperatures and at high pressures. A

trap of liquid air removes all moisture from the gas with

which the experiment is being conducted. Regarding the 1915. 19 6. Total of
Disnfinsing-ffies, Dispensing-fees, Scripts,
preparation of the membranes, some of Faraday's slides of

thin films of gold were ptxjjected on the screen. These £2 17s. Sd. £2 10s. 7.4rf. 191

were mostly of a brilliant green, thinned down in various Drugs at cost and 0.8r7. establishment-charge are difficult

manners, and were optically examined by Faraday in a to defend, but a loss on our professionr.l allowance is not
great many ways. Faraday did this work in the evening
to be tolerated. Shall we wait until the 1917 contracts art
of his days, and referred to it as of the " mountain and talked about, or shall we get facts now and from day K
mouse " class. How thin can the. indiarubber tubes be
day, so that we can defend ourselves?
prepared for use in these experiments, and what material
Yours faithfully. I
is best as a support ? Experiments show that a film of
Vebb. Sap. (111/10.)
1 to T J„ of a millimetre supported on
pure filter-paper '
e^
Sir,— Since writing last about the proposed check" 1
diffuses gas easily and can be employed for high pressures.

The lecturer then branched off into a consideration of soap arrangements, I have been reminded that in estimating t 1

and oil films, and dealt with the measurements obtained by probable amount of money available there ought to "

Plateau, Reinold and Rucker, Johounott, Rayleigh, and deducted from the total number of insured persons all tnos -

Devaux. The appearance of a central black patch on a who have joined the Army and Navy. But, even so, a
t

soap film indicates the thinnest spot, and the appearance allowance of one-fifth of a penny per head should yi p|

of this sign was looked upon as the dissolution of the film. something like 7,0007. per annum, and this appears a
Sir James showed, however, that the black film is not unduly large sum to pay for checking prescriptions wnK
have already been checked at the pricing bureau. Wou
such an unstable thing as has been supposed. He exhibited
it not be better, especially in view of the narrowness of tl
a black film which had been kept in a bottle for three
months, and in that isolated atmosphere can be regarded as time-limits, that on official super-checker should he allow'

fairly permanent. A number of experiments were under- to work continually in each pricing bureau, nt the cost

taken to arrive at the conditions of stability of films the_ Pharmaceutical Committees and under the control

generally, and a special piece of apparatus, on 'the model their representatives ? .Such a super-checker could

of Wollaston's cryophorus, was devised for obtaining per- engaged at a salary of two to three guineas per week, ai
manent soap films in a vacuum. This film can then be the entire cost, for the whole of England and Wales nc

tested for strength, and by optical means. The beautiful not be more than about 2 0007. per annum, while the r-
Newton rings from soap and oil films were projected on the of delay in completing the work each pionth would ,

screen, and then the lecturer went on to explain how thin reduced to a minimum. There may be difficulties in
Acollodion films are made.
little collodion is poured on to —way of such an arrangement whichneed not he othpr t
friendly—but I fail to see them. The superintended
the surface of water, a wire ring introduced beneath it,
each bureau should be glad to have an extra checker (o<
and the film lifted out. " Some people will ask what is
the practical use of this work oh surface tension," said though an independent one) to heln to ensure accuracy
the Professor, who then referred to the fact that by utilising
the chemists' accounts, and the chemists w>uld haye

a difference in surface tension it will be possible to recover satisfaction of knowing that someone directly represw
residual metals from millions of tons of tailings at the tive of their interests was continually on th°
spot w

Broken Hill mines. He showed how this is accomplished the work of pricing was being carried on. Above all.

by shaking up in a bottle a mixture of the powdered tailings whole business would be keot senarate and distinct
in water to which a few drops of oleic "acid was added general pharmaceutical administrative work, to the m
the zinc sulphide is taken up by the froth produced, and
in this simple manner 80 to 90 per cent, of the metal can —fest advantage of the latter. Yours truly
Vtking. (W k

be recovered from what was looked upon as a waste pro- Buying Bottles Back.
duct. By this means also tailings containing per cent
1 Sir,—The second-hand bottle trade used to he loj
pt copper are being treated in the United States. The upon with contempt by many superfine chemists, but 1
lecturer hoped that these two
ance ot capillary phenomena. uses illustrated the import- |

never been averse to buving back my own bottle [

giving a fair price for them, always, however, rej

fANUABY 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 183

l as had contained oil. For the rest, the cleaning ever, my main contention is that 9.30 and 10 p.m. every
not a difficult matter. Half an ounce of strong hydro-
night in the week is not at all necessary and absolutely
pic acid will clean a dozen bottles containing a lime ridiculous, and it is within the power of pharmacists to put
osit, and for those which are resinous a small quantity a stop to it without any detriment to their turnover.
nethylated spirit will perform a similar service. There
I remain, yours faithfully,
naturally, an element of satisfaction in being able to
Locum. (110/17.)
a customer that we never use anything save new
Subscribers' Symposium.
—ties, but in these hard times hard not because of the
&For interchange of opinion among: " C. D." readers, and brief
c of money, but of the lack of glassware, which is eer-
notes on business and practical topics, especially new ideas.
—ily becoming scarcer every day even the most exclusive

