THE CHEMIST & DRUGGIST - 30 JANUARY 1915

:

106 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Jaxuary 30, 1915

Telegraphic Address WORLD'S HEADQUARTERS FOR Telephone : M

'CRESSWELIj, WESTCENT, LONDON.' No. 1432 HOLBORN.

i

I INTERNATIONAL SPONGE IMPORTERS, LIMITED.

CRSSSWEX^ BROTHERSJLi
Sponge Imaorters, Exporters ana Merchants, and Chamois Leather Dressers, [BRANCH
& RED SQUARE, LONDON,18 19
LION w^'^»^o^fe«^g;^| fte^-^^Bieacheries, W.C.

i LARGEST SPONGE WAREHOUSES IN THE WORLD.

Buyers are invited to call to Inspect our Magnificent Stocks and make their own Selections. Lowest Market
Prices. Absolutely Best Values. The following abridged List will serve as a guide to Buyers when writing.

UNBLEACHED MEDITERRANEAN SPONGES in Original Cases.

HONEYCOMB. HONEYCOMB. HONEYCOMB. FINE TURKEY CUPS FINE TURKEY

Extra Choice. Toilet &. Bath 3rd Shape, 1st Quality. SOLIDS.

FINESTTEXTURE Good 2nd Toilet & Bath. SELECTED

and SHAPE. Quality. ijargest PICKED SHAPES.

Sponges

The Pick of all Av'ge obtainable at Average SHAPES.
the Fisheries. Pieces Price
Pieces Price the prices. 1st Quality
in per Average
in per Average Case. Piece.

Pieces Avera.ge Case. Piece. Pieces Price

in Pricp per 300 at 4*d. in per

Case. Piece 270 „ 6d. Case. Piece.

400 Toilet at 6d. 200 ,. 8d. 330 at 2'd. Toilet Pieces Price

300 „ ,. 9d. 180 ,, 9d. 300 , 3.^d. Selected 300 at 1/- in per
250 „ 170 .. 1/- 280 Case. Piece.
1- , 4jd. 250 ., 1/3

,,

200 „ „ 1/6 160 .. 1/2 250 , 6d. 200 „ 1/6 Nursery 400 at 3d.

160 „ „ 21- 160 „ 1/6 200 . «d. 175 „ 1/9 „ 300 ,, 4d.

140 „ ., 2/6 150 „ 1/9 180 „ 9d. 150 „ 21- ., 200 ,. 6d.

120 „ „ 3/- 140 „ 21- 160 , 1/- 140 „ 2/6 „ 200 „ 8d.
100 „ „ 3/6 120 „ 2/6 140 , 1/3 100 „ 3/- „ 200 ,, 1-

90IVIediumBath4/6 110 ,, 3/- 120 , , 1/6 90 „ 3/6 Toilet 150 ,. 1/6

80 „ ., 5 6 90 ,. 3/6 100 , , - 1/9 80 „ 4/- 100 „ 1 9
80 ,, 100 ., 21-
72 „ „ 6/6 75 „ 4/- 90 , . 21- 70 „ 4/6
70 „ 80 „ 2/6
60 ., „ 7/6 65 .. 4/6 80 , 2/6 60 .. 51- 50 „ 3/-
60 .. 36 „ 4/-
45 Large Bath 8/6 5/- 60 . 3/- 50 „ 61- Bath 24 ,. 5/-

30 ., „ 10/6 5/6 45 , . 4/6 Bath ) 45 „ 6/6

24 ,. . 12/6 6/6 30 , , 51- Selected f40 .. 7/6

THE CONTENTS OF THE ABOVE CASES WILL BE PRESS-PACKED AND SENT POST FREE TO
COLONIAL A^D FOREIGN BUYERS WITHIN THE RADIUS OF PARCELS POST.

Important new development.

SELECTIONS OF SPONGE« TO SUIT CHEMISTS

SENT BY PARCELS POST, POSTAGE PAID
TO ANY PART OF THE WORLD.

A large number of Chemists in various parts of the world have lately been in

the habit of ordering assortments of Sponges press-packed, liy parcels post,
thus buying in the cheapest manner and incurring no cost of freightage.

V/e compress the sponges in order that a largp number may be packed and

sent in a sinall'space. All tluat is necessary is that the Sponges be placed for

a short time on arrival under damp cloths, when they will swell out and
assume their original size and shape.

Chemists, therefore, have the benefit of receiving a selection of Sponges,
" freight free to destination," and they can rely upon that selection being one

eminently suitable for their trade. When ordering it should be stated whether

lirst or second quality is required.

Wehavenow gonethoroughly into the question of supplying Chemists by the
method described above and have pleasure in quoting the following selections :-

Showing Package as ready for dispatch. Sliowiitg Package opened upon arriraL

Selection " A "—1 dozen choice Unbleached Honeycomb Toilet and Each Sponge ticketed and numbered to correspond with
Bath Sponges, suitable for best-class trade, each at 12/-. 24/-, 36/-, invoice. Remittance to accompany order.
48/-, and 72/- per dozen. 1 dozen choice Unbleached Turkey Cups,
value £15 Os. Od. All orders will receive our prompt and careful attention and
each at 2"4B/-."—361/-d,ozaennd 48/- per dozen Medium quality, for will be dispatched to any part within the radius of the parcels
Selection Unbleached Honeycomb, post "free." I'lie-e Selections can be ordered through Mer-
chants in the usual way.
Toilet and Bath use, each at 12/-, 18/-, 24/-, 36/-, 48/-, and 60/-
per dozen. 1 dozen Unbleached Turkey Cup Sponges, each at 24/-, Chemists can order other selections in accordance with their
value £12 18s. Od. particular requirements. The selections we have quoted aie.
and 36/- per dozen generally speaking, assortments suitable for a restocking order.
Selection " C"— 1 dozen Unbleached Honeycomb, large for the money,
suitable for the Drug Store trade, each a t 12/-. 16/-, 21/-. 24/-, 30/-, TERMS 2J% CASH WITH ORDER.
and 36/- per dozen. 1 dozen cheap Turkey Toilet Sponges at 18/-,
value £10 lis. Od,
24/-, and 30/- per dozen

mI nunoScF RUnUnUnU*J! [UCIrFfPlAniRlTiMlFl.NHTl . where Honeycomb, Turkey, and Cuban Sponges— Bleached or Unbleached— are Bold in smaller qaantities
to suit customers' requirements. Large and varied selections always on ihow at lowest market prices.
BROTHERSCRESSWELLK«Tfyf/'.''^f^i'or^

Spong-e Importers, Exporters and Merchants, and Chamois Leather Dressers, [BRANCH.

& RED18 19 SQUARE, LONDON,LION W.C |
'"'"^

^^'lireTarE s^ree^t?'''''*""

J

— "

January 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 107

NOTICE.

."THE P.A.T.A. COUNCIL fully appre-

ciated the importance of securing for

members who protect the interests of

the distributors, that reciprocity on
the part of the trade to which they
are, in the opinion of the Council,
entitled, and would be glad to consider
any suggestions for furtheringthisend.

[W. 8. GLYN-JONES. SEC. P.A.T A. ASS., in the Report of tlie
P.A.T.A. Council Meeting held Jan. 14, 1915.]

ONLY A JUST QUID PRO QUO AFTER ALL!

AS FAR AS THIS CONCERNS OURSELVES—

OUR SUGGESTION IS a stock of the following preparations

which are all protected by the P.A.T.A. :

ALPINE SNOW ROBOLEINE

Considered the nicest cream of its The nutrient food which is gaining such

kind by cultured critics. popularity in all cases of malnutrition.

CREAM OF MALT CAPSOTHERM

A malt extract of known diastasic The only capsicum wool with an im-
activity guaranteed free from addition permeable backing. Easiest to wear.
No evaporation. Effect prolonged.
of any description.
PULTICINE
MAGLACTIS
An antiseptic poultice maintaining a
An antacid and corrective v/hich has uniform degree of heat for 24 hours.
been extensively recommended by Clean and easy to use.
dentists for the mouth.

OPPENHEIMER, SON & CO., Ltd.

179 Queen Victoria Street, London, E.G.

ENTIRELY BRITISH HOUSE SINCE FOUNDATION.

I

108 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 30, 1915

Seas Closed to Enemy Commerce

Long before the outbreak of the present war

Burroughs Wellcome & Co., were aiming to

preserve and bring back to the British Empire
some of the industries which were fast slipping

away.

Now that the enemy's export trade by sea has

been strangled by the British Navy and the

supply of enemy products cut off, the work of

&Burroughs Wellcome Co. is bearing ripe fruit

for medical and pharmaceutical science.

The few examples, given in the following three
pages, serve to show that the Firm is taking
an active part in the economic war waged on

behalf of British science and industrv-

G 623 Burroughs Wellcome & Co., London

new york montreal sydney capetown milan

Shanghai Buenos Aires Bombay

All conuimnications intended for the Head Office should be addressed to Snow Hill Buildings, London. E.C.

London Exhi/'itinn Ronvi: 54, Wigmore Street. W.

c o P Y R I r, H T

.. THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST '

January 30, 1915 109

British Empire Closed to Enemy Goods

r i t i s ih d111 ilieir Salt

&made by Bmrroiuigliis Wellcome Coo

In preparing these alkaloids in the highest attainable degree of purity,

the collaboration of the Wellcome Chemical and Physiological Research
Laboratories and the Experimental Department of the ' Wellcome
Chemical Works has been secured, whilst the resources of the 'Wellcome'

Materia Medica Farm have been utilised to the fullest extent.

'Wellcome' Brand — 'Wellcome' Brand—

,, Atropine iPuiv .-Ukaloid), B.P. ,, Hyoscyamine (Pure Alkaloid)

Bottles of gr. BO 4/2 each ,. Hyoscyamine ( d extro-Hyoscyamine)

,. Atropine Sulohate, B.P. ,, Hyoscyamine Sulphate, B.P

Bottles of gr. liO each Tubes of gr. r> ., 6/0 each
.. 12/3 each
,. Cocaine (Pin-e Alkal'id), B.P. ..

Bottles of oz. 1/8 1/10 each 1 gramme
„ oz. 1/2
n/4 per oz. ,, Physostigmine {Pure Alkaloid)

„ oz. 1 10/9 per oz. Tubes of gr. 2 .. .. .. 1/2 each

,, Co-aine Hydrochloride, B.P. „ „ gr. h .. 2/2 each

Bottles of oz. 1/8 1/8 each ,, Physostigmine Hydrobromide

„ oz. 1/2 10 /'2 per oz. ( ^serine Hydrobromide)

,, oz. 1 .. .. 9/8 per oz. Tubes of gr. 6 .. .. .. 2/2 each
6/0 each
,, Emetine {Pure Alkaloid) „ „ 1 gramme 6/9 each
Tubes of 1 gramme
Physostigmine Salicylate (Eserine S'tlicylatei
Bottles of gr. 60 21/9 each
Tubes of gr. b
,, Emetine Hydrobromide .. . .. . 1/10 each

,, Emetine Hydrochloride ,, 1 gramme .. .. .. 4/8 each
Tubes of 1 gramme
5/6 each ,, Physostigmine Sulphate ( Eserine .Sul/>iiate), B.P.

Bottles of p:r. 60 17/0 each Tubes of gr. 1 /2 . . . . 4d. each

,, Homatropine (Pure Alkaloid) „ „ gr. 1 .. . . .. 6d. each

Tubes of gr. 5 . 2/10 each „ ,, gr. 2 .. .. .. .. 1/0 each

,, Ho-natropine Hydrobromide, B. F. ,, gr. 5 . .. 1/10 each
,, Homatropine Methylbromide
,, Pilocarpine Hydrochloride

Tubes of gr. .1 . 2/0 each ,, Pilocarpine Nitrate, B.P.

,, Hydrastine {Pure Alkaloid) Tubes of 1 gramme .. .. 1/0 each
.. 3/5 each
,. Hydrastine Hydrochloride Bottles of gr. 60 .. .. .. .. 24/0 peroz.
Tubes of 1 gramme ,. 22/0 peroz.
3/10 each ,, ,, oz. 1/2 .. .. ..

Bottles of oz. 1 99/0 per oz. ,, oz. 1 .. .. ..

,, Hyoscine Hydrobromide, B.P. 4/1 each ,, Sparteine Sulphate
Tubos of 1 gramme
Bottles of gr. 60 .. .. .. .. 1/0 each
13/0 each
Bottles of gr. 60 ,, ,, oz. 1 .. .. .. .. 5/0 peroz.

We reserve the right to reduce or refuse orders for unusual quantities

Burroughs Wellcome a Co., London
New York Montreal Sydney Cape Town
Milan Shanghai Buenos Aires Bombay

All communications intended for th' Head Office should be addressed to Snow Hill Buildings, London, B.C.

London Exhibition Room : 54. Wigmore Street, w.

G 624 V pr/ I nT

I

110 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 30, 1915

British Resources Equal to the Occasion

(Trade Marl:

Made by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. under

licence from the British Board of Trade and
biologically tested under arrangements approved

by that Board.

KHARSIVAN' ' Brand Salvarsan is identical

chemically, physically and therapeutically with

Salvarsan of German make.

Full particulars on request

BRAND

(Trade Mark)

Hexamine (Hexamethylenetetramine) is official in
the B.P. 1914

Hexamine is manufactured at the ' Wellcome '
Chemical Works, Dartford, Kent, on a large
scale, and of 100% purity, whereas the standard

of the new B.P. is only 98%

preparations.—' Tabloid ' Hexamine, gr. 3 and gr. 5

Supplied in bott(es of 25 and 100, as follow :—gr. 3, at 6/0 and 7810 per dozen

bottles; gr. 5. at 810 and 2410 per dozen bottles, respectively. Prices subject.

Burroughs Wellcome & Co.. London

All communications intended for the Head Office should be addressed to Snow Hill BuildinQS. London, E.C.

London Extdbition Room 54, Wigmore Stree COPYRIGHT
:

G 625

January 30, 1915 : 111

THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST

British Goods to Break Enemy Monopolies

Another example ot the successful collaboration of
the Firm's research and technical staff is the
production of salts of definite composition and

properties and of the highest purity.

PREPARATIONS

•WELLCOME' Brand 'TABLOID' Brand

Glycerophosphate Glycerophosphates

of Calcium Compound
of Iron —Strengths dr. 1/2 and 'J c.c, sugar-coated,
of Magnesium
of Potassium in bottles of 25, at 1210, and 100 at 3610
of Sodium per dozen bottles.

In 7 02. and 4 oz. bottles. Prices on 'ELIXOID' Brand

application. Glycerophosphates

In bottles of 4 ft. oz., at ISIO per dozen

'Tabloid' br 'RYTOL'
Universal Developer )

An All-British Developer originated and made only by

Burroughs Wellcome & Co. A favourite with many

thousands of photographers throughout the world.

One of the most reliable and profitable developers
which dealers can push in order to break German

monopolies.

In cartons containing materials sufficient for at least
88 ounces of solution. 1210 per dozen cartons, subject.

NEW/^-jj^r*"Burroughs Wellcome & Co.. London
YORK Montreal Sydney Cape Town Milan

r.lifr^-J^ Shanghai Buenos aires Bombay

G626 All communications intended for the Head Office should be addressed to Snow Hill Buildings, London, E.C.

London E.xhioiiion Room : 54, Wigmore street, w.
COPYRIGHT

I

112 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 30, 1915

0h

IMPORTANT NOTICE CONCERNING

Our great advertising campaign will com-
mence in February, and during that
month we are making a very special offer
to Pharmacists who are willmg to assist

by stocking and displaying FICOLAX.

WRITE FOR PARTICULARS.

FICOLAX, bought on the special terms,

must prove a highly profitable investment.

SHIPPERS SHOULD WRITE FOR EXPORT TERMS.

THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, Ltd.

GRAHAM STREET, CITY ROAD, LONDON.

The C'HtjiisT AND DntJGQiST. 115

THE CHEMIST

& DRUGGIST

WINTER ISSUE, JANUARY 30, 1915

Published at the Head OtHce : 42 Cannon Street, London, E.C.
Branch Offices : Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney, Australia.

Subscription : 10s. per annum, inctudingr "The Chemist and Druggist Diary." Price of this issue. Is. post free.

Contents. Summary.

Subscribers are advised to read this column first.

Vol. LXXXVI., No. 5 (Series No. 1827).

PAGE PAGE We have not attempted to suminarisc the newi\ items in
this issue, merely the more important special articles. We
A Century Ago 161 ' Gazette 121
closed this section on Wednesday evening, and will insert
A Forgotten Pro- Germicidal Value of in the Coloured Supplement news received on Thursday.

prietary [

159 Iodine 144

At the Counter 141 Impressions of Montreal 156

A Turkish Drug-sellers' Improvement of an Old Sir James Dewar's latest experiments on gases are de-
scribed on p. 143.
Shop 131 Pharmacy Interior ... 137 a Bell Scholar, tells how to

Australasian News 119 Information Depart- Mr. J. Grantley Tingle,

Bankruptcy Reports . .. 122 ment 124 &bind the C. D. '{p. 148).
" Poisonous " 159
liolfast In Old France

Bottles 157 Insurance Dispensing ... 169 The names of pharmaceutical Councillors are traced
to their origin in an article beginning on p. 137.
Births 172 Insurance Pharma-
123 copceias A " Minor " man. and Government chemist communi-
Hooks. New 142
cates his experience of work at the London Docks (p. 146).
British Laboratory-ware Inventions which have
Messrs. Maben and White prove that iodine solutions
Association 143 become Public Pro- are more quickly germicidal than phenol solutions (p. 144).

Brucine Micro-reactions 145 perty 149 The illustrated article on papain and papaw on
pp. 135-136 is a most interesting monograph on the sub-
Business Changes 122 Irish News 117
ject.
Canadian News 120 Legal Reports 121

('liomical Society 123 Literary Notes 160

Chemists' Shop Bills ... 158 Marriages 172

( 'homists' Windows 140 Minor Experience 171

Circulars 173 Netherlands Notes 120 Local Insurance Pharmacopoeias vary greatly in their

College Note 132 Novelties 175 Weformulae for the same thing. contrast fourteen stock

Company TJews 121 Observations and Re- mixtures on p, 142.

Corner for Students .... 132 flections 125 The economic conditions of this country and of Germany
at the end of six inonths' war are briefly reviewed in an
(,'orrospondence 182 Our American Letter ... 120 editorial article on p. 127.
137 Our Town Traveller ... 166
Councillors' Names

Court Curiosities 161 Papain : Its Produc- Corner for Students competit-ors have singularly failed
Deaths 172 tion and Commerce ... 133
to describe the experiments set by Dr. Dobbin last month.
Deed of Arrangement... 122 Personalities 122
The prizes go to Mr. W. Ramage and Miss A. R. Benzie
Dental Notes _ 156 Priva,te Meetings 122

Editorial Articles : Reminiscences 157 (p. 132).

Quinine 126 Retrospect 184 The B.P. preface remarks about the duty of pharma-

After Six Months 127 Royal Institution 143 cists in regard to unusually large doses in prescriptions

Unusually Largo Scientific Progress 150 Welook like giving trouble. question the General Medical

Doses " 127 Scottish News 118 Council's legal authority for dictation 071 the point (p. 127).

Pharmacopoeia Re- Some Errand-bovs 154 Mr. J. W. Harper (Starbeck) and Mr. D. Llewjdlen

vision 128 The Black Draught 151 Jones (Colwyn Bay) contribute good hints on window-

Mercury 129 The Docks of London ... 146 dressing, illustrating what they say with photographs

Notes ". 129 The Foreign Mail 162 We(pp. 138-140). supplement the.se with some British and

Eighteenth-century Ad- The Renaissance in Pliar American windows (pp. 140-141).

vertising 156 macy 160 We begin a series of articles on chemico-pharmaceutical

English News 116 Trade Growls ... 152 iiiventions which have become public property. Acolne.
Eiirnpean War 163 Trade-marks .... 166

Evolution of tlie Phar- Trade Report . 179 airol, alumnol, argentamine, argonin. aristochin. aristol,
Turkey Opium 162
macist 151 158 benzosol. chinaphenin. ehloralamide. and creosotal are
148 . 125
DFiling the O. <(; dealt with this week (pp. 149-151).
Window-dressing
French News 118 Winter Session The positions of quinine and mercury are dealt with
editorially (p. 126 and p. 129). Both "articles are firm
" C. &. D." Dnse and Metric Card.
markets. We close o,ir Trade Report on Wednesday even-
TnF best thins: of the kind. It measures 11 in. by 8 in.
ind is looped to hang up. Supplied at 2,5. 6(7. per dozen, ing, the price-movements in the interim! including an
>r 6(7. for two, or 4f7. each, post free, and orders, with _
emittAnce. should be sent to the Book Department,
D.,'. cC- 42 Cannon Street, Ijondon. E.C, advance in alum, antimony, ammonium sulphate, sali-

cylates, and cinnamon. Anise, Japan mint, and bergamot
oils, cod-liver oil, cloves, and potassium permanganate are
cheaper (p. 179).

116 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST -Jaxuaey 3u, 191o

English and Welsh News. Chemist Defends Apothecaries.
At the annual meeting of the Clacton Cottage Hospital
Subscribers are invited to send to the Editor newspapers con- on January 16, a resolution was brought forward emanat-
tainine matters of trade interest. The items should be indicated. ing from the medical staff, which sought to alter rule 17
so that only university graduates or members pr fellows
Brevities. of the Royal College of Surgeons could hold position
on the medical staff. The resolution was proposed,
Ealing Town Council on January 23 issued an order seconded, and supported by three medical men present!"
for chemists to close each Wednesday at 1 p.m.
Mr. W. Maskew, Ph.C, opposed it as he considered that
Mr. Archibald John Bellamy, chemist and druggist, the rule would reflect on the qualifications of two medical
Taft's Well (Glam.), is to apply for a wine off-licence. men in the town. The examinations of the Apothecaries

The quarterly report of the Morley (Yorks) Co-operative Society are, he said, of the same standard as other
.Society states that, during the period under review, the
purchases from Co-operative sources for the drug depart- medical qualifications, and the same curriculum of study
ment amounted to only 35.5 per cent, of the whole.
is required. Mr. Maskew proposed that the resolution
An outbreak of fire was discovered at the chemical
be deferred twelve months, this was seconded, and sup-

works of Hirst, Brooke & Hirst, East Lane, Leeds, on ported by other speakers, but wlien put to the meeting
the morning of January 24. It had evidently been was rejected. The original resolution was then carried.

smouldering for some time, and when the alarm was A Chemist's Son Killed.
given some cliarcoal stoi'ed on the first floor was alight.
The fire-brigade succeeded in getting the fire under in At Torquay on .January 26 an inquest was held on

about an hour, but most of the material stored with the Lieutenant Simpson and Sub-Lieutenant Hart, R.N., who
charcoal was destroyed.
were fatally shot by a Territorial patrol. The two

The report to the Home Office by Major A. Cooper- officers were proceeding along the Torbay Road in a

Ivey, H.M. Chief Inspector of Explosives, has been pub- motor-car when two men of the patrol, armed with

lished this week on the circumstances attending an explo- loaded rifles, stepped into the road. They stopped the

.sion of picric acid at the factory of Henry Ellison, Ltd., car and searched it, in spite of objections made by the

Heckmondwike, on December 2, 1914. " The Inspector officers, saying they were obeying orders. During the

expresses the opinion that the explosion was probably due altercation one of the rifles, which were held "at the

to the accidental presence in the grinding-mill of a nail, ready." went off, killing one of the officers and mortally

stone, or other hard foreign sub.stances. The occurrence wounding tlie other, Sub-Lieutenant Hart was the son

was therefore accidental, and not due to negligence. of Mr. James Hart, chemist and druggist, superintending

Two cases of poisoning by the accidental taking of an pharmacist of the Royal Naval Hospital, Plymouth. He
joined the Royal Naval Air Service in September, and
overdose of morphine have been reported during the had been home at Plymouth on sick-leave. The two
Aweek. Territorials concerned have been arrested in connection
retired dentist of Torquay, who had been using
with the affair.
the drug for years to allay pain, and who, it was stated,

m)mew the danger, was found a semi-conscious con- Guardians' DoinKS.

dition, and died in spite of prompt medical attention. Mr. W. W. jNIatthewson, chemist and druggist, dis-
penser for the Latcliniore Road and Severns Road Dis-
A Silverdale man, who had several times been found

suffering from morphine-poisoning, died through taking pensaries, Battersea, has been appointed by the Wands-

Aan overdose. Hampstead woman committed suicide by worth Guaixlians dispenser for Battersea (No. 1 dis-

taking laudanum. trict), in succession to Mr. E. E. Hill, at the extra

The members' cij'cular of the Civil Service Supply remuneration of 30/. per annum, to include travelling

Association, Ltd., for February gives prominence to expense.?. The hours of attendance have been adjusted

aperients, surgical bandages, etc., perfumes and toilet- so as to permit Mr. Matthewson to attend at the three
Aspecialities, soaps, etc.
page and a half is devoted dispensaries.

to alterations in the general price-list necessitated The Contracts Committee of the Southwark Board of
Guardians has reported to the Board that it had con-
by the unsettled state of the markets and the sidered the letter of the British Drug Houses, Ltd., with
reference to the new Pharmacopoeia (C. it- D.. January 16,
difficulty in obtaining supplies. The Association has p. 37), and found that the supply of drugs under it is
provided for in the tender form, which states that all
also issued a special sale catalogue for the first ten days drugs are to be in accordance with the latest Pharma-

of February, in which a large stock of remainders of

high-class toilet-goods, soaps, perfumes, toilet-powders,

etc., are offered at special prices.

Institute of Chemistry. copoeia. The dispensing staffs at the various institutions

This month four candidates presented themselves for controlled by the Guardians were instructed accordingly.

the Intermediate examination and two passed : G. T. Contracts for Drugs, etc.
Bray and E. G. Macintyre, B.Sc. (Glas.). Of thirteen The following contracts of interest to pharmacists have

candidates who presented themselves for the Final (A.I.C.) been concluded :

examination, five passed : In the branch of mineral chemis- Ledbury Guardians.-—Mr. V. W. Meacham, chemist and

try, R. L. Amoore and E. G. G. Wheeler in the branch druggist, for medicines for one year at the following-
:
rates : up to 8-oz. mixtures, Id. (bottles free) ; 12-oz. to
of organic chemistry, W. J. S. Naunton, M.A. (Cantab.),
16-oz. bottles, 9d. ; with extra charges for special drugs.
B.Sc. (Lond.), and H. Shulman, B.Sc. (Loud.) ; in the
branch of chemistry (and microscopy) of focxl and drugs, —Loncloi County Council. For annual supplies : Cresswell

fertilisers and feeding-stuffs, soils, and water. W. S. Bros., Ltd., General Sponge Fishing Co., Ltd., and John

Clark. Phillips & Sons, for sponges; Anti-Scrub Soap Co., Isaac
Bentlev & Co., Ltd., Isdalo & McCallum, Ltd,. Jno. Knight,
Vets, in Jersey. Ltd., Palmer & Co,. Ltd,, T. B. Rowe & Co.. Ltd.. and
Richard Wheen & Sons, Ltd.. for soap ; Luke & Bailey.
At a sitting of the Jersey States last week, the local J, Manger & Son. Ltd., and Middleton Bros,, for soda, alu-
" home-rule" legislative assembly, .Jurat W. Duret Aubin, minium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, etc, ; Jeyes' Sani-
tary Compounds Co., Ltd., and Alfred C. Young & Co., for
M.B., introduced a Bill making it necessary for persons disinfectants; W. H. Palmer & Co., Ltd., for methylated
spirit; Maurice P. Hunt & Co.. for soap for three months:
desirous of practising as veterinary surgeons in that island
to be holders of satisfactory diplomas, and ))e <luly regis- Bovril, Ltd., for extract of beef to certain asylums for three

tered at the Royal Court of Jersey. He had, he said, months; Palmer & Co., Ltd.. for soft soap to certain

—based his Bill on the English Act though some of the —asylums for four months. The Stores Committee reiwrt

provisions of the latter could not apply locally. The that, owing to inability on the part of the contractors to
tabling of the Bill was seconded by Jurat H. E. Pinel,

M.R.C.V.S. (ex States Veterinary Inspector), and it will supply, the following contracts have been terminated durinc
come on for discussion in due course. Dr. Duret Anbin
—the past three months: Chcmicnh Harrinafton Bros., Ltd.
(Lieutenant-Bailiff of Jersey) is author of the Jersey
" Chemists and Druggists Law." (M-licdulc itcni'^ 2. 14, 73. 96, 99. 110, 126. 127, 135, 164.

165, lt)7, 168, 178. 198, 200, and 233) ; Johnson & Sons (items
108 and 144) ; W, Martindale (item 142). Chemical ami

January 30, VMr, THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST ;

117

&I'liiiniciil AiiiMiratiif 'VAk, Staflcliiiaiiii Co. liti'ui 109); 2 oz. 3^(7., 1 oz. 2(7. ; potass, bicarb.. 1 oz. 1^(7. , 2 oz. 2^(7.,

\ Galleiikiiinn & Co., Ltd. (itcnis 17. 18, 19, 21, 22. 23. 4 oz. 4^(7. ; quinin. sulph., 20 grains 3(7. phenacetin tablets
;

24 40 48, 79, 80, 91, 92, 93. 94. 95, 96, 97, 110, 135, (plain and compound), 25. 6(7., 100, l.f. 4(7., 1 doz. 4(7.

140 165, 183, 185, 136, 187, 208, 213, 218, 232, 236, 260, chamomilc-flowers, 1 oz. 2(7., 2 oz. 3^(7., 4 oz. 6d. ; ferri

279,' 280, 281, 294, 295, 298, 390, 405, and 4C6) W. H. et quinin. citras, 1 dr. 3(7. ; cream of tartar, 1 oz. 2(7.,
;

McCarthy k Son (itoin 368); A. W. Cjuaintanco (items 201 2 oz. 3^(7.; health salt, tins 4(7. and 7^(7.; tartaric acid,

to 206) ; Tovvnson & Mercer, Ltd. (items 2, 6, 28, 30, 61, 1 oz, 2(7., 2 oz. 3^(7.; turpentine, 6^(7. per pint; potass,

65 71, 76, 115, 123. 131, 145, 146, 147, 148. 149, 150, 151, permang., 1 oz. 2(7., 2 oz. Z^d., 4 oz. 6^(7. potass, lodid.,
;

152 153, 154, 155, 156. 157, 158. 161, 162, 163. 164, 171, 172. 1 dr. 3(7., 1 oz. l.<. 6(7. ; sacjchar. lact., 1 lb. 2s., 1 oz. 2(7.,

173' 174, 176, 177, 178, 188. 209, 211, 219, 222. 225. 226, 227, 2 oz. 3^(7. conijyound liquorice-powder. 4 oz. 4^(7., 2 oz. 2^(7.,
;

228' 231 233, 243, 253, 275, 284, 291, 296, 297. 299. 329. 330, 1 oz. 1^(7.: sodii salicvl.. 1 oz. 6(7. Mineral waters: Apenta,

372, 401,' 408, and 415). I.s. 2>l.; Contrexc^'ville, l.v. 1(7.; Friedrichshall, Is-. 6(7.

West Ham Education Committee lias decided to ask the A Stevens' Consumption-cure Witness.

present contractors on what terms they will be prepared At Bow Street Police court, London, on January 25,

to supply disinfectants for a further period of one year, a charge of perjury was preferred against Arthur A. H.
Bennett, who gave evidence in the Stevens' Consumption-
after the expiration of the e-xiating contracts on March 31.

The Health Committee of Chislehiirst Urban District cure case in July {C. <t- D., July 25, p. 115). Detective-

Council lias reported to the Council that as formaldehyde inspector Birch, of Scotland Yard, said he saw the

i.s not now procurable at the former price of 4.<. 2>d. per accused detained at Gravesend on Sunday, and asked
p;al., the contractors had offered to supply American
him if his name was Alfred Hy. McFee. He replied
tormaldeliyde at b". 5(1. per gal. Pending the decision that his name was Bennett, and added, " I was born at
Tambouroora, New South Wales, in 1861. I have no
of the Council, the inspector was instructed to purchase
legal claim to the name of McFee." Among some docu-
.siniill quantities as required.
ments in his possession was a draft memorandum of
sneffleld.
I'harmacists will miss the prescriptions of Dr*. Kisely agreement in the name of Arthur Alfred Hy. Bennett
tlirougli his unfortunate illness, but will learn with ]\IcFee. The accused was remanded, it being stated that

|)leasaro that the Governors of the Royal Hospital have the case is in the hands of the Director of Public Prose-
honoured him by jilacing him on the honorai-y consulting cutions, who will be represented on the next occasion.

staff. chemist and druggist, has been [The accused in his evidence last July stated that he had
the South Yorkshire Poor-Law been in practice in South Australia for twenty-two years.
yir. H. Antcliffe, Mr. Antcliffe is the first pharma- The only one of the name given on the Medical Register is
elected President of
OfKcers' Association. Alfred Henry Bennett, M.B., CM. (Aberd.), 16 North Ter-

cist to hold office as President of a branch of the National race. Adelaide. South Australia. The accused stated that
siibsequent to the twenty-two years in Australia he went to
Association. Liberia, and was described as a Commissioner under the
Government of Liberia. He produced a specimen of the
Influenza has been prevalent in Sheffield lately, and plant from which the Cure was said to be made Dr
several chemists have made window-displays of intfuenza-
mi.xtures, etc. Unfortunately, Mr. C. H. Hewitt. Secre- DBennett was regi.-itered on Mav 4. 1891.— Editor C d-
|

tary of the buying section of the local Association, has
heen the victim of ;i sharp attack, but is now con-

valescent. Irish News.

We regret to announce that Mr. G. W. T. Newsholme, Si'bscribers are inviteci to send to the Editor newspapers con
tainingr matters of trade interest. The items should be indicated.
Ph.C, is laid aside through overwork. He has just

completed a combination scheme for the treatment of the

feeble-minded, in regard to which the Local Government

JJoard Inspector has said that in a few years it woiild Brevities.

stand as a pioneer movement. Mr Newsholme is now The annual meeting of the Ulster Drug Trade Associa-
tion has been fixed for February 3 in Belfast.
on the road to recovery.