,rmacies may think it good policy to get the servants

the big houses to save the bottles for the sake of the Bottle-caps.
lil perquisite that they would furnish. Pharmacists in
rer districts have perhaps the same opportunity, for Mi-. II". Walwin, chemist and druggist, Gloucester, sug-

dispensing doctor has taught his patients to expect a

tie every time, and to regard the old bottle as of little gests (hat the red paper used for backing roll-films, espe-
cially that from " Auto " films, makes a good material for
no value. Yours truly,

Bottle Washer. (109/90.) bottle-caps. The paper is also useful as a base for labels for

A Lord Derby Test. Weshop-botties. pass the suggestions on to other photo-

—ir, I notice in your reply to " Sondh " (94/50) in the graphic chemists.

le of the C. <£ D. dated January 22, you say that if he re- The " C. <£ Z>." Abroad.

r&d a rejection-form from the medical officer that was the " Attached please find cheque for 12s. bd., in payment

I of the matter. An assistant with me presented himself for my subscription for 1916. I cannot imagine how I could
enlistment under the Derby scheme in November or De- get along now without your journal, and when same does

lber and was rejected. In January he received a notice not arrive regularly every week it certainly looks as if

m the authorities demanding his appearance at the something is missing." So writes a Petrograd subscriber

racks with the first batch of groups called up. Failing

appearance he would be treated as a deserter. Natur- (179/7).
r inquiries were made at the barracks asking why he
Ringworm in Horses.
I been called up, and the reply was that he was only
'* Under ' Veterinary Notes ' in your issue of January 22
lporarily unfit, and being an attested man he must obey you give a formula for the treatment of the above disease

era. No oath had been taken, but the recruiting officer in horses which is' rather puzzling. May we, as an old

ted that when a man presented himself for enlistment he firm with experience of some fifty years, respectfully sug-

omatically became a soldier. To-day, January 25, he gest that our non-poisonous liquid preparation, ' Equisan,'

at up to barracks at 10 a.m. to straighten matters up, has been in use for many years for the cure of ringworm
in horses and dogs; that it is simple in application and
I was told to wait until 2.30 p.m. The time arrived
certain in effect, its properties consisting mainly of strong
1 he was again informed that the board of doctors tobacco with other ingredients, mostly of a vegetable matter,

Id not sit since one or two were unable to attend. In to enable it to penetrate through the skin to ensure the

sequence there is another journey to-morrow to the destruction of the insect? " Carry & Co., Ltd.

Aracks, which is three miles out of town. sergeant

hed to, or rather tried to, compel the man to stay at

•racks all night as he was a soldier (unattested). It What Would you Charge?
ms to me that the certificate of unfitness is not worth
For vears I have been preparing the enclosed prescrip-
paper it is written on. When Lord Derby introduced tion, and have had to advance the price twice within the
last three months for reasons which are obvious. I would
scheme he never intended men to be treated like animals be glad to have the opinions of some of your readers as to
what they consider a fair charge :
i not as human beings. Fiat Justitia. (111/46.)

Long Hours of Business.
ir—May I, through the medium of your journal, invite
Potass, brom. 3ij.
opinions of brother pharmacists regarding the long Potass, iodid. ... 51V.
Amnion, bromid. ... 3vj-
:irs of business, especially in those pharmacies where a Potass, bicarb.
at amount of National Insurance dispensing is being Tinct. calumb. ... 3U-
Glycerini
ie? The subject, I am fully aware, is one which has Aq. dest. ad ... ... 3ij.

fyin discussed over and over again, but with no satis- M. ...
result.- As assistant and locum, I have been practi-
- 3xij.

iy all over the country, and found the conditions of life
Pharmacy
anything but desirable, and decidedly con- pro dos. ut diet." Claude (108/72).
!f
My'?ns which could be
*e business in the
remedied. remarks refer chiefly A Merry Christmas.
larger towns, 'and more particularly