The local brancii of the Incorporated Society of Phar- Mr. F. T. Smith, registered druggist, Antrim, has been
macy and Drug-store Proprietors, Ltd., held their first
meeting of the year at the King's Head Hotel, Sheffield, elected Chairman of Antrim Town Commissioners.
when Mr. Norman D. Vine (Leeds Secretary of the
Mr. .James E. C(H)ke, Ph.C, the Medical Hall, Gorey,
Society) .addressed the members. Officers for 1915 were has been elected, at the head of the poll, a Town Com-
then elected by ballot, and arrangements were made for a
missioner for Gorey.

whist-drive to be held at an early date. It was reported at the last meeting of the North
Dublin Board of Guardians that during the year 697.
West Bromwich. had been paid for substitutes for dispensers, of which
407. had been recouped by the Local Government Board.
With the object of reducing the infantile mortality in
the borough, an Infants' Welfare Society has been in- The ]5elfast Board of Guardians last week considered
augurated by Mrs. J. A. Kenrick, at which instruction the report of the Finance Committee regarding the appli-
will be given to mothers on the care of infants and the cations for increa.secl salary from the dispensers, Mr. J. D.
preparation of food for infants and invalid children. Hamilton.^ Mr. .Toseph Ritchie, and Miss Mary E. M.
Logan. The Board refused to grant any increase.
The Infectious Diseases Hospital is to be extended
at a cost of 2,100/. The Local Government Board Creditors of the late Professor Patrick Kellv Ph C
inspector has held an inquiry into the circumstances, and owner of the Richmond Medical Hall, Portobelhi Dublin
the necessary loan has be?;n applied for. The first who died recently, are asked to furnish particulars of
part of the scheme provides for the accommodation of
their claims to :Mr. W. Coulter, solicitor for the ad-
twelve persons. Aministratrix of deceased.
distribution of assets is
The following is a selection from the local price-list. to be made on February 18.
The prices are subject to revision as may be found
At the request of the Medical Board of Sir Patrick
necessary : Dim'.s Hospital, Dublin, Mr. Victor E. Hanna, Ph.C The
Prescription Pharmacy, 70 Lower Mount Street, Merrion
Saltpetre, 2 oz. Ud.. 4 oz. 2^d., 8 oz. 4^*/.. 1 lb. 8d.; Square, Dublin, has taken up the position of pharmacist

potass, broniid.. 1 oz. 5d., 2 oz. 9d. potass, citras and to the hospital. Mr. Hanna began his duties on Decem-
; ber 1. 1914, and is now engaged in remodelling the hos-

sodii citrus, 4^(/. per oz. camphor (fours), 2 for l^d., pital pharmacy.
;

4 for 3(/. syrups. 1 oz. l^d., 2 oz. 2^(7., 4 oz. ^d. (by
;

wpif;ht) ; citric acid, 1 oz. Ad., 2 oz. 7gfZ. boric acid (pulv.
;

et cryst.), 1 lb. 8(7., 8 oz. 4^(7., 4 oz. 2^(7.; tinctures and

spirits, all above 4f7. i)or oz., except tinct. quinin. amnion.. Contra Account Dispute.
At Ballyconnell County Court last week, an action was
i^d. per oz. glycerin, 4 oz. 6f7., 8 oz. Ilf7. ; senna (fol. et brought by Alexander Macnaughten, registered druggist.
;
Belturbet, against Phair Brothers, Ballyconnell.^" for
fruct.), 4 oz. 45(7.. 2 oz. 2^(7.. 1 oz. 1^(7. acetosalicylic-acid
; 67. 13.-". 6(7. for work done and material. 'There was a

tablets. 3(7. per doz. ; bismuth carb., 1 oz. Is. 2d. ; froch.
Insnuithi. 1 oz. 3(7.. 4 oz. 105(7. ; " Dartring " lanoline. 7^(7.

and l.v. 5d. per tube; sod. sulph. effervesc. 4 oz. 6|(?..

118 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Januaby 30, 1915

cross-action by the defendants, who are coachbuilders, to chemical products, such as Germany produced, that he
cannot see why the Scottish capital should not be a manu-
recover 51. 9.v\ 6(1. for work and labour don«. Plaintiff facturing centre for fine chemicals. They had already
stated that bl. 13.?. 6(1 was the balance of an account very important pharmaceutical manufactories, and they
due by defendants; it included sets of false teeth sup- have any amount of scientific knowledge for developing
plied ' He denied that he agreed to supply the t«eth at
21 each set. He was a qualified druggist, but not a such an industry.
dentist He obtained the teeth for defendants from a
A correspondent of " The Scotsman," in an article on
the new Pharmacopoeia, states that the work as a whole
London firm of dentists. Defendants gave evidence
regarding the supply of dentures, but disputed that any shows many improvements which deserve praise, but it

balance was due. After other evidence Mr. Snuth, for cannot be taken as an index of the progress of this
rontra account against Macnaughten branch of medical science during the past few years._ The
plaintiff, said the was

admitted. He was entitled to a decree for 11. 4.?. on the author regrets that the research work carried out in our

balance. .Judge Brown, however, dismissed the first C'ase Universities and Pharmacy Schools receives such scant

on the merits; in the cross-action a decree was granted recognition. Mention is made of the new synthetic

for the amount claimed. chemicals introduced, and some of the alterations in
.strength of the galenical preparations are noted. The
Poisoning Case.
increased strength of laudanum is welcomed as tending
The inquest on Dr. J. P. Bourke, Killaloe, co. Clare,
was resumed on January 22 (C. * D., January 16 p. 38). to reduce the free sale of this preparation, to the benefit
Deceased attended Dr. Eyan who was ill and drank in
of the community. The tests for purity of chemicals

mistake for whisky some aconite liniment which had and the non-inclusion of vaccines, etc., are discussed,
been transferred from a cracked bottle to another bottle regret being expressed at the absence of any mention of
labelled whisky. Dr. Eyan, who also drank some ot the these modern aids to treatment. Eespecting the introduc-
Dr. Bourke tion of the metric system, the writer regards the nomen-
poison, has recovered, and gave evidence. house, and clature 3s unfortunate, and considers that this will be
was taken ill soon after leaving a strong deterrent to its general adoption. In conclusion,
Dr. Eyans it is stated that the conservative spirit in which this
edition has been revised is perhaps the most noticeable
Adied about four hours afterwards. verdict of acci- feature, and the one which is the least likely to disturb

dental poisoning was returned, the jury adding that
mDr. Eyan should be censured for keeping poison a

bottle labelled whisky. the equilibrium of the doctor or chemist.

Mr Thomas Stephenson, Ph.C, endorses these remarks

Scottish News. ("Scotsman," January 23), and states that now certain
synthetic drugs are in the B.P. the official name is quite

Subscribers are invited to send to the Editor newspapers con- good enough to secure a pure article.
taining matters of trade interest. The items should be mdicated.
Fife.

Aberdeen and the North. Chemists and druggists with windows facing the sea

Mr G A. McGregor, chemist and druggist, Dufftown, mwere last week visited by a member of the Coimty Con-

stabulary, who informed them that their " lights must

has been appointed chemist to the Dufftown Upper Dis- future be dark."
trict Isolation Hospital for the year commencing With the epidemic of influenza there has been a demand

February 1. for chemist locums, but the locum is conspicuous by his
absence. Not one is to be
Dr J F Tocher and Professor Hendr, i.ck, ,have .been got, so many young fellows
having joined the Colours. Medical locums command an
appointed representatives of the North of Scotland Col-
lege of Agriculture on the Board of the Scottish Milk extraordinary figure; 81. per week is being paid them.

Eecords Association. Ten to fifteen years ago 21. was the figure.

Edinburgh. French News.

Mr James B. Mitchell, chemist and druggist, 58 South &<From the " C. D." Paris Correspondent.)
Clerk Street, has now recovered from an illness of nine

weeks' duration. .

The directors of St. Cuthberfs Co-operative Associa- M Eaoul Guyon, who had a pharmacy at Paris (21 rue
tion Ltd., have agreed to supply medicine, etc., to the pharma-
dependants of soldiers and sailors on active service. Sainte Apolline) and was mobilised as an assistaut German
cist-major of the French army, was killed by a

At the annual meeting of the George Square Ward shell at Eheims on November 22.
Municipal Association on January 20, James
Mr_ Mdt^tnfaShelvaereleascnaeiltstrari'wretsooshmta)nBtyhedoeaean^uwdt?tpodearofooruiettsrecnoati:ethdx,bsewsuihhpotrnhohitfhntoaoce,tsArhttumPdamhwagategicaeurthleimnaiselssistytlshts.(toaaoiisslkcntn1altercc4dtaelnurgebupttueSedibshesieeyenpfdIogtwrf'tteeeAhbimsrMtpemyhbehp.eeaoG.rtr^te.^tOhr"-dteMm^aoet^.auTwnh^en-neth^nPs,,teBaeemaidwmoMerb^nnyhaadmeearoyonnbSduooreadfurnyrtrl^ohtiti^uehhsnooas,eeygs

Mackenzie J. P., Forrest Eoad, was elected President

and Mr. J. A. Forret one of the auditors.
Apparently as an afterthought of the recent quack-
mdoctors' trials a mild discussion is going on a local

newspaper regarding the iniquity of pra/^titioners who

lack the M.D. degree styling themselves doctors. W.
Dr. George Lovell Gulland, brother of Mr. J.
Burghs, and Chief Liberal
Gulland, M.P. for Dumfries succeed Dr. John Wylie as lucky enough to escape. Parlriamentt,
Whip has been appointed to The Pharmaceutical
Professor of Medicine in the Edinburgh University. Group the Frenc,h
of

The competition for the Eainy Brown Golf Trophy, cBop^ChsdtqmtarrhouothiaeohseeaumescbuzessldecpiiiereiexrsdlonbnfPSpgn-tiiesiteroetarappsde.ieunsnnouhtedvda.vtauilidterlotppoAeom(naohbrocasSCfnD-wiaep"cchhdeipaorr-iosolsealemu/slrluetsmam.atadinliabcreAseutaaiddlgi.e,xirtrisnre.sioro'nkgmternltrhgshaiyss.eetdtateoltoyrhlhfdaahnsiyeaCenEntguunoaiahdvdpmDpcbmMeepeblhcimMmtlprepdeoaniihtoeyhuerrirneetrmtpadmsixftnieueratostomneeintfdecrmteuseintrieao)mmepagsrtfcshbrbtdo(ytaye-ieAmotroomrprwerhdsmftnaleheotaiurjotcootucceoomtfiWilldipJfrolaneaaeosaaisrngr^wntsrts'rutte-seh7^e)^sad.^ex^atartrt^pa.nn^ohhat"^gVtmddtt^ehwro-hmrhemfgnoes-pes1ar"mnot6etaePtPusauingdidatncdwaptrisrieoUewocsmntninabbiajtohs>s-yepslsf-e
which is held annually in May between teams of phar-
Edinburgh and Glasgow
maceutical golfers representing
has been postponed owing to the war. Ihe tropny is

at present held by the Edinburgh team.
A glance over the new doctors' panel shows that
National Insurance physicians are still bent on enjoying
The promise tlint
fif possible) a peaceful half-holiday. attendance would
pharmaci-sts
who desired to give night

be duly noted in the chemists' panel does not appear to

have been taken advantage of.

At a meeting of the Eotary Club on .January 21, Prin-
cipal Lawrie, F.I.C., F.C.S., of the Heriot-Watt College,
stated in reply to a question as to whether he considered
Edinburgh a suitable centre for the manufacture of

—

January 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 119

hospitals as iiifirniiers (male nurses or orderlies) in pre- Australasian News.

ference to men who, having no connection with the " The Chemist and Druggist " is supplied weekly to all the
healing art or knowledge of maladies, are less suitable
members of nine Chemists' Societies in Austraha and New
for such special duties.
Zealand.
—AuMY Pharmacists. An important notice regarding
The Commonwealth.
pr imotions in the pharmaceutical branch of the French
military sanitary service appears in the " Journal OtHciel." —Tariff Inqxjiry. Cliving evidence before the Interstate

A certain number (over 600) of second-class assistant Commission, Mr. L. R. Scamniell, of F. H. Faulding &

jiharmacist-majors of the Reserve who can count more Co., asked for a lower Excise-duty on raw materials used
than two years' service, and a still larger number (about for spirituous preparations. The difference of_ a shilling
550) of Territorial pharmacists of the same rank who duty per proof gal. between Australian spirit and the
have served over four years, are nominated first-class imported article was not sufficient to enable them to face
assistant pharmacist-majors i.e., are promoted from the
grade of sub lieutenant to that of lieutenant. Such a English, American, and German competition. A decrease

general and widespread recognition of the services of would enable them to make concentrated infusions, medi
cinal tinctures, and food-extracts. He favoured the reduc-
—tho pharmaceutical branch is unusual I believe unpre- tion of the Excise-duty from lis. to lOi'. per proof gal.—
—cedented. I dine<l the other night with a pharmacist At Melbourne, Mr. R. E. Wood, business-manager of
Felton, Grimwade & Co., asked for a revision of the tariff
fresh from the Front enjoying a well-earned h-iliday
in regard to spirituous preparations, simplifying the charge
her© in Paris. He had acted as ambulance doctor, statisti- and making it Is. per proof gal. under 25-per-oent
strength and 2Qs. per proof gal. above 25-per-cent. strength.
cal officer, and interpreter, as well as executing his regular
pharmaceutical duties. Such a useful class of men can On pharmaceutical preparations the tariff should be 35 per

hardly be grudued an extra stripe on the cuff and kepi cent., and on toilet-requisites an increase from 25 and 30 per
when one considers how often they leave a comfortable cent, to 35 and 40 per cent. The present preferential
tariff was ordy a revenue-producing tariff. They did not
liome and m<xlorately prosperous business and risk serrious look to the factory to show a profit, although, as a matter
financial in addition to the ordinary war dangers. of fact, it showed a small one, due principally to one or
two reasons whicli were explained. Ether and chloroform
The Paris Rkiail Pharmacists' A.ssociation (Chanibre and many other lines were hard to obtain under present
SyndicaJo des Pharmaciens de la vSeine) calls attention conditions. Though tho firm were ready to undertake the
to tho unprecedented {inouie) conditions in which the manufacture of these and other goods, they were loth to
retail trade is at present placed. The men hitherto invest some thousands of pounds in plant only to find that
temporarily refused for army service (" exemptes " and shortly after the war had ceased Australia was again the
" reformes," in military parlance) have now been sum- dumpmg-ground of products produced on the Continent
under cheap-labour conditions. Ether and chloroform
moned for medical examination, and such as are con- wore admitted free, and protection must be assured to make
it worth while to instal new and additional plant.
sidered fit have been or are being embodied for the
auxiliary servic^es or otherwise. I personally know a New South Wales.
young man who, after having been " turned back '' four
timee for defective eyesight, is now so engaged. The —Pharmacy Board. At the December meeting Mr. Harry
cl.'use of young men from which pharmacists could draw
Evans and Mr. ¥. H. Jones, chemists and druggists with
tem[)(>rary assistants to replace such of their regular the Briti.sh qualification, were registered under the Phar-
macy Act.
employes as had joined the Colours is thus once more
—Pharmaceutical Society. At the meeting on Decem-
r<'<!uced, and the problem of auxiliary labour is more
ber 10 it was reported that 168/. had been collected for
Andifficult to solve than ever. tuitrained man is of the Patriotic Fund organised by the members of the
Council. It was suggested that a motor-cycle ambulance
little use in a pharmacy, and above all (the Association might be purchased and presented to the Red Cross Society.

points out) in a Parisian or city officine, where the —Doctor's Dispensing. Dr. A. W. Wigmore, of Kurri

Adiversity of prescriptions is almost unlimited. long Kurri. has been connnitted for trial on a charge of man-

experience and a thorough knowledge of the trade is slaughter. He administered to a child of nine months old

in such situations practically indispensable. On the other a quantity of pulv. ipecac, co., which he guessed, in mistake

hand, large numbers of the younger master pharmacists for pulv. jalap, co. He stated at the Coroner's inquest

have been medically re-examined in the same way, and that if another doctor had not been called in he would
have given a certificate of death from pneumonia.
may be summoned at any moment for service. Should
—Necessary Commodities Commission. This Commission,
—any epidemic break out in Paris and in war-time one
which is inquiring into the prices of commodities affected
—must be prepared for the worst, though one hopes for by the war, on October 29 examined drug-trade witnesses.

the best the consequences of this reduced staff of phar- Mr. Holmes, acting-manager of Parke, Davis & Co..

Wemacists might be serious. have also to face the Sydney, stated that out of 4,000 to 5,000 preparations it
has only been found necessary to advance the prices on
fact that in winter and bad weather the normal calls on
50 to 100 lines from 25 to 50 per cent. These are almost
the pharmacist increase. The Association asks whether exclusively opium-preparations. The company have supplied

pharmacists already enrolled could not be granted suit- all orders for 'public bodies at prices ruling before the out-
break of war. It had been necessary to limit customers' orders
able and reasonable leave, and if a " sursis " or adjourn- to actual requirements even in those cases where prices have

ment could not be gi-anted to such pharmacists and been advanced. Mr. A. B. Hector, manager for Burroughs
Wellcome & Co., Sydney, said his firm had advanced the
assistants as have not yet been called up. The applica- prices of about 1,000 lines by 25 per cent. For the bulk
of their goods the prices were not advanced. The advances
tion of the "sursis" is a familiar feature to every
in price took place chiefly after October 1. the object being
Parisian. It is granted, as far as possible, to agricultural
to conserve their stocks, as in replacing them much higher
labourers at harvest-time and to men who are engaged in prices had to be paid. It was necessary to adopt a policy
" season " trades. It was largely extended to operative
tending to conserve stocks. Orders could have been re-
bakers when the present war broke out. There is therefore
stricted at the old prices, but this would not have been so
nothing revolutionary or extraordinary about the phar-
effective in checking undue buying. A good many of the
macists' modest request, and it is to be hoped it will at
firm's products are made at Sydney for the Australian
least be very seriously studied by the military authorities,
trade.
and an attempt made to reconcile the two ideas of uni-

versal service and "business as usual," at least so far as

dispensing is concerned.

Sweden.—At the annual meeting of the Apotekare- Victoria.
societet at Stockholm. A. Kayser was elected Chairman,
K. Sjoberg Secretary, and C. O. W. Schimmelpfennig —Motor-ambulance. The retail chemists of Victoria raised
Treasurer. The meeting agreed to contiibute 1.200 kr.
towards the publication of a history of Swedish pharmacy. 501/. for the purchase of a motor-ambulance, which has
been presented to the Defence Department for use in the
500 kr. for a post-graduate course for pharmacists, and war. The idea of the Victorian Retail Chemists' Patriotic
1,000 kr. to the Bureau at Upsala for supplying informa- Fund originated with Mr. C. E. Towl, and a Committee
carried out the work of collecting the money. The Lord
tion regarding advertisements of medicaments.
Mayor of Melbourne on November 26 made the presenta-
tion of the motor-ambulance to the military authorities.

120 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST •Tanuary 30, 1915

Canadian News. prietary or patent medicines in New York until the names

(From the " C. & D. ' Correspondent.) of the ingretlients have been registered with the Department
of Health. This ordinance has naturally called forth
—Habit-fobmixg Drugs. Cocaine-takers give a lot of vigorous protests from the drug-trade, and on Januai-y 7
a deputation visited the Board of Health to protest against
trouble in Canada, and the British Colunnbia Pharma- the ordinance. Dr. W. C. Anderson, Dean of the Brooklyn
ceutical Record " urges chemists to be careful that pre- College of Pharmacy, protested that the ordinance was not
scriptions they receive for narcotic drugs are genuine. required to protect the public welfare, which is already
That this is necessary is proved by the fact that a drug
" fiend " at Vancouver has been sent to gaol for three amply protected by existing laws ; that the ordinance under-
months for forging a prescription for cocaine solution in takes a confiscation of private property, and that it denies
to the people the right to exercise their own discretion
the name of a well-known medical man. A chemist to regarding the purchase of remedies, and thus attempts to
whom the proscription was taken detected the forgery.
compel the people to consult a physician for every trifling
—Chemicals Explode. Two explosions of chemicals on
ailment. He akso accused the Board of lending itself to the
New Year's Day .severely damaged the office and ware-
campaign of the American Medical Association against self-
house of Lyman's, Ltd., wholesale druggists, Montreal. medication. Mr. Albert Plaut. of Lehn & Fink, said that
The first explosion occurred at noon in a vault beneath 40 per cent, of the business of wholesale dmggists in the
the premises, and while the firemen were extinguishing city would be affected by the ordinance. The matter is
the fire which resulted a second explosion took place.
one which should be dealt with nationally, not locally. Dr.
This caused a fire among a pile of bags of sulphur, and
the sulphui'-dioxide fumes made the firemen's task a diffi- Jacob H. Rehfuss said that the owners of proprietary
cult one. The fire, however, was confined to the basement. remedies are not going to give up their secrets at the
Mr. A. Lyman, the vice-president, put the cause of the fire
•down to spontaneous combustion. The damage done is behest of a local Healtli Board. The ordinance would only
drive people to purchase outs'de the city by means of the
estimated at $5,000. post. Other speakers were Mr. H. R. Strong, who de-
nounced the medical " trust '' which doctors seek to
—WOOD-PHESERVATION. The preservation and fireproofing enforce : Alderman Jacob Weil. Mr. S. C. Henry, and Dr.
O. Raubenheimer. The la.st-named stated that Haarlem
of wood was the subject before the January meeting of oil, Rochelle salt, bicarbonate of soda, and Warburg's tinc-
the Canadian Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.
Before the nseeting began a discussion took place on the ture were all originally patented articles. Further con-
means of jjromoting chemical-industries in Canada, and a
Committee, consisting of Mr. T. H. Wardleworth, Dr. R. F. ferences have since been arrano-ed in an endeavour ' to get
Ruttan. Dr. Milton Iler.sey, Mr. J. A. De Cew. Mr. C. F.
Bardorf, and Mr. A. G. Spencer, was appointed to investi- the ordinance repealed or modified.
gate the matter and report to the Section. The papers on
wood^preservation were from the staff of the Forest Pro- Netherlands Notes.
ducts Laboratories of Canada, which was established in
1913 in co-oi>eration with the Government and the McGill &(From the " C. D." Correspondent.)
University. The main use for preserved wood in Canada
is for railway-sleepers, of which one speaker said there Rubber Research.— A central laboratory for rubber
are approximatelv a hundred millions in use. If these
could be effectually preserved against rot there would be ie»earch is to be founded in Java as a result of discussions
an annual saving of a million dollars.
at the International Rubber Congress.
Our American Letter.
The Annual Price-lists of the Dutch wholesale drug
&(Special Correspondence to the " C. D.")
and chemical trades have, most of them, not been published
Professor Casta, of ALvrdcen University, who is at
this year on account of the repeated changes in the prices
present on sick-leave, passed through New York in the first
of these articles at present.
week of January, along with Mrs. Cash and two daughters,
to visit relations in Delaware. Belg:lan Students. - The Minister of the Home Denart-

Obituary. —Mr. George Merrell. president of the ment has allow(xl ten Belgian students to attend, without

William S. Merrell Chemical Co., died at Cincinnati in paying fees, the lectures and practical laboratory-work in

December, aged sixty-nine. His father, Dr. W. S. Merrell, the Technical University in Delft.
who had a drug-business, in 1847 discovered and intro-
duced podophyllin and podophyllum resin, in the next year Sunday Closing-.— Alternative Sunday closing is now
the alkaloids and salts of hydrastis and sanguinaria.
George Merrell became a partner in the business before practised in fifty-four municipalities in Holland. In four
he was twenty-one, and had been president since its incor-
of them it was introduced in the course of 1914. In one
—poration. Mr. Edward H. Hance, founder of the drug and
municipality the practice has been repealed.
chemical firm of Ilance Bros. & White, Philadelphia, also
Opened by Censor.— In a letter from Em^land to
died last month. lie was eighty -one.
Holland the following printed note was enclosed by the
Chemical Trade.— Dr. W. H. Nichols, chairman of the Censor : " Letters are more likely to pass_ the Censor expe-
General Chemical Co., in .an address to the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, stated that the ditiously if they are short and clearly written."
European War has had but little injurious effect upon the
Stan<tardised Digitalis.- The Department " Amster-
American chemical-trade. He said : " We import sulphur
dam " of the Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter Beyordering
in the form of pyrites, nearly all of our potash, all of our der Pharmacie has its own farm at Noordwijk, near
tin, nickel, and nitrate of soda, but with the Allies in
Leiden, for the cultivation of digitalis-leaves. Each year
command of the sea the war has not affected any of these
raw materials greatly, except potash. . . . Some heavy the w^iole harvest is well mixed and reduced to coarse
chemicals, the receipt of raw material for which has been
very much curtailed or stopped altogether, have advanced powder, which is distributed among the members after it

sh.irply in value, but, generally speaking, the chemical- has been chemically and physiologically examined.^ a note
industry has not profited by advanced prices." Dr. Nichols
states that so far the United States has failed to utilise of the potency being printed on the labels. This year,
its natural deposits of raw materials for the chemical- _

industry. He also declared that foreign manufacturers and however, the digitalis has not yet been distributed. The

exporters are utterly unscrupulous in the methods adopter' reason is that on account of the prohibition of exportation
bv them to gain control of foreign trade, and he was of of animals for physiological researches from Germany it
the opinion that the only way in which the L'nited Stnti's
might successfully compete would be in the co-operation has been impossible to standardise the powder. Holland,
between the Federal Government and the exporting manu- which is so rich in frogs, does not produce the Pavn_ tern-
facturers of the country.
2}oraria that is required for physiological standardisation.
Sale of Proprietary Medicines.—The Board of Health
" w.O.T." is the abbreviation which has been adopted
of the City of New York have made an ordinance, to take
for the Nederlandsche Overzee Trust Maatschappij. the
effect after December 31, 1914, forbidding the sale of pro-
formation and objects of which were outlined in the
(7. t& D.. November 28, 1914. p. 70. The company has

issued a circular, in which it is stated that the Nederland

Steam Navigation Co., the Rotterdamsche Lloyd, and the
Dutch Steam Navigation Co. " Occaan," have decided not

to accept for transport to Holland carsoes of articles con-

sidered to be contraband of war, unless these are con-

signed to the N.O.T. It is further advised that goods in
the category of contraband which are on the wav should

be reconsignod to the N.O.T. to ensure them reaching then-

Adestination. list of articles which can be freely in"-

ported into Holland is anoended to the circular These

include volatile oils, alcohol, cassia, coca-leaves, cnbebs.

mace, indigo, cinchona-bark, quinine, cloves, nutmegs,

castor-oil seeds, and cinnamon. All other articles shoidH

be addressed to the N.O.T., with the exception of mineral

oils and copper, which should be consigned to the Dutch

Government.

January 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST —

121

Legal Reports. Limited Companies.

Trade Law. New Companies Registered.

A Bebt Case.— At Accrington County Court, before P.C. means Private Company and R.O. Registered Office.

Judge Maiislirld, on January 21, Bowdlcr & Bickerdike, Eastern Dental Manufactdhing Co., Ltd. (P.O.).
Capital 1,000/. The first directors are B. de Q. Quincey,
manufacturing cheniists. Church, recovered 6/. 7s. lOd. for L. W. Gill, and E. J. Kimber.
iisinfc^ctants sold to K. Martin & Co.. Manchester.
—Chemical E.xploration Co., Ltd. (P.C). Capital 1,506L 5s.
Removing- Acetic ilcld from —Tar. In the City of
The first directors are R. W. Greeff (chairman), F. W.
London Court, before Judge Rentoul, K.C., on January 27, Passmore, E. Lunge, and A. Lynn. R.O., Thames House,
The Eastern Enterprises, Ltd., Suffolk House, Laurence
I'ountney Hill. E.C., .sued Mr. Hans Wiederinann, Heath- Queen Street Place, E.C.
\v<v()d, Park Drive, (Jolders Green, fur 9/. for treating one
lalf-ton of tar delivered by tiieni, and freeing it from Reft-MEYER, Calburn & Kindersley, Ltd. (P.C.).—Capital
icetio acid to a point below 0.5 per cent. Defendant said 50,000/. Objects : To carry on the business of chemists.
that the debt was not his. It was due from Baumgarten,
f Berlin. Plaintift's' counsel said that the defendant was <lruggists, manufacturers, importers and exporters of and
dealers in chemicals, etc. R. Reitmeyer is permanent
ihe princi|)al and the only man they knew in the matter. governing director. R.O., 63 Crutched Friars, E.C.

Judge l{eutoul, in the course of the hearing, said the law —EtTROPEAN-AjlERICAN TRADING Co., LtD. (P.C). Capital

in this country is that the person to whom the credit is 10,000/. objects : To carry on the business of contractors
for the supply of, inter alia, drugs, chemicals, and to trade
given has to pay. The defendant seemed to have done as chemists and di'uggists. etc. The subscribers are W.
verything in the ease, and had made himself liable. Wright (45 Parkside, Knightsbridge, S.W.) and W. S.
Wright.
Judgniriit fur the jilaintitfs, with costs.
Ev.'.N Jones, Son & Co., Ltd.— Capital 2,000/., in 1/.
Claim for Commission. Mr. Ju.sticc Shearman, in the
King's Bench Division on January 25. heard a claim for shares. Objects: 'To take over the business of a wholesale
omniission by Edward A. Ilearn, glass-bottlo traveller,
Dalston Lane, Hackney, against Charles OUey & Sons, druggist, patent-medicine vendor, tobacconist, confectioner,
lass-bottle manufacturers. Mr. Spokes, for the plaintiff,
tati'd that the claim was for an account of commission, and general grocers' sundriosman, seed-merchant, etc.
which was due to the plaintiff on all moneys received by
carried on by P. Jones at the Red House Pharmacy, Coweli
or payable to the defendant.s in respect to goods supplied Street, Llanelly, Carmarthen, as "' Evan Jones & Son."
The first directors are P. Jones, E. Jones, and Mrs. L.
)y them to C. J. Hewlett & Sons. Ltd.. wholesale drug-
Jones.
gists. Charlotte Street, London. Plaintiff, in evidence,
stat(-d that he was a glass-bottle manufacturer prior to 1905. Company News.
when he couimenced business as a conunission-agent. and
was instrucled by the <lefendaiits' tirm to obtain orders for —LlEBlo's E.xtract of Meat (.'o., Ltd. The directors have
them, at the rate of 5 per cent., for the sale of corks,
resolved to declare an interim dividend of 10 per cent.,
riie arrangement was made with Mr. J. J. OUey, the senior
partner in the defendants' firm, whom he told that he free of income-tax, on the ordinary shares.
thought he could get a fair amount of orders from Messrs.
Hewlett & Sons. Mi\ OIley stated that he had done busi- The Phcenis Chemical Co., I;TD., whose registration was
ness with Hewlett's ?ome twenty years ago, and he seemed reported in the C. tfc D.. January 16, p. 41, is, we under-
ather anxious to resume the business. Th«re was no stand, to engage in the production of cream of tartar and
limitation of commission on any of the orders; the defen- tartaric acid from the imported raw materials.
lanrs j)romised to pay him 5 per cent, on all orders.
Maintiif received the commission up to the end of 1908, —Strand Chemical Co., Ltd. In the Chancery Division of
lut since then he had not received any. The jjlaintiff on
>nc' occasion met Mr. OIley and asked him for his com- the High Court. London, on January 22. Mr. Justice Joyce
was asked to appoint a receiver and manager of this com-
mission for all orders they received from Messrs. Hewletts.
Mr. OUey said that ho was doing practically no business pany. He agreed to make the order, subject to the con-
with Hewletts. and there was no account due. Plaintiff dition that the company (which did not appear) might
jMike of calling upon Mr. Hicks, a buyer of Messrs. Hew- move to discharge it.
letts. who introduced him to Mr. Street, another buyer,
who promised to send sinne orders on. Orders were sent on —Joseph Crosfield & Sons, Ltd. The report for tlie year
by post, and defendants told plaintiff that he need not
ended November 30, 1914, states that of the balance of profit
all for the orders as it would make no difference to after i^ayment of dividend on the preference and ordinary
his connnission. Mr. Spokes proposed to call two com- capital, the directors recommend tliat 20,000/. bo placed to
Miorcial travellers as to the custom, but Mr. J. C. II. reserve, writing off 20.000/. against depreciation and leaving

Sproule. for the defendants, objected to this being given in 10,086/. to be carried forward.

—vidrnce without being put in the pleadings. Mr. Sproule —German Dye Companies. Twenty companies with limited

iddressed the Court for the defence on Tuesday, stating liability are engaged in Germany in the manufacture of
aniline and other synthetic dyes. The share capital of
that Mr. Hicks left Hewletts in 1907, but orders continu-ed these companies amounts to 146.6 million marks (a little
to come through his successor. Plaintiff was paid com- over 7i million pounds). The gross profits last year
amounted to 54.5 million marks, the net profits being equal
mission up to 1908. and since then one of the partners of
the defendants' firm. Mr. John OUey. had to approach to a 25-per-cent. dividend on the shares.

Hewletts to give quotations for the orders which had been —Pearson's Cash Chemists, Ltd. An application was made
received since. His Lordship, in giving judgment, said he
to Mr. Justice Astbury, in the Chancery I)ivision of the High
must find that there was no written contract, and the Court. London, on January 22, to adjourn for seven days
nlaintilT had failed to make out his case on the line of a motion to appoint a receiver, in a debenture-holder's
lis pleadings. The action was dismissed, with costs, and action, of the business of Pearson's Cash Chemists, Ltd.,
Aberfan, Rhondda Valley. It was explained by counsel that
the plaintitY was allowed 5/. as commission which was due time was needed to consider evidence delivered on behalf

to him. of the company. A receiver had been privately appointed,

Gazette. but when he took possession he was ejected by the com-
pany's servants. The application was granted, an under-
taking being furnished that the assets of the company should
not be dealt with in the meantime except in the usual
way of business.

Bankruptcy Acts. —A Domestic Clinic. Husband : " Yes, I've been taking

Receiving Orders. antipyrin for two months, four times a day." Friend :

Fielding, W. A., 116 Rochdale Road, Royton, Lancaster, "That's rather risky, isn't it? Antipyrin is supposed to

drug-vendor. be so bad for the heart." Wife: " There is no doubt about
Adjddic.\tions.
"
KiKLniNG, \V. A., 116 Rochdale Road, Royton, Lancaster, that. I've noticed that it has a very hardening eflfect !
drug-vendor.
" Directory of British Manufacturers for Russian Trade."
MicitAEi,, F. W., 210 Camberwell Road, London, Bachelor The Dorland Agency, Ltd.. 3 Regent Street. London. S.W..
of Medicine. inform us that this work will be closing for press_ shortly ;
also that they have established a Russian and Polish corre-
rHORKLEY, N., 81 Alexandra Road, Moss Side, Manchester, spondence service to assist British manufacturers in dealing
chemist and druggist.
with Russian inquiries and general correspondence.

THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 30, 1915

Bankruptcy Report. Personalities.

Be XTatban Thornley, chemist and druggist, 81 Alex- Authenticated notes are inserted without charge if not in the
nature of advertisement, and subject to Editorial approval.
—juidra Road, Moss Side, Manchester. A meeting of the
Mh. S. R. Anniss, Ph.C, London Road, Ipswich, has
creditors of this debtor was held at the Official Receiver's been appointed a member of the Borough Licensing Com-
office, Quay Street, Manchester, on January 20. The
<lebtor's statement of affairs showed gross liabilities amount- mittee.
ing to 564?. lis. lid., the whole of which is expected to
rank for dividend. The as.sets were estimated to produce Mr. Victor J. Woods, chemist and druggist, Cecil Square,
171^ 4s., and the deficiency was 393/. 7s. lid. Shortness Margate, has been appointed organist of the Union Lodge
of capital and overstocking of shop were alleged by the of Freemasons.
debtor as the causes of his failure. The matter was left in
Mr. R. G. L.\YBOtJEN, chemist and druggist, 39 High
ihe hand.s of the Official Receiver. Street, Margate, has been elected President of the local
Working Men's Club.
Deed of Arrangement.
The Earl of Bessborough, who has been made Knight
Ellis, Oswald Malcolm, trading as the Rossendale Drug
of the Order of St. Patrick, is a director of Bovril, Ltd.,
Co., 32 Manchester Road, Haslingdon, Chemist and Drug- and of the Apollinaris Co., Ltd.
gist.—Trustee : J. S. Smith, 35 Spring Gardens, Man-
Mrs. Welton, wife of Mr. Henry Welton, chemist and
chester, C.A. Dated, January 14; filed, January 21. druggist, Bishop Street, Coventry, was on Tuesday elected
a representative of the City Council on the local Insurance
Secured creditors, 251. ; liabilities unsecured, 1,053?. ; esti- Committee.

mated net assets, IMl. Among the creditors are the follow- Me. Fred. Bascombe, F.I.C, Ph.C, Treasurer of the
Great Northern Lodge and Secretary of the Galen Lodge,
ing : May, Roberts & Co., Ltd., London (12?.): Anglo- has been appointed Senior Warden of the Lambeth Borough
Council Lodge.
American Optical Co., London (4/.); E. Cook & Co., Ltd.,
Councillor Heney M. Lloyd, J. P., chemist and druggist,
London (4?.) ; Elliot Optical Co., London (bl.) Ford, ex-Mayor of Merthyr Tydfil, has been elected to the Court
; of Governors of the University College of South Wales and
Monmouthshire as the representative, for three years, of the
Shapland & Co., London (4?.) ; Virol. Ltd., London {51.) : Merthyr Corporation.

A. Wander, Ltd., London (4?.): Hirst, Brook & Hirst, Ltd., LoED Justice Bankes, who has succeeded the late Lord
Justice Kennedy in the Appeal Court, once stood for Parlia-
Leeds (91/.); Richardson & Co., Leicester (7/.); Ayrton, ment as Coniservative candidate for the Flintshire Boroughs,
but he was beaten by Mr. T. H. W. Idris, J. P., F.C.S.,
Saimders & Co., Ltd., Liverpool (21/.). chairman of Idris & Co., Ltd.

Private Meetings. Me. A. R. Aerowsmith, of the Apollinaris Co., Ltd.
(who is well known in London in connection with many
The creditors of Francis C. Williams, chemist and drug- pharmaceutical social functions), informs us that the rumour
gist, Ealing (whose deed of arrangement was reported in that he has left that company, or that he contemplates, so
the C. d- D., January 23, p. 41), met in London on Janu- doing, is without foundation.
ary 20, when a statement of affairs was submitted. _ It
Mb. John George Beck, the internment of whose son
transpired that the debtor took over the Ealing business (Mr. Ernest Beck, M.A. Lond.) in the British civil prisoners'
camp at Ruhleben was mentioned in the C. it D., Janu-
in February last from his former employer, Mr. Goole. At ary 23. p. 35, is proprietor of the Gustav Boehm business,
that time he had no capital, and the purchase-price was 38 Morland Street. London, and not of the German business,

fixed at 160/. Of that amount 125/. had been paid. Debtor which is a quite distinct conceim.
is tenant of the premises, rented at 80/. per annum and Mr. J. Reynolds, chemist and druggist, who has recently
taxes, but he sub-lets the house part at 39/. a. year. The
moved from Barry Dock to Mountain Ash, was entertained
takings in the business have averaged about 10/. weekly, on January 13 to a complimentary banquet at Brain's Barry
but they have latterly dropped to about 11. a week in Dock Hotel, and presented with a gold watch and chain and
consequenoe of the present crisis. After some discussion, it an illuminated address, as a mark of appreciation and
regard, from his fellow-members of the local May-Day Show
was resolved that the debtor be allowed seven days within Committee, of which body he has been chairman for several
which to deposit security for the payment of 5s. in the
years.
pound, payable within thi-ee months, and secured to the
New Books.
satisfaction of the three principal creditors.
Any book published in the United Kingdom can be supplied to
The creditors of Oswald M. Ellis met at Manchester on
our subscribers at the price quoted. Orders, with remittance,
January 19, when a statement of affairs was^ submitted. should be sent to the Publisher, 42 Cannon Street, London, E.C.

It was reported that the debtor started trading a little Rittenberg, M. Modern lleta'ding. 61x4. Pp. 159.
Is. net. (Pitman, 34 Coombe Road, Croydon, S.E. [Mr.
Heover two years ago, with very little caisital. did a Rittenberg, an Australian by birth, was formerly editor of
the " Organiser," and in that capacity had opportunities
fair business at the commencement, and it was believed of studying various methods employed by successful
that he had made a good profit during the first twelve retailers. 'The views thus gathered are digested and placed
before retailers in this book. There are eleven chapters
months of his trading, after which he got into financial and two appendices. One of the chapters is headed " Prin-
ciples of Window-display," and among the suggestions for
difficulties, and has executed a deed of assignment in favour an unconventional window-display for a chemist is to build
of Mr. J. S. Smith (Messrs. Smith. Weir & Turner), the an arch of toilet-soap to form the word SOAP.]
accountant, who convened the meeting. After discussion it
The Calendar of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great
was resolved that this should be ratified in order to protect Britain, 1915. 8^x5^. Pp. 2454- Appendix of Members'
Names, Donors to the Benevolent Fund, etc. 2s. (Phar-
the interests of the creditors, and also that if a composition maceutical Society, 17 Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.)
[This annual publication deals with the official matters of
of 5s. in the pound, payable in, say, three and six months, the Pharmaceutical Society. It gives in full the various
was forthcoming the same should be accepted. Pharmacy Acts, by-laws, and examination regulations, etc..
which govern the conduct of the Society. Particulars are
Business Changes. also given of the Medical Benefit Regulations of the
National Insurance Act, and full lists of the pharmacist
Authenticated notes are inserted without charge if not in the members of the various Pharmaceutical Committees
throughout Great Britain. In the latter lists the names of
nature of advertisement, and subject to Editorial approval.
—the Secretaries are underlined a convenient method of
Me. William Martin Hovpell, of Hessle, is opening a
branch pharmacy at Robin Hood's Bay. indicating the distinction.]

The Fabbhica ' Chimica Abenella SocietA. Anonima, of
Palermo, is the new style of the Fabbrioa Chimica Italiana
Goldenberg. The company is a branch of Goldenberg,
Geromont & Co., Rheingau.

The Business of the late Mr. Fredk. Graf, drug-merchant,
65 Fenchurch Street, London, E.C._, will be continued as
liitherto under the same name by his brother. Mr. S. Graf
(.sole legatee and executor), who will retain the services of

the staff.

White, E. F. The " Spafula" Soda-water Guide.
10ix7J. Pp. 160. $1. ("Spatula'' Publishing^ Co..
Boston, Mass. [This is the fourth edition of this guide to
the methods of conducting a soda-fountain. It deals with
all aspects of the question, and contains a largo number
of formulae for compounding beverages for aerating.]

—:

January 3'0, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST

Chemical Society. obtained ; while with dilienzoyl acetone a good yield of
the frillowing compound is formed :
ON Thursday, January 14, an informal meeting was
CO
held at Burlington House. The rooms were open to
/COC.H.-,
Fellows from 8 till 10 p.m., smoking was allowed, and
I
reshments were provided. These meetings are being
/ ^COCfiH.^
well attended, and form a pleasant change to the usual
With acetone dicarboxylic acid,
cieiitific gatherings. As far as can be seen, they seem
CH,.CO.CH,COOH.COCH„
I) be .serving their purpose of making the Fellows better
a hydroxy-coumarin is formed :
cquainted and affording an opportunity for discussion
/ C /^\CO
if a nature impossible at the usual meetings. On
1I
'anuary 21 an ordinary scientific meeting was held, at
CO CHo
which Professor VV. H. Perkin, F.R.S. (President), was
The last paper was by W. H. Gaspari, and dealt with
the chair. The first paper was from the Wellcome The, Bekaviour of Colloids towards mixed liquids, the

Research Laboratory, by Mr. F. L. Pyman, on special case treated being the conditions under which
alcohol will precipitate indiarubber from its solution in
IsocjuiNOUNE Derivatives.
benzene.
J he author stated that the paper was a continuation
f work published some time back, and dealt with Winter Session

the reduction-products of papaverine. Papaverine, of Meetings of Trade Associations.

—(;,,„H.|O^N, yields on reduction two products one. (See also " Insurance Act Dispensingr.")

tctrahydropapaverine, which is amorphous, and the other, Accrlngtoii.— The annual dinner of the District Phar-
p.ivine, which is crystalline. Pavine, C,|,H,30,,N, is mac-ists' Association was held at the Commercial Hotel,
Accringtou, on January 20. Mr. J. S. Snell (President) in
lihydropapaverine. From it may be prepared a methyl the chair. The menu admonished the diners to " Bat,
Iciivative, N -methyl pavine. It is an imino base and drink, and be merry, for to-morrow we Dispense." Other
injunctions were
outaius an asymmetric carbon atom. It is not reducible,
iiid on carrying out a Hoffmaim degradation on it a di- Mist. Bismuth. Co. c. Pepsin, if required.
jarbo.xylic acid, C„,H„.0,N, is obtained. The author has
carefully studied the behaviour of pavine and its methyl Cap quant magnum singrul, et repetat dos S.O.S.
derivative, and concludes that the reduction of papaverine Note.— The above Taritt' is not subject to a discounting-elause.
to pavine leads to an alteration in the molecule, which
is best seen by comparing the two following formulae, In reg-ard to Doc., Inf., Liq., Spts., etc., an experienced
the latter of which he states to be the correct representa- conipuundev is in attendance, who will fill all verbal pre-
tion of pavine :
scriptions for these medicines C.O.D.
OCHs OCHs Beware of Incorabatibilities.

0CH3 OCH:, The President announced with regret the resignation of
Mr. A. J. Espley as Secretary, as he has joined his Majesty's
0
CH2 Forces as dispenser. He was specially thanked for his ser-
vices to the Association, and Mr. W. R. Cameron was
I Pavine. appointed to the vacancy. An entertainment followed, in

O Papaverine. which Messrs. Birkett, Cameron, Dewhurst, Hindlc, Hodg-
son, Cockroft, Greenhalgh, and Law played their parts
OOH:, OCH: NH with credit to themselves. The titbit of the evening was a
recitation written and declaimed by John Law, doyen of the
OCH3 CH OCH3 CH local pliarmacists, on " Pills," being the soliloquy of a
chemist who went a-fishing. Thanks, " Auld Lang Syne,"
CH CH2 and " God Save the King " concluded a night that will long
be remembered.
Tlie next paper was by B. N. Ghosh and S. Smiles, on
Birkenhead.— A meeting of the Birkenhead and Wirral
Synthesis of 3-Oxy-1-thio-naphthene.
^MThis was a development of previous work, where it Association of Pharmacists took place at Birkenhead on
^Bvas shown that by treating aromatic mercaptans with January 21, Mr. C. H. Sturt in the chair. After the formal
^Bulphuric acid disulpho compounds are obtained, such business had been transacted, a lecture was delivered by

^H.s C|,H-.S.S.CjH.. When a solution of this in sulphuric Mr. W. Harper, of Liverpool, on Economy in Electric
^Hcid is heated a further change takes place, giving rise to Lighting. The lecture, although a little intricate, dealt

|)odies of the type C6H4<(^ /CcHi. The hypothesis adopted with the lighting of shops and warehouses, and was greatly
appreciated. Mr. Harper received a hearty vote of thank.^
o explain this was that the dithio group becomes broken
at the finish.
)y hydrolysis', giving rise to sulphoxylic acids, two mole-
Blrmingbam.— The annual whist-drive and supper of the
ules of which then condense. It was found that if thio-
Pharmaceutical Association took place in the Grosvenor
penzoic acid, C,,H,SHCOOH, be dissolved in sul-
Room of the Grand Hotel on January 20. The eighty
huric acid and the solution warmed, a compound of the members and friends who attended had an enjoyable even-

ormula / S\ obtained; following this up, ing, and the prizes, which had been given by members,
^/CeH^ is were presented by Mrs. E. W. Mann, wife of the President.
CfiHj\
—The prize-winners were : Ladies (1) Mrs. Redler, (2) Mrs.
lie actii)n of acetoacetic ester was tried on thio-benzoic —Jenson, (3) Mrs. C. E. Colman, (consolation) Mrs. Akam,

cid. In this case the ether is not formed, but hydrolysis (mystery) Mrs. Spencer; Gentlevien (1) Mr. E. R. Canning,
(2) Mr. Holgreaves, (consolation) Mr. Marshall, (mvstery)
akes place and oxythio-naphthene is formed. When Mr. E. W. Mann.

xce.ss of acetoacetic ester is employed further condensa- Harrograte.— A meeting of the Harrogate Pharmaceutical

oion t;ikes place, and a body of the con.stitution Association was held at the Salisbury Hotel on January 21.
co/^\co Mr. O. R. Windemer (President) took the chair. Thirteen
/ II other members were present and A. Mortimer (Hon. Secre-
C CI H tary. Mr. T. E. Handford gave an address on The yen-
CH2 British Pharmaeo'peeia. It was generally agreetl. he said,,
that the B.P. 1914 is the best that has ever been pub-
s obtained. By using acetyl acetone in place of aceto- lished in this or any other country. Samples of some
of the new preparations were shown, and it was seen that
cetic ester a 90-per-cent. yield of oxythio-naphthene is the changes in physical characters, especially of blisters,

were most marked. A discussion followed, during which

the alteration in the strength of tincture of opium received

124 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Taxuaey 30, 1915

spec-ial attention. It was arranged to inform the local

medical men that the new B.P. will be used on and after
March 1. A Committee, consisting of Messrs. Windemer,
Handford, and Mortimer, was appointed to prepare a

short guide to the B.P. for the use of doctors. Mr. Crosby
was elected a member. Other business of local interest was

also considered.

Xiondon (W.'. — Another of the series of " Fireside Postal Address:
Socials " organised by the North London Pharmacists'
C. & D. INFORMATION DEPARTMENT, 42 Cannon Street, London. E.C.
Association was held on January 21 at the resi- Telegraphic Address: "CHEMICUS, CANNON, LONDON " (two words).
dence of Mr. and Mrs. A. H. .Jenkin. 54 Wray Crescent, Telephone Number: 3617 CENTRAL (three lines).
Tollington Park. There were thirty members and friends
INFORMATION WANTED.
present. A paper was read by the host on Poetry in Prose,
Postal or telephone information with respect to makers or
and a discussion followed. Refreshments were served, and first-hand suppliers of the undermentioned articles will be
afterwards a musical programme was rendered. The appreciated. Please address us as above :
artists were Miss Robinson, Miss Brennan, Mrs. Bradbury,

Mrs. Skinner, and Mrs. Williams, with Messrs. Jenkin.

Bradbury, Tocher. Bowie, Williams, and White, the Vice-
President (Mr. A. W. Bromley) acting as M.C. Thanks
were accorded to the host and hostess .and all those who had
contributed to the very pleasant evening.

Iionlon (W.>.— A meeting of the Western Pharmacists' 239/61. Metal - covered and 240/30. McLaughlin's "Vigor"

Association was held at the Restaurant Frasoati, Oxford canvas-covered carboys (tor belts.

Street, W., on Thursday evening, January 21. Mr. A. R. sending acids, disinfectants, 243/15. Jacobsen, of Friedrik-
Melhuish presided, and made an appeal on behalf of the
perfuniKB, etc., by rail or stad, Norway : London agents.
fund for Belgian doctors and pharmacists. He also
referred svmpathetically to the death of Mr. W. G. botit) : makers. asthma 244/7. Moore's dog-toxin (for
240 / 32. Topham's distemper) : suppliers.
Grordclier, mentioning the fact that it was in Mr. Gordelier's
specific. 242/62. Pyroglidine."
pharmacy at Sittingbourne that Mr. Edmund White. Presi- 244/57. " Cupco," a concentrated
25&/53. " Hiron " (believed to
dent of the Pharmaceutical Society, was apprenticed. Mr. soup-tablet.
be a local anasstlietic).
Melhuish then reported on the work of the London Phar- 245/23. "Ival" calf-lvmph.
maceutical Committee, and answered a number of queries 240/74. "Milkwort" chilblain-
234/74. Toilet-paper, " Italia "
on Insurance work. He explained that Mr. R. R. Bennett, cure.
B.Sc. F.I.C., who was to have opened a discussion on the and " Terebos " brands.
new B.P., w.as unable to be present owing to an attack of 240/740. Adam's liniment.
240/741. " Pinbron " embroca- 230/25. Dr. Fiehtel's herbal dia-
broncliitis, but they w'ere fortunate in securing Mr. C. A. betic powders.
tion.
Hill, B.Sc, F.I.G., to take his place. He called on Mr. 230/60. Nasal tube to regulate
240/742. ' Pixol ' cough-mix- breathing.
Hill to open the discussion. Mr. Hill enumerated and com-
mented on the chief alterations in the new Pharmacopoeia, ture. 236 1 14. V. Houy's " Savon denti-
which, he said, is more up to date and a better book from frice antiseptique."
240/743. Cremola Capal."
the pharmaceutical point of view than the previous one. 236/47. " Motor Queen " skin
240/744. Eau de Louvain." food : present address
He dealt particularly w-ith the specifications and altera- 240 .'745
Ideal " corn-plasters. 245/37. Page's hair-lotion (said

240/746. Prostatic massage. to be originally a Malvern

240/748. Syrup " Cochin preparation).

Sanacho."
240/747. " Cracko."

tions in strength of lic]uid carbolic acid, strong solution of INFORMATION SUPPLIED.

perchloride of iron, the dilute acids, ether, cresol, sac-

charated carbonate and phosphate of iron, glucose, oil of Inquiries regarding the following articles have been
answered. The information as to supply will be given to
pine, senna-fruit, sweet spirit of nitre, oleostearate of zinc,
others who send a stamped, addressed envelope to the
and tinctures of opium and strophanthus. In regard to Information Department, The Chemist and DeuGGIST,

chemical substances, such as cream of tartar, he gaid 42 Cannon Street, London, E.C. :

these are now adequately characterised : the,y are simply

the chemicals used by good pharmacists for a number of "Aero" sponges, 243/10 Orthoform, 242/62

years, and. in his view, the new monographs afford protec- Adeps lana; (for France), 242/32 Oryzanin, 241/311

tion against unscrupulous traders and competitors. He Aluminium measures, 245/17 Parlemol, 244/21

regretted the use of the word " mil," and enumerated the Andrew's camphor syrup, 233/57 Pertussin, 241/19

various meanings attached to that term. A long and Antiberiberin, 240/310 Petrosine, 230/23

interesting discussion ensued, taken part in by Messrs. Mel- Bisurated magnesia, 239/28 Phormoid, 240/31

huish, Barrett, Browne. Lownsbrough, McMillan, Raithby, " Bivouac " cocoa, 242/64, 244/25 Phytolacca lozenges, 241/44

Procter, Pratt. Shirtliffe, Atkinson, Noble, and W. L. Cachets, 242/68 Plaster-spreading machinery.

Howie. Mr. Howie, speaking as a pharmacist who had Capsicum leaves, 242/63 241/69

finished his anprenticeship before the 1867 B.P. came into Car-ma-me preparations, 244/22 Porcelain jars (for toilet

force, recalled the difficulties that arose then in regard to Covered pots (actual makers), | creams), 242/57

alterations in strength. He thought the pharmacist must 241/64 I Potassium permanganate, 239/3

Crepe rhouma bandages, 240/745 Pott's " Infant's Friend," 230/10

get at what the doctor and customer want, and use his " Ernst " kidney belt, 240/71 {

judgment. He sounded a note of warning in regard to the Pynair, 240/740

" Fairy " soap. 231/102 " Radiant " washing-powders,

alterations in the requirements for nitroglycerin, tablets and Glasscine labels, 240/54 240/74

amyl nitrite. On the suggestion of the f'hairman, the meet- Glass bends (for shop-rounds). Rodagen, 241/74
" Royal " toilet-rolls, 236/18
ing concurred in the recommendation of tVie Council of the makers, 233/65

Pharmaceutical Society as to the sale of laudanum. Mr. Gluten flour, 234/55 Safety-razor sharpener (U.S.A.

Hazol, 238/59 pat. 775134), 236/46
Heiskell's preparations, 240/743
Hill, in replying to the discussion, referred to the question " Sanitol " shaving-cream,

of physiological standardisation, which had been raised by Hunt's soluble chloride of lime, 231/101

the President ; he considered it matter for congratulation 230/10 Sodium sulphite (S. America),

that physiologically standardised preparations are not Hydrogen peroxide, 243/65 244/19

included, as such work is in the hands of certain firms, Hypax, 244/20 Stypticin, 231/32
" lodipin " substitute. 233/3.3 Terry's pessaries, 234/62
and the pharmacist would be precluded from making such Trench's remedy (for epilepsy),
" K E.B." enamelled ware.
preparations. He recalled the fact that soon after the
234/62 240/32

introduction of the 1898 B.P. there was a prosecution " Kencream " for dogs. 231/103 Turner's surgical silk, 228/67

under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts in resnect to euca- Kernick's vegetable pills. 240/16 tTritika, 240/744

lyptus oil. It is not therefore safe to assume that pharma- "Kitto" hair-restorer. 231/100 Vacuum flasks (British and

cists will be allowed a period of latitude, and it is always Koronium bromide, 233/55 American), 242/68

safe to keep on the right side of the law. At the same time, Lavender flowers. 237/20 Velvene, 240/742

Mauritius crystals, 223 '17 Van Vleck's preparations,

he considered that the new B.P. reduces the possibility of Mollock- Armstrong car-defen- 235/140

Avexatious prosecutions. cordial vote of thanks to Mr. der, 244/24 Venus cream, 240'741

Hill concluded the proceedings. Mulready's_ liver pills, 241/26 Vermillionettes (American in-
" N.ymol," 243/59
—Thompson's Compendium. John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, " Optimus " inhalers, 240/746 quiry), 233/5
" Zcnobia " perfumes, 244/28
Ltd., 83-91 Great "ritchfield Street, London, W., inform us
that the fifth edition of Mr. C. J. S. Thompson's " C/om- Chemist (after kissing his fair one's hair, which is of a
pendium of the Pharmacopoeias and Formularies " is now
in the press. The new edition will bring the work into blonde shade that would be magnificent were it not arti-

conformity with the British Pli.armacopoeia, 1914. It is a ficial) : " Thanks, my dear; on this stuffy evening my lungs

useful work for dispensers as well as prescribers. had need of oxygen."

;:

January 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DKUGGlbl 125

Observations and Reflections. Syrup of Fox's Lungs,

By Xrayser II. about which a correspondent incpiired

—last week, was, properly speaking, a lohoch that is to

say, it was of a consistency between that of a syrup and

The House of Commons an electuary It consisted of prepared fox-lungs,

liquorice-juice, maidenhair, aniseed, sweet-fennel seeds,

is so obviously the place in which sugar, and coltsfoot and scabious-water. This was copied,

our attack on the discounting clause must be made that with some trivial alterations, from Mesue, and was no

one wonders why the fact is not officially recognised. doubt useful, though we need not therefore attribute any

The tentative support you give to the idea in your leader A])articular virtue to the fox's lungs. few weeks since

(if last week will be welcomed by the trade as a distinct I took occasion to correct a learned annotator of Webster,
who, commenting on a passage in that dramatist's " The
stop forward. The year on which we have just entered

will either establish or overthrow our position as State Devil's Law-case," in which "restorative powder of the
lungs of a fox " is spoken of as being good for an orator,
dispensers. The most optimistic of us, even those who glosses " lungs of fox " as lungwort (Pulmonaria

are unjustly said by one of your contributors to have

' inveigled " their less hopeful fellows on to the panel, officinalis). There is, of course, no warrant for this.

recognise that we caimot go on indefinitely under existing The preparation of which Webster speaks was the dry

conditions. The time for experiment, and, I will add, species of the lohoch. I have several times been asked

for jjatience, is running out, or has already run out. for the syrup, which ceased to be official, I believe, in

Hope makes a good breakfast, but a bad supper; and, 1721.

though it is, as "Allan" says, difficult to kill, it cannot The Toxicity of Saccharin

survive with us much longer. Conditions have, it is referred to in " Netherlands
Notes " is an entirely new idea to me. It is not quite
true, improved a little in some places. I am glad to see clear from the paragraph whether saccharin is supposed

that in one where discounting has been particularly to be toxic to animal life or only to vegetable organisms,
but I take it that any substance which is really a " proto-
grievous there is not expected to be any this year still, plasm-poison " is cjuite likely to have an injurious effect
;
on the animal economy, especially if used in excessive
such local and fluctuating successes are not enough.
quantity. Many years ago I came to the conclusion, as
"O Liberty," a result of observations made in the course of business,

said Madame Roland, as she submitted her that saccharin was not a success as a substitute for sugar,
especially in the manufacture of aerated waters. The
"beautiful black head" to the guillotine, "what things action of saccharin when taken into the mouth is to
—are done in thy name!" and we may add, "O
" paral,yse the nerves of taste, with the result that after the
Patriotism, what absurdities are proposed in thine !
first sensation of sweetness has passed no further similar
The memorial to the P.A.T.A. with regard to enemy
sensation is felt till the nerves have recovered their
articles, and the letter of your own correspondent on the
subject of " All-British " manufactures, are but two out normal function. The first sip of a lemonade made with
saccharin is quite sweet, while the last mouthful is acid.
of many instances that might be cited to sliow how the Moreover, lemonade containing saccharin is said to have
an injurious influence on the digestion, which of course
Wecliild survives even in the man of business. should is not exercised by that made from sugar. Possibl,y these
observations may have some bearing on the Amsterdam
luirt ourselves a good deal more than our enemies by
experiments.
sHcli ])uerile proceedings, which are only the very palest

I'eflection possible of that policy of " f rightfulness " we

<leprecato in them. I wonder how these patriotic souls

can endure to soil their mouths with such terms as
" Seidlitz powders," " Seltzer water," " Glauber's salts,"
" Prussic acid," " Bunsen burner," and the like. It is

true that by doing so they do not materiall,y benefit the The Till

(lermans, but it is surely a kind of lip-service of which is the pivot on which our business turns, the centre

tliey ought to be incapable. I see that it is proposed to round which it revolves ; but, familiar as the thing is,

rename eau de Cologne eau de Louvain, and there are Athe origin, both of it and of its name, is obscure. till

other well-known names, of public-houses and what not, seems to have been originally a secret box or drawer

that have been changed on the same principle but "why within another larger box or cabinet, a receptacle for
;

not go on consistently to the end and erase the trail of valuables or important documents, sometimes, but not

the Teuton from our language altogether? It might be necessarily, a pai't of the enclosing cabinet, which might

a little inconvenient, but what of that when patriotism contain many tills. The most interesting reference I

is at stake ? know to such a till occurs in George Herbert's poem

A Half-holiday for Doctors " Confession " :

is surely something quite novel, " Within my heart I made
Closets, and in them many a chest
but after all there is no reason why the medical man And, like a master in mv trade.

should not have his recognised hours of recreation ju.st In those chests boxes, in each box a till
as much as the pharmacist or the tradesman. In nine Yet Grief knows all, and enters when he will."
cases out of ten when the doctor is sent for it really
It is a long way from Herbert to Mr. Wray's shop in
does not matter much whether he makes his visit within
one or three hours or more, and when his clients get to Little Britain, yet the latter provides us, not very long
know that he is not available on any given afternoon afterwards, with the first recorded instance of an un-
they will just make up their minds to wait till doubted shop-till, one having been stolen thence in 1698.
he is available. As to Leven Thursday afternoon
Whether this "Til" {so it was advertised) was a box or
shall be sacred to the golf links so far as doctor a drawer does not appear, but tiU-box was in common
and druggist are concerned, and only in case of the use at about that time. Skeat, however, derives our word
gravest possible emergency would anv native be rash from A.S. " tyllan, to draw aiSiide, or [' Angels and
enough to interrupt a foursome or a medal round. Ahsit ministers of grace defend us!'] lead astray." He
regards " drawer " as the proper sense, and connects the
omen J The p.sychology of the human mind in relation word with tiller . the handle of a rudder. Dry den has it
to health and disease is a most fascinating study. In in this form :

—the majority of cases illness is chiefl,v a subjective condi- " Search her Cabinet, and thou shalt find
Eacli Tiller there with Love-Epistles lin'd."
tion that is, it is psychical rather than physical. The
consequence is that anything, no matter what, which A writer in " Notes and Queries " suggested the other

:irrests the attention tends to dispel the idea of illness. week a very far-fetched derivation from the French tillnc,
a sea-term now signifying the bridge, but formerly the
.\s an example, compare the takings on any Sunday
evening when the shop is open with those of the deck, of a ship, and surviving also, as he believes, in our
same hours on a general holiday ; the latter are fill, a punt's locker. The Oxford Dictionary is content
to say, " Origin obscure."
usually only a fraction of the former. Similarly

ilie doctors' half -day also shows a goodl,y reduction.

— —: .

126 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 30, 1915

Sanitas-SYPOL" to have been a fair amount of quiet buying in the second-

A SUBSTITUTE FOR " LYSOL." hand market, the value of good brands of Continental

INTRODUCED BY US IN 1 902 sulphate being about Is. 2d., and there is no official

PATRIOTIC CHEMISTS German makers' quotation. The annual reports and

— —are asked to push this statistical information which have been issued by the

BRITISH MANUFACTURE Amsterdam and London brokers (including Messrs. H. A.

Guaranteed Co-efficient 3. Van Overzee, P. Brusse, G. Briegleb, Pex & Davids,

Forms a clear solution with water and is the MOST Domeier & Co., and Widenmann, Broicher & Co., Ltd.)
POWERFUL member of the group of Liq. Cresoli
enable us to give a short survey of the position of
Saponatus fluids.
bark and quinine during 1914. The last-named firm in
ou, and 1/- Bottles and 6/- per gallon.
their report state that
Leaflets and Samples on Application.
The "SANITAS" CO., Ltd., Limehouse, London, E. Markets followed a normal and, for bark-growers and
quinine-makers, no doubt satisfactory course until the out-
Wilcox, Jozeau & Co. break of war in August. The export of bark and quinine
from the United Kingdom was then prohibited, and the
49, HAY MARKET, LONDON, S -W same step was taken in Holland, which country, however,
removed the embargo in September. England followed the
Export and other Buyers should apply for a List . " " Dutch example in November, probably in recognition of the
small local consumption of qumine and the Colonies' urgent
•» Foreign prescriptions dispensed for Pharmacists requirements; exports have since been on a fairly large
scale. Germany has likewise prohibited the export of
HAENSELS quinine and preparations, but, judging from American
Unequdlled . Speciahty. ^ reports, German makers appear to be in a position to offer

A" revolution in the art of Urine Testing.*'—.liti/ZcJ/ Press i.- Circnlitr, —in the United States. The sales of quinine in the bark

ENDOtyilG TUBES during 1914 were about 56.000 kilos. less than in the pre-
ceding year, and smaller than in any year since 1906 with
"The Laboratory in the Waistcoat Pocket." the exception of 1912, the year of intensive negotiations for
the cinchona agreement. The German quinine-makers'
Wholesale Terms on aj^flieatioii to the Sole Prohiietois requirements have probably been curtailed by partial export
prohibitions, and the results of the London bark-sales re-
FLETCHER, FLETCHER & Co., Ltd., HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N. vealed anything but urgent requirements on the part of
the English makers. The Amsterdam sale fixed for August
Editorial Articles. did not take place. The unit-price in Holland has through-
out been maintained at 6.20c., pointing to the continuance
Quinine. of the cinchona agreement, and an unaltered first-hand
price for .sulphate in Germany of Is. Id. per oz. . . .
As we uoted several months ago, the price of quinine, Statistically the position remains favourable. It is true
that the Java production of bark is greater than the quan-
to the surprise of many people, has been practically tity supplied to the quinine-makers under the agreement,
and that that quantity is larger than the present total
unaffected by the war, and the future outloot as regards consumption. Bark stocks in Holland have not increased
meanwhile, but no doubt there are large stocks in Java,
market conditions remains obscure. Statistically the which will not, however, affect the position unless and
until circumstances arise to terminate the cinchona agree-
position is judged to be good enough for a higher level ment. . . . The Java shipments have fallen off considerably,
being about four million pounds less than in 1913. Ceylon
of values, but the war has brought about .abnormal and exports are negligible: India has sent about 70 per cent,
more bark than in 1913, stimulated no doubt by prospects
unforeseen conditions which preclude the expression of of better prices. The London quinine stock has experienced
a reduction of about three-quarters of a million ounces. The
any opinion as to the future. Recently there appears second-hand quinine-market, confident of an impending rise
in the official price, was very steady from January to .luly.
the spot price ranging from Is. to Is. OfrZ. In Airgust the price
advanced to l.s. 2jcZ., but, business being checked by export
prohibitions, great calm ensued, the value receding to
Is. Id., and recovering but little after the removal of the
embargo. At the end of the year the price was Is. Oid. in
second-hands. Large quantities of Dutch were imported
into London.

Looking further into the statistical position, we note

that the exports of bark from Java to Europe are the

lowest since 1906, when the official price of German

quinine ranged from 7^d. to lOd. per oz. ; on the other

hand, imports of bark into the United Kingdom for the

past six years show extremely little variation. The

Amsterdam stock of bark is very large (68,500 packages)

compared with previous years e.g., in 1901 it was only

13,100 packages; 1902 to 1904, 15.000 to 17,000; 1905,

39,000; 1906 to 1911, 18,000 to 28,000; 1912, 53,000; and

1913, 70,300 packages. The range of unit at the London

bark-sales was from l^d. to l^d. per lb., while at Amster-

dam the unit was unchanged throughout at 6.20c. per

half-kilo., against 4.14c. to 5.60c. in 1913, The average

percentage of quinine in the manufacturing-bark offered

at Amsterdam last year was 6.03, or the lowest

since 1907. It is of interest to note that the London

stock of quinine on December 31 was 2,702,363 oz., or

about 706,000 oz. less than in 1913, and the lowest for

at least the past thirteen years. Last week we referred

to the fact that the Indian Government have prohibited the

export of bark, but this fact will not influence the situa-

tion. Some interesting statistics regarding the imports

of quinine and alkaloids into India are given in the annual

review of the trade of India in 1913-14. jusi published.