Manufacturing towns in the North and parts of London'.
|ve no hesitation in stating that it is high time phar-

i,ists in these towns came to some agreement with regard
iirlier closing. The assistant has generally done a hard
as work before
n\& harder one 5 o'clock, and goes back after his tea
staring him in the
face.. I know of

-yal cases where assistants have completely broken down
l saltn, and through nothing more than want of thought
Qlpe part of the employer. It is not mv intention to go
|t details but I would make the suggestion that em-
Ur9 endeavour to
find time off for their assistants
,",iig the day, if they cannot see to earlier
their wav clear
alway s a rush at night and
- workV, scarcely to be compared with more or less
drawing beer
xVcJPing counter Since the Lighting
Hthe Act came into force
many pharmacies have closed earlier, and I
Wat know

r° rpi-emgruhst:onaalndfexppmreeorripeeelnrycecahhaqanuvneeesltsni,ootnasnouldffeeardseudcaaotnibenogdayttohmoe.f The

nntu public
phar-
Voiderre 1 we
orC u are very stupid indeed to go on as
d ° mg 1 insider 8"p.m. quite late enough
\w7'.<e™ni?LafftPer -

and an ^ Insurance proscriptions dis-
that hour ,
be marked " Urgent." Quite
should

uu'lav urgent? Watl.°nal Insurance scripts are not parti-
y and it could be arranged for one chemist

akl Sf,f y dls P ense "urgent" scripts after that hour,

• In case 1 w ou'd like the
-
n rnS -
Pirn, „f „rt

™>aic'"ffi° 1*1
P uh a - acists. I feel that we are not being
,
Vu &Jen'ate
tW>ein 1r the extra work involved in dis
TInsurance scripts, the consequence
Wealth

tv. 15',?' 18 a * reat deal harder worked than " This Christmae-card, done by a boy of fifteen, is rather
'huom doubt very much if any better paid. How- good." F. E. Bannister (Bloxwich).
*fly,
and I

—: : '

184 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

Legal Queries. Yorks (107/40).—According to the letter from Lo

The majority of difficulties in regard to trade law are explained Derby's Secretary, and a letter from Mr. S. Vivian in t
in the legal section of " The Chemist and Druggist Diary," C. <b D., December 11, p. 34, chemists, in the sense
1916, beginning on page 341-
persons engaged in dispensing under the National Insi
anoe Act, are classed among those whose call to acti

service may be postponed, and any action that you desire

1J. W. B. (111/34).—The sale of " Head-powders" under take must commence in association with your employi
that name requires no stamped-medicine licence, but it
is possible that you may recommend these in such a way It is understood that persons in your class who have attest
as to require a licence. You fail, however, to give us the are not to be called up with their group. If you are, y
should at once consult your employer, who should set
necessary particulars.
without delay the notice that you have received to ti
recruiting officer who has issued it, with a certificate statii

—J. C. (102/1). Tincture of iodine, spirit of camphor, and the precise occupation in which you are actually engagi

tincture of capsicum cannot be made with methvlated spirit and the name, address, and business of your employ*
unless the Commissioners of Customs and Excise agree, and
the necessary authority should be applied for through the The recruiting officer should then provisionally cancel tl
notice sent to you, and if it is ascertained that ypi
local Supervisor of Excise-duties.
employer's statements are correct your name will be mark<

—O. W. B. (111/7). If the scale-makers are proceeding with in the register, or your case will be investigated by tl

the work on the supposition that you wanted the renewing Homelocal tribunal, the Office, or the Ministry <

done, we fear that you ai'e liable to pay the damages ; but Munitions.
you should inform them that their man quoted a price
about a third less than they now ask. —Ajax (108/69). There appears to be a scarcity of chlor

phyll at the present time, but the difficulty is not insu

mountable (see C. & D., January 8, p. 78). ' 1

—Euthmol (189/15). Registration as a chemist and druggist —Dispensing Chemist (109/90). Insurance Dispense

in Queensland is a first step towards registration as a Prices. Our correspondent says that " a discussion h
chemist and druggist in Great Britain. The fee required
arisen as to the actual allowances that, will be made, ct
here is 127. 12s., and application should be made to the
Secretary and Registrar, Pharmaceutical Society, 17 and fees, on various "articles under the new Tariff. Wou
Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C. The registration does you kindly price the following articles in your next iss
(cost and fees separately), that we may have expert advi
not apply to Ireland. upon the matter ? All the items are from actual scripts
The articles are as follows, and we append the prices
—Oee See (106/74). It is difficult to advice you in the case
the medicine, with the fee in parentheses: jvj. acid, ca:,
that you mention, but assuming that the article has been
fluid, pure, 11.34(7, (1.8(7.) ; jss. guaiacol, 23.60(7. (1.8(7
sold by you for several years under a specific name and the
'
identity of it can be clearly established, you have a certain
2 lb. malt and oil, 24.00<7. (1.8(7.); 2x3i in. crepe banda
right to the name and style under which the article is w27.00(7. (0.8(7.); i lb. boracic lint, 8(7, (0.8(7.); Jiv.