—

January 3D, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 127

These figures are for the official year ending March 31, Wekingdom. The protection afforded is a success.
and are as follows :
1914-14 can not only sleep in our beds o' nights without fear that
1912-13 1,872 000 oz.
1,680.000 oz. a German army will land on our shores, but we have the
£102,000 superlative satisfaction that manufacturers and merchants
£72,000 in the homeland are in direct communication by sea with
distant parts of the Empire, and that although delay, in-
It will be seen that the increase in 1913-14 is 192,000 oz., convenience, and some other disturbances of normal com-
or 30,000Z., a respective increase of 11.4 per cent, in mercial intercourse have been experienced, these six
weight and 43.2 per cent, in value. Taking the average months have proved that the credit of the Empire in
fighting power is equal to the credit in finance which has
for the three years ended 1911-12, we find the imports made London the centre of the world in that respect.

wore 125,000 lb., or 2,000,000 oz., the average value being " Unusually Large Doses."

71,000/. The declared import-value in 1913-14 was 17*. 6c?.

per lb., or Is. Id. per oz., compared with 13-?. 7|</. in

1912-13 and 12s. 2U. in 1911-12.

We print below the text of a letter which Mr, Uglow

After Six Months. Woolcock, Secretai-y of the Pharmaceutical Society of

GLr'KHiN being oommnndeered in Germany on behalf of the Great Britain, has communicated to the medical Press :
War Council, it mny only be dispensed by pharmacists when
I am instructed on behalf of the pharmacists of Great
iiuthonsed officially 1
GivcEUiN.— Business in this article is prohibited unless under Britain to solicit your aid in calling the attention of th<j
medical profession to the wording of a portion of the
permit of the War Council. preface to the new British Pharmacopoeia. In that pre-

Sunday, January 31, completes six calendar months of face the following statement is made :

the European war which Germany started by invading It must be clearly understood that the " doses " mentioned in
the Pharmacopoeia are not authoritatively enjoined by the Council
I as binding upon prescribers. They are intended merely for generjil
guidance, and represent, in each instance, the average range of
Belgium and Luxemburg. The aerial, naval, and military
the quantities which, in ordinary cases, are usually prescribed for
1
adults. The medical practitioner will e.xercise his own judgment
situations are somewhat outside the scope of these pages, and act on his own responsibility in respect of the amount of an>
therapeutic agent he may prescribe or administer. Where, how-
but it may at least be said that the British experts in ever, an unusually large dose appears to be prescribed, it is thi-
duty of the pharmacist or dispenser to satisfy himself that the
I
presoriber's intention has been correctly interpreted.
Ithese departments did not at the outbreak of the war
As a consequence a somewhat onerous obligation is cast
xpect that we would be in so favourable a position at upon pharmacists, and, although there is not the slightest
reason to suspect that the members of the medical pro-
WeIthe end of six months as we are to-day. have read fession, speaking generally, will do anything to render the
task of the pharmacist more difficult, it is felt that if the
It hut the most sanguine military authorities in Great attention of practitioners were specially directed to the
new condition of things they would be more prepared to
luritain predicted that it would take a year to prepare co-operate in those few cases where it might be necessary
for a pharmacist to refer back a prescription to the pre-
m Army of a million, yet to-day it is understood that
scriber
it lea.st that number of British forces is in the field, and
If it could be arranged, as a uniform practice, that where
Inore than that are ready to join their compatriots in a practitioner orders an unusually large dose of any par-
llriving the enemy back to Berlin, This is all we need ticular potent drug such dose should be initialed by the
prescriber, all possibility of ambiguity would thereby be
lay on that score, but the two short paragraphs which we removed.

liuote were abstracted from two German contemporaries
vhose reputation for accuracy is undeniable. The first

liaragraph is sequential to an earlier statement (C. tt D.,

fanuary 9, p. 35) to the effect that stocks of glycerin in

he pharmacies of South Germany had been comman-

lleered on behalf of the War Council, and it was stated In commenting upon this the " British Medical
Journal " says : " It may be doubted whether the General
lliat this was only done in order to ascertain how much

llycerin there is in the country. The more recent order ^Medical Council has the right or power specifically to put

Ippears to have convinced the War Council that there is this onerous obligation upon them [chemists], but there

lot enough for war purposes, seeing that its use medicin- can be no doubt from the Secretary's letter that they are

llly is being restricted. Imagine our War Office at willing to comply loyally with the request of the Council,

IVhitehall issuing such an order to every chemist and We believe that such an understanding, now formally

|ruggist in the United Kingdom Reflection will serve recognised for the first time under the authority of the
!

etter than a thousand words to bring home to our Pharmacopoeia, will be heartily welcomed by all members

>aders this phase of the economic condition in Germany. of our profession, and more especially as it provides an

Ind what is ours? Let our readers turn to p. 58 of our efficient safeguard against mistake or carelessness on the
ksue of January 23, where, among four columns of
Wepart of the prescriber." are glad that the " Journal "

reduce related to the chemical and drug trades, we find questions the power of the General Medical Council to
enforce the B.P. pj-eface injunction. The powers
liousands of packages of the raw materials from which

lycerin is made. One of these items is 16,374 packages granted to the Council in respect to the British Pharma-

If various kinds of oils (unnamed), besides coconut oil, copoeia are contained in section 54 of the Medical Act,

l)d-liver oil, cotton-seed oil, fish oil, nut oil, seed oil, 1858, as follows :

live oil, palm oil, rape-seed oil, soya-bean oil, sperm The Gc noral Council shall cause to be published under

11, wood oil, and oil-seeds. These represent a week's their direction a book containing a list of medicines and
compounds, and the manner of preparing (hem, together
|iports, and are not exceptional they are but one class
; with the true weights and measures by which they are to
many kinds of raw produce essential for the industries be prepared and mixed, and containing such other matter
and things relating thereto as the General Council
all the belligerents, and Germany not less than this shall think fit, to be called " The British Pharmacopoeia "

juintry. They represent the raw material for certain :

Igh explosives, and at the end of six months of the war and the General Council shall cause to be altered, amended,
and republished such Pharmacopoeia as often as they shall
p find that we are getting all that we want, and Germany deem it necessary.

hard up. What is true of the drug-trade is true of This was confirmed by the 1862 Act (quoted in our
issue of January 2, p. 49), and it is apparent from the
WeIhers. mention these facts as proving that the wording of the quoted section and judgments given under
the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts that the legal obligation
Iritisli Navy has done what it was designed to do

mely. to protect the overseas commerce of this island

—"

128 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 30, 1915

of chemists begins and ends with the correctness of the Ministry of tlie Interior, or of Justice as in Norway and
medicines contained in the Pharmacopoeia, and that the
General Medical Council has no power to dictate to in Denmark. In France the Committee is formed with

chemists as to how they shall dispense prescriptions. the approval of the Minister of Public Instruction ; in

Germany it forms part of the Imperial Board of Health.

Moral or professional responsibility is a very different The members of the Committee are usually chosen from

thing from legal oViligation. We feel sure that dis- among the members of the Board of Health, supple-

pensing chemists will, as they have hitherto done, use mented in some cases by outside assistance. With the ex-

their utmost endeavour to safeguard the interests of their ception of Germany and Switzerland the Committee

customers however imperilled, even if by prescribers is generally composed of relatively only a few members :
ordering excessive doses, but we must insist that the
France, .sixteen; Austria, six; Hungary, four; Croatia,
covers of the book called "The British Pharmaeopceia
five; Belgium, nine; Holland, ten; Denmark, eight;
should not be regarded as containing a law by which
dispensing chemists are boimd ; in fact, section 55 of Sweden, eight Norway, six ; and Russia six to eight.
the 1858 Act limits the interference of the Council with ;

In Germany the Pharmacopoeia is elaborated by the joint

—work of two sections the medical section, which includes

chemists. It is the health officers of the different States and members of
" Nothing in this .\ct contained shall extend or be con-
the Imperial Board of Health ; and the pharmaceutical sec-
strued to extend to prejudice or in any way to affect the
lawful occupation, trade, or business of chemists and drug- tion, which consists of three professors of pharmaceutical
grists and dentists, or the rights, privileges, or employment
of duly licensed ajjothecaries in Ireland, so far as the same chemistry, one professor of botany and one of pharma-
extend to selling, compounding, or dispensing medicmes."
cognosy, two manufacturers appointed to represent the
The Pharmaceutical Couneirs resolution did not, in our
interests of chemical industry, two chemists, and five
opinion, take sufficient cognisance of this provision, con- pharmacists in business. The Committee which

sidering that the Society is the statutory authority in elaborated the last Swiss Pharmacopoeia consisted of two
regard to selling, compounding, or dispensing of medi-
—sections also the medical section, with nineteen members,
cines. The statement in the B.P. preface should not, in
our opinion, have been published without consultation and the pharmaceutical section, with thirty members.
with the Pharmaceutical Society, upon whose domain it is
The composition of these Commissions does not vary to

any great extent. They include, in the first place, a cer-

tain number of University professors who represent the

a distinct encroachment. medical, chemical, botanical, pharmacognostic, and phar-

macological interests, while pharmacy is represented by

Pharmacopoeia Revision. one or more professors of pharmaceutical chemistry and

Now that the new British Pharmacopoeia has become by at least two pharmacists. The Commission often

familiar to pharmacists and medical men, and the signi- includes a veterinary surgeon (France and Roumania), or
ficance of its international standards is appreciated, it is
fitting that attention should be directed to the principles in some cases outside assistance is made use of by per-

upon which the Pliarmacopoeias of the world are revised. mitting the presence of an expert on some point at a
This necessarily means consideration of the relations of
the States to their Pharmacopoeias. The new Briti.sh general meeting of the Committee. We now come to
Pharmacopoeia is said to be Imperial, or rather "suitable
for the whole Empire," but the General Medi. al Council, one important point, and that is the degree of participa-
as its publishers, have no authority to make it so,
nor are other parts of the Empire than faeat Britain ticni in the work conceded to pharmacists in business.
required by law to participate in the revision of tlie The preface to the new edition of the British Pharma-
Pharmacopoeia, while some of them have as much right
to make, say. Squire's " Companion " their authority as copoeia, following precedent, especially an acknowledg-
the British Pharmacopoeia. It is a peculiarity of ou;
Pharmacopoeia that it shares with the Italian and ment to representative pharmacy in the preface to the
•lapanese the obloquy of being non-pharmaceutical in
the sense that pharmacists are not by law made respon- 1898 edition, contains the following st-atement :
sible for those matters in the Pharmaeopceia revision
Avhich are peculiarly their province. Before another The Council, recognising that it was desirable to obtain
edition is prepared some change in this respect will be
looked for, since it is considered that the Committee of the co-opcrati()ii of medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, and
Reference in Pharmacy has ceased to exist, and there is botanical authorities throughout the Empire, has taken
now available for Government consideration the draft effective steps to this end in preparing the present Phar-
macopoeia, which has been in course of preparation for
Bill put forward by Mr. John C. Umney for creating a
several vears. Thus it has instituted: . . of members
central British Imperial Pharmacopoeia authority, repre- 4 Pharmacopoeia Conference, consisting
(1)
sentative of the whole Empire and of all interests of the Council and the following delegates nominated by
the Pharmaceutical Societies of the United Kingdom.
involved—Governmental, legal, medical, pharmaceutical,
and scientific. This representative character is a funda- mHere names are given.]
mental principle in practically all Pharmacopoeia Com- I Committee of Reference Pharmacy, coiisisting

missions, particularly Governmental participation. It is A(2) following members nominated by the Pharma-

desirable to consider the Pharmaeopceia arrangements in of the
ceutical Society of Great Britain and the Pharmaceutical
countries which share with ourselves in the international
Societv of Ireland. [Hero names are given.]
agreement as to potent remedies. (3) A Committee of Reference in Chemistry, consisting
FRS mof Sir T E. Thorpe. F.R.S., and Dr. J. J. Dobbie,
In every Continental country the Pharmaeopceia is and a Committee of Reference Botany con-
issued under Government supervision. In the majority
sisting of Sir David Prain, F.R.S., and Mr. E. Morell
of cases this task falls within the scope of the State
Board of Health, which in its turn depends upon the Holmes. of official .. transmi-t,te,d11,by ituU«e
(4) \ scries
inquiries

coui'tesv of the Colonial Office and of the India Office
to ail the Governments and Administrations of the Empire,
askin"- for the co-operation of their respective medical
and pharmaceutical authorities in the work of adapting
the now Pharmacopoeia to the requirements of ail parts

of the British Dominions.

Reference is also made to certain researches, criticisms.
rei>orts, and recommendations. Such acknowledgment is
gratuitous on the part of the General Medical Council,

just as the pharmaceutical assistance has been. In France,
Austria, Croatia, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Holland,
Belgium, Switzerland, and Germany, the Government De-

partments or the Commissions issue a public invitation

January 30. ]91o THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 129

to all pharmaceutical and medical associations, in aome quicksilver, of which twenty-three were 'in California,
cases to every individual pharmacist, asking for sug-
gestions, before undertaking the revision of the Pharma- against twenty-four and eighteen respectively in 1913 and
copoeia. It may be admitted that the General Medical
Council is in one sense a Government Department, and 1912, which tends to show that the deposits exploited are
that it.s invitation to pharmacists resembles that given
in the countries named. It may look so on paper, but steadily deteriorating in value. Exports of quicksilver
in practice we know that in the production of the
British Pharmacopoeia the final decision in regard to from the United States for 1914 were, according to the
any datum or standard is given by a medical practitioner
or practitioners. The decisions of the Committee of records of the Department of Commerce, estimated at
Reference in Pharmacy have all been subject to this
extraordinary practice, without conference or appeal. In 33,900 lb., or 452 bottles, valued at $21,350, against 1,140
tiiis respect the principle is fundamentally different from
the ))ractice of the countries with which we have Ijeen bottles, valued at $43,574, during 1913. The imports for
assoi'iated in the international agreements, and much
less dignified and thorough than what would be possible consumption amounted to 9,140 bottles (685,604 lb.),
under Mr. Umney's proposal. This would secure the
presence of eight pharmacists on the Pharmacopoeia Com- valued at $300,000, against 171,653 lb., valued at $75,361,

mission, including one professor of pharmaceutics and in 1913. The largest imports of the year were made prior
luo Colonial pharmacists'. At the same time, criticism
)f the monographs to be included would be invited, thus to the war, and preliminary figures indicate steadily
declining imports in the second half of the year. It haa
ipruring the co-operation of all interested in the worlc been generally understood that the nations at war have
not permitted oxportations of metals, yet it has been
If fore its publication, while the Pharmacopoeia would
reported that two consignments of about 1,000 bottles
subject to constant revision, so that the work would
each have been received at New York from Italy since
|)(' continuous, and thus the best possible results be
ttaiiied. These provisions embody to a great extent hostilities commenced. Such importations naturally tend
|he mo({u!< operundi adopted in many Continental coun
ries, in which the widest participation is invited, while to lower American producers' profits, and may prevent
them from taking full advantage of the rise in price they
lie existence of a standing Pharmacopoeia Commission,
r of a Government office entrusted with the task of have been counting upon to offset long periods of low
[)llowing pharmaceutical progress at home and abroad, prices and depression. The following figures show the
ould ensure continuity of the work to be done in revising extreme prices touched in London during the last ten
[nd keeping this standard up to date. Is this reform to years, with imports and exports into the United King-

proceeded with ? dom :

1905 Highest. Lowest. Imports. Re-exports.
1906 B. ttl'-s.
1907 £ s. d. 10£ s. d. Hiittles. 21,330
1908 27,712
1909 ... 7 15 0 7 34.034 29,465
1910 ... 7 7 6 6 17 0 38.823 22,348
1911 ... 8 5 0 6 15 0 39,448 22,050
1912 ... 8 10 0 1 12 b 43,605 24.748
1913 ... 9 17 6 7 19 0 43,163 31,438
1914 ... 9 15 0 790 44.595 32.240
... 10 0 0 7 10 0 46.547 26.815
.. 8 12 6 736 47,261 22,975
. . 7 15 0 700 45.348
... 11 5 0 6 10 0 37.568

Mercury. Synthetic Medicinal Chemicals.
The " British Medical .Journal " urges medical men to re-
lUKUK is some difficulty in lorming an uica as to the place the German names of synthetic medicinal chemicals
jimediate outlook in the mercury-market after the recent by non-proprietary names. It is added that there is no
In-ther advance of last week, when up to ll^. 15.S. per
little was apparently paid for a few lots of Spanish. The valid reason for the use of a large proportion of the syn-
thetic drugs which appear on the market in such numbers.
jther erratic .state of tlie market may be gathered from
The problem at present to be solved is thus stated :
le fact that, directly after this advance was reported, it
IS claimed in a certain quarter that there had been The present task for British scientific chemists and manu-
I'vioiisly a seller at about 11?. 10s. per bottle, and even facturers is to produce an adequate supply of those
synthetic drugs which are needed and to introduce new
but that ho could not do the business although the ones as and when their value and usefulness may be proved,
jiding importing firm insisted they were not sellers,
lie quotations now range from 11/. 10.s. to 11?. 12.s-. 6rf., but to avoid deluging the medical profession with a host
It they are quite nominal in the absence of new business, of substances possessing- no advantage over others already
lie price is already very high, but the quantities avail- in use, in this latter respect learning from the Germans
lie on this side are limited owing to the light imports. " liow not to do it."
Id it is whispered that another considerable rise is quite
Scarcity of Doctors in Germany.
ssible. The profits now made by producers at current " Eye-witness," who writes so engagingly of the things
Ices should certainly stimulate the output where this
that are happening on the Western war frontier, i^ave
possible, but it does not necessarily follow that any some particulars about the incapacity of certain German
•y large increase of the world's output will be realised doctors who essayed to operate on some wounded Gennans.
ki given a maintenance of high prices. Meanwhile the
liewed set-back in the American output for the past These medical men were ignorant even of the proper use
pr is worth noting. According to the preliminary
luriis collected from individual producers, the output in of the various surgical instruments, and "Eye-witness"
|4 amounted to 16,568 bottles of 75 lb. each, valued at
tells us that the British surgeons humanely prevented
average domestic price for 1914 at San Francisco them from fui-ther practice on wounded Germans. The
lout .$49 per bottle) at $811,832. These figures compare
111 20,213 bottles, valued at .$813,171, for 1913. Last incident, however, is woi'thy of note, as it is doubtless
lr'& output thus shows a further decrease of 3,645
Itles, and is the smallest recorded since 1908. Last due to the steps that were taken in Germany to increase
Ir there thirty-three mines and prospects producing
quickly at the outbreak of the waa- the number of medical

men. It appears from a note sent by the Imperial Chan-

cellor to the Gemian Medical Society that licences to

practise were granted to 2,250 medical students who had

not fulfilled the curriculum ordinarily required. About
1,500 of these are acting as medical men in the German

army and navy, and 750 are employed in hospitals and

sick-club work. The number of German physicians was

:

130 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Januaey 30, 1915

in this way increased by 7 per cent. It appears also that the enemies of our country and a national humiliation
the medical practitioners are apprehensive that when these
half-qualified men return fo civil life there wiU not be for us. If as a starting-point of deliberations the view
enough practice for all, and, moreover, it opens the way
to the introduction of free choice of doctor to members of is taken that the thing must be done, the details will
sick-clubs, a thing that the doctors in Germany have a
fall into their proper perspective. Professor Gardner,

however, urges very strongly the need of a full recog-

nition of science. The selection of a board of directors

horror of. entirely from financiers is, the professor states, a mis-

The Schedule of Poisons. take. There must be adequate representation of the
Tins is the title of an article in "The Lancet" of
Atechnical expert on the directorate. voliuninous corre-
January 23, p. 192. It is based upon the Pharmaceutical
Council's resolution regarding the sale of laudanum con- spondence has been going on in the daily Press, and

much of it is devoted to the political aspect of the scheme,

with which we have no concern. We commend Professor

sequent upon the British Pharmacopoeia's alteration of Gardner's summary of the case as worthy of considera-

the strength of that preparation (see C. lic D., January 9, tion by all who are at present hindering the establish-

p. 43). Our contemporary remarks : ment of a national dye-industry in this country.

It would be interesting to know how often we are likely Scientific Progress.
to meet with a member of the public who has any notion
of the difference. Probably the majority will ask for what Temperatures under this heading: are on the Centigrade scale.
they have been in the habit of using, and if tinctures of
B. S. A. Peppermint AOil.— note is given in the " Per-
both strengths are kept, the one will be reser\'ed for the
emissary from the local inspector, the other, with a few fumery Record " (January 22, 1915) on a sample of pepper-
words of explanation, will be supplied to the public as mint oil distilled from Mitchain plants grown at Molo, in
before. There is always danger in keeping preparations the highlands of British East Africa, about sixteen miles
of different strengths with similar names, and it is to be south of the Equator. The oil is stated to possess a most
excellent aroma, and to be quite free from bitterness, with
hoped that this suggested system of meeting the demand a very high menthol figure. The following constants are
for the sale of a remedy which may become a poison if given: Sp. gr., 0.967; opt. rot., -33° 50' ; total alcohols
improperly employed will speedily be rescinded. as menthol, 67.5 per cent. The solubility in 70-per-cent.
alcohol is one in three volumes, becoming cloudy with ten
These remarks show a peculiar disregard of facts. No
volumes. Our contemporary is of opinion that this source
druggist in the kingdom can alter the fact that laudanum
is a household remedy, and has hitherto been a prepara- of supply should be an important one in the future.

tion containing 25 per cent, less morphine than the Oils of the Conlferae.— In a further contribution to the
laudanum of the B.P. 1914; and surely if retail chemists

were to regard the change as a thing not worth mentioning chemistry of the coniferous oils, Schorgen (" Jour. Ind.
to customers, " The Lancet " would be the first in the
Eng. Chem.," 1914, 6, 893) gives the following characters:
public interest to deprecate this and to point out the The leaves and twigs of Pinus ponderosa, the Western
danger. Our contemporary proceeds to remark upon the yellow pine, yield from 0.04 to 0.126 per cent, of essential
oil, sp. gr. 0.872 to 0.885, refractive index at 15° 1.4793
fact that the Poisons Schedule in Ireland still includes all to 1.4858, optical rotation -15.7" to -19.6°, acid-value
0.67 to 2.36, ester-value 3.9 to 8.1. The cones yield a
preparations of opium in Part II., and concludes : " Com- small amount of oil, sp. gr. 0.876, refractive index 1.4789,
optical rotation -11.5°, acid-value 1.27, and ester-value 7.2.
parison of the schedules of Great Britain with those of The leaves and twigs of Pinus Lamhertiana gave from 0.12

Ireland reveals several other inconsistencies and affords

strong reasons for suggesting that the two should be to 0.45 per cent, of oil, sp. gr. 0.8676 to 0.874, refractive
index 1.4777 to 1.4795. optical rotation -11° to -16.5°, acid-
brought into harmony whenever it is possible to devote
value 0.68 to 2.38, and ester-value 2.22 to 5.91. The conea

Weattention to the subject." may point out that the of this tree yielded 0.3 per cent, of oil, sp. gr._ 0.8692,
refractive index, 1.4771, optical rotation -23.2°, acid-value
Poisons Schedule of Great Britain was altered by the Act
0.63, and ester-value 3.75. The approximate composition of
of 1908, and that the Royal College of Physicians in
the various oils is as follows

Ireland is responsible for additions to the Schedule in Oil nf P. pnn'lernsa. Oil of P. Lamhertiana-
Ireland, but it cannot alter any item in the Schedule
which was placed there by Parliament. Furf\iralrlehyde Leaves Cones Leaves Cones
? a- Pinene trace
—... trace trace
?-Oamphene ... 2% —6 %
—21 % 22 %
—...
21

The Aniline-dye Industry. J-P.Piiiene 74... 75 60 51 40
Professor W. M. Gardner, of Bradford, contributes to 6 12 12 5
" Nature " a summary of the present position regarding Dipentene ... 2
Bornvl acetat« 2.5 1.5 15
the establishment of a large aniline-dye industry in this !-Bonieol 8
"Green oil" ... ... 3 4 —35
country. He points out that at least 1,500,000 workers Sesquiterpene 1
—.-. — 1
are engaged in the various branches of the textile trade, —
which has an annual value of 200,000,000/. Nearly the
whole of this vast industry depends for its commercial The Solubility of Santal Oil In alcohol.—The " Per-
success upon the use of dye-stuffs, which cost about
2,000,000/. per annum, and only about 10 per cent, of the fumery Record " (January 22. 1915) gives a translation of
necessary quantity of dye-stuff is made in this country an article contributed to the " Pharmaceutisoh Weekblad"
(we have shown that 20 per cent, is the figure).
The effect of the war in cutting off Continental supplies on this subject. The authors find that the statement of
is then mentioned, and details are given of the appoint-
ment of a Committee charged with the duty of elaborating Schimmel & Go. (" Report," October 1906. p. 89), that the
a scheme for the formation of a manufacturing company.
solubility of santal oil in 70-per-cent. alcohol, as stated in
The Government promised generous assistance in any
scheme which is acceptable to the principal users of dyes. the fourth edition of the Dutch Pharmacopoeia (1 in 5), does
The scheme put forward so far requires modification, but
from it can be elaborated a national and co-operative effort not apply for a temperature of 15°, but for one_ of
which is bound to succeed. Even to discuss the question
of the breakdown of the proposal to make ourselves 20°, agrees with the results of their experiments on various
independent of German products is almost a triumph for samples of sandalwood oil of undoubted origin. When

determining the necessary alteration in the solubility

figures of the Dut<?h Pharmacopoeia, they were struck by

the difficulty of fixing a series of coefficients of solubilitv

when it is desired to adhere strictly to a temperature of
15°, and also by the difficulty of actually measuring a
determined quantity of oil. They are of opinion that it
would be more sensible not to determine the solubility of

an oil in a given quantity of spirit, but to determine at
what temperature the solution of the oil in a given quan-

—tit.y of spirit becomes turbid the dissociation temperature.

As a result of a large number of experiments with genuine
oils and with oils containing small proportions of other oils,

they conclude that 1 part by weight of the oil in 4 parts
by weight of 70-t)er-oent. alcohol must be clear at 24". and
that a small deviation from this must be accepted as show-

ing admixture with a foreign oil.

I

jAXCARy 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 131

A Turkish Drug-sellers' Shop.

Some time ago we mentioned the addition to the Wellcome The shop depicted is known as "The Sign of the Lamp,"
Historical Medical Museum of a complete Turkish medicine-
and bears a striking resemblance to the apothecaries' shops
vendor's shop. We are now able to give a photograph of Western countries in the seventeenth century. This
time last year this interesting mediaeval pharmacy was
of this very interesting addition to the Wigmore Street
Museum. Probably in no part of Europe is the art of actually in working at Constantinople, and the conductors
pharmacy practised in a more primitive and picturesque
manner than in the old drug-bazaar in Constantinople. of the Museum are to be congratulated on the enterprise
The appearance of these quaint drug-stalls, with their displayed in transferring it to London. Some chemists

bundles of herbs, roots, skins of animals, ostrich-eggs, sun- are not aware of the rich collection of pharmaceutical
relics to be found in the Wellcome Historical Medical
lish, charms, and quaint signs, takes one back to the Middle
Ages. Here may stiU be purchased the famous treacle for Museum, although others have already visited the Museum
which Constantinople has been famous for centuries, Sealed several times. The pharmaceutical section is situated in
i'larth from the sacred Isle of Lemnos revered by the the basement, and covers a large space. It may safely lie
ancient Greeks, mummy-powder, crabs'-eyes, and dried
asserted that the Continental pharmaceutical exhibitions
lizards. have been completely out-distanced by the Wellcome
Historical Medical Museum.

E

132 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 30, 1915

Corner for Students. tube 3 than in tube 4 ; but although the facts them-
selves were reported none of the writers of reports made
Conducted by Leonard Dobbin, Ph.D. reference to any possible explanation.

Communications should be addressed Corner for Students, " The Phizes.
Chemist and Druggist," 42 Cannon Street, London, E.C.
The First Prize for the best report sent in by an un-
Report on January Exercises In Practical Cbemistry. qualified student has been awarded to

TilE exercises in practical chemistry printed in our Wm. Ramage, 23 High Street, Eyde, I.W.

issue of December 26 were intended to be of a Subject to the stipulation that the competitor is un-
specially simple character. The necessary materials were qualified, the Second Prize has been awarded to
all common substances, the various solutions were very
easily prepared, and the quantitative work was capable Annie E. Benzie, 28 Esslemont Avenue, Aberdeen.

of being carried out with sufficient exactness by the aid —First Prize. Any scientific book that is published at a

of a balance of only a moderately accurate description. price not greatly exceeding half-a-guinea may be taken as a
In designing the exercises the fact was kept in view that
—first prize.
during the vacation many students might not have ready Second Prize. Any scientific book which is sold for about
access to a fully equipped chemical laboratory, and the five shillings may be taken as a second prize.

requirements were accordingly restricted to the simplest The students to whom prizes are awarded are requested
materials and apparatus. The response from students has
to write at once to the Publisher naming the book or books
been disappointing, and apparently many former corre-
spondents have been altogether deterred from attempting they select.

the exercises, presumably on account of their being Marks Awarded fob Reports.

different from those usually set, since it could not be in Wm. Ramage (1st prize) 73 Dens 42
consequence of their being more difficult than these. At
I
any rate, whatever the cause may be, only four reports
were sent in. From these reports, as from those sent in Annie R. Benzie (2nd Fraises (qualified) ... 95
on former occasions when exercises of a somewhat similar
prize) 56
character were set, it is apparent that in the preparation |
of the various solutions and in their subsequent employ-
ment for the prescribed exercises, careful attention was To COBRESPONDENTS.

pp.id to the directions given, and that the results of —Wm. Ram.ige. Your experiments and measurements were

the qualitative experiments were, on the whole, observed evidently carefully made, and they arc sufficiently reported;
and described with very satisfactory accuracy. The but we commend to your notice the various points referred
solubility-determinations were, for the most part, less to in the general remarks above on the bearings of the
experiments on qualitative analysis, as you were not quite
accurate, while the least satisfactory part of the reports successful in regard to the latter. The solubility of the

was in each case found in the statement of views as calcium sulphate came out rather high.
to the bearing of both the qualitative and the quantita-
—Annie R. Benzie. As you will see from the general
tive experiments on analytical work.
The most important points in connection with the remarks, the exercises were based on the differences of

analytical bearings of the exercises were : calcium chloride and calcium sulphate in regard to their
use as tests for tartrates, and not on the respective values
1. That a white precipitate produced by adding oalciurn of a tartrate and of a sulphate as tests for calcium. Your
chloride to a neutral solution containing salts of the alkali- calcium-sulphate solubility result was approximately double
metals only is not necessarily the calcium salt of an organic
what it ought to have been, and this seems to point to the
acid, but may consist, for exam'ple, of calcium sulphate.
saturated solution not having been filtered perfectly free
2. That the absence of organic matter from such a pre-
cipitate may be proved by gently igniting the latter and from suspended calcium sulphate. In stating the solubility
adding hydrochloric acid to the residue. Charring or igni-
tion and evolution of carbon dioxide on the addition of you incorrectly gave the result obtained by calculating
hydrochloric acid after the ignition do not both occur in
the case of inorganic calcium salts, such as calcium sulphate, grams of calcium sulphate per 100 grams of solution, instead
calcium phosphate, etc., whereas both indications are con-
spicuous in the case of most organic calcium salts. It is —of grams per 100 grams of solvent.
particularly to be kept in mind in this connection, how- Dens. Your observations were not all accurately made
ever, that a precipitate of calcium oxalate is not con- and sufficiently reported, and the result of your sofubility-
spicuously charred on ignition, and also that a precipitate
which originally consists of calcium carbonate is not sensibly determination was distinctly low. Probably the solution, of
decomposed by gentle ignition and still yields carbon
dioxide on the addition of hydrochloric acid. calcium sulphate was not quite saturated. Make a study

3. That a .solution of calciunr sulphate does not produce of the general remarks, and note the point mentioned in
any precipitate in solutions of alkali-metal sulphates, and
—Athe last sentence of the reply immediately preceding.
consequently that this reagent may be employed as a test FeaiSES. very good report. Note that in testing for

for tartrates in presence of these sulphates. Incidentally, a tartrate by means of calcium chloride or sulphate it is
Exercise I. explains the employment of calcium sulphate assumed that the oxalic-acid radical has already been
as a reagent in testing for strontium in the examination
of the acetic-acid solution of a precipitate of barium-group proved absent, or has been removed if found present.
carbonates.
College Note.
4. That, since the saturated solution of calcium sulphate
contains only a very small quantity of the dissolved sub- —Westminstee College of Phabmacy. The following
stance, care must be taken to add this reagent in consider-
able volume, in order that the precipitate of any insoluble students obtained awards at the recent Collegs examina-

salt which may be formed shall be sufficient in quantity —tions : Chemistry: Silver Medal W. R. Gardiner; Certifi-
—rates—Ij. W. Merrick, R. J. Pitchforth, W. W. Harrison,
to permit of the application to it of further tests.
5. That in testing for a tartrate by means of a calcium- J. Wolk, J. Somerville. R. M. Wardle, Sumption, A. E.

salt solution (whether chloride or sulphate) a considerable Marsh, T. Haigh, J. A. Deacon, W. Cookson, R. Charles-
time must be allowed for the formation of the precipitate.
worth, H. W. Vickers, A. LI. Babbage, J. P. Wellington,
In Experiment I., tube 3, the quantity of calcium —H. R. Clarke, T. Hale, O. C. Geenty, and
chloride added was many times that required to precipi- Howitt.
— —Pharmacy: Silver Medal A. LI. Babbage; Certificates
tate the whole of the tartaric-acid radical present, while
in tube 4 the quantity of calcium sulphate added was L. W. Merrick, R. J. Pitchforth, J. Somerville, R. M.
only sufficient to precipitate somewhat less than one-
half of the tartaric-acid radical. These facts explain —Wardle, T. Haigh, H. W. Vickers, W. E. Wray, C. Corrin,

why there was a much greater quantity of precipitate in and Howitt. Botany: Silver Medal—T. Haigh. Cer-

tificates— W. Folkard, L. W. Merrick, R. J. Pitchforth,

W. W. Harrison, E. S. Edrich, J. Wolk, J. Somerville,
— —W. R. Gardiner, R. Charlesworth, H. W. Vickers, C.
Corrin, Newell. H. R. Clarke, T. Hall, Howitt, and

O. C. Geenty. Materia Medica: Silver Medal—B. W.
^Vickei-s; Certificates— W. Folkard, L. W. Merrick, R. J.
Pitchforth, J. Somerville, W. R. Gardiner, Howitt, T.

Haigh, R. Charlesworth, A. LI. Babbage, C. Corrin, and
O. C. Geenty. Dispensing : Silver Medal—A. Wilson, and

College certificates to 21 students.

Bleached Flour.—" The Lancet" has had an inquiry
which shows (1915, I.. 37) that the practice of bleaching
wheaten flour is persisted in, and that apparently it is

countenanced in spite of official reports and the prohibitory
legislation in force in other countries.

; I

January 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 133

Papain : Its Production and Commerce.

la tliis article the history, botany, cultivation, and commerce oj Papain are described.
Tlie photographs were expressly taken for The Chemist and Druggist by

Mr. H. F. MacMillan, Curator of the Peradeniya Botanic Gordens, Ceylon.

Botany. trees from seed of a monoecious parent varies consider-
ably, but usually the former predominate. Numerous
APAW (Carica Papaya] is a

familiar tree in many parts of '

the tropics, being commonly

grown in gardens and around

native houses, or occasionally

cultivated in small areas near

towns for supplying the fruit

to local markets. Much has been

written regarding the well-

known fermentative properties of

the tree and its capacity for

rendering tough meat tender

.MOl.MAIN I'AI'.WV. mail}' and wonderful have been
GllOWlNG 5,000 IT. the stories related concerning it.
The tree is a native of
AiiovE THE Sea.

tropical America and the West

Indies, and was introduced into Ceylon probably early

in the seventeenth century, as it is recorded to have been

found in the island when the Portuguese were in

possession. The papavv-tree belongs to the natural order

/'ai'.'iiflorarecc; it is small and erect, herbaceous and

normally branchless. It bears at the top a crown of

large, coarse, palmate leaves, at the base of which are

produced short-stalked flowers, which are regular, fleshy,

and creamy-white. Usually these are unisexual and the

tree is generally monoecious, but frequently trees are met

with bearing bisexual or both male and female flowers,

and these give rise to fruits; thus "male" trees not

Pai'aw (Carica I'aiiayii).

A Papaw Pi antai i species of C'nrica have been recorded and described. The
" Index Kewensis " enumerates some twenty-four species.
infre quen tly bear fruit, which apparently differ only from Very few of these, however, are well known, the most
that of a female tree by being smaller and perhaps less familiar being the large tropical papaw (C. Papaya), the
paint able. The proportion of pistillate and staminate subject of this article, and the smaller mountain papaw
(('. candainarcensis). The latter is a native of Ecuador,
I and is suited only to the higher elevations in the tropics
where sub-tropical conditions obtain. This species was
first introduced in the Hill Garden at Hakgala, in Ceylon,
in 1880, and has now become thoroughly acclimatised
:ind in places semi-naturalised. The habitat and character
of the tree are similar to those of C- Papaya, but the
fruit is much smaller, pear-shaped and ridged, and the
tree produces side branches and suckers from the base.
The fruit is characterised by an acid flavour, but is
good when stewed and sweetened with sugar. It contains
but little latex or papain, and the latter is not collected
in Ceylon. The papaw (C. Papaya), owing to its natural
adaptation to cross-fertilisation, occurs in numerous forms
or sub-varieties, these varying chiefly in the shape and
size of fruit. Some contain a large quantity of seeds, others
are seedless. The flavour of the fruit varies to some

extent in different varieties, as also does the proportion
of papain, or milky juice, present. Fanciful names are
sometimes given by plant-dealers to different varieties,
but such names are usually misleading.

The Fruit.

The large, green, fleshy, and gourd-like fruit varies in
shape, and also somewhat in flavour, in different

134 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST Januabt 30, 1915

varieties ; in some it is almost round, in others oblong persons in salads. About 3,500 seeds, when fresh, go to
or oval, the latter the most common form, being a pound, and about 4,500 when moderately dry. Fresh
seeds take from ten to fifteen days, or longer, to
usually about 7 to 9 inches long by about 4 to 6 inches in
germinate, according to age; old and much-dried seeds
diameter. The fruit mav weisjh from about 3 lb. to as take from one to two months longer.

Cultivation.

Papaw-seeds, if sown fresh, should, as has already

been said, germinate in a fortnight or a few weeks,

according to age, the older seed taking longest. The
seedlings grow rapidly, and the trees may be planted out

at about 10 by 8 ft. apart, allowing, say, 540 to the
acre. They commence to bear fruit when about a year
old from seed, and continue fruitful, without inter-

mission, until they become too old or exhausted. At
the age of about five years, when it should have produced

at least 150 fruits, or an average of thirty a year, the

tree becomes too unproductive for profitable cultivation.
The papaw-tree is suited to a hot and humid climate,

thriving from sea-level to about 3,00u ft. elevation. It
affects a rich loamy soil, and does not withstand drought

(unless well irrigated) or a dry gravelly soil. The United

States Department of Agriculture has been making experi-

ments recently in grafting "female" scions on "male"

stocks, with a view to establishing any variety of the

former showing special qualities, and also eliminating

male trees.

Papain.

In recent years the papaw has come into prominence

on account of the drug papain obtained from the fruit.

The usual manner of collecting this is by making light

superficial incisions or scratches in the unripe fruit while

on the trees, using a bone or ivory knife for the pur-

pose; the milky viscid juice immediately exudes from

the cuts and is collected in porcelain enamelled or glass

dishes ; it coagulates naturally, forming a resinous-looking

granular mass, and is then dried in the sun. It must

be dried rapidly, otherwise it putrifiefe and gives ofi a
very unpleasant sour odour. To obviate this a trace of

Collecting the Milky .Jiice by Scakific.wion. formalin should be added to the juice when collected.
The process of obtaining the juice by incision may be
repeated at intervals of one or two days.

much as 7 lb. or more. The flesh or edible pulp varies In Ceylon, where the collection and preparation is

in thickness from about 1 to If in., and in colour from entirely in the hands of the peasants, the drying is

a light pink to a light orange tint. It is of a soft, invariably effected by laying the coagulated milky juice

melting consistency, refreshing and agreeable to the I on plates or enamelled dishes in the sun. When dry it

taste, especially on first acquaintance

with it. It is commonly used as a table-

fruit in hot countries, and is comparable

to a sweet lemon, hence it is sometimes
called the " tre-e-melon." In an unripe

state it is boiled and used as a vegetable,

or cut into cubes and pickled. Those

fruits having the least number of seeds

are usually the best flavoured. In

common with the leaves, which are used

for wrapping round fresh meat in order

to render it tender, the fruit contains a

powerful ferment, and cooks frequently

take advantage of this property and

make use of it in cooking, either by
rubbing the juice on the meat or by

placing a piece in the water in which the

latter is boiled. A tree will produce

fifty to seventy fruits or more a year

during the first few years of its life. The

fruit is commonly retailed in the markets

at the equivalent of 3fZ. to 5f/. each, and
is supplied in rather large numbers to the
hotels in Colombo and the shipping in the

harbour. It has the disadvantage of

being easily damaged, and has conse- This shows An Interesting rHoioGitAPH. a
quently to be handled very carefully. (1) The centre, a female or pistillate tree. (2) On the right,
The centre of the fruit consists of a large
hollow cavity, with the seeds (if any) oecious tree ; and (3) on the left, a male or staminate tree.

attached to the walls along the placenta. is packed in bottles or jars for export. No agent is used

The seeds are usually very numerous, but sometimes few in Ceylon for hastening coagulation, which rapidly takes
place on exposure of the juice to the air. The average
or none; they are of the size of small peas, olive-coloured, yield of papain per tree does not, in Ceylon, appear to

with a soft and slimy surface. Their flavour is rather
pungent, resembling watercress, and is relished by some

January 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 135

have been definitely worked out, but from trials made it distribute the heat arising from the fire benoath. The

has been found that a dozen average-sized fruits should coagulated juice is spread upon brown linen stretched upon
frames, which are made to fit the top of the drier. The
yield about 5 lb. of the dried gi'anulated matter at one low temperatures, as great
Adrying must be effected with
tapping. In native villages, where papain i.s chiefly temperature below 100" F
heat destroys th© ferment.
collected, the preparation is neither carefully made nor The coagulated material
is preferred by some operators. while drying. When dry
clean, and, like many other preparations, it is liable to be
may be placed upon sheets of glass
adulterated, arrowroot starch, rice, congee, or flour being ami flaky it may be ground in a coffee-mill, and should

found a suitable medium for this purpose. There seems then bo in the form of a white or cream-coloured powder,

no evidence, however, that, as is sometimes supposed, which should bo placed in bottles and tightly closed.

the milky juice of other plants is used as an adulterant Peoperties of Papain.

in Ceylon, even in remote villages, where the collection The peptonising or digestive power is well known, and

of papain is chiefly carried on. it is considered a good substitute for animal pepsin, but,
unlike the latter, it requires neither the aid of an acid
Mr. H. Kelway Bamber, F.I.C., F.C.S., Government

chemist, Ceylon, has found that papain can be purified

by straining the juice through fine muslin and adding nor an alkali to convert the contents of the stomach into
a peptone. The celebrated chemist Vauquelin compared
three times its volume of alcohol, the pure papain being
papain to " blood deprived of its colouring-matter." Thu
then precipitated. It is next collected on filter-paper,

and the product dried, the yield being about 2.50 per cent. material has not, however, come into extensive use in

The process, however, is too expensive and troublesome medicine, its consumption at present being chiefly con-

to make the result remunerative, and it is considered fined to America, where it i.s much used in the treat-

tiiat the purifying process adopted in the countries of ment of chronic dyspepsia, gastritis, diphtheria, etc.,

importation is less costly, though equally satisfactory. and it is also recommended for eczema. In Ceylon it is

not used medicinally. It is described, however, in

Papaw in the Pacific. Waring's "Indian Pharmacopoeia" and Dymock's

The papaw-tree also grows largely in the Hawaiian "Materia Medica of We.stern India." Papain has the
Islands, and fi'om a pamphlet which has recently been
effect of curdling milk, like rennet, and might be used as

a substitute for the latter. The demand for papain is,

of course, limited, and the present supply appears to come

almost entirely from Ceylon and Jamaica.

Commerce.

The export of papain from Ceylon is in the hands of
a few firms who buy from the villagers in the interior,
mostly in the districts of Kurunegalle and Kegalle, and
pay about Es.6 (8.s.) per lb. to Rs.8 (10s. 6rf.) per lb.
The purified commercial papain fetches round about 12s.
per lb. in the European markets. The following is a
statement from the Principal Collector of Customs, show-
ing the exports from Ceylon during the three years 1911,
1912, and 1913. This gives an idea of the local output
and the destinations :

1911 1912 1913

Countries to Quan- Value Quan- Value Quan- Value
which exported

tity tity tity

PaPAW-TBEES iNTEIlCIiOl-PED WITH GOCEDS.

lb. Rs. lb. Rs. lb. Rs.
4,054 20,320
issued by the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, United Kingdom... 9,088 34,332 12,705 44,183
it appears that the manufacture of papain is beginning Foreign countries : 2,007 11,401
to receive attention in those islands. The method of 550 2,500 76 229 376 1,881
.)reparation is explained at some length. There are no Belgium 1,708 7,159 2,555 12,705
iifficulties, it is stated, requiring great skill in collecting Germany
and preparing the juice for market, but care is necessary. United States of 2,048 8,948 2,912 13,078

America

Usually only the fruits are tapped. These abound in Total 6,611 34,221 12,920 50,668 18,548' 71,847

juice, particularly when the tree is young and during warm

weather after rain. In the early morning the flow is

ibundnnt. Very shallow incisions, not over one-eighth of

in inch, are made about half-an-inch apart, lengthwise, of The foregoing particulars have been supplied to us by
Mr. H. F. MacMillan, Curator of the Peradeniya Botanic
ho nearly mature green fruits. The tapping may be Gardens, Ceylon, and we are able to supplement them
with information from other sources. It will be seen
Aot>eated at intervals of three or four days. bone or that the Ceylon exports during 1913 show a considerable
increase over the previous two years, the bulk of which
yory blade may be used. The flow is free at first, and the (12,705 lb.) was shipped to the United Kingdom. As
stated above, the United States of America is the
iquid is caught in porcelain glass or earthenware vessels, largest consumer, and at the present time the demand
exceeds the supply, as the American importers insist on
'oagulation soon begins, and the mass must be scraped a light-coloured papain, which is difficult to procure.
Besides Ceylon, the chief source of supply for the Ameri-
rom the surface of the fruit. In most places where the can trade is the West Indies. Some time ago Jamaica
maintained an industry of some importance in collecting
ndustry is conducted, labour is cheap, but it would seem and preparing the juice for the market, but it has now
shrunk to negligible proportions. Later, the business grew
lint a more convenient and efficient vessel could be devised up in the island of Montserrat, which became the chief
producer in the West Indies. It is a little doubtful,
vhich could bo quickly put in place to receive the juice, however, whether the trade is likely to increase. Prices
have fallen considerably in recent years, but within the
lormitting the operator to proceed to the next tree. The past six months they have .shown a distinct advance.

nice must be dried promptly after it is collected or decom-

Kisition begins. As the juice flows freely in the early morn-

111; it is usually collected then, and dried wholly or in part

iiring the romaindor of the day. Sun-drying is followed to

I'liio extent, but artificial means, such as are furnished by

fruit-drier, are preferred. In Montserrat several driers

nve boon made for the purpose and operated by the com-

anies buying the juice from the peasants, who gather it.
ine form of drier is 3 ft. by 3 ft. and 6 ft. in length,

he sides and ends are of brick, with an opening at one

iid for the flue and at the other end to admit fuel ; the
'P IS open. About a foot below the top a sheet of iron is

laced, and upon this an inch or two of sand to modify and

.

136 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST •Jaxuary 30. 1915

Opinion among large consumers appears to be divided Large quantities of adulterated stuff have been exported
on the present question of the supply and demand, for with the natural result that as soon as its inferior^
v.'hile some state that the consumption of the drug is on because adulterated, quality was discovered, Ceylon
the increase and the prospects are good for marketing papain became a " drug " in" the home markets, and the
larger quantities, others affirm that the only means of price fell considerably, so that it does not pay anybody to
make and sell pure papain. Dr. Huybert.sz states that
extending the market would be in the production of a European and American importers object to papain in
more carefully prepared product which would replace the
cheaper and adulterated grades, of which considerable its natural colour, and insist that it be white, or at least
quantities are sold. In the course of an article on papain
—light. This, he says, is a great mistake, as it can only
in the " Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (.Septem-
ber 1913), the statement was made that be obtained by bleaching a process which sacrifices

"the United States prefer the inferior qualities from the therapeutic efficiency for pharmaceutical appearance.
West Indies, and also desire a white or bleached papain, Genuine papain is slightly saltish and somewhat acrid.
which the Ceylon natives are not always in a position to
supply. Importers, however, could, without much diffi- It has a peculiar, unmistakable smell, and the "feel" of
culty, procure an almost unlimited supply of the best un-
adulterated Ceylon papain if they were willing to pay a granular papain should be crisp, like biscuit, and easily
slightly better price for it than for the West Indian product,
crushed between the fingers. When it is doughy or
and would accept it in its natural state."
sticky it has been adulterated or badly prepared. " It

has also slight escharotic action, and collectors of the

fresh juice frequently blister their fingers. When

West mixed with water it has a soapy feel. Its adulterations

The assertion that the Indian product is inferior are many and often difficult to detect, and range from
"
to the Ceylon product was contradicted in the ''Journal dough and breadcrumbs, coated with the fresh juice

by Mr. Joseph Sturge, of the Montserrat Co., Ltd., who and dried, to the addition of guttapercha and -wild-

stated that the facts are the other way about. Mr. cactus milk. The latter has irritant properties, acting

Sturge remarked : as a caustic. Dr. Huybertsz says that the compara

"The fact is that West Indian papain is so superior to five failure of papain as a therapeutic agent is . un-

Ceylon that it sells regularly at a much higher price, and doubtedly explained in part by the sophistication to
Wethe demand for it can with difficulty be met.
are in- which it has been subjected. Up to a comparatively few

formed by a large wholesale druggist who buys papain that years ago the value of papain was little understood, and

he is frequently offered the Ceylon make at Is. and 8.5. per it was mcstly used in making mucilaginous products and

lb., but that the quality is always such that he cannot accept chewing-gums. Since then the United States, Germany,

it ; that it is considered weaker, and that there ai-e com-

plaints as to the quality. This information is confirmed by and Great Britain have taken considerable quantities,

inquiry in the best-informed quarters.'' and it enters into many preparations. Recently America

has found a new use for the drug, but what this is has

not yet transpired.

Dental Notes.

Dental Forceps.

Dental forceps should be carefully examined at definite

intervals to find out any defects which may have arisen

with use. It is a mistake to think that forceps last a

lifetime. It will be found that they require to be

renewed from time to time. Many failures in extracting

teeth might be put down to old and worn-out forceps.

The joint, for instance, of the forceps should work easily

and without friction. If one handle be held up hori-

zontally, the lower handle should drop easily by its own

Aveight to the full extent allowed by the joint. little

pumice-powder and oil worked into the joint will remedy

TuL Moi NiAix Papaw [Cartca cfiJidfimarccns/s) any stiffness, and afterwards working the joint under
boiling water will remove any excess of powder which
(Naturalised in the hills 5,000 ft. above sea-level.) might clog up the joint. The cutting edges of the blades

• of the forceps should next be exa.mined to see that they

Subsequently, Dr. Huybertsz, a well-known authority are sharp and not turned over. The sharpening of the
on papain, took up the cudgels on behalf of the Ceylon
product, and proved pretty conclusively that it is the blades requires to be done most carefully and only at the
best, but that it had gained a name for inferiority owing
to the large amount of adulteration that takes place. expense of the outer surfaces, no more being filed or

He stated that Ceylon papain is sought after and bought smoothed off than necessary. The inner siu'faces of the

locally by purchasers for the American buyers, though blades must on no account be touched, as these are the
it would be much cheaper to get it from the West Indies
or Hawaii, which are closer to America ; and these same surfaces which have been made to fit exactly the shape of
purchasers have credibly stated that they specially
require Ceylon papain, owing to its greater digestive the tooth, and any alteration would ruin the forceps and

qualities. Dr. Huybertsz has conducted extensive experi- Arender them unfit for use. fine file followed by the use
ments on the digestive properties of Ceylon and West
Indian papayas, and unhesitatingly affirms that the West of a hard stone is the best means of sharpening the
Indian papain is, by itself, weaker in strength, and
therefore considerably less digestive, than the Ceylon. blades. Great care must be taken in the cleansing and
The latter, he says, will digest from 200 to 300 times
its weight of albumen, whereas the West Indian disinfection of forceps .after use. No blood or secretions
papain will only digest 75, and takes a longer time to do
so. It appears, however, that the great difliculty is at should be allowed to dry on the forceps. They should
present to obtain j->ure Ceylon papain. Colombo firms.
Dr. Huybertsz asserts, owing to their greed, will buy any be submerged in hot water immediafely after the opera-j
" rubbish " that is brought to them for sale as papain.
tion, and when the patient leaves they should be,
thoroughly brushed with a stiff nail-brush and soap and

water, the inner surfaces of the blades and also the joints

receiving particular attention. The forceps may then be

disinfected by boiling for fifteen minutes in a pint of
water to wliich half a drachm of lysol has been added.

Instead of boiling they may quite well be disinfected by
immersing them for an hour in a 2-per-cent. lysol solu
tion Lysol in no way discolours the instruments as some

disinfectants do, and it is one of the best for all classes

of instriunents.

January 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 137

VuihkU

Improvement of an Old Pharmacy Interior.

THE interior of an English pharmacy which has been Councillors' Names.
established more than a century has associations,

commercial and local, which call for tender treatment Over the teacups in the British Museum the writer
at the hand of the renovator. The pharmacy of Randall
A; Son, Ltd., 146 High Street. Southampton, is such a talked irith an expert in name-origins, and he was told
place. The business was established by William Randall, how the Councillors of the Pharmaceutical Society of
apothecaay -and chemist, in 1793, and when describing its (treat Britain got their names.

histor>- in the. 6'. tL- D. August 31, 1895, it was remarked r WONDER if there are many London chemists who
that "the retail pharmacy has been the haunt of the

nobility and gentry since George the Fourth was King,

,ind here aie any day to be met with members of the -»- spend an occasional half-holiday at the British
best families and heads of great mercantile houses, who
resort thither for that which will make them "well." ]\Iuseum. It seems to me to be one of the few places in

.Su(h customers are inclined to resent obtrusive changes, London where the influence of the war does not permeate,

and their susceptibilities have not been offended by the and for that reason its restfulness should be particularly

refitting of the front-counter wall which is illustrated grateful to those whose conversation in the pharmacy

in the above engraving. and whose very business reminds of the Herculean

The pharmacy is a long one, with double-windowed struggle which is taking place for the liberation of

front, the floor being a few feet above the street. Origin- Europe from militarism. There are so many things to
ally ' the shop " (including the back shop) seems to have
interest one, but an excellent plan is to study particular
been about 30 ft. from front to back, which is just
exactly the length of the wall-fixture illustrated. Towards rooms, which is rendered easy by the series of excellent

the left at the top will be seen a portion of an interior guides sold in the entrance-hall. It was not really of

sign, which covers an old oak beam. To the left of this the Museum itself that I set out to write, but of an

is the bookkeepers' and managing director's office. In adventure which befell me recently in the quiet little tea-

'rent of this there stood, parallel, a counter, which was room, where a limited menu is provided, eminently suited

vhere generations of apprentices were accustomed to for those of quiet tastes. Opposite to me at the same
~pend a {leriod of their pupilage. The weighing-machine
low marks where the end of the counter came to. The table was an interesting old gentleman, evidently one of

iitire wall-fitting by Griffiths, Christchurch, is new, re- the privileged class called " readers," who have access to

lacing older fittings and sustaining, in the main, the the huge reading-room, but human enough to appreciate

Weormer design. are struck by three features in the Aa cup of tea in the afternoon. chance remark opened
—renovation'" viz., the increased accommodation for
the way to a pleasant conversation. I found my com-
took, the improved appearance of the front-counter
—panion or perhaps I ought to say patron, I felt so
pace and display, and the difficulty of detecting any
—small in knowledge beside him was one of the authorities
acrifice of traditional characteristics.
on the etymology of names, a subject upon which until
The fi.xture is executed in grained mahogany and
olished plate glass. The lower portion, with glass doors, then I had hardly expended a thought. He holds the

s 2 ft. 3 in. high : above it is a row of drawers with view that in the derivation of personal and place names

anelled fronts, and above these are lift-up bent flaps, one may learn much that cannot be found in written
liich form cases 8 in. high, technically known as piano-
"ses. The upper portion is a series of ten glazed cases records. The habits and pursuits of one's ancestors are
ipart from the central one) 8 ft. high and surmounted
to be found in names. Pondering over this, I asked him
a nKuilded cornice, with pediment over the central
i.se, whiih is fitted with a mirror in which a reflection to tell me what he could about my own name, a rather

f the counter-side of the pharmacy, with the old top- uncommon one, and then I followed with others in rapid

lelf bottles and jars, can be seen. In the reduction succession. Then it occurred to me that I might gain
: the original photograph from 19 in. to 6 in. wide the
'tails of the contents of the cases have suffered, but some pharmaceutical knowledge, and being almost in

may still be observed that the central flat case contains sight of the Pharmaceutical Society's premises I got

lir-brushes, and the piano-cases also are- devoted chiefly my companion to tell me the derivation of the names of

toilet-articles, all the re.st of the cases being filled the Councillors who look after our interests at Blooms-

ilh preparations ready to sell. bury. It might also, I thought, afford an insight into

——— —a —

138 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST

the characters of our representatives. Here are the main Hints on Window-dressing.

points so far as I remember them : I.— By James W. Harper, Starbeck.

—White. ^The President's name has tivo possible deriva- In this article the author takes as the basis of his remarks
three prize window-displays, which are illustrated with repro-
tions. The most commonly accepted is " the white" e.g., of ductions of whole-plate photographs. The window used is an
fair complexion, similar to the personal names Black. exceptionally good one, measuring 10 ft. from the base up-
Brown, etc. Whether the President is fair I do not well wards, 10 ft. from end to end, and 4 ft. from front to back.
remember as it is such a long time since he has Ibeen at
Bloomsbury. The other derivation is from " thwaite," a THE chemist's window answers a threefold purpose;
clearing in a wood. Perhaps Mr. T. A. White may fancy
first, it a<lv6rtises the goods displayed second, it
the latter derivation. ;

N eathercoat, the President's understudy, is a place-name; advertises the shop ; and third, it reflects the personality

his ancestors came from Nethercote in Northampton. of the chemist. Our windows often act as our introduction
" Nether cot " or cottage would be the dwelling in the A clean window is always a good
to our customers.
lower part of a stretch of country.
advertisement, and even if we cannot spare the time to
Gihsnn, of which there are two representatives on the
Council, is " the son of Gilbert," the latter being abbreviated be very original in dressing our windows, provided we
as a nickname to Gib. There are at least twenty surnames
founded on Gilbert. keep them clean and change them regularly we stand to

Allen is the " son of Allen," Aleyn, or Alan. gain much.

Bilson caused my friend to give me quite a lecture. It In many shops the rule seems to be that the glass
appears that untljinking persons jump at the conclusion that
shelves remain almost constantly in the same position.
this is rnerely the " son of Bill," but that is not the case, The chemist very seldom thinks it worth while to raise
or lower them in order to create a diversion, and seldom
as Bill is comparatively modern as a nickname. Bilson, it do we find a chemist removing his shelves and brackets

—appears, is a corruption of Belson "son of Bell," i.e., altogether in order that his display may be unhampered.
—Isabel or else has some connection with a bill, an ob.solete
Yet it is very advantageous occasionally to remove them
military weapon used chiefly by infantry.
altogether and allow one's imagination to have free play.
—Cam'pkin is probably a diminutive of camp or kemp
An' Erasmic DisPLAi,
combatant or fighting man. The Cambridge Campkin can
This' was done in the case of an Erasmic window, which
certainly look after himself. is illustrated. The very word Erasmic seems to breathe
a spirit of fragrance and daintiness
Cross signifies "at the Cross" i.e., one who dwelt by or
near the roadside or market cross. Wafting " o'er intervening seas
Sweet odours from the Hesperides."
Cuji is of somewhat uncertain origin. There is an obsolete
meaning of the word which is to vanquish in fight. Cull' The decoration in this case ought to be light and artistic.
is also, it appears, an old name for a mitten or glove, and The large background of the display was drawn upon
one who sold these useful articles might in turn acquire th(^
name. strong white paper in sections. After being shaded in
chalks, the pieces were fastened together with seccotine,
Cvrric, or "at the corrie" i.e., the hollow side of the and the whole mounted upon an art-green background
liill where game usually lies. The lines which Scott wrote which measured almost 10 ft. square. The goddess
in the funeral song of the clansman in the " Lady of the
Lake " may be recalled : "Erasmic" was represented by a doll 3 ft. high. She
was dressed in a white Greek costume, upon which the
Fleet foot in the corrie. key-pattern embroidery is noticeable. She is seen in the
illustration holding a tray, upon which was displayed the
Sage counsel in cumber. Erasmic goods. At her feet was a very large vase con-
Red hand in the foray. taining about 200 tablets of Erasmic soap.

How sound is thy slumber. Suspended from the shrine, and round the columns, were
festoons of artificial violets intertwined with smilax, and
Gifforcl or Giffard is the " son of Giffard." a Norman festoons of smilax decorated the front of the window.
name meaning the Liberal. ,Mr. Lord Gifford's friends will
Letters for window-display are very readily cut out of
agree as to its appropriateness in his case. white shop-paper (familiar to us all as " demy," though
Gilmnur is from the Gaelic, gille-mohr, " great servant." that means the size and not the quality of the paper).
It is first cut into strips of the required breadth; the
The armour-bearer of a Highland chief was so called, and letters are then roughly sketched in with lead pencil
was probably selected for his size and strength. and cut out with a pair of sharp scissors.

Hagon is the " son of Hagan," or perhaps Hacon, a The second window illustrated advertised Bovril. In
name of Norse extraction. this case the glass shelves remained fixed. Four tableaux

Hari-ivgton is " of Harrington " in Cumberland.
Harrison, the "son of Harry." Harry is not a nickname
of Henry, but an English attempt at pronouncing the French
Henri.

—Parry is the Welsh " Ao Harrv i.e., the son of Harry
or it may be the "son of Peter " from the French Pierre,
nonularly Parr, whence the pet form Parry. The Welsh

derivation in the case of L. M. Parry is to be preferred.
Rogers, " son of Roger." It occurs in Domesday-book as

Rogerus Co. Norfolk. The name was exceedingly common

in the thirteenth century all over the country.

Bowsell is a variant of Russell, in its turn a diminutive

of Rous, a sobriquet for one with hair or complexion of a
reddish brown.

Sargeant, found in many variations, is the sergeant or

serieant, an officer of the law.

Young is "the young" in the sense of junior to distinguish

father and son.

Although not of the Council, but always there, I may

include the following :

Wooleoelc, a derivative of Willcock— son of William.
Cock implies pertness. especially the pertness of lusty youth.
It is akso a term of familiaritv applied to a sharp and

forward lad. Who will dispute that the name fits the man

in this case ?

Chafer is "the escheator." one who inquired into escheats.
Escheat was an incident of feudal law whereby a fief re-
verted to the lord when the tenant died without leaving a

successor qualified to inherit under the original grant. Those
who know ,Mr. Chater will acknowledge the appropriateness

of the name.

—OvEHHEARD. Two small boys outside shop, gazing at the
name on window, "
, M.P.S., pharmacist." " Wot's

the meaning of M.P.S. ? " " Well, M.P. moans ' Member

of Parliament,' and I s'pose S. means he's either the sixth

or seventh."

January 30, 1915 ; 339

THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST

were in this display, each about 3 ft. in breadth. The the left. I vshould like to draw attention to the letter-
ing on the window. It will be noticed that the words
top tableau told customers that Bovril is always at the are quit-e evenly placed, which is a very simple matter
if one works from the <entre to the sides.
—summit of Perfection. The tableau underneath was
It may be a.sked, "Does window-dressing pay?" In
arranged as a cemetery bovril represented by a model my case it has paid very well indeed. The Bovril
bullock gazing upon the tombs of his ancestors ; the
tombstones being jars of bovril arranged in the form of
crosses. The grass was composed of
artificial moss, and the background of
the cemetery was made up of small
branches of hawthorn gathered from the
hedgerows and arranged asi trees, the
trunks being stuck into small vials and
covered with moss. Immediately under-

—neath came another tableau Bovril in

the sick-room. The doctor and nurse

were seen on either side of the patient
a pot of invalid bovril was on a table
by the nurse. In arranging a tableau
of tliis description care should be taken

that everything is in exact proportion

as regards size, while the furniture, etc.,

should always be of the best. I paid

5<. i>d. for the little brass bedstead for

the patient. The costumes, etc., should

always be scrupulously correct if one

wishes a window to attract attention.

The fourth tableau represented bovril

in the nursery. In this case the principal
object was a model doll holding a pot of
bovril in her right hand, and extending
her left to tell our customers that she

thrives on it. A Wright Window.
The third of the displays illustrated
Company sent me 50Z. for the Bovril window, and
advertised Wright's Coal-tar Soap. In
this case, also, all the shelves and several other firms have been equally generous ; but it
brackets were removed. Tine large bridge measured
is also worth doing for its own sake.
6 ft. long by 3 ft. deep, and was made of wood. In
grooves boxes of the soap were placed, the spaces I should like to add a few words about doll-dres.sing for

between the boxes being filled in with artificial moss. window-display. The doll looks far too stiff and wooden

A notice-board will be observe<l. It bore the following

inscription : as a rule. The first essential is to txy to introduce charac-

NOTICE. Ater into the face. good paint-box is necessary, and a
Germs and microbes
few deft touches with the brush often make a doll's
Caught here.
face look quite human. The hair may have to be tinted

Under the bridge ran a river, made up with green to match the complexion. Venetian red answers very
crinkled paper. Three figures were on the bridge. The
well for giving a ruddy tint either to hair or complexion,

while the wrinkles may be put in with, a

few touches of brown paint. The clothes

must frequently be padded in order that

the character may be quite> correct. Half

a Dound of cotton wool placed under the

waistcoat wiU improve the appearance of

Aa landlord, for instance. doll may be

made quite easily to smile or look glum.

One is reminded of Tennyson's Wealthy

."Miller whose

" Slow, wise smile that, round about

His dusty forehead drily curl'd.
Seem'd balf-within and half-without,

And full of dealing with the world."

When we can introduce an expression like
that on a doll's face we then have reason

to feel that we have not laboured in vain.

A 50i. BovEiL Window. II.— By D. Llewyllen Jones, Colwyn Bay.

man in the centre was fishing with a tablet of Wright's The question " Does it pay to spend money
coal-tar soap as bait, and in the picture he is seen (111 II window-show of one's own specialities?"
just hooking a large microbe, " Germitis." Another Ims doubtless occurred to many of your readers
species, which I called " Microbia," is also seen on :it one time or .another, and in almost every case
dismissed without trial when the expenditure
mounted into pounds rather than shillings. In

these observations I give my own experience in

only one instance, and I trust I will be able to
prove that once the public attention is drawn to
a window by some striking novelty sales are
bound to follow.

The article shown was a bronchial lozenge selling at
2(1. per oz., and costing Is. 2d. per lb., for which I had

a fairly steady sale, totalling pei'haps 40 to 50 lb. in
the course of a winter. As an experiment I determined

140 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jan-uaey 30. 1915

to make a "splash" -with them as a Christmas attrac- Chemists' Windows.

tion. I purchased a small electric locomotive, gauge 0. Photographs of windows sent to the Editor for reproduction should
with tender, having imitation coal, three long bogie coal-, be accompanied by notes on how the displays were arraagred.
wagons, two small goods-wagons, and a brake-van, all in
L.N.W.R. colours, 'a set of rails to form an oval

the size of my window, and half-a-dozen telegraph-poles.

Black wool was used for " wire," and an adapter to
utilise the electric current from the main. By means of
this adapter a current of four to eight volts at about one
ampere serves to drive the train at no cost of current or
batteries when the shop-lights are in use. The back-
ground wae painted in distemper on an old piece of
canvas, white distemper only being purchased, the other
colours being made as required with all sorts of odds and
ends of colours. The cottage and Father Christmas were
cut out of cards, also the tunnels, being painted where

necessary to represent stonework.

The idea of making, or rather of starting, a back-
ground is the greatest bugbear, but once it is started any
novice can make a sufficiently presentable one with very

little trouble. First determine the size required, and cut

out a piece of calico or canvas to fit the window, tack it
up on a wall in the attic or cellar, and mark in crayon

From Tudor Times.

The above illustration shows well the fine old pre-
mises of Woodhouse & Son, 45 Bull Ring, Ludlow,
which have been renovated recently. The house was built
nearly four hundred years ago in Elizabethan times, but
the woodwork had been plastered over for the last hundred
years or so. The original surface has now been restored,
and this immense improvement to the front makes the
pharmacy a striking landmark in the town.

A Bno^'CHlAI.-I.ozE^'GE Window.

the outline, then daub the paint on as realistically ' as may
be. When dry a batten at each end is all that is required

to stretch it for the window.

The floor of the window was covered with white lint,

four heaps of the lozenges put at intervals with show-

cards between the heaps, the trucks were loaded with

lozenges, and when the current was turned on the train

moved round the window, in and out of the tunnels regu-

larly without any attention for hours. I frequently <,had

it running for eight hours a day with no attention except

occasional oiling, and no danger of fire or sliort-circuiting.