Wesold. cannot, however, say with absolute certainty zinci, 4.12(7. (1.8(7.) : J, lb. lint. 10(7. (0.8(7.) ; i lb. cotton-w
5.92(7 (0.8(7.); 3viij. p. acid, boracic, 3.84(7, (1.8(7.); 6 <1
whether or not you can establish a claim to the article by thyroid-gland tabs., gr. v., 10.98<7. (1.8(7.) ; 3 doz. pil. a)

legal proceedings. barb., B.P., 2.01(7. (1.8(7.); 3xvj. emul. ol. morrh. c. hy

Alva (110/23).— (1) An unregistered drug-store proprietor phosph., 22.56(7. (1.8(7.); 3iv. gly. acid, tannic, IK
who employs a registered chemist to sell and dispense
poisons for him is liable, to prosecution under Section 15 of (1.8(7.); k yard oiled silk, 5.5(7. (0.8(7.).
the Pharmacy Act, 1868. (2) Such proprietor cannot be
Who Said This ?
entered on the dispensing panel under the National Insur-
We have selected from famous authors .'
ance Act, but the" registered chemist may be, and if so the
things that 1
proprietor of the business becomes liable to prosecution
have said which pertain directly or indirectly to pharn /
under Section 15. (3) The proprietor cannot use the title
"chemist" or "pharmacist" without infringing the 1868 Weor medicine. propose to print these week by week,
Act. (4) If the business is transferred to a limited com-
pany it cannot use the title " chemist " or Ofwry on the we ask our subscribers to say who the authors were,
business of a chemist unless a registered chemist and
quotation printed last week was :
druggist is a director of trje company.
" Then they bid close your eyelids,

And they mask you with a napkin,

Carbon (95/5).—Mr. Justice Day, in deciding the case And the ansesthetic reaches
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons v. Groves, said
" It is competent for any person, whether he is a pharma- Hot and subtle through your being."

ceutical cheinist or no chemist at all, to publish his views Th is week's quotation is
about animal medicines, and make suggestions as to what
he thinks the best mode of treating them. I can see no " The bottles of green and blue light
Which you see in a chymist's shop-window at nigh
possible objection to anything of the sort. I am not at all
satisfied that because a man happens to be a chemist he is Tell us on a postcard who said this, giving your ie

debarred from publishing a book of the kind." His Lord- Weand address. shall award a copy of Wootton's ' 1
ship proceeded to say that it was reasonable for defendant
in the case mentioned to use the title " veterinary ,°j
chemist." The judgment did not cover the use of the
title " veterinary medicine specialist," but we think that nicies of Pharmacy," in two volumes, or of " Pharmace' a
D. subscriber or his assistant »
it could be made to cover that title provided the user is &Formulas," to the C.
not a veterinary practitioner, and simply carries on business correctly gives us the names of the authors of the quot; n

as a veterinary chemist. which we publish in our issues this month, includin

Winter Issue, January 29. Replies received later tha
,

days after the quotation is published will not have pi v1

of choice when we come to adjudicate the prize-win

Miscellaneous Inquiries. Retrospect of Fifty Years A \>>

When samples are sent particulars should be supplied to us as to Reprinted from " The Chemist and Druggist,' Feb. IS-

their origin, what they are, what they are used for and how. Gossip.

We do not undertake to analyse and report upon proprietary Mr. Flooks, chemist, late of Wells, Somerset, na

articles nor to publish supposed formulas for them. ^menced business at Above Bar Street, Southampton-

We do not as a rule repeat information which has been given in this ^Dr. Dauglish, whose name is identified with tne

section daring the past twelve months, but give the reference ^facture of aerated bread, died at Great Malvern last
Messrs. R. and J. R. Sturton will continue tne
to the issues in which the information may be found. If of the late firm of John Sturton & Co., chemists an<;-
querists cannot refer to thes°, they may obtain the numbers

&from the " C. D." Office at ( he published price, usually 6d.