The cost of the whole outfit was about 4?., of which I

Howrecovered 21. by selling it to a brother chemist.

Mydid it affect the sales ? previous winter's sale of the
—lozenges was 40 lb., showing a profit of l.s. M. per lb. 3/.
By means of the window-show, in eight weeks I had sold

2 cwt., showing a profit of 16/. 16-s., or an increase, after

deducting the cost of the window-show, of 12/., to say A War Window.

nothing of a magnificent advertisement.

Another year, for an attractioTi with the same lozenges, Mr. H. A, Martin, of Leicester, sends the photograph

I rigged up an airship, stationary, but with electric lights from which the above is reproduced. He states that the

and propeller going, together with a smaller one travelling lettering is pasted on window red, white, and blue ribbon
:

round it suspended from a rail attached to the top of is stretched across the window, with a poster stuck in the

the window, both loaded with the lozenges. This show centre. The forts in centre and sides are built up of actual
,
goods, and are surmounted with cannon and Union Jacks
cost about 21. or 21. 10?., and proved as great a success as
flying. Along the walls from fort to fort are showcards,
the train. suspended by means of red, white, and blue ribbon from

top of window. Curtains at back complete the display.

KnTH-ROOT grows wild in the forests of Cashmir The soldier's outfit consists of boracic ointment, antiseptic
powder, and foot-powder, retailing at bd. packed in tin box.
at elevations of 8,000 to 9,000 ft. It ha,s a scent
Have war windows been plentiful or productive? Mr.
like orris, with a slight blend of violet. The
root is exported chiefly to China, where it is used as an Martin's is the only photograph of the kind that we have
incense in the Buddhist temples and monasteries. It is received. It may be that the somewhat common opinicw
also a disinfectant, and is locally used, in the form of a
powdor, as an insecticide. Its use in India is confined to that the war is bad for the chemist's business has pre-

medicinal purposes. vented enterprise in this direction, but, unfortunately.

::

January -30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 141

it is not too late for chemists to mend their ways in this The second photograph is of a '" Dolly Varden " window.
resfject. In many districts of the country chemists have
never been so busy as they are now. This is particularly A showcard in front of the fine model bears the words

the case on the East Coast, and it would be interesting ," This is one of Evans's Drug-stores." The display consists
to learn how chemists have attracted and kept khaki
of Rogers Bros.' cutlery and silverware, including spoons
customers.
and forks of all kinds, carvers, etc., besides articles for the
Some American Window-displays.
toilet-table, candlesticks, and silver-mounted glass bottles
The windows of O. B. Evans, Philadelphia, are among and jugs. In the windows of Evans's drug-stores the poster
the mo.st attractive of American drug-stores. Through the
courtesy of Mr. William Kirkby, M.Sc, we have the oppor-

tunity of reproducing three photographs of special displays
made by Mr. Evans.

The first shows the style of the window, which is spacious
and handsomely fitted. This illustrates a "Doggie" dis-
play. Right in front of the window is a plain white car<l.

A STATIO.XEIIY BlSPl.AY.

on the top is a regular feature. In addition to what is
seen in the third illustration (this being a display of W.
& W. "Exclusive Stationery"), we find the following lines
also used right across the top of the window :

"Are you looking for a drug-store?"

" DrugS' from all over the World."

—" Telephone your Order, we Deliver Filbert 3350."

" Have'' your Friends met you Here."
"Evans's Soda, Ice-cold."

At the Counter.

.V SlLVLR-GOODS DlSl'HI. A M.\NOR Park Chemist (234,23j had the following

Welowcaicl. have never seen a chemist's window in this experience on a recent Sunday :

untry fitted up in this way, although some of the best Much ringing of bell by small boy. When he got in he
said: "Please, the doctor sent me for two-penn'orth of
i^-fanciers are pharmacists. linseed-meal. It's for a murder case." He meant

emergency.

Ex.uiPLES 01' Modern Education sent to us by a Goole

subscriber include the following items which crossed his
counter

1(7. ippecakuanna wine, bottle fennings fever cure.
Penny of Hykrapricy.

- Id. of sliperyalum.

I

The originals beat the reproduction from cold type.
' Creamey Tartar " and " Senei pods " are new variants of
farniliar things, but the best of the bunch is the following

recipe

Blood Mixture.

i oz. of Sarperlla.
5 oz. of cannimiles.

i oz. of Gentin.
Id. of best Spanish.

Boil quart of water. Simmer down to 1 pint.

" You occasionally publish rather amusing ' howlers ' "
(writes "J. R.," Manchester. 227'27). "Here are a few:

' Borax and Onions.'

' Tincture of Asses' feet.'

This, I understand, was meant for asafetida. Pigeon's
milk ' is invariably asked for, Avhile the loan of a ' Straight
liook ' for the butcher round the corner may be quite
original to some pharmacists. Though this may seem a
joke on the poor chemist, on the other hand the chemist
sometimes gets his own back. For instance, only the other
day I was handed a note: ' Ivindly give bearer three-
peimyworth of indiarubber tacks and supply a glass hammer
for same.' An old rubber cash mat sufficed for the ' tacks,"
but regretted our being out of stock of ' glass hammers.' "

.. .. . .. .. ; . ... .

142 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 30, 1915

Mist. Ammonii et /Ctheris.

Insurance Pharmacopoeias. Ammon. carb. 1 2 3
Spt. ammon. aromat. 5 gr.
WHILE examining a number of local Pharmacopceias 15 m. 30 m. 10 m.
which have been issued by local Medical Com- .Spt. Eetheris 15 m. 30 m. i oz.
mittees and Pharmaceutical Committees in connection
with Insurance dispensing, we have been struck by the Aq. campli. 1 oz. 2
diversity of the prescriptions for preparations of the same Aq. chlorof. 4 gr.
designation. Thus the conditions already observed in our Aqua i oz. 4 gr.
'•' Provincial Hospital Pharmacopoeias " and in Squire's 10 m.
" Pharmacopceias of the London Hospitals" are repeated. 1, Birmingham 2, Sheffield 3, Doncaster. 1 oz.
Without discussing the reflections which arise in con- ;
sidering this state of things, we present these diverse 2
prescriptions for the same thing and same purpose. ^Unmon. carb. Mist. Ammon. c. Scilta.
Each of the formulas is given in a single dose, and the Ammon. chlor. H gr.
quantities, being in parallel cohmnns, are easily compared. 1;
Each column is numbered, and the name of the district, Tinct. sciUae I 4 gr. 7i m.
with alternative name for the prescription, is placed at Aq. chlorof. } oz.
Aq. 10 m.
the bottom of the formula. 2
to i oz. 5 m.
to 1 oz.

Bournemouth 2, Gosport. 2
; Si gr.
8i gr.
Mist. Ammonis et Senegae.
n m.
Ammon. carb. . 1 1 m.
3 gr. 7i m.
Tinct. sciilS' i oz.
Tlnct. campli. co. 15 m.
Infus. senegas 15 m. 2
20 gr.
1, Bu'mingham to 1 oz. 30 m.
; 1 oz.
2, West Hartlepool.
3
Mista Ammonii Picratis. 15 m.

Mistura Acida. 1 li m,
i m.
123 4 56 Sol. ammonii picrat. sat. 5 m.
10 m. Aqua i oz. } oz.
H15 m., . I m. ' 15 m. 10 m. 7^ m. 15 m.

Acid. nit. hyd. dil. . : i oz. 1180 m.
Bpt. chloroformi i240 m.
Infus. quassise 1, Hull ; 2. Leicestershire.
Infus. gent. co.
1 oz.
Aqua .
J oz. 1 oz. Mist. Anti-Asthmatica Composita.

1, Bu-mingham, Mist, acidl uitro-hydrochlorici ; 2, Bournemouth, Mist Sodii iodid. 1
acid, et gent. ; 3, Gosport, Mist, acida gentiana; : 4, Hull ; 5, Gateshead Sodii bromid.
Mist, gentianje (acid) ; 6, Sheffield, Mist, gentiann? acida. Tinct. euphorbia; 8 gr.
Liq. trinitrini
Mist. Acida Composita. Tinct. lobel. a?tli. 10 m.
Aq. 1 m.
1 2 3 8 m.
Acid. nit. hyd. dil. 10 m. 10 m.
Tinct. nucis vomica? 10 m. to i oz.
Ext. nucis vom. liq. 5 m. 1 m. i oz.
Spt. chlorof. 30 ni. 1 oz. 1, Hull : 2, West Hartlepool.
Glycerin. . 10 m. 30 m.
Mist. Antimonialis.
Tinct. gent. co. 1 oz. ^ oz.
Infus. quassise . Ammon. chlorid. .. I 10 m.
Infus. calumbiB 1 10 ra.
Aq. chlorof. Viu. ipecac. .. i
Tin. antimon. . 1 oz.
Aq Aq. chlorof. to

1, Birmingham Leicestershire.

1, Birmingham, Mistura acida c. nuce vomicfe ; 2, Dorset ; 3, Leicester- Mist. Astringrens.

shire. 1 2
10 m.
Mist. Acida c. Opio. 15 m.
5 m.
Acid, sulph. dil. 1 2 3 4 Acid, sulph. aroniat. 5 m. 10 m.
Tinct. opii . 10 m. 10 m. Acid, sulph. dil.
Tinct. capsici 10 m. 15 m. 10 ra. 10 m. to i oz. J oz.
Aq. chlorof. . 3 m. Tinct. opii to
Aq. menth. pip. 6 ni. 3 m. 3 m. Tinct. card. co. to
to Chloroform
Aq to 1 oz. 2 m. i oz. 1 oz.
to Aq. chlorof.
1, Birmingham i oz. 3, Hull Decoct, hasmatoxyli
; Aqua
2, Dorset, Mist, acidi sulphurici c. opio
4. Leicestershire. :

1, Bournemouth 2, Liverpool ; and 3, Sheffield.
:

Mist. Alba.

Magnes. sulph. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 40 9 10 11 12
Magnes. carb. 40 gr. 30 gr. 60 gr. 60 gr. 60 gr. 60 gr. 60 gr. i 60 gr. 60 gr. 45 gr.
-»20 gr. 10 gr. tlOgr. tlO gr. 15 gr. 15 gr. 10 gr. 60 gr. flO gr. •15 gr.
P. zingib. t 10 »10 gr.
01. menth. pip. 10 m. ^ oz. =~ 1 OZ. 1 gr. 1 oz. !
to 1 oz. *10 gr. i m.
Spt. chlorof. i oz. i OZ. i oz.
Aq. menth. pip. to i 1 oz. i OZ. i OZ.

Aquam i

i oz.

^ oz.

1, Birmingham. Mist, alba vel mist, magnesii carbonatis ; 2, Bournemouth 3, Bradford, Mist. mag. sulph. tcl mist, alba; 4, Doncaster;
;

5, Dorset 6, Gateshead 7, Gosport ; 8, Hull 9, Leicestei-shire 10, Liverpool 11, Sheffield ; and 12, West Hai-tlepool. « Pond, f I^evis.
; ; ; ; :

Mist. Acida c. Stryclinina. Mist, Asafetidse Composita.

Acid, hydrochlor. dil . . 1 2 3 AsafetidiB 15 m. 2
Acid, phosph. dil. 15 m. 2i gr.
Liq. strychnin, hyd. 10 m. 15 m. 15 m. Tinct. asafetidas
5 m. IS gr. 5 m.
2J m. 5 m. Tinct. valerian, ammon. 1 oz. 2i gr.
20 m.
Tinct. nucis vomica; i oz. Ext. cascar. sag. liq. . i oz.

Tiuot. aurantii . 3, Hull Ammon. carb. .

Aq. chlorof. .. .. .. to 1 oz. Magnes. sulph. .

Infus. calumbae to. . 1 oz. Infus. quassia^ .
.. Infus. Valeriana;

1, Birmingham 2, Gosport. Mist. acid, phosph. et strych. ;
;

Mist. acid, phosphorici.

Mist. Acida pro Tussi. 1, Birmmghara 2, Hull.
;
1'
2
Syrupi 40 m. As space and time permit we hope fo continue thi
Oxymel. scilla; . 30 m. 40 m.
Viu. ipecac. 10 m. 30 m. comparison of stock-mixture formulae. In order to assisi
Glycerin... 20 m. 10 m. us in the preparation of the comparisons we would b
20 ra. obliged if secretaries or members of local Pharraaceutica
Acid, sulph. dil. 5 m. Committees would send us notes or formulae.
Liq. cocci, B.P.C. 1 m. 5 ra.

Aq to i OZ. 3 m.

1 oz.

1, Hull 2, Leicestershh-e,
;

Jan'uary 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 143

Royal Institution. tive of Sir Humphry Davy, a bust of that distinguished

THE first Friday evening discourse of the present session scientist so intimately connected with the early days of
at the Royal Institution was given on January 22
by Professor Sir James Dewar. The inhospitable weather the Institution. The donor was Dr. H. D. Rolleston,
senior physician of St. George's Hospital, grand-nephew
—thinned the attendance—usually very crowded when Sir of Sir Humphry, who is at present acting as con-
sulting physician to the Navy. It is int«resti:ig to recajl
James lec-tures but those present were amply rewarded that Dr. Thomas Young, one of the thre« founders ot
the Royal Institution (the other two were Count Rum-
for any inconvenience in reaching the Institution. The ford and Sir Humphry Davy), was also physician to b't.
subject was George's Hospital. Sir James traced the history of the
bust, and then gave some details of Davy. He re-
Problems of Hydrogen and the Rare Gases, ferred to the fact that a centui-y ago the nation was at
war with France, but, notwithstanding this, eo great was
and it was illustrated by many experiments, which, with
Davy's reputation and the belief in the international
the aid of several assistants, were all successfully carried
character of science, that Napoleon readily gave him
out. Reference was made to the lecture of a year ago and Faraday permission to visit Paris, where the greatest
consideration was shown them. It is a. little difficult,
on the vacuum-flask, at which a new type of vessel said Sir James drily, to imagine similar courtesy being
accorded a British man of science in Berlin at the
was shown applicable to calorimetry at low temperature. present day. Davy accepted the Napoleonic prize ot
the French Academy of jSciences with the same idea that
Accurate means of measuring gases are specially required men of science should soften the asperities of war

in low-temperature work, where the amounts dealt with Sir James Crichton-Browne, on behalf of the Duke ot

are so minute. More work has been done during the Northumberland, accepted the bust for the Institution,

year on the uncondensable gas of the air at 20" absolute. and unveiled it for the audience to see. He mentioned

It is found that nitrogen obtained by different chemical that the sculptor was Sartiuel Joseph, and that the bust

methods varies according to the means taken for re- was executed in 1822. He also referred to the fact
that Davy was apprenticed at Penzance to an apothecary
moving oxygen and hydrogen. The amount of uncon-
and surgeon, as were several other well-known scientists,
dens<ibie gas in air from different sources varies, and added that medical studies seem to act as a stimu-
lating introduction to a career of chemical and physical
Aand al.so that from respired air. few experiments researdi. The Institution already- possesses two busts

were interposed to show the methods of detecting mof Davy, one, the gift of Dr. Rudolph Messel, being

gases spectroscopically, and also the uses of charcoal and bronze. It is intended to place the new acquisition in the

liquid air for obtaining vacuums. Next attention was entrance-hall, near the beautiful statue of Faraday. Sir
James then drew attention to the fact that this is the
drawn to the variation of the amounts of helium, neon, centenary of Davy's invention of the miners' safety

and hydrogen in air samples, and reference was made lamp. He mentioned that although Davy did not receive

to Moureu's experiments on the gases of the mineral any monetary advantage from his discovery, the mdne-
owners of Newcastle presented him with a silver dinner-
springs of France. The purport was to show that the service. This was bequeathed to the Royal Society and
melted down produced 7001. from the sale of the silver.
proportion of helium varies enormously. It occurred to This money is the capital sum, the interest upon which
is used by the RoyaJ Society for producing the Davy
the lecturer that occlusion of some of the gases might medal. Finally Sir James recalled a famous scene in
the Royal Institution laboratory in October 1807, when
occur in the solidified gases of the atmosphere when Davy succeeded in isolating potassium and sodium and
danced with delight
cooled by liquid air. Experiments were made with
The exhibits in the library included silica gLass, British-
synthetic mixtures of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbonic- made laboratory-ware and filter-paper, and instruments
for naval and military use. In glass cases were also
acid gas, and also with the gases separately, to see shown relics of Davy, which Miss Davy presented to

whether occlusion occurs. It was found that no occlusion the Institution.

resulted from the gases separately, but with nitrogen and British Laboratory-ware Association.

hydrogen together an apparent occlusion resulted. This Association has been formed for the purpose of pro-
moting and placing on the market glass and porcelain,
Evidence was collected to show that hydrogen is occluded laboratorv ware, and filter-papers of British manufacture.

in solid nitrogen or carbonic oxide forming a solid solu- The chairman is Mr. C. A. Mercer, of Townson & Mercer,
Ltd. The following are the members of the Association :
tion. The next part of the lecture dealt with the trans-
mission of gases through platinum and palladium. The Baird, A. H., 33 Lothian Street, Edinburgh.

metals were arranged in the form of fine tubes connected Baird & Tatlock, 45 Renfrew Street, Glasgow.
Becker, F. E., & Co. (W. & J. George, Ltd.), London.
to an electrode-less discharge-tube in communication with Brady & Martin, Ltd., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Ferris & Co., Ltd.. Union Street, Bristol.
a cooled charcoal exhauster. As soon as one of the metal Gallenkamp, A., & Co,, Ltd., London,
George, W. & J., Ltd.. 157 Charles Street, Birmingham.
tubes was put into a flame a discharge passed in the dis- Griffin, J. J.. & Sons, Ltd., Kingswav, London .
Harris. Philip, & Co., Ltd., 144-146 Edmund Street,
charge-tube, indicating that hydrogen had passed in from Birmingham.
Harrison. Parkinson & Co., Sun Bridare Road. Bradford.
the flame. Using a Meker gas-burner, it was possible Jackson, Fred., & Co., Ltd., Salford. Manchester.

to show that the quantity of hydrogen varied in different Preston. J,, 105 Barker's Pool. Sheffield.

Aparts of the flame. qiiartz tube over the metal tube Reynolds & Branson, Ltd.. 14 Commercial Street, Leeds.
Southall Bros. & Barclay, Ltd., Birmingham.
stopped the action, but a further experiment showed Standley, Belcher & Mason, Ltd., Birmingham.
Towers. J. W., Jfe Co., Ltd., Victoria House. Widne,";.
that even quartz is permeable to helium. The quantita- Townson & Mercer, Ltd., 34 Camomile Street, London.
Woolley Sons & Co., Ltd.. Victoria Bridge. Manchester.
tive apparatus used is designed with liquid-air traps to

prevent the intrusion of organic matter from the lubricants

used with the stop-cocks or other sources, and enables

nianometric measurements to be made by means of the

difference of level of a suitable liquid, such as sulphuric

Aacid, in the two arms of a U-tube. further series of

experiments was performed to show the diffusion of the

gases of the atmosphere through rubber films. Work has

been done on this subject before, but a new method has

been devised of performing the experiments. The film

is mounted on a shallow metal cup and supported on

copper gauze, so that there is no free space. The film

is .sensitive to heat, gases easily pass when the film

is warm, but when frozen by liquid air the rubber is

impermeable. Water-vapour passes, but a film of glycerin

Astops the permeability. number of different gases were

passed, and it was shown that the kind of gas could be

detected by the rate of passage.

Bust of Sir Humphry Davy.

At the conclusion of the lecture Professor Sir James
Dewar said he had a pleasant duty to perform in pre-
senting to the Institution, on behalf of the nearest rela-

—
;

THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 30, 1915

Germicidal Value of Iodine. with an equal volume of water, making in each case a

By T. Maben, Ph.C, F.C.S., and J. Stanley White, Ph.C. 1^-per-cent. solution of iodine. An active twenty-four

MEDICAL opinion concerning the utility of iodine as hours' culture of Bacillus typhosus in nutrient broth was
an agent in the production of asepsis has 06ciUated filtered through sterile filter-paper, in order to prevent
between contemptuous neglect and unqualified praise. the bacteria " clumping," and five drops inti'oduced into
Enormous quantities of iodine, mostly in the form of tinc- the solutions of carbolic acid and iodine at intervals of
ture, aru being used at the present time for sterilisation
purposes, and the question is being discussed whether thirty seconds. Subcultures in standard broth were then
iodine is of any value in this connection. Numerous taken every thirty seconds up to fifteen minutes, the whole
operation being carried out at 20° C. These were then
incubated at 37° C. for forty-eight houi-s, and examined
for growths or otherwise. The following are the details

of the test :

Test Organism : Active 24 Hooas' Culture B Typhosus.

Time Culture Exposed in Minutes Sub-cultures

Sample Dilution

5 10 12i 15 Period of Temperature
Incubation

Tincture of iodine A strength (diluted with alcohol) 48 hours 37= C.

Aqueous solution of iodine A strength (diluted with water)

Carbolic acid... i : 100 +

Carbolic acid... 1 : 120 +++

=-|- growth in the sub-cultures. — = no growth in the sub-cultures.

letters bearing on the subject have appeared in various From the above data it wiU be seen that both tincture
medical journals, and apparently the problem still remains
of iodine and aqueous solution of iodine of only half-
unsolved. strength are much more powerful than carbolic-acid solu-
tion 1 : 100, the latter killing the organism in five minutes,
Eeference has been made in these columns to recent
whereas both the iodine solutions killed in less than two
controversy on the subject by British surgeons, and a-half minutes.

such as sir Watson Cheyne, Bart. (C. <£- D., 1914, II., It was therefore necessary to dilute the iodine solu-
tions still further, and the next test was made with ^-per-
711); but before that Decker {" Deutsche Med. Woch.,"
cent. dilutions, rectified spirit being the diluent for the
1911, 23) came to the conclusion, from experiments, that
tincture, and water for the aqueous solution. This test
tincture of iodine has no bactericidal action while Bruen- again showed no growth in the case of all the iodine
; solutions, but the growtlis were the same in the carbolic

ing ("Arch, fiir Klin. Chir.," 1911, 94) concluded that dilutions. Tests were also made with ^-per-cent. dilu-
tions, again without growths ; and it was not until the
tincture of iodine has a greater bactericidal power than solutions were diluted down to ^ per cent, that any

either 96-per-cent. or 65-per-cent. simple alcohol, and the growths were obtained in sub-cultures.
From this comparison, therefore, it is evident that the
painting of the skin with iodine tincture reduces to a
killing-power of iodine, in the form of alcoholic or aqueous
greater degree its liability to infection than does under
solution, on a naked organism such as B. typhosus, is at
similar conditions either of these two alcohols. Here wa« least four times more powerful than that of a solution of

division of opinion. In the " British Medical Journal," carbolic acid of the same strength.

October 28, 1911, Charles Leedham-Green described cul- We have not thought it worth while to determine the

tural experiments on non-spore-bearing organisms, which relative germicidal values of freshly made and old tinc-

showed that tincture of iodine made with 70-per-cent. ture of iodine, since it appears to us that the figures

alcohol sterilised in seven minutes, and in ten and a-half quoted go to prove that the demand for freshly made
tincture appears to be based on a misconception. Further,
minutes if of oflScial strength. Sublimate spirit 1 : 1,000
sterilised in two and a-half minutes, while an aqueous the advantage claimed for tincture of iodine over an
aqueous solution does not appear to- be warranted. It
solution of mercuric chloride was stated not to sterilise in is interesting to note that, according to Hewlett, the
thirty minutes. Experiments on the skin were also con- carbolic-acid coefficient of absolute alcohol is only 0.03,

ducted, among the conclusions being that tincture of so that it would seem that the alcohol plays a subordinate
iodine mad© with 70-per-cent. alcohol is more potent than part in the germicidal action. At the same time, our
figures do not harmonise with Sir Rickman J. Godlee's
alcohol alone, but is not so powerful as sublimate spirit statement that the addition of alcohol diminishes the
neither, it was stated, guarantees sterility. It was effect. On the contrary, one would be disposed to argue
that the cle<insing, penetrating power of the alcohol
also proved that, while an aqueous solution of iodine ought to be distinctly beneficial when applied to the skin.

possesses decided germicidal properties, it is less potent The results are very striking, and would appear to
than plain 70-per-cent. alcohol, which, in its turn, was negative Sir Watson Cheyne's opinion that tincture of

inferior to tincture of iodine made with 70-per-cent. spirit. iodine is only equal to ^-per-cent. carbolic lotion. It
Sir Rickman J. Godlee, Bart., in a letter to the "B.M.J. ," could, of course, be argued that solutions of iodine and
November 7, 1914, on " Antisepsis and Asepsis in War," solutions of carbolic acid do not act except in the presence
states that if iodine is employed, a saturated watery
solution is best, as alcohol much diminishes the effect. of organic matter, but in these tests the introduction of
a definite proportion of extraneous matter was not thought
In view of these differences of opinion, we felt it neces- to be necessary, since the tests were strictly comparative.

eary to determine to what extent the alcohol is responsible In discussing the remedial value of iodine it must be
remembered that, independently of its actual germicidal
—for the germicidal action of tincture of iodine. Two activity, it is said to possess a therapeutic quality due
to the hyper;emia it induces. The increased flow of blood
solutions were prepared one spirituous, the other thus occasioned would not only tend to increased phago-
cytosis, or intracellular destruction of micro-organisms in
aqueous, both of the same iodine-strength. The method the neighbourhood of the wound, but would naturally
result in more rapid healing of the parts affected.
adopted was a slight modification of Rideal-Walker's.

Two dilutions of carbolic acid, prepared from a standard

solution of carbolic acid, were employed in the test
—namely,
1 : 100 and 1 120 each dilution containing 5 c.c.

:

According to Sir Watson Cheyne's statement, tincture

of iodine (a 2-^-p6r-cent. solution) should be slightly
stronger than, a 1 : 50 carbolic-acid solution, and the tinc-

ture was therefore diluted to one-half, rectified spirit

being used for the purpose. In preparing the aqueous

Solution it was found necessary to use 5 per cent, 'of

potassium iodide, owing to the fact that the iodine is not

soluble in water with the amount of potassium iodide
ordered in the official tincture. This solution was diluted

January 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST 145

them, apparently shooting out rapidly from theii- sur-

Brucine Micro-reactions. faces. This conduct is depicted in fig. 2.

By James Scott. A very useful test for the presence of brucine is to add

BRUCINE is unique among alkaloids in so far that it to the substance in strong alcohol a little methyl iodide,
responds to three definite reactions in a very
emphatic and conspicuous manner. These are its capacity whereupon groups of rosetted needle-tuf tkS of methyl
for reddening with nitric acid, the formation of yellow
scaly crystals of kakotelin, and the occuri-ence of oxalic brucine iodide will occur. Effects of like formation
acid". These tests provide a certain guide for the analyst
when distinguishing between brucine and strychnine, result when an alcoholic solution of iodine (or else
which acconiiiany one another in all the nux-vomica
yielding plants. hydriodic acid with iodine) is used on an alcoholic solu-

The best source of brucine, which is bitter and acrid, tion of brucine. Should strychnine be present in the
is the false Angostura bark, in which the proportion of
alcohol it does not at all interfere with the result. In

a .solution of brucine acetate treated with ammonia

minute needle-crystals are precipitated. It should be

pointed out that excess ammonia fails to yield a precipi-

tate in solutions of brucine, whereas a precipitate occurs

when such an excess operates on solutions of strychnine.

Both the carbonated and caustic alkalies precipitate

brucine from its solutions. Neither chromate nor dichro-

mate of potassium gives a precipitate in solutions of the

neutral salts of brucine, but they give precipitates in

solutions of the corresponding salts of strychnine. Preci-

pitates of brucine are generally yolk-yellow in colour.

Urucine neutralises acids, and forms a series of salts,

most of which are crystalline. The acetate is, however,

non-crystalline, although strychnine acetate does yield

crystals. This behaviour gives another guide for the

identification of brucine.

An important series of tests are the following, which

are generally used to confirm the preceding ones. The
moment nitric acid contacts with brucine-powder the

latter becomes an intense scarlet colour, which changes

to blood-red, yellow-red, and then to yellow. If a drop

of water containing some semi-dissolved granules of bru-

No. 1. Si'iiii-crystnllinc —No. 2. When water is cine be touched with a little nitric acid the solution

granules of brucine, niagni- poured over the brucine gran- will become yellow, and transparent rectangular prisms

flod. The actual diameter of ules of No. 1 necdle-erystals and tablets, often grouped together in rosettes, will
are immediately deposited
the disc was about one- upon them, as shown above quickly rise, as shown in fig. 3. Later on the usual red
mag-nified. The actual dia-
twontv-fourth inch. meter of the disc was about colour will be manifested. It has already been men-

one-twenty-fourth inch. tioned that oxalic acid and kakotelin result from the

nitric-acid test. These reactions can be best studied by

placing the brucine in a test-tube, and adding nitric acid

strychnine to brucine is much less than in any other of specific gravity 1.4 to it. It is advisable to stand
plant. In the experiments from which I prepared the
illustrations, pure brucine only was iised. This is a white the tube in cold water meantime. The characteristic red
granular powder, the particles of which present, under the
microscope, semi-crystalline shapes of the kind shown in colour will reveal itself, and, at the same time, nitric
fig. 1. The majority of them are opaque, while the
remainder are semi-transparent, and definitely scored oxide, carbon dioxide, methyl nitrite, oxalic acid, and
lengthways, the segments readily separating and dissolving
apart from one another when the brucine is lying in kakotelin will occur. Dilute the solution abundantly with

water. water, whereupon fluffy yellow specks of kakotelin will

Brucine melts at 150° into a pale yellow fluid, which separate. These are insoluble in water, but are soluble
can be very deeply browned at higher temperatures. The
film formed in this way on a glass slide cracks during in dikite acids, and are best crystallised out of dilute
cooling into characteristic figurings representing branches
hydrochloric acid or dilute nitric acid.
iind twigs of leafless trees. Many resins behave somewhat
After the separation of the kakotelin the remainder
similarly, but there appear to be details of this splitting
in regard to brucine which call for further considera- should be neutralised with ammonia, and then calcium
tion, becau.se it generally presents a uniformity of design
in.stead of the irregular criss-crossing so noticeable in con- chloride added to throw down the acid as a calcic oxalate.
nection with other melted substances.
—No. 3. Magnified trans- No. 1.— Upon greatly magni-
While it is usual for the analyst to speak of siihlimed
brucine, the products derived by heating the substance parent crystals obtained from fylng partly melted brucine,
should be regarded as those of decomposition rather than
a nitrated solution of brucine. multitudes of minute prisms
of true sublimation. The condensed mists, which settle
at 185°, present, when magnified, hardly more than a The actual diameter of the will be found in it. The

transpai-ent, syrupy filigi-ee as though minute globules had disc was about one-twenty- above disc was in actual dia-
run indiscriminately into one another. Sometimes the
fourth inch. " meter about one-twenty-
liligree is mesh-like; and a similar pattern may often be
fourth inch.
<lote('ted at the bottom of the film of melted brucine on
the lower glass. Another test is to add nitric acid to an aqueous solution

Although it is true that in a fully melted sample of of mercurous nitrate, and then add this compound to
l>rucine the film discloses only the lines mentioned, it is
possible to produce minute crystals by only partially melt- Athe solution of brucine salt, and warm all. beautiful
ing the substance and then allowing it to cool. In such
a case, as the minute particles of the heated powder are carmine tint will occur.
'ooling. tufts of needle-cryst.als of the kind shown in Solutions of brucine are coloured red by chlorine, which
fig. 4 occur in the semi-transparent portions, and help
to render it rather opaque. can be changed to yellow by means of ammonia.

Upon adding water, even distilled, to the normal
-Tanules of brucine, minute needles begin to form all over

—

146 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST January 30, 1915

The Docks of London.

This account of the work that goes on in discharging and loading ships is contributed by

a pharmacist who is en route to the Government Laboratories. He describes the

initial stage, in which service as a junior Customs officer makes him familiar with
the goods which are dutiable on importation.