^gists, Peterborough. r om

The sudden and great
E. Q. (174/18).—Please note for the future that a rule demand for . ,

vaccine lymp

from tne
article oomj
of these columns is that queries should be written on a ^its supposed power of protecting cattle j 0f
separate piece of paper. In your case the query was
led to the manufacture of a factitious
cpFTorrhlooeldmouwdcivieoacncdkceidbanynaftdirtohacinurs,dotsdwoteauncfsfe,oieivlxet.pdhooosmrueagdnhtayirnvteuaarnryflo.eerutmtnteueltnriiaktpceeubjt.lnfaia"sifh _
written on the back of an advertisement dealt with in a Iting
; 0„r
department which is located on a different floor at

42 Cannon Street. The most recent book on the physiolo-
gical action of drugs is the fourth edition of Dixon's
great daily contemporary.
" Pharmacology " (E. Arnold, 15s.).

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 113

KING EDWARD VII. ™a in QUEEN ALEXANDRA.
-

AWARDED 22 PRIZE MEDALS.

HEAD OFFICES:

.ONDON 71-75 New Oxford Street, LONDON.

NEW YORK DEPOTS :

CHICAGO 417-421 Canal Street.
232-4 Randolph Street.
MELBOURNE, Victoria 561-3 Bourke Street.
...SYDNEY, New South Wales 50 Clarence Street.
- -- 6 North Terrace.
Australasia Chambers, Queen St.
...ADELAIDE, South Australia 36 Jervois Quay.
....BRISBANE, Queensland 10 Fort Street.
WELLINGTON, New Zealand

AUCKLAND, New Zealand

irfce List and Showcards may be obtained from any of the

above Depots on Application. ?

114 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 29, 1918

Hopkin and Williams, Limited.

16 Cross Street, Hatton Garden, LONDON, E.G

W" WSei,*Uf^frLcS Telejrams : "Cerium London."
• AYllfrltOt*m*), TTec*»'»-
• Telephone: 604 Holborn.

Branch House of Howards & Sons, Limited, Stratford and Ilford,

MANUFACTURERS OF

Guaranteed Chemical Reagents

for Analysis and Research.

Made and supplied to standards and specifications desc ibed in

" Analytical Reagents : Standards and Tests."

Compiled by EDMUND WHITE. B.Sc.(Lond.), F.I.C.

The first edition of this book was published in 1911 in order that Chemists might procure these

materials to a definite specification of purity. The manufacture of Reagents was thus placed on a

&permanent basis in this country five years ago by Hopkin Williams, Ltd., and the firm have

received many indications of appreciation from their clients all over the world.

MAGNESIA

CARBONATE, CALCINED, FLUID.

The 11 patesia" brand of carbonate ar\d
calcir\ed Magnesia is distinguished for
Whiteness ar\d purihj. JKe reputation

I^ATESIaY^

v\ <±r*9 of the " patesia " products has been
obtained or\ these points and main-
tained for a long course of years.

THE WASHINGTON CHEMICAL CO., Ltd.

WASHINGTON, COUNTY DURHAM,

ENGLAND.

London Agents : Messrs. CLIFFORD CHRISTOPHERSON d CO., 21 Mincing Lane, London, B j



—

116 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

HUBBUCKS PURE OXIDE OF ZINC,

Sold by the following Wholesale Druggists HUBBUCK S PURE OXIDE

in Boxes of 7 /6s. and 14 lbs. stamped by Is made by Sublimation, and j

the Manufacturers ; also in 1-lb. Boxes and is Warrants

-1-lb. Glass Bottles :

ASlen & Hanburys (Lim.) Hirst, Brooke & Hirst. to contain upwards of
Baiss Bros. & Stevenson Hodgkinson, Prestons &
99 PER CENT.
(Lim.) King.

Bell, Jno., & Co. Hodgkinsons, Clarke &
Ward.
Bleasdale (Liin.) [(Lim.) Of Pure Oxide ; in fact the impurities a
Horner & Sons. not traceable.
Boots' Pure Drug Co. Huskisson, H. O., & Co.

British DrugHouses(Lim.) Inman's Stores (of Edin-

Burgoyne, Burbidges <Sc boro).

Co. Ismay, John, & Sons THOS.HUBBUCK&SO!
Lofthouse & Saltmer
Butler & Crispe
Clay, Dod & Co. (Lim )
Cockburn & Co. (Lim.)
Corbyn, Stacey & Co. Oldfield, Pattinson & Co.
Pinkerton, Gibson & Co.
Dakin Brothers. [(Lim.) Raimes, Clark & Co. (Established 1765) LTI
Raimes & Co.
Duncan, Flockhart & Co. Rankin & Borland.

Evans, Gadd <fe Co. & Silversides, R. B. G. 24 LIME STREET,

Evans Sons Lescher Southall Bros. & Barclay. LONDON, E.C.
Sumner, R , & Co.
Webb (Lim.)
Ferris & Co. Taylor, James.
Gale & Co. Thompson, John (Lim.)

Glasgow Apothecaries' Co, Willows, Francis, Butler

Glasgow New Apothe- & Thompson (Lim.)
Woolley, Jas., Sons & Co.
caries' Co. Manufacturers of
(Lim.)
Goodall. Backhouse & Co. White Lead, White Zin
Wright, Layman & Urn-
Harker, Stagg & Morgan Paints, Oils,
ney (Lim.) Colours, Varnishes, &
(Lim.)
Wyleys (Lim.) Austr 'JjIan Office -
Harkness, Beaumont & 34 QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNI

Co. The Manufacturers supply their I*
Oxide Wholesale only, in quantities!
Eatrick, W. & R., & Co.
not less than 2 cwt.
Barry, E. J., New York. McKesson & Robbins, New
Carter, Carter & Kilham,
York.
Boston.
Muth Brothers & Co.,
Finlay & Branswig New
; Baltimore.

Orleans. Roller & Shoemaker,

Langley & Michaels, San Philadelphia.

Francisco. Schieffelin, W. H., & Co.,
New York.
Lehn & Fink, New
Shoemaker, R., & Co.,
York.
Philadelphia.

FINE CHEMICALS for Scientific pur- We make a specialty of the

poses and for College and Technical manufacture of

Institute Laboratories. LYCEROPHOS

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMICALS of 'HATE OF SODIUM

Standard Quality for Manufacturing and IN FORM OF PURE CRYSTALS.
Dispensing. ALSO ANHYDROUS POWDER.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS in WE JILSO MANUFACTURE

bulk or ready Packed for Retailing. GLYCEROPHOSPHATE
OF CALCIUM, PURE
RADIUM and RADIO-ACTIVE
(Free from added acid or other impurities)
MINERALS.
GLYCEROPHOSPHATE
MINERAL and GEOLOGICAL OF POTASSIUM 75%
SPECIMENS and SETS. GLYCEROPHOSPHATE

TECHNICAL CHEMICALS for Glass, OF SODIUM 75%

China, Enamel, Varnish, and other
manufacturing purposes.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS, Fer.

tilizers, etc.

Contractors to H.M. Government.

Price Lists sent free on Application.

HARRINGTON BROS., LTD., Monsanto Chemical Work

Manufacturing Chemists, ST. LOUIS, Mo., U.S.A.

4 OLIVER'S YARD, CITY ROAD, Min,Manufacturers alto of Phenacetin, Phenolp A
Vanillin, Coumarin and Saeehan
LONDON) EiC>Telephone No.: ?'-Sei,ecgcraatpihvice Address
_London.*i
10586 Central.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 117

.

Are now manufacturing many
articles hitherto of enemy

origin, and invite enquiries.

Our Representatives and Agents in
all parts of the world place us in a
unique position to fill our friends'
requirements to advantage, and our

organisation at home enables us to

give prompt and accurate service.

EVANS SONS LESGHER & WEBB, Ltd.

LIVERPOOL & LONDON,
Also NEW YORK, U.S.A.

"

118 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

WELCH & HORNER,

&Drug Merchants Essential Oil Importers,

9-10 Jewry Street, and Carlisle Avenue, LONDON, EX.

Telephone—Avenue 3070. Telegrams - " Orrisroot,. Fen, London.

We hold stock on spot and can quote to advantage for

Aloes (Curacao), Orris Root, Spanish Ergot?

Senega Root Block Juice, Eucalyptus
?

Oil B.P., Senna Leaves, Balsam Tolu 0

BARKCUT QUILLAI Speciality

ALL POWDERED DRUGS STOCKED. KINDLY WRITE FOR PRICE LIST.

illll!l!!!llllll!!i>IIIIIIIUIIIII!!lliil!!lllllll!l!ll!lli FOR PROMPT AND FORWARD

| BECKER, SHILLAN & CO., | DELIVERY—

40 EASTCHEAP, E.C. ACID ACETIC, GLACIAL
ACID SALICYLIC
| STOCK |
HEXAMINE
| Salicylates [ METHYL SALICYLATE
PHENACETINE
| Cream of Tartar I PHENAZONE
POTASSIUM BROMIDE
SODIUM BROMIDE
SODIUM SALICYLATE
SULPHONAL

SEND YOUR INQUIRIES TO—

I Tartaric Acid I THE FABRA COMPANY

LTD.