HE Customs and Excise Ser- vocabulai-y was also extended. I well remember inquiring

vice (as depicted by coach- what " casings " were, and was promptly informed by

ing establishments) came under an Irishman with a broad accent, " Shape's guts." On

my notice when in a sum- this particular station in point of numbers, if not of

mer berth in a seaside pharmacy. Newinterest. Zealand vessels took fir.?t place. It was

I made up my mind to try for it. the regular berth of the largest ships on the " run," and

ASome months' study after busi- I soon became heartily sick of seeing frozen mutton.

ness hours, a competitive ex- single vessel will bring 100,000 carcases, which are in-

amination, a weary wait, and July variably carried in the holds for'ard ; these alone being

of a few years ago found me fitted with refrigerating-apparatus. Thirty or forty car-

reporting myself at the head- cases are slung out of the hold, lowered to the quay, and

quarters of the Customs .Service, passed by travelling belts to railway-trucks or to the

Custom House, London. It took i refrigerating-stores on the dock. In London much work

but a few minutes for me to is by lighters, and quantities of cargo are lowered into

realise that I was a mere unit, lighters lying alongside. These take the goods to up-

and an insignificant one at that, river warehouses, where the ships cannot go. It is

in a great organisation. Particu- curious to see men working in the holds on a hot

lars of myself were entered in a mighty tome, and my summer's day with sacking round their feet and legs to

Aimmediate duties were decided upon. letter of intro- avoid frost-bite. New Zealand cargoes are monotonously

duction to the Surveyor, Victoria Dock, E., was handed alike. During sammer the work is increasingly frozen

me, and I was directed how to reach that not too salubrious meat, mainly mutton, with some hemp, wool, and tallow.

quarter of London. With winter, however, comes a change. Meat gives

^

The London of the average visitor is almost invariably place to butter and cheese, and a vessel with 60,000

restricted to a sq^uare mil© with Charing Cross as its ^-cwt. boxes of butter and half that number of

centre. Occasionally he will get as far as gazing from crates, each containing two cheeses, is quite common in

London Bridge at the shipping in the Pool. Should his January. Speaking generally, the frozen meat is in

curiosity tempt him to get to closer quarters he finds him- excellent condition, and the butter and cheese of the

self in Billingsgate and promptly retreats. But the best. I have seen at least five million carcases of mutton,

Londoner ought to be ashamed of his ignorance of dock- and do not recollect a single case of New Zealand meat

land. With perfect safety it can be said that, apart from being condemned by the Public Health authorities. The

those whose business takes them there, not one Londoner importation of pork is only permitted subject to special

in a hundred has visited the Docks. In twelve months examination by the meat-inspector, and the heads must

at Victoria Dock I only, once saw one person who was still be on all carcases. The butter is constantly sampled

unmistakably a visitor. under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, and goes to the

The Port of London Government Laboratory for test.

stretches from Tilbury westwards right up the river, and To the chemist New Zealand cargoes are uninteresting.
for convenience in Customs work it is divided into dis-
tricts, usually a single dock or a group of riverside The only things I saw which could be described as phar-
wharves, each under a surveyor. These districts are sub- maceutical were two consignments of ambergris. The
divided into " stations " which are in charge of one or first was in a small, carefully sealed package, and con-
more officers, according to the volume of work involved. tained a number of pieces resembling slightly blackened
It was to an outdoor landing station that I was first pumice, about the size of a man's fist, some smaller
sent. " Landing " signifies that the vessels discharge their pieces being in a mustard-tin. It was valued at some
cargoes, but do not load. It is customary with large lines hundreds of pounds. The second lot a passenger brought
to discharge and load at different quays, sometimes in over. In quantity it was much larger than the former,
but there was considerable doubt as to its being genuine.
different docks, in order to avoid confusion between the As for its value, the estimates varied from 1,000?. to
import and export cargoes.
nothing.
When a ship "from foreign" enters a British port and
Cargoes of Drugs .4nd Other Produce.

has been passed by the medical officer, the first duty of The pharmacist will find the ships from the East of

the master of the vessel is to lodge at the Custom House, chief interest. P. & 0., Nippon Yusen, and Hall Lines

within twenty-four hours of arrival, a detailed report, usually bring cargoes containing at least a few parcels

giving a description of all the cargo on board, where it of drugs. Under normal conditions the P. & 0. dis-

was shipped, and to whom consigned. The merchant charge either in the Royal Albert Dock or at Tilbury, and

owning the goods has also, if they are not liable to duty, I did not see much of them. The Nippon Yusen are

to pass a " free entry " for them i.e., he states upon invariably good for some drugs. Touching at almost

a form particulars of the goods, their weight, and value. every port of consequence from Kobe westwards, they

A copy of the ship's report and all the entries for that are most interesting. Those in London would do well to

ship as they are passed at the Custom House are sent to watch the shipping news for the arrival of these ships.

the station at which the ship is discharging. The officer Their names, consisting of two words, one of which is
records upon the entry the result of his examination of " Maru," are easily distinguished : for example, " Aki

the goods and compares it with the report. Every item Maru." Under peace conditions they arrive fortn'ghtly

upon the report must be accounted for. on Thursdays, and a visit to their berth at Victoria

It was chiefly in assisting the officer at the station to Dock on the following Saturday or Monday is rewarded

check these entries against the report that my first duties by the sight of a wealth of miscellaneous cargo. If vou

Aconsisted. report may be a-nything from one to forty keep out "of the way on the quays and ask permissionj

or more foolscap sheets, and the entries often run into before going through the sheds, no one will interfere with

some hundreds. The station was a wide one, and vessels you. Cases of potassium iodide and camphor from

came from all parts. Commercial geography was quickly Japan, and ingots of tin and copper from the Straits

learnt on a new and improved method. Incidentally one's Settlements are in every ship. Marseilles sends

January 3U, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST —

147

quantities of aluminium, done up in bundles of small Grain Importations

iiif^ots, herbs, and castor, olive, and coconut oils. in London are practically confined to the Victoria and
Millwall Docks. Both of these docks have facilities for
The Hall Line is more irregular, but its ships are quite dealing with grain "in bulk," as it is called when loose
in the ship's hold, and it is in this way that by far the
as interesting. Coming from the Malabar Coast via Mar-
greatest proportion arrives. Two forms of hoist are in
Aseilles, they bring quantities of nux vomica. thousand common use. The older is an adaptation of the dredger,

sacks is nothing unusual. The sacks are often torn, and and consists of a series of small buckets, which empty
upon a travelling belt. The modern method depends upon
the seeds lie thick upon the warehouse floor. Gentian, in suction only. Both patterns automatically weigh the
grain and discharge it, either into the flour-mills direct
larger sacks, is often in quantities up to forty or fifty tons, or into barges. The photograph shows the suction type
in the foreground, with the older pattern further back.
while liquorice and aconite are similarly packed. Both are upon floating platforms, and are discharging
into barges alongside. Dust arises in clouds from the
Liijuorice-root usually reaches the consignee short weight,
—dredger form, the men in the holds being obliged to wear
for the dock labourer likes to take a stick home for the
some kind of respirator often the crude one of a piece
youngsters, and does not wait to ask permission. Indeed, of damp cloth. The suction-plant is i^ractically dustless

iiis light-haiidedness is sufficiently important for boots in action.

to be exported with the "rights" in one case and the

"lefts" in another,, to lessen the temptation to pilfer. It

was one of these boats which had discharged a cargo of

coir yarn, fibre, nux vomica, and a quantity of shelled

filberts and almonds. These were all stored in a shed

with a policeman in charge. Imagine my surprise on

passing down the shed to find him chewing nux vomica The Popdlar Conception of a Customs Officer

.seeds. He explained that he had tried the other nuts is very erroneous. The examination of passengers' bag-
and so thought these might bo all right, but found them
gage and the searching of vessels is the duty of the
too hard. I took some delight in telling him that
—Waterguard a separate service recruited in an entirely
.strychnine was obtained from them, and it was a dis-
different manner. The Customs officer and the Excise
tinctly pale " copper " I left in that shed. Turmeric is
officer who examines your methylated-spirit requisite-book
not SI) common, but I have seen some magnificent samples
(if s]ilit bulb-turmeric from the Malabar Coast. Rhubarb are one and the same person. The Waterguard or Pre-

ventive staff board a ship before it reaches its berth, and

while the Preventive officer secures under seal all the ship's

dutiable stores which remain over, the Preventive men

usually four in number, and known as a rummaging crew

search all likely places for contraband. Bunkers, venti-

lators, and the ship's boats are favourite places. The

crew prefer to hide their tobacco on the open deck or

in some public place, as it is then merely confiscated if
no one comes forward to own it ; while if it is found in

a man's berth he is personally held responsible and fined.

Rummaging is always a battle of wits, but the Water-

guard includes some smart men, and very little escapes

their eyes. Those pharmacists who travel abroad should

bear in mind that the right to bring back small quan

titles of tobacco, spirits, etc., duty-free is subject to their

declaring what they have, however small that quantity
may be. It ie for the officer, not the passenger, to decide

whether duty is to be charged or not.
The examination of cargo is upon a percentage basis,

roughly 10 per cent, being examined, but at least one

UlsCHAIlGlNG GeAIN. package however small the number of each description

The pynimklal apparatus in the centre of the picture of goods. For ships from Continental ports this pro-
sucks the jjraiu from the hold of the steamer and pours
it out into the lighters. portion is doubled. Cases must always be opened, but

I)lentiful; sandalwood comes both in chips and blocks bales of wool, fibre, or straw-braid, casks of tallow, and
bound together by straw braid, while occasionally one
.sees a quantity of cinnamon oil imported in old whisky- bags of grain, etc., are spitted with various forms of

bottles. spit designed to suit the particular class of goods.

The British India Company's vessels also discharge on the When the admixture of free and dutiable substances is

M)uth side of Victoria Dock, and, if lucky, you may see Asuspected a sample is sent for analysis. simple

few live animals being landed, in most cases consigned instance of this is the testing of glue and gelatin for
o the Zoo. The smaller ones in cages present no diffi-
ulties, but an elephant can be most awkward if there added sugar.

s no native manhout to manage it. On one occasion Dutiable Goods
hree live kangaroos were reported by an Australian ship.
Only two were " entered," and my inquiry as to the are of greater importance from the Customs point of

whereabouts of the third of the trio elicited, not the —view. They are roughly divided into two classes high
usual reply of "short shipped," but "died en route and
and low duty goods. The former comprise spirits,
thrown overboard." Quails are not a very common im- saccharin, tobacco, and tea, while the latter include wines,
portation, but a Burmah boat which had called at sugar, glucose, dried fruits, and similar articles or sub-
Alexandria brought 76,000 live quails. These were in stances containing them. The popular fallacy still exists in
a most amazing way that lace is dutiable, although it
shallow trays, built one above the other, forming chests
has been free for half a century. Tobacco almost in-
about ten storeys deep. The average floor-space per bird variably passes through a bonded warehouse. It is
was about 4 in. square. They were very like young weighed net on being received into the warehouse, and
thrushes, and chattered incessantly. While noisy enough again weighed for duty when the merchant wishes to
for volume of sound, they had to give place " to 2,000 pay duty and remove it. This second weighing is only
parrots of every variety, from small paraquets herded done if the merchant requests it. Usually he does so,

together to large green ones enjoying the privilege of as tobacco becomes dryer in warehouse in many cases,
private cages. These had come from Australia, and were
and he most strongly objects to paying 3.s. Qd. per lb.
consigned to a dealer in Hamburg. They remained for for moisture which has evaporated. Spirits are dealt
with according to their strength in proof degrees. Proof
some days in the sheds while awaiting the Continental is about 57 per cent, of alcohol by volume, and spirituous
preparations are designated by degrees u/p or o/p, ac-
hip.
cording as they are under or over proof. A glance at a

S.V.R. permit shows that it is 58 o/p. With plain spirit

the strength is readily obtained by the hydrometer, but in

— —;

148 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST •Taxl-aev 30. 191.5

—cases where the preparation contains sugar or some other so that they cross one another at right angles at the'
middle of the cover, the shorter tape being affixed .-Ion?
substance in solution e.g.. rizm a sample is sent to the
laboratory for test and estimation of the " obscuration " off*.t^he llf in. ^"".^ ^'^^ *^P« =^long the middle
i.e., the number of degi-ees by which the correct reading tapes are arranged with
of the hydrometer is obscured. Tea is weighed net in length. Also the
cases, or if the packages are of a very even character
the gross weight is taken and an average tare allowed. their free ends of unequal length the shorter tape has
The duty upon sugar depends upon its degree of purity as ;
shown by its " rotation," or polariscope value. For most
things there is a fixed rate of duty, but when in doubt \
I
the laboratory has to decide. 1.
For the revenue exportation is not of great importance.
A' I
Here it is only necessary to safeguard the Crown against
fictitious claims for drawback. All substances upon • i;
which Cu.stoms or Excise duty has been paid are, upon
exportation, subject to the repayment of the duty, ii
together, in the case of beer or spirits upon which
Excise duty has been paid, with a slight amount (3(/. per /

gal. for spirits) to recoup the trader for the extra expense one free end about 7 in. long, and the other (as a matter
of course) will be about 14 in. long. The longer tape,
which he has incurred owing to Excise supervision. The which crosses that, has one free end 6 in. long, and the
Customs officer must see that the goods exported are other is 22 in. in length. These free ends are to be used
what they are stated to be, and that they are actually to tie down the collected twenty-six numbers of the
placed on board and over-stowed. Loading often goes volume to the back cover.
on night and day, and I have paced a ship's deck all
night waiting to see a few cases of spirits shipped. Glue is now rapidly and evenly spread over one side of
This may help to eradicate that persistent idea that every
Civil Service berth is an inordinately soft one. I have each of the three cardboards (including that side of the
done as hard a day's work in the Service as ever I did back cover to which the tapes are already fixed), and
in a pharmacy. The greatest difference is that an eight-
hour "day is the maximum. There iB no waiting for that they are laid down and pressed on to the sateen in their
relative positions, as shown in fig. 1. It is perhaps
bogey the last customer.
hardly necessary to point out that interspaces, to admit
&Filing the " C. D." of folding the cover, must be left between the back
strip and each of the side covers. Thus tape
By J. Grantley Tingle, Toowoomba, Queensland.
(a!) is 7 in. long, [h) 22 in., (c) 14 in., and
THE method of filing back volumes of The Chemlst
AND Druggist described in this note has probably (d) 6 in. The three outer tapes (6, c, d) are now passed
been employed by others—perhaps by many others. I through slits in the sateen made close to the edges of
do not remember to have seen it in use or in literature
but there is nothing new under the sun, and none of us
has a monopoly of ideas.

The fifty-two numbers of the year are divided into
two volumes, and, since only the literary pages have been
filed, the wires are drawn out of each number and the

advertisements removed as far as is possible without tear- the cardboard, and the sateen is turned over and glued
ing any of the folded sheets. If it be desired to file the down to the inside of the covers. The four corners
journal as a whole, the volumes probably -would be too
unwieldy for satisfactory treatment by this method. of the material are cut out along the dotted lines so as
to permit of a neat finish where the folding-over of the
For the eide covers of each volume two pieces of card-
board are required of the dimensions llj in. by 9 in., top and bottom meets the sides.
and for the back a strip 11^ in. by If or 2 in. The covers so far advanced are shown in fig. 2.
I have, so far, used old showcards as source.s The twenty-six nimil>ei's for the volume {minus the
of this material. There muet be also provided a piece
of black sateen, 15 in. by 24 in., and two lengths of ^-in. advertisements) are now laid in order on a and tied in
black tape, one 30 in. and one 39 in. in length. The
sateen I have used is obtainable (for about 8rf. a yard position with the tapes (see fig. 3).
in Queensland) with a width of 30 in., so that 2 yards For lettering the back I use the title from the outside
provides material for six covers. Further, a sufficiency
of tliin but good hot glue must be made ready. cover of any of the numbers of the weekly, arranged
as shown below and " seccotined " on to the
The black tapes are finst glued to one of the side covers sateen. At the bottom is affixed a shield of
Z.O. plaster, with the volume number and date,

as also indicated.
In this way, with a small expenditure of

—money and time I generally do two volumes
—together in part of an afternoon the volumes

are filed away in a form readily accessible and
almost as easy for reference as a bound book.

It is important not to tie up each index
with its volume, but to keep them all together

in a separate cover similarly constructed. Refer-

^ences can then be looked up rapidly through p.^-_

a long series of volimies without the necessity
of handling each one. and often perhaps unnecessarily,

Jaxuaky -^0. 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 149

Inventions which have Become Public Property.

PVERY year there expire a considerable number of In the Vaseline case, however, it was proved that no
P monopolies granted to inventors under letters patent, patent had been taken out in England for the manufac-
ture of the substance which (when manufactured by him-
iid as a rule the public is none the wiser. One conse- self) the inventor named "Vaseline." Accordingly it was
lence of this lack of knowledge of public lights is that directed that the trade-mark " Vaseline " should remain
e monopoly practically continues after the patent has upon the Regi.ster.
xpired; moreover, the inventor may acquire fresh rights
hieh might hamper the public in the exercise of its In the Magnolia Metal ca.sc. Lord Justice Rigby said :
ghts. From the inventor's point of view it might be " The manufacturer or patentee cannot by any means
rged that he has fulfilled the purpose of the Patent entitle himself to a monopoly in the use, after the secret
cts in introducing a new industry into the countiy., process has been discovered or the term of the patent has
id that he has also paid to the Patent Office a con- expired, of the name by which the manufactured article is
derable sum in fees during the fourteen years that his exclusively known while the secret is undiscovered or the
stent lasted. The answer to this ds that a definite term of the patent is unexpired."
irgain was entered into by the State, and that the yield
The reason why, in the following notes, we have asso-
a protected invention should be very much larger
ill could have been obtained otherwise. In many cases, ciated registered trade-marks and the expired patents to
reover, there is reason to believe that no new industry which they refer is thus apparent. At the same time it
must be borne in mind that while the trade-marks remain
introduced into this country, and thus the inventor's
le of the contract was never fulfilled. It happens on the Register, there is the risk of legal proceedings in
t in the drug-trade a large number of patents are
allied annually for new chemicals which become pro- using the mark, and it may only be added that the cost
I'taiy in character and bring within their train one- of defending legal actions has before now resulted in

<>d obligations which worry; alike the wholesale the loss of public rights. Duxing the continuance of the

iggist and the dispensing chemist. Perhaps if the war such registered trade-marks as belong to alien enemies
ilic rights were better understood the inconveniences can be avoided by the comparatively simple and economical

procedure provided by the Patents, Designs, and Trade-

marks (Teni(porary Rules) Act, 1914. It is for those

interested to consider whether concerted action should not

be taken to purge the Register and. incidentally, to mini-

mise one of the evils from which the drug-trade is

aid be minimised, especially on the termination of the suffering.
tent monoijoly.
The question of registered trade-marks is closely inter- In the following notes we give a selection of recently
von with that of patent monopolies, but the only expired patents which are of particular interest at the
present time when attention is directed to promoting the
icct of that question which concerns us now is when manufacture of fine chemicals in this country.

' name of the patented aiticle is also registered as a Acoine.

(le niark. There ar© reasons why this is done, the Di-para-anisyl-niono-phenethylguaiirdine hydrochloride.
re frefpient being that it may be more convenient to
Employed as a local aiiwsthetie dissolved in water or oil.
train an infringement of a trade-mark, even while the Trade-mark : No. 210294 registered in 1898 by the

Cliemische Fabrik von Heyden G.m.b.H., Radebeul, near

ent is in force, as this would not raise the greater Dresden, Germany. Registration renewed 1911.

:^tion of the validity of the patent. On the other Patent : No. 24287 of 1897, Production of oxyphenyl-

id, the intention in some cases is undoubtedly to guanidines and their derivatives,"' granted to above-named
ileavour to obtain by this means an extension of the company. The patent became void in the eighth year.
The specification is a very long one, and refers to a new
ent monopoly. When it is understood that a trade- class of oxyphenyl-guaiiidines " characterised by the
powerful aneesthetic action." The process of manufacture
k, by renewal every fourteen years, can be con-

led indefinitely, and that renewals of the trade-marks is carried out by the following methods :-

lied to patented articles are made after the expiry (1) The reaction-products of carbon bisulphide and ainido-
phenol ethers, such as thio-carbamates, thio-ureas, and the
the patent, the extent of the continuance of the like, are treated with desulphurising-agents, such as
PbO, HgCU, etc., and an amidophenol or ether thereof.
[aopoly will be realised. In this connection it is
—The intermediate carbo-diiraide for example, carbo-
Topof to quote the remarks made before the Eleventh —diphenetyl diimide, C( = NCsH^OCjIIsja may be first iso-

oriikaticmal Congress of Pharmacy by Mr. Edmund lated as white crystals by adding lead oxide to a solution

ite. President of the Pharmaceutical Society, who is of diphenetyl thio-urea in benzene, and then passing in
gaseous hydrochloric acid. (2) Copper powder is used as
niately connected with the manufacture of fine desulphurising-agent, and the amidophenol or its ether is

jnicals : omitted. (3) The reaction-products of carbon bisulphide
and amidophenols and their ethers are heated alone to
\ hen the name of a substance prepared by a patented
150° or 200° C. (4) The ureas corresponding to the fore-
coss is a reg^istered trade-mark, exclusive right in that
lo-niark ceases on the expiration of the patent, thus : going thio-ureas are heated with dehydrating-agents. such

Where an article has been introduced as new and Aas caustic alkalies and alkali alcoholates. large number
been fir.st manufactured under a patent, the name by
ch it is known becomes public property as soon as the —of new guanidines produced by these methods are men-
ration of patent-rights puts an end to the monopoly in
manufacture and sale of the article." (Kerhj on Trade- tioned, of which the following are examples viz., o- and

\ks.) p-triphenctyl-guanidine and their homologues, triphenyl-

.hero a patentee attaches a particular name to the pro- guanidine, diphenyl-monoanisyl-guanidine. and dianisyl-
Ition he patents, that name becomes common property
|lie name of the patented article. It possesses, indeed, moiiophoiiol-guanidine.

ither name. (Lord Herschell in Reddawav v. Barham.) Airol.
'>equently (in the Vaseline case) it was held that the
Bismuth oxyiodogallate. Used as a substitute for iodo-
of Linoleum Co. v. Nairn decided that when the
J'ntor of a new substance gives it a name, and. having form.
rn out a patent for the invention, has, during the
inuance of the patent, alone made and sold the sub- Trade-mark : No. 181257, registered in 1894 by Hoff-
ice by that name, he is not entitled to the exclusive mann, Taub & Co., Chemische Fabrik, Basel. Switzerland.
n<>t that name after the expiration nf this patent. Registration renewed 1908 by F. Hoffmanu-La Roche &
Co., successors to Hoffmann, Taub & Co.

P.\TENTS : No. 22902 of 1894, " Bismuth oxyiodide gal-
late." granted to Dr. Fritz Liidy, Basel. The German

'; :j

150 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 30, 1915

patents are 80399 (21/6/94) and 82592 (26/1/95). The new solid silver compound which is not precipitated by
United States patent is 544104 (1895). albmnen or salt," granted to above-named company.
The patent became void in the seventh year. The corre-
The examples of the methods of manufacture given in
sponding patents in other comitries are : United States
the patent-specification are as follows :
575277 (1897); France, 242933 (1894); and Germany'
1. Bismuth oxyiodide separated in the known manner
from 9.5 kilos, of crystallised bismuth nitrate, is well 82951 (1894).
washed, and while moist is stirred together with water
3.4 kilos, of gallic acid is added, and the mixture heated in The following examples of the method of manufacture
a water-bath until the red colour has been oompletely
changed to dark greyish-green. The precipitate is collected, are given in the British patent-specification
washed, and then dried at a moderate heat. :

2. Ten kilos, of bismuth gallate (dermatol) is treated under 1. Three kilos, of sodium salt of casein containing no free
heating with 3.1 kilos, of hydrogen iodide until the yellow alkali is mixed with 300 grams of nitrate of silver, and the
colour has been entirely converted into a greyish green. mixture dissolved in water by the aid of heat. If this
It is then washed, and dried at a moderate heat.
solution be precipitated by alcohol, or cautiously evaporated
Alnmnole.
ill vacuo, after drying the precipitate produced by alcohol,
Aluminium naphthol-suJphonate. An astringent and
or after powdering the residue of the evaporation vacuo,
mild antiseptic.
a white substance is obtained which is soluble in water
Trade-mark : No. 215948, registered in 1899—" No
with reaction neutral to litmus.
—claim for alum " by the Farbwerke vormals Meister,
2. A mixture of 1 gram of silver nitrate and 10 grains
Lucius & Briining, Hoechst a/Mam, Germany. Registra-
of casein sodium phosphate (3 grams of casein, 2.6 c.c. of
tion renewed 1912.
Patents : No. 10668 of 1892, " Manufacture of normal solution of disodic phosphate) dissolves in 200 c.c.

akunina salts of naphthol-sulphonic acids," granted to of water, forming a solution which exhibits the above |

above-named company. The German patent 74209 characteristic properties in regard to albumen and salt.
(14/5/92) bears the title " Verfahren zur Darstellung der
Aristochin.
Thonerdesalze der Naphtholsulfosiiuren genannt Alum-
Diquinine carbonic ester or carbonjl quinine. Medicinal I
nole. ' properties, as quinine, but tasteless.

The following is the method given in the patent-specifi- Trade-mark: No. 238180, registered in 1901 by the I
FarbenfabrLken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co., Elberfeld,!
cation for the production of the alumina salt of
Germany. (" No claim for Aristo.")
R/3-naphthol disulphonic acid :
Patents : No. 16564, of 1898, granted to the Vereinigtel
Chininfabriken Zimmer & Co. G.m.b.H., Frankfort

f

a /Main, Germany. The corresponding patent in the!
United States is 625075 (1899), and in Germanv 105666|

Fifteen parts by weight of ^-naphthol disulphonate of (22/7/98).

Rsodium of 69-per-cent. is dissolved in 60 parts by weight The example given in the British patent-specification is|

of boiling water, and, while being kept continually stirred, as follows :

is mixed with a hot concentrated solution of 7 parts by One kilo, of anhydrous quinine is dissolved in 4 kilos, ofl
chloroform, 76.4 grams of phosgene gas being passed intol
weight of commercial chloride of barium in crystals. In the cooled solution. The product of the reaction remainsr
Rthis operation the barium salt of the acid liquid, because quinine hydrochloride produced by the re-l
precipitates
action is also readily soluble in chloroform. In order tc|
in gelatinous form, which, however, after further stirring remove this substance, together with small quantitie
quinine remaining unchanged, the product of the reactionj
passes over into a well-washable form. It is cooled by is agitated with water containing 1 per cent, acetic acicl
until the extracts no longer taste bitter. The diquiniml
means of ice, and sucked off. The barium salt, well washed carbonic ether is then removed from the chloroform solul
tion by agitation with water containing 1 per cent. sulphuriJ
and freed from the chloride of barium, is transformed by acid, small quantities of the chlorocarbonic ether of quinine!
which is almost always px'oduced. remaining in the chlorol
means of the requisite quantity of sulphate of alumina.
form. The new compound can be isolated from the sull
To effect this the barium salt is suspended in 40 parts by phuric-acid solution by treatment with alkalies and agital
tion with ether, which is then evaporated or allowed tJ
weight of boiling water, and mixed with the requisite quan- stand, depositing the substance in the form of white crystal!
line crusts, which may be purified by recrystallisation froii|
tity of sulphate of alumina in hot concentrated solution.
alcohol or benzene.
The liquid is filtered off from the sulphate of barium, and

the filtrate concentrated. In this operation the alumina salt

['alumnol"' in the provisional specification] separates in

the form of white crusts, which are dried and ground.

The alumina-compound or alumnol thus obtained is in the

form of a white powder of astringent taste and easy solu-

bility in water.

Argentamin.

Ethylene-diamine silver nitrate. Antiseptic and Aristol.

astringent. Di-thymol iodide.

Trade-mark : No. 216096, registered in 1899 by the Trade-mark : No. 93538, registered in 1890 by thi
Chemische Fabrik auf Actien vormals E. Schering, Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co., Elbeil
Berlin. Registration renewed in 1912. feld. Germany, for "a new pharmaceutical product.

Patents : No. 8429 of 1893, " Improvements in the Registration renewed 1903.
manufacture of antiseptics," and 10845 of 1900, granted
to above-named company. The patent became void in Patents : No. 5079 of 1889, " New or improved mani|
the seventh year. The German patent 74634 (25/4/93),
corresponding to British patent 8429/93. is entitled "Ver- facture of periodides of phenols and salicylic acid.'
fahren zur Herstellung Alkalischer eiweiss nicht granted to above-named company. The correspondinj
patent in the United States is 446875 (1891), and in Ge)J
coagTilirender, antiseptischer Flussigkeiten."
many 49739 (1889).
The manufacture of alkaline silver-salt solutions which The specification of the British patent gives the fo|
do not coagulate with albumen is thus described in the
lowing process for the production of iodo-thymol-iodide
first British patent :
1.5 kilos, of thymol is dissolved in 10 litres of watil
Ten parts of phosphate of silver is gradually stirred with with the addition" of 0.8 kilo, of caustic soda, and to. "I
10 parts of basic ethylenediamine dissolved in 100 parts of
clear liquid a solution of 5.08 kilos, of iodine in 6.5 kilol
water.
of an alkaline iodide is added, tiie liquid being stirrcf
The second British patent referred to above describes
without heating. A dark-red voluminous amorphous c
the process of obtaining solid silver nitrate-ethylene- ^

diamine. The process consists in drying the crystalline or precipitate is immediatel.v formed, which consists of lodl
jelly produced, by suction, washing with alcohol and
ether, and drying over lime in the dark. thymol-iodide. The product is immediately separated
jj
filtration, and the collected iodide is carefully washed wif

clear water .and dried at the ordinary or atmospheric teij

perature.

In the Europhen patent 18021 of 1890 reference is ma(|

Argonin. to the above patent and to the iodine derivative
thymol, " which has already become an important artic|
Silver casein. of manufacture known as aristol."

Trade-mark No. 183707, registered in 1895 by Farb- Benzosol or Phthiosot.
:
Guaiacol benzoate. Used in incipient phthisis, and
werke vormals Meister, Lucius & Briniing, Hoechst an intestinal antiseptic.

a /Main, Germany. Registration renewed in 1908.

Patents : No. 22191 of 1894, " Manufacture of a

Januaey 30, 1915 —— )
:
THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 151

TEAi>f;-MAiiKS : " Benzosol," 97425 (1890), " PhthiosuL,"

97426 (1890), registered by the Farbwerke vormals
Meister, Lucfus & Briining, Hoechst a /Main.

Patents : No. 5366 of 1890, " Production of guaiacol

ether," granted to above-named company. Correspond-

ing patent in United States 453035 (1891).
The following is quoted from the British specification :

This ether, which for medical purposes may be named

" phthiosot " or " benzosol," is prepared in the following
manner: The crude guaiacol, having a boiling-point from

200° to 205° C, as it is obtained by fractional distillation

from wood-tar, is converted into its salt, preferably its
potassium salt, which is purified by recrystallisation from
alcohol. The salt obtained in a pure state is heated with
a suitable proportion of benzoyl chloride or benzoic anhy-
dride, and the benzoyl compound thus formed is recrystai-
lised from alcohol.

CMnaphenin.

Phenetidin-quinine carbonic-acid ester.

Trade-mark : No. 252442. registered in 1903 by the

Vereinigte Chininfabriken Zimmev & Co. G.m.b.H.,

Frankfort a/Main, Germany.

Patent : No. 22285 of 1899 " Manufacture and pro-
"
duction of new derivatives of quinine carbonic acid

granted to the above-named company. (Corresponding

patents, in United States 537839 (1899), in Germanv

109259 (28/2/99).

The British patent-specification gives the following
niong the examples of the methods of manufacture.

P/iciielididc of quinine carbonic acid (p-ethoxyphenyl- The Black Draught. '

arbamio ether of quinine). From the engraving' bv H. Diiwe of M. W. Sharp's picture.
.V solution of p-ethoxyphenylcarbamic chloride in (T.ent by Mr." t). Mavkew, C'hicton-on-Sea.
benzene is first prepared by adding the molecular propor-
tion of phosgene dissolved in benzene to a well-cooled solu- Evolution of the Pharmacist.
tion of two molecular proportions of phenctidine in ben-
zene. P-othoxyphenylcarbamic chloride is produced, and (Illustrated by Mr. Granville Shaw, Ph.C.)
leniains dissolved while phcnetidine hydrochloride is pre-
cipitated. This is filtered, and to the filtrate is added Iv.
two molecular portions of quinine, which dissolves on
wanning. The quinine hydrochloride separates on cooling, With tlie Tudors on the throne, one could wander all alone
and is removed by filtration. The filtrate is .agitated first
with water, and then with dilute acid e.g., sulphuric acid
wiiich takes up the plienetidide. It can be precipitated
from the acid solution by ammonia.

The salicylate of this salt is very readily soluble in In the alleyways of Science, unafraid
;
—ether a distinguishing test from euquinine.
So in Bucklersbury's

marts I sold

Chloralamide or Chloralformamide. spicery for tarts,

Hypnotic, like chloi-al hydrate, " does not affect the And physic for

action of the heart nor disturb the digestion." the Queen or

APatents : No. 7391 of 1889, " process for the pro- kitohenmaid
;
luction of a substance to be called chloralformamide or
cidoralamide," granted to Joseph Friedrich von Mering, Drug and herb were
Strassburg. Corresponding patents are Belgian 86090
mine by right.
889), United States 425039 and 425040. German 50536.
The specification of the British patent states that "for but the watches

the sake of brevity [the product] is called chloralamide." of the night

It is obtained by the action of chloral (C2HCI3O) on Were spent with

forniatnide (CHONH2) in the ratio of their molecular beaker search-
weights. The mixture becomes warmed, and gradually
ing Galen's
thickens until it becomes a solid crystalline mass consisting
store
—of the new combination viz., chloralformamide.
For my knowledge.

though but

spai-e, might

prove useful at

the Square

In about three

Creosotal hundred after-

Creosote carbonate. Substitute for creosote. —vears or more.

Trade-mark No. 216421, registered in 1899 by the Thus the skill of
: craft advanced,

Chcmische Fabrik von Heyden G.m.b.H., Kadebeul, thus was Phar-
macy enhanced
near Dresden, Germany. ("No claim for creosote.") By the learned Tudor alchemist and scribe.
And the feeble vestal flame (now a bonfire, some will claim)
Registration renewed 1912. Flickered stronger, spite of ribald jest and gibe.

Patents : 19074 of 1890, " Improvements in the manu- So I wrestled in my pride with the learning deep and wide

facture and production of medicinal compounds from That fore-ordained the futurist " B.P."
;
ethereal oils," granted to Dr. F. von Heyden Nach-
folgen. The corresponding patents in other countries And not even was T deaf to a clamour for " P.F."
Or the " Extra-Pharm." that was about to be.
are United States 501235 (1893), Belgium 94068 (1891),
: —A Pyeenean Legend. There is an interesting little

Vol. XXXIX., No. 99 (1891), Germany 60716 Pyrenean legend of the discovery, at the foot of the
Pyrenean ^Inuntains, of the famous brine-springs of
(1891). Briscous. to which Biarritz owes its Dopularity as a spa. by

The specification names the ester carbonates of menthol, the hnnicis of a famous wild white boar, which eventually
rt.- and /.-borneol, guaiacol, creosol, eugenol, carvacrol,
and ganltheria oil, and the ester carbamates or car- proved to be a black boar covered over with the crystals of
bammates of menthol, d.- and Z.-borneol, carvacrol, the white salt. Thus the salt springs came to be known.

guaiacol, creosol. eugenol, thymol, and geraniol.
*.xamples of the methods of preparation are given.

152 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxuaky 30, 1915

Trade Growls. or a fish-bone in the throat, or, again, those who may

Customers. require advice for a festering finger, and so on.