24 MINORIES, LONDON, E.

Tele. : AVEN. 5333. Telegrams : 46 Vicar Lane, """StX""?"**' ^GLVAS8&°°SW'
MANCHESTER.
,, 5334. "Beckdietz." % BRADFORD.

And at 15 STANLEY STREET, LIVERPOOL. | And at NEW YORK.

IWIIIIKIIIIIIffl

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 119

GOLD MEDALS : Sydney 1879, Melbourne 1880, Calcutta 1883.

GRAND PRIZE: Franco-British Exhibition, London, 1908.

GRAND PRIZE : Japan-British Exhibition, London, 1910.

Comprising the Old-Established Businesses

Established 1859 - - THOMAS WHIFFEN, Battcrsca
Established 1654 GEORGE ATKINSON & COMPANY, St. Andrew's Hill, E.C.
Incorporated 1890 J. A. WINK & CO., Battcrsca (late of Devonshire Square)

W E continue to associate the names of George Atkinson & Co.
and J. A. Wink & Co. with those respective branches.

SPECIALTIES

EMETINE SALTS AND PREPARATIONS

ATKINSON'S WHIFFEN'S WINK'S

IODINE PREPARATIONS CAFFEINE & SALTS MORPHINE

BROMINE PREPARATIONS SALICINE ALKALOID & SALTS

REFINED CAMPHOR STRYCHNINE (HULLE'S) CODEINE
STRYCHNINE SALTS
ALKALOID & SALTS
VERMILION THEOBROMINE & SALTS
ALL OPIUM
MERCURIALS NICOTINE & SALTS
DERIVATIVES
ESSENTIAL OILS QUININE & SALTS
OPIUM EXTRACT B.P.
PRUNELLA QUINETUM
ANTIMONY CINCHONA BARKS OPIUM
ALUMS. EXPRESSED OILS CINCHONA ALKALOIDS
EXTRACTS SOLID & FLUID B.P. 6UM & POWDER

Our products may be obtained through any of the Wholesale Drug and

Chemical Houses in the United Kingdom and the Colonies or direct
;

correspondence is invited from those interested in the Wholesale Trade.

EXCEPTIONAL QUOTATIONS AND TERMS,

where possible, will be conceded to Manufacturers and Exporters.

TELEGRAMS : " WHIFFEN LONDON." Codes for Telegraphing : A BC, 4th and 5th Editions, and Lieber's.
TELEPHONES
: 254 & 255 Battersea. G. Atkinson & Co. Branch 970 Bank. J. A. Wink & Co. Branch 254 & 255 Battel sea

:

120 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

Bismuth - Formic - Iodide Comp. Powder

The Ideal Dry Surgical Dressing

Bismuth-Formic-Iodide Comp. rapidly progressive type, sucl!
Powder is indicated in all acute
as serpiginous and phagadenii

or chronic inflammations of the ulcerations, existing indepen

skin and subcutaneous tissues, dently of or complicating vene

such as exist in specific or non- real diseases.

specific skin diseases, ulcers, Bismuth-Formic-Iodide Comp

wounds, and suppurating sur- is an aseptic and unusually ant

faces, burns, scalds, abscesses, septic astringent alterativej

etc. It is of particular value in analgesic and stimulating dr

the treatment of chronic indolent dressing for wounds, ulcer;

leg-ulcers and in local diseases tions, discharging sores, ski
of a markedly inflammatory and
diseases, etc.

SEND FOR SAMPLE

Tetanus Antitoxin, Antistreptococcic Serum, Antimeningitis Serum and a full line of Biological Products

H. K. MULFORD COMPANY, Philadelphia, U. S. A

Manufacturing and Biological Chemists

LONDON: 119 HIGH HOLBORN, W. C.

Distributing Agents > THOMAS CHRISTY & CO.. Old Swan Lane. London. E. C*

Wilcox, Jozeau&Co

telephone : 49 HAYMARKET, 'Celegrams
GERHARD 2521. " Physic, Charles,
LONDON, S.W.
London."

Importers of

FOREIGNAll kinds of

Proprietary MEDICINES

and many kinds of PERFUMERY.

Whenever in doubt where to obtain any new or out of-

1 the-way article, write to WILCOX, JOZEAU & Co.

SHIPPERS ARE INVITED TO WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS.

WlLCOX, List of Foreign Medicines on Application. London, S.W.