"OTHAT is there to be written xegarding customers?" Now, again, it may be said here that the chemist is
the only man (doctor excepted) who can give satisfac-
TT a chemist may ask himself. No doubt his chief
tory advice or perform the operation required. But in
concern is to get new 'ones, and after getting them to many cases these people buy their medicines and other

retain them. Nevertheless a great deal may be learned Whygoods in stores, and that is where the grievance lies.

and turned to useful account by observing the manners do these people not go to the doctor ? Because they

and requirements of customers in various places. Can it know that he makes a charge, and they also' know that

be said that the lady who shops in the stores acts in the chemist is delighted to do all these things for

nothing. He makes such enormous profits selling penny

precisely the same way when she makes a purchase from a boxes of pills and ointments that he can afford to do that.
Another way in which the chemist is useful to some of
small shopkeeper? One who has had the privilege of
his customers is to test the stores.
being employed in a private shop and afterwards in a
In many cases the customer takes a new prescrip-
large store in the same neighbourhood may be allowed to
tion to the private chemist to be dispensed ; but does
express an opinion on such a question, and the an.swer
he take it a second time to be repeated ? The type of
would be in most cases a decided negative. If the customer referred to does not, unless it hapnens that

assistant employed by a private chemist has a youthful the store is shut before he has had time to get it filled
there. The chemist does not think of that; he fondly
appearance, the dialogue between the lady and the assistant
imagines that he is their customer, and that thev would
Jnay be as follows :
never dream of going to the stores. What 'actually
"Good afternoon. Is ^Nlr. Blank in?"
" Yes, madam. I shall get him for you." happens? The person gets the new prescription filled
When Mr. Blank comes in the lady greets him with a
Why?at the chemist's first. In the first place, to be
patronising air.
able to know whether the store gives the proper medi-
" Good afternoon. I have such a headache. Would you
make me up something to relieve it?" cine; and, secondly, to note the difference in price. If

"Certainly, madam. Kindly be seated for one moment the medicine appears to be the same, then the prescrip-
and I shall mix yau up a little powder."
tion never goes back to the chemist, but mav be filled

After she has taken the medicine she remarks, " Will at the store a dozen times, or even more. Such cases

jou put it to my account —have been observed, and often a prescription is repeated

The chemist is delighted, and Tunning to the door opens over a number of years a laxative pill, for example.

it for her and bows her out. He then goes and makes The original prescription may be for a dozen pills, the
a charge, 2d. to account. Now what happens in a store ?
The same lady may, of course, suffer from a headache repeated quantities may be ordered in gross quantities,

and, meanwhile, the chemist has seen the recine once,

there, but she acts differently. The assistant there may and for a dozen pills only. That is one of the great

seem to her to be a youth, but she does not ask for the differences between a store and a private chemist's dis-

'buyer. In the iirst place because he does not know who pensing-business. No wonder he (the private chemist)
she may be, and, secondly, she gets precisely the same
thinks that people do not take so much medicine nowa-

treatment from him as from any of the salesmen. She days, that hospitals and infirmaries have taken awaj^ his

goes to the drug-department and asks for one dozen head- business, to say nothing of private nursing-homes and

-ache powders; she takes one and the remainder are sent treatment by sera. The real facts have been mentioned

to her home. Now what is the reason of this ? Possibly above.

she may not like to ask foi- a single powder there, but On the other hand, it is interesting to know how cus-
tomers act towards the assistants in stores compared with
in all probability she imagines the powders are cheaper

in the store so they are. She pays for a dozen at the those in the employment of a private chemist. It is a
;

store, while in the other case a single powder is charged well-known fact that a possible purchaser has to wait

•and she may pay for it six montTis hence. She likes to a minute or two in a little shop, but the same person

"have an account in the chemists because it is so useful. will absolutely refuse to wait two seconds in a store. If

He will cash a cheque for her, ring up someone on the the salesmen are all occupied a lady has been known to

A'phone, or give her stamps on a Sunday night. lady turn at once and leave the place. If she arrives at the

has been known to ask for the use of a chemist's 'phone counter and no one there to attend to her, woe betide
the missing salesmen ! As it is usually a lady who causes
in order to give an order to a store ! This particular lady

'had a yearly account with the chemist and a deposit the trouble, the examples quoted have reference to the

account with the store. Can that sort of thing be pre- female sex. If she be a querulous individual, she will

vented ? It cannot. The chemist must just grin and invariably complain to the managing director or the

bear it. He suffers from a delusion which is popular with general manager, entirely neglecting the buyer of the

"the trade or profession (whichever is correct) that he department in her anxiety to cause as much trouble as

is the servant of the public, and that is the cause of his possible. Then an inquiry follow's. Another point which
may be noted is, if a mistake should be made in an order,
being a downtrodden member of the commimity.. He has

brought it upon himself by being so obliging and anxious the salesman is always blamed, no matter whether he

to please. be really at fault or not. The customer is always right.
Now, that statement may seem a contradiction of what
What happens after a street accident ? Although one

certainly has sympathetic feelings towards anyone hurt has already been mentioned regarding the anxiety of

in the street, why should the poor chemist be the person the chemist to please. But there is this difference : The

"to have his business intemipted by having the injured latter is quite eager and willing to go out of his province

party carried into his shop ? It is only because he has entirely to please his customer, whereas with the stores

"taken such responsibilities upon himself in previous times. the assumption of the customer being in the right is in

In all probability he supplies a certain quantity of dress- connection with an order given and with a view to obtain

ings and bandages, and in nine cases out of ten he will future orders. But they do not undertake to bandage _a
wound, or speak at the 'phone for someone who is
get no payment, and that in addition to having his shop unable to use it. These operations take up too much

work disorganised. Of course, it may be argued that the time, especially when the remuneration is considered.

chemist is in the best position for rendering fii'st aid,

and that fact is not disputed here, but in these days of A chemist ought to let his customers see that he has

infirmaries and ambulance-classes such a thing should not every confidence in his assistants' ability to attend to

be required of a chemist any more than from a watch- their needs. He ought not to come behind his assistant's

maker or draper. If he is paid for the work, then one —back, make suggestions, and, what is worse, interrupt

can have no objection. But how often does he get any the assistant while discharging his duties not even

remuneration at all? Other kinds of customers to whom although the customer has her motor-car and attendants

•he is useful are those who have got a speck in the eye at the door. It gives that person a false idea of her ini-

— THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST —

January 30, 1915 153

|)oi'tance. He ought always to bear in mind the fact stated. Supposing one wants to know how many chemists
there are in a particular market town, it is no easy
that it is very possible that this particular customer has task to search through some 16,000 names and addresses
an account or deals largely in the store, and that all he scattered in the two hemispheres. Pharmacists in the
or she gets there while purchasing is attention and
civility, and one assistant only to bestow that. Another Colonies .should have a special section devoted to them,
also those in other parts abroad, and those on the re-
thing the chemist should bear in mind when he gets a tired list. Even if such a directory was published, say,
every three years, as an appendix to the revised register,
prescription for the first time is that there is nothing the innovation would tend to raise the .status of the
to prevent his customer from taking it to the stores after- pharmacist and popularise the Society. The craft would
wards. Hence he ought not to charge an immoderate get to know one another better, and ascertain who is
price for it. The public would rather get their medicines who in the drug-trade. The chemist in search of an
from a fir.st-class pharmacist than from the stores, because
there is no doubt that a large part of the community opening for a new business could be saved many a futile
have a distrust of these jilaces, but they do not like to railway journey by consulting the book, and it would
be overcharged. Trabajo. check unqualified trading by companies and others better
than half-a-dozen paid inquiry agents. An index of
Wanted ! A Directory of Pharmacists. initials or signs could be used to identify members of the

Having e.xperienced a twelve-months" rest from the Council, Prizemen, Fellows of the Chemical Society,

irdinary daily routine as a practising pharmacist, I have qualified opticians, public dispensers, wholesalers (quali-

lia(l during that time several occasions to s'eek informa- fied). with
ItiiiiL concerning the conditions of pharmacy in various than
[towns without the necessity of making a personal visit. Such a book as I suggest could be published
profit to the Society, and ought not to cost more
Ifad I been searching for similar particulars in the capa-
ily of a medical man, clergyman, dentist, optician, or —lialf-a-guinea, half price to members. W. Mastkcw.

Ijocal Government official, I could easily have obtained Discounting.
[a. volume of pi'actical utility, one arranged in such a

cthod as to facilitate research. I am, therefoi-e, con- To these observations and retlections, which we alone
are responsible for describing as " trade growls," we
vinced that the time lias arrived either to remodel the
)lli( ial register of <-hemists or add an up-to-date appendix may add the following by Jay Mack on the subject which
II it. To some thousands of pharmaci-sts the present
is uppermost in the minds of panel chemists :
— —ii'L^i.ster published by authority is an unknown compila-
Mr. Granville Shaw's article in the C. <£• V. of
lion, and I estimate that, excluding divisional secretaries, January 16, is excellent and to the point. It is high
|not one in every 500 pharmacies is in possession of a time we put before the Chancellor the facts of our case,
just as wo did to Mr. Masterman a few months ago,
cent copy. I have visited hundreds of pharmacies and when the latter was so much impressed by the facts we
Iworked in thii'ty different ones, but do not remember then produced. There is a big balance of debt accumulating

:'r iiotieing the vivid scarlet cover among the usual against many retail chemists in the books of wholesale

Inolley collection of pharmaceutical tomes. houses, mainly through discounting. Personally, although

It may not be generally known that each year some I can avoid a loss and even make a profit on 80 per cent,
of my account, that is only done by doing without an
,200 copies of a correct chemists' register are required assistant and giving my otvn services absolutely free. Three
hundreds pounds is about as much as I can do yearly ; take
j' 20 per cent, =off 60?., would only pay for a very junior
man at 25s. a week. So that if I had been ass enough
the County Courts, coroners, and other officials to employ even a 60?. man, I could not have avoided a
lluougliout Great Britain. These are supplied by the serious loss, even when I gave my own services free,

Invernment, so there is' the nucleus of a good order to because my ordinary working expenses are 20 per cent, on
id the publishers financially. Yet the register is pro-
liiced just as it was fifty years or more ago. There is turnover. Here are
IHclude of Phannacy Acts, followed by an alphabetical
|ist of jiharniaceutical chemists, their addresses, and certi- Trading Accounts of Chemists under Discounting.
cate niunbers. Then follows a larger alphabetical list
\i all registered chemists and druggists, including Working with £300 of dispensing turnover for 9,000 prescriptions

—Major" as well as "Minor" one instance where the .it Sd. each.

.ss includes the greater. This is a statutory obligation Gross Profit. E.xpenses.

understand. More attention should be given to the One-third of £300 = £100 .Junior's Wages £60

[ildresses, many hundreds of which are incorrect. This Loss 80 Ordinary working expenses
lact arises at the time of registration, when the newly 20 per cent.
60
20 per cent, discounted ... 60

lualified chemists generally give the addresses of their

l;ireiits, and when once on the register some addresses £180 £180

iMuaiii twenty years or more incorrect. Pharmacists out If I had qualified labour at £100 a vear the total loss would be

|f business should not figure in the same category as those £120.

lowing their calling. They lose interest in the Society, Gross Profit. Expenses.

|ud in some instances their names are left on the register =One-third of £300 £100 Ordinary expenses ... £60

Air years after they are dead and gone. Loss 20 20 per cent, discounted 60

revised

I'gister should consist of two parts, either of which £120 £120

—l)uld be printed separately viz., the When the chemist does the work for nothing.

(1) Alphabetical list of all pharmacists, with their Shop and services free.

addres.ses, qualification, and date of registration. Gross Profit. Expenses. £—

A(2) directory arranged alphabetically as regards One-third of £300 = £100 Services free 60
Shop lent free 10
counties and towns of England. Scotland, and Wales, 20 per cent, discounted
giving \mder each town the names of establishments Profit

under qualified proprietorship or managership. £100 £100

The names of cjualified managers and assistants should If the gross profit sinks bolow 33g per cent., the work
le given when possible ; additional information which is not worth the risks involved in dispensing 9.000 pre-
Jould popularise such a directory among wholesale firms scriptions. But I look upon it as a duty wo owe to the
lid others would be a note on the population, market-
^ly, and closing-day at each town. nation at large, and I am in hopes that when (1) the useless

I am aware that a directory of chemists and clerical work imposed on the doctor is turned into keeping

|iiiggists is published at 21.?. This appears at intervals a record of cases, (2) the public understand Insurance
'ry few years, but does not -confine itself to qualified
better, they will cease to waste drugs as they are doing
lu'inbers in the trade, and in addition includes manu-
ju'turers of aerated-waters and other products on the there will be a reasonable profit for the chemist for his
share of the work. There have been mistakes on both
nderland of chemistry. The Pharmaceutical Society
—sides by the doctors and by druggists; but whereas the
issess all the information necessary for the purposes
druggist is called upon to pay for the doctor's mistakes
and lavishness. the latter has not suffered financially like

the druggist. Many druggists were none too sound finan-

154 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST January 30, 1915

cially before the Act, because, dealing as we do in ten Some Errand-boys.

— —thousand articles, it has become one of the surest ways to {In these and succeeding sketc/ies Wilfred S. Mare tells of
some of those he has suffered at home and abroad.)
bankruptcy, instead of fifty years ago a sure way to a
competence. Right from the first I said it would not pay Although the errand-boy may be the least stone in the
for qualified labour, and t/iat Kas 'presuming 100 per cent, of
our accounts. In the C. & D., October 5, 1912, there occurs pharmaceutical structure, it is, perhaps, because he operates
the "Ballad of the Blasted Hope": at the base that he can throw awry the whole concern. For

And " Xrayser " for the chemist prophesied a brighter instance, you may dispense Colonel J. Swankley Smith's
prescription with the purest drugs procurable, you may
day, wrap it in the whitest paper, and seal it with the most

Though " Jay Mack " (the mercenary) hinted it would fasliionable shade in sealing-wax, but if your errand-boy
delivers the package at Jack S. Smith's fried-fish shop
never pay.
you may vainly flourish the heliotropest of wax in the
I can see that this discounting clause is not understood
—purple face of the irate Colonel ; he will hold you you only
by chemists, and I will try to expound the gospel to them. — responsible for the vagaries of your messenger. And if
Keep in mind, please, that you are not all " top sawyers "
you demonstrate the heinousness of his offence to the cul-
at system like me, and that while I have just saved my prit himself, he will probably mutter something to the
effect that " 'Twas J. S. Smith on the embellope, an' 'ow
bacon, you are not only losing yours, but you are getting
was I to know?" or words of similar purport.
deeper into debt every year. Men write to me weekly
Extensive have been my sufferings at the hands of errand-
on this point, besides the list of suicides and bankruptcies
boys, for I have had porters of various colours, by which
we have. Few men w'ould care to live the life 1 lead: I do not mean to infer varying degrees of cleanliness, but
differences of nationality, of language, and of religion.
I give myself up entirely to business, and most of my half-
—The first two are apparent difficulties, but you may imagine
days and Sundays are spent in bed. I take a savage
that the religion of a porter does not matter till you have
delight in finding out the W'eak spots of would-be benevolent grappled with the caste rules of the Hindoo, as I have

schemes, like National Insurance and Co-operation, and in —done, and have insisted on having your will executed at

devising schemes to defeat the ill effects that such schemes the point of the paper-weight ! of which cast-iron method
more anon. As a direct contrast, the silken-glove method
would otherwise have on mv own business. Business with obtains with the polite youth of the home of liberty,
me ociuality, and fraternity ; it is quite a hand-in-glove system
is a hobby that's why, I suppose, the Editor allows me with the Parisian r/arcon. Others than pharmacists are
; realising that British taciturnity and French fluency maj

to occupy so much space in order to tell some of you what blend in no uncertain voice that may even cry " Halt!" t<
War Lords. But it is not of international war I am essay
I think you are overlooking.
ing to write, but of the everlasting combat between thf
The discounting clause was intended to throw the onus errand-boy and the unfortunate individual who tries to gel
work out of the aforesaid conscientious objector. I will
on to the doctors and druggists of denouncing malingering.
briefly recall my experiences.
Look at the paltry results of tliat special inquiry held I.—The Oriental " Boy."

—into " Excessive Sickness " mark the words, not excessive I often long for the East and the summary methoc
of dealing with refractory messengers employed ii
drug-wasting or drug-swallowing as we allege goes on. See that least democratic region of the world. For instance
I had as a porter a Chittagonian " boy " of some fort;
how careful they are of offending the susceptibilities of years, who wore a miniature sunbonnet on his head
a shaggy beard on his chin, and nothing on his feet
the insured persons ; was it not shocking when they had to There were occasions when he would wag his blacl
beard and swear by the Prophet that such-and-sucl
provide female inspectors in certain Lancashire districts a tiling could not be done. iMy chief argument took th
shape of a cast-iron paper-weight, which I would pro
where the women workers were going on the club in order
ject along the floor till it impressed the point on th
to do their spring cleaning? Remember the cartoon in the heel of the "boy." All differences were thus quickl;

Aberdeen paper of the chemist chucking out the insured healed : for, when lying seriously ill, there was n^

malingerer because "You have had too much already." more assiduous caller to inquire after my progress thai

The Government inquiry by the eminent auditor. Sir Wm. the Chittagonian porter.

Plender, proved that the cost of drugs to some doctors had

been bd. per head. Well, the Act was to provide much

better physic, and regular buckets of it, so (as a safeguard)

on goes the discounting clause. If never needed, all right;

if needed, then the blame be on those medicine-men for

slandering the insured person, and those daily papers for

publishing wicked cartoons. This is all in the game.

This is all in the process of teaching the insured persons

through the chemists if the doctors failed to do it. But

as the chemist was supported by Mr. Lloyd George against

the doctors, when he might have got peace by giving the

dispensing to the doctors, well I reckon that Mr. Lloyd

George depends on us to continue to help all we can. A

section of the doctors started out to wreck the Act by
Wesheer wilful waste.
know that ; but we know also that

it was the discounting clause which was the means of

bringing that waste to light. If the waste had gone on, and

not exceeded the available money, the necessary health

teaching would not have been administered to the insured

persons. Practically that would mean the continuance of

—the old dub system, with all its drawbacks and no great

health improvement simply increased drug-swallowing.

It was a chemist, I believe, who got malt and cod-liver oil

on the Tariff. Therefore the discounting clause was a hint

to us that, if we wanted to give the working man medical

comforts, we must see that he did not waste medicine.

Again they threw on to chemists the onus of being the

teachers.

The opinion of the nation at large was in 1912: "The

doctors and the chemists have got a mighty good thing."

By 1914 the opinion had become: "The doctors have done

mighty well out of it." By 1915 the opinion has become

openly expressed in the Press: "There's something rotten

if these chemists are not being paid for the goods they

supply." Even the doctors who write these misleading
letters to "The Lancet " have never attempted to say that

any possible errors or overcharges in the chemists' accounts

could equal some of the shameful examples of careless pre-

scribing which were put before Mr. Masterman a few
months ago. Scores of cases in the same districts where

doctors were prescribing at 10.s. per head of their panel, and

at_2.s. and even Is. (all in the same district). Public

opinion is^ quite clear on the point. The Friendly Societies

are adopting a safeguard of specially examining nialingerers

who are getting a, lot of club money. You see, the game is
being played out just as the Government seemed to intend.

There's one safeguard which I suggest to the Chancellor,

and that is the bonus system for every insured person who

has no sick-pay in any one year.

——

Januaey 3U, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 155

Another " boy " with towering turban, flowing black I tried to reason with the inflexible gan^on. " Mon-
beard, and vohiminous white robe used to open the
— —sieur X. est pas polite pas polite^ pas' polite " was the
uriage-doors during the day and sleep on the door-
final argument. In vain I suggested passing irritability
step during the night. He was a gentle creature, always
and superfluity of vin rouge on the one hand, and a good

berth and the claims of a young family on the other; the

negative quality of Monsieur X.'? politeness was an

insurmountable barrier to Emile.

" Impukssed the Point on the Hekl."

picture of spruceness. " Head plenty much paining, ' MONSIEOK X. EST PAS POMIE."

iahib," said he one day. " Suisfi wallah " (lazy fellow), An emergency necessitated the engaging of the one
replied, and urged him to get on with his work. But
applicant for a vacant post in our porter staff, and we
It. was something more than the usual langour this time ;
was dead of bubonic plague in less than twenty-four —endured the vagaries of an Apache for one week only.

liours. mIt was quite a relief to find they were not all Emiles

In a frontier pharmacy in Northern Burma Moung the gart;on world. All sorts of things happened in that
iliwe was my lugalay, or boy. Standing at the week, and a little gendarme patrolled the pavement across
the road watching all our pharmaceutical doings with
lortal as still as a statue, his blue-black hair in a big suspicious eyes. But it was domestic rather than foreign
nil upon his head, clad in his lungyi (in shape trouble that led to the Apache's expulsion. I found
Mademoiselle, the official packer of the stock, in a fit
)mething like a sack without a bottom), he loved to upon the floor, Jean weeping copioush' over a bleeding-
ize sleepily across the dahlias and plantains of the nose (bleeding from a scratch, not a blow). Marcel hiding
under the table in fear of his life, and the Apache claw-
lliarmacy compound to the paraiviin (enclosure) of the ing and jabbering amid a chaos of bottles which rained
luddhist monastery, where the pigeons cooed and the from the shelves around. I felt that the manners of the
Jiuail boys shouted their lessons. I have a photograph drug and stock room would be corrupted, besides spoiling
|f -Moung Shwe and his son and wife. On ordinary all the romance of French politeness that I had thought
universal among Parisian gar<;onf. The Apache found
asions the babe wore a smile, but my boy bought other fields for his exploits; I trust the battlefields of
Belgium have afforded him scope.
liorrid ^Manchester gownlet at the bazaar, and the
111.—The Italian Porter.
r/or thakiii (myself) was prayed to photograph the
Stefano is the Italian " boy " at whose hands I suf-
l ilised young heir. Yes, Moung Shwe was a dream of
boy"; though you despatched him with his basket, fered much, though there was not the slightest malice

mtaining a powerful potion for a cholera patient, a Myin the dear fat fellow. memories of him are redolent

)wder for a child in convulsions, a composing draught

a sunstroke case, it might be a bottle of medicine

lir the very Lieutenant-Governor himself, my Mon-

ilian messenger must needs rest by the way, and, per-

|uiiu'e, sleep. He would subsequentlj- agree with you

to his great wickedness, but in his eyes you could
ad a mighty pity for these English who make life
rush instead of an enjoyable saunter. I suffered much

I

your docile hands, 0 Burman lugalay, but I forgive

|and envy you.

II. The Parittian Gannon. —of garlic ! I was dispenser in an Anglo-Italian esta-

It was certainly a direct contrast to find oneself in a blishment at the time. Stefano for six months in the

[arisian pharmacy aft«r some years in an Eastern medi- year was a village carpenter away up the mule-tracks

'-hall, and besides being a test of one's adaptability, among the olive terraces of the lower slopes of the
Ligurian Alps. When the autumn came he migrated to
was quit* a new experience for the pampered gar<;on

the land of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Emile —the Rivieran town to act as gar<;.on at the farmacia

lared aghast at ray first cast-iron methods, and I found where the Inghlesi's wants were met more or less; they

lyself quickly readjusting my methods of government. were never met as regards price. Fat, rubicund, placid,

|mile was as brimming over with politeness as a London and fair, Stefano was a contrast to the youngest of

with "cheek"; Jean and Marcel, his subordinates, the messenger-staff, skinny, alert, dark, mischief-loving

lok their cue from him, and to see the interchange of little Jaccomo, who, to my English eyes, seemed to lack

lurtesies as these errand-boys passed each other in the —one thing the inevitable monkev that one saw with such

Inilevards was a revelation to the barbarian islander. a boy in London. Garlic-loving Stefano would indulge in
the vegetable of pestiferous odour at least thrice a week,
Ifound that a " Bon jour. Monsieur Emile," in the morn-
in spite of our protests and prayers. I can see him now
Ig, followed by plenty of " S'il vous plait " during the in imagination, hurrying back from his midday meal,

liy, made him my willing slave. crossing the pharmacy floor, purple of face, hand over
his mouth, and scarcely daring to breathe, promptly to
The head of the Anglo-French pharmacy of which I

J
lrit« ^vas a jolly .John Bull of an Englishman who occa-

lonally suffered from spasms of vinous wrath ; he spoke disappear into the lower regions pursued by forcible

Trcibly to Emile one morning about some petty mistake, —language and a tenanted boot. On those sultry days

lie gnrrnn's pride wa^ woun-ded past healing, and he we avoided summoning Stefano until absolutely necessary.
" Jaccomo, sortiri," would be our cry, rather than
lilitely gave notice in a few delicate words. I knew " Stefano sortiri," seeing the latter summons called up

lat Emile had a little home, a wife, and children; and

lie post was one he could not easily duplicate elsewhere. Stefano plus garlic !

156 THE CHEMIST AND DEUGGIST Jaxuary'30,. 1915

The third messenger was a most lugubrious individual Impressions of Montreal.
named Baptista, who suffered from a too pious mother,
it appeared. He was very fond of the said mother, and By an English Pharmacist.

" Gaelic-loving Stefano." XT was Sunday evening when the ship which brought

was wont to give her his weekly wage, which she forth- me from England was safely berthed on the quay-
with handed over to the priest that, in due com-se, Masses
might be said for the repose of her soul. Baptista would side at Montreal. After nine days aboad'd everyone was
tighten his belt and weep over the belted vacuum that
his mother's housekeeping failed adequately to replenish. anxious to get on terra fir ma again, and quickly" the loiio-
Little Jaccomo would regale Baptista with the remnants shed was alive with anxious people, and lengthy queues
of his none too plenteous dinner, but we absolutely for-
bade Stefano to add as much as a grain of his garlic formed at the ticket cilices of the Canadian Pacific and
abomination to the belowstairs meal. Grand Trunk Railways, while several hundreds waited in
groups, in alphabetical order, for the Customs officials
I will not detail the early sufferings I underwent at to pass their baggage. Having passed the Customs, the
the hands of those errand-boys who neither imderstood next thing was to get away with one's baggage, which
was not so simple on account of the scai-city of vehicles.
my language nor I theirs. And even when one courd It was quite an hour after landiing before I was able to
get possession of a cab, and as the hotel was but a quarter
—make oneself understood the " dolce far niente" Italian of a mile away it was not a long journey. It sufficed,

preferred not to fathom your meaning when it entailed however, to teach me my first lesson in the money values
any labour on his part.
of the country, as the fare was $1, which to the Londoner
be rontinurd.) will seem an exorbitant amount. During the night it
snowed and froze very hai'd, but the hotel, being steam-

mheated, was warm and comfortable. My first walk

the principal streets of the city will long' be remembered
on account of the fearful state of slush which prevailed,
owing to the downfall of snow during the night. Those
who live in Montreal were prepared for it, as all seemed
to wear rubber over-shoes to prevent slipping and to keep

out the wet snow. St. Catherine Street West, the principal

shopping street, contains the best pharmacies, but these

are not fine by comparison with those of other cities of

the world. Very few of the pharmacies are devoted to

pure pharmacy. Such adjuncts were displayed promi-

nently as flowers, whisk-brushes, hot and cold drinks,

chocolates and sweets, safety razors, and fountain-pens.

One or two shops appear to aspire to pure pharmacy and

make a point of advertising dispensing. Two-thirds of

the pharmacies are owned by Frenchmen, the French
language beijig equally used with English. " Cut-prices"

is an inscription prominently displayed on several shops,

principally American. I append a few of the prices {in

English currency) for comparison :

Mennen's Powder s. d. 0. .
I

0 7 C.B.Q. Tablets

Carter's Pills ... 0 7 I Evans's Pastilles ... 0

Eno's Fruit-salt, 4* 2d. Glycerin, 8 oz. ... 1

size 2 5 Camphorated oil, 8 oz. 1

j

Fellows' Syrup, 6.s, id. Boric acid, lb, ... 0 6j
4
size 3 8i Borax, lb 0 8
! 5
5^
Steedman's Powders 0 9^ i Blaud's pills, 100 ... 0

Calox Tooth-powder 0 9 ' Absorbent wool, lb. ... 1

Danderine 0 9^ ' Aspirin tablets, 100 ,,, 2

Eighteenth-century Advertising. It will be seen from this selection that many prices are

The following extract from the " Mercure de France" below those charged in England. Dispensing, however, is
of April 1776 may interest those who imagine that adver-
tising is an essentially modern practice : charged at a much higher rate than at home, a not un-
common price for a bottle of medicine being $1. Respect-
The Treasure of the Mouth. ing the legal standing of pharmacy in the Province of
Quebec, it is on a sounder basis than in England, the
M. Pierre Bocquillon, perfumer and glover at Paris, at requirements of the Pharmacy Act being more stringent
than in the United Kingdom. There are also special Acts
the sign of the Providence, rue St. Antoine, informs the governing the sale of habit-forming drugs. One or two

public that his liqueur, "The Treasure of the Mouth," of points which strengthen the pharmacist's position are that ij
no unregistered person is allowed to take any part in the
which he is the sole preparator, was received and approved
business of a pharmacy. There are three degrees of regis-
by the Royal Committee on Medicine on October 11. 1773.
—tration the apprentice, equivalent to our student asso-
Its admirable virtues assure its preference and establish its
ciate; the clerk, with a qualification near our Minor; and
high reputation.
the licentiate, whose qualification is between the British
Its property is to cure all toothaches, no matter how Minor and Major. Only the licentiate is allowed to keep
"open shop." The clerk is a qualified assistant: the
violent, to purge them of venom, cancer, abscess, and
apprentice is in the position of an unqualified English
ulcer, and finally to preserve the mouth from all which tends
assistant. The Registrar keeps a record of every assistant
to injur© the teeth; it preserves the latter, even if decayed. engaged in every pharmacy. Examinations are held twice

It has a most agreeable taste. The maker daily receives —a year the first in Montreal, the second in Quebec. There

new testimonials, continually sent him by the most dis- is at present no reciprocity, not even with neighbouring
provinces such as Ontario. Certificates of other examining
Hetinguished personages. sells it in bottles of 10, 5, 3 livres
iDodies may be accepted for registration for the degree of
and 1 livre 4 s. He gives directions for use signed and " Clerk." In Montreal a knowledge of the French lan-
guage is a necessity. The hours of business in pharma-
initialed by himself. His Christian and surname appear on cies are longer than in the "Old Country," many being

the labels of bottles as well as on the cork marked with his open until 11 p.m. daily.

seal, and has a board over his door to prevent all mistake.

Jaxuary 30, 1915 THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST 157

Reminiscences. of something he mistook for humour, which he was in the:

By A Sexagenarian. habit of playing off on me. I held him in some awe until
I discovered that he was an unexamined man himself, and
T is more than fifty years since I actually entered the
drug-trade, and considerably more since my acquaint- had found means to convince him that my sense of humour

was quite as well-developed as his own, though possibly not

Mynce with it began. so delicate.

apprenticeship dates from Our hours of business in those days were from 8 to 10.30,

1862, and it was for a term of four years, the or 12 on Saturdays, with Sunday duty from 6 to 9 p.m.,

remium paid for me being 60Z. In consideration but I had no Sunday work during my apprenticeship. My

this 1 was to have an hour a day allowed duty on weekdays was entirely in the shop, except that

study and one evening per week for attend- occasionally I had to help the errand-boy in the cellar to
make blacking, furniture-polish, brass-paste, or some such
Myee at lectures. master was a pharmaceutical chemist preparation more or less remotely connected with phar-

thout examination, having joined the Society before 1852.

s business was in the best residential quarter of one of macy. For our trade was, as I have said, a mixed one, and
the " family " department was the larger part of it. Still,
r largest seaport towns, and many of the leading families
the [ilace were among his regular customers. He did, we did enough dispensing to employ one pair of hands for

wcver, as was then usual, a very mixed trade, but with a a considerable portion of the day. and it very often

nsiderable amount of dispensing, for doctors were in happened that mine were the only pair available,

ose days either less greedy or less industrious than they which was fortunate for me. We made none of the

ppear to be now. He was thoroughly well up in all the strictly pharmaceutical preparations, except two or

artical part of the business, but made no pretence to any three of the simpler tinctures, but everything employed

rticular scientific knowledge, in which, again, he was in medicine was ordered in strict accordance with the

e at least the more honest of his fellow "chemists." Pharmacopoeia. But in a business where practically every-

nc only teaching I got from him was therefore of a more or thing was bought ready-made, and I had no real
my,>As hap'py-go-lucky sort; in fact, it consisted in
being opportunity for study, it was impossible for me to

owed to do most of the work of the shop under the acquire much knowledge of pharmacy proper and though
;

jiervision of Providence and, incidentally, of himself. I made what study I could of the Pharmacopoeia,
V hour of study had perforce to be spent in the shop, and
s subject to interrujitions by customers. As for lectures, I found myself at a great disadvantage when in my next
c only things of the kind in the town were the weekly or
situation I had to make everything it was any way pos-
nthly meetings (T forget which) of the local Chemists'
Rociation, which I was at liberty to attend whenever the sible to make in an ordinary pharmacy. Still, I had learnt

to dispense quickly and accurately, and when my apprentice-

vernor did not care to do so. There was very good coffee ship was over I was as well qualified for an assistant's situa-
tion as most of the young men I have in subsequent years-
he had at these meetings, and I dare say the discussions
trade questions (to say nothing of the gossip) were in- had in my employ.

esting enough to the older members, but, generally speak- The kind of apprenticeship I have been describing was,
no doubt, very faulty, but I believe it made better men of

. they were about as scientific as 'Mr. Pickwick's disser- business than a more scientific training is likely to do,
tion on the Hampstead Ponds. I did. indeed, on one
and it certainly taught us some things of which our modern
ccasion hear a scientific lecture there from a local F.C.S., young men seem generally to be ignorant. Perhaps they

hose science may have been unimpeachable, but whose are scarcely worth knowing perhaps we have outgrown
;
tory belonged to the order I have heard described as the
them. Be this as it may, I am pretty certain that, poor

bstruse-costive." and did not readily lend itself to ex- as was the chemist and druggist's lot even in those days,

sition. I gathered from the manner i^ which the lecture it is, from a commercial point of view at any rate, worse
now. Can we afford to ignore that point of view ? That
s received, and the remarks which followed, that the

dieiice generallj^ knew no more of the subject than I did. is the question.
d cared even less for it. Much more in the ordinary
urse was a paper read by another member on the way to Belfast " Poisonous " Bottles.

un a patent medicine. I remember he laid it down as an

xiom that if the actual cost of the ingredients to the pro-

u>tor were more than 2(/. per Is. l-^d. bottle, no such ven-

e could possibly pay for advertising. As he was him-

If the proprietor of a fairly successful "patent," this

omed to me worth making a note of. It is only fair to
Id that I soon ceased to attend these meetings, but I am

e they had virtually no educative value.

There was. however, a library in connection with the

enlists' Association which I was allowed to use.

ifortunately most of the books were hopelessly out of

te. and I had nobody to guide me in selecting from them,

'ained a good deal of interesting information concerning

10 older school of chemists (including alchemists, for I

s determined to be thorough), and almost mastered

le Linnrean system of botany before I discovered that it

d been superseded by the Natural Orders : but the

rary was of no real use to me, and I therefore tem-

arily relinquished my ambition to die President of the
armaceutical Society, and devoted my one evening per

ek to recreation pure and simple.

The examinations were not then compulsory : nobody The Photograph from which the above engraving has
mad to care for them or the distinction to be gained by been made was sent to us in illustration of how some Belfast
druggists comply with the regulations made under Section 5
cm. and in the whole course of my apprenticeship I never, of the Poisons and Pharmacv Act, 1908, From left to risht

far as I remember, met with or even heard of more than they are: (1) Stout-lxittle, label still on. and a carbolic-
e man who had passed them. Those, indeed, were the label over it ; (2) whisky-bottle labelled according to new

vs in which !Mr. Cyrus Buott was somewhat of a power —regulations ammonia; (3) lemonade-bottle with original
—label on first used for carbolic by Health Department,
the land, and though his eloquence was dazzling rather
afterwards by druggist ; (4) whisky-bottle with original
in illuminative. I understood from him that the Society's
—label on ammonia: (5) lemonade-bottle containing am-
p of iniquity was almost full and we need not pay much —monia; (6) sauce-bottle, original label still on carbolic.

tention to it. The only person who spoke to me in a These were collected in ordinary course of business in the

ntraiy sense was. I believe, a Mr. E. . a neighbour in course of a few weeks. We had the names of the vendors

e trade, from whom, as he kept a post-otficc, we got our painted out. In each case a clear breach of the Act has been
mps for sale. He was a very superior, lady-like gentle-
committed.
nn, with a slightly supercilious manner, and a mild vein