JOZEAU & CO., 49 Haymarket,

ANUABY 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 121

Omar Xhnyya Ess Viotio |

^4 For Whitening and Softening 1 the Hands. zrz

§ 40/- per doz.
l\ er bot.
| THESE LINES ARE |
| BROUGHT PRO- j

| MINENTLY BE- |

| FORETHE PUBLIC |
| BY EFFECTIVE %

| ADVERTISING IN |

THE PRESS.

25/- 45/- 100/- 187/- per doz. net.
3/3 5/9 12/6 23/6 per bot. retail.

Coirvolsler's §©aps Perftanes
a

VIOTTO PERFUME VIOTTO SOAP

16/6 32/- 61/6 115/- 220/- per doz. net. Per dozen boxes of three tablets ... 21/- net.
2/6
2/3 41- 7/9 14/6 27/6 per bottle. Per box RETAIL

HAVANITA PERFUME HAVANITA SOAP

20/- 37/3 66/6 125/- per doz. net. Per dozen boxes o( three tablets ... 2 '/- net.
2/3
2/6 4/9 8/6 15/9 per bottle. Per box RETAIL

OMAR KHAYYAM OMAR KHAYYAM SOAP

25/- 45 - 100/- 187/- per doz. net. Per dozen boxes of three tablets ... lCj- net.
3/3 5/9 12/6 23/6 per bottle. 21-
Per box RETAIL

COURVOISIER'S C.C. PERFUMES, without spirit.

28/6 per doz. net. 3/9 per vial RETAIL.

In VIOTTO, OMAR KHAYYAM, and all Floral Odours.

': ''1 1 . 1 wholesale: ~
rii'n ^ : fiifnJiiiiifiimniNJin'iifMi'^i.'nifii^iifiniiniifin^fiHiJinnifitiiifii llPlll^lllllllllllllllllllllll!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

&iiromvloy Co n LM., Acton Vale, London, W.

1(77

122 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

Brstis Products

MANUFACTURED

BY

0 WRITE FOR
QUOTATIONS
FOR

Anaesthetics,

Chloroform,

ALL Duncan

GRADES. Ether,

Ethyl Chlor

EDINBURGH

& LONDON

155 Farringdon Road.

January 29, 1916 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 123

British Products

MANUFACTURED

BY

WRITE FOR G£
QUOTATIONS
FOR

.

Haemoglobin Precip.
Duncan

Extract of Male Fern
Duncan

Nucleinic Acid

Duncan

Extract of Liquorice

(Liquid; Duncan

EDINBURGH

& LONDON

155 Farringdon Road.

—)

124 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 29, 1916

PEPSINE-STEARNS, B.P.&U.S.P.

in SCALE, POWDERED AGRANULAR

Frederick Stearns & Co. invite your attention to their

comprehensive line of Pepsines and allied products, such as

Pepsine, Scale, 1:2500; 1:3000; 1:6000.

&Pepsine, Powdered, 1 : 3000 , 1 : 6000, 1 : 10,000—any strength.

Diastase, Powdered, all strengths.

Pancreatin. Haemoglobin.
Beef Peptone, Powdered or Paste.
Thyroid Glands, B.P. and U.S.P.

Ox Gall, Powdered.

Our sixty years of experience in the manufacture of first-grade pharmaceuticals places us in a position to produce
goods of the highest quality, and with the greatest economy.

Our Pepsine Department is thoroughly equipped to properly handle the largest and smallest of orders, and we
solicit an opportunity to quote on your requirements.

FREDERICK STEARNS & COMPANY
DETROIT : MICHIGAN : U.S.A.

London: 35 Snow Hill, E C. Sydney, N S W. Calcutta: 8 Waterloo Street.
New York. » Kansas City. San Francisco.
Windsor, Canada.

Hormotone - Kinazyme - Secretogen ARSENIC White, Red, Yellc
{ Lump and Powder.

ARSENITES Usual compounds a
ARSENATES special competitions
match samples of Sh<
I Dip, Weed Killer, I

Oldest Brand, " Lion." Largest Works
Only Makers o! all varieties in U.K

BRITISH MINING & METAL CO., LI

GUNNISLAKE, TAVISTOCK.

T.A.—" Metalloys Gunnislake." ABC, & Lieber's Co.

3C' t%s t£-' i

(I Theobromine
Pure Alkaloic
A. D. S. Co.,
Theobromine
6 Northumberland Avenue, W.C.
Sodio-Salicylaf
AND ALL WHOLESALERS.
(chemically the same as Diuretine).

Societeit voor Chemische Industrie Katwi ,
KATWIJK-AAN-ZEE,

HOLLAND.