Basics of Space Flight

290 INDEX

Emitter of electromagnetic radiation, 88 Freefall, 69, 77, 154, 160, 207
Enceladus, 27–29 Frequency, 86
Encounter phase, 227, 229
End of mission, 245 band, 88, 165
End of track, 227 Frequency & timing data, 250
Engineering data, 115, 158 Fusion, nuclear, 17
Entry, descent and landing, 237, 238
Environmental review, 172 Gain, 165
EOT, 227 Galilean satellites, 28
Ephemeris time, 53 Galileo atmospheric probe, 125, 133, 168,
Epoch, 46
Equator, 42 237
Equatorial mount, 48 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), 28
Equatorial plane, 80 Galileo spacecraft, 27, 33, 76, 108, 110, 115,
Equinox, 47
Equivalent isotropically radiated power, 140 125, 157, 160, 163, 232
ERC, 121 Gallium arsenide, 169
Error-correction, 140 Gamma ray, 86
ERT, 53 Ganymede, 28
Escape velocity, 75 Gas giant planet, 10
ET, 53 Gaspara, 33
Europa, 28 GDSCC, 254
Exciter, 259 Giotto spacecraft, 175
Exoplanet, 11 Global positioning system, 129, 130
Experiment, 113 Globalstar spacecraft, 130
Experiment data record, 117 Glossary, 269
Explorer 1 spacecraft, 23 GMT, 51
Explorer 2 spacecraft, 203 Goldstone, 249, 254
Explosive bolt, 177 Goldstone solar system radar, 90
Extended operations phase, 243 GPS, 129
Extrasolar planet, 11 Gravitation, 57, 82
Gravitational
occultation, 235
bending, 118
F&T, 250 lensing, 118
Falling star, 39 wave, 115, 119
Far encounter, 230 Gravity, 66, 69
Fault protection, 159 assist, 74–77, 110
FEC, 148
Feynman, Richard (1918-1988), 203 vector diagrams, 76
Flight path control, 202 field survey, 119, 235
Flight readiness review, 108 gradient, 66
Flight system, 153, 178 micro-, 70
Flight team, 223 Great circle, 41
Flyby operations, 229 Great Observatory, 98, 128
FM radio, 140, 141, 144 Green equipment, 261
Forward error correction, 148 Greenwich mean time, 51
Frame-synchronizing, 116 GRO, 128
von Fraunhofer, Joseph, 92 Ground events, 224
Fraunhofer line, 92 Ground system, 153
Gyroscope, 163
Gyroscopic action, 161

HA-DEC mount, 48

INDEX 291

Hale cycle, 18 Intercontinental array, 257
Harrison, John (1693-1776), 42 Interferometer, 101
Health and status data, 115 Interferometry, 179
Heater, 174 Intergalactic space, 12
HEF, 255 Intermediate frequency, 259
Heliopause, 19 International Astronomical Union, 48
Helioseismologist, 17 International Space Station, 69, 110
Heliosphere, 18 International Standards Organization, 150
HEMT, 259 International system of units, SI, 5, 265
HGA, 164–166 Interplanetary medium, 10
High-efficiency 34 m DSS, HEF, 255 Interplanetary space, 19
High-electron-mobility transistor, 259 Interplanetary trajectory, 71–75, 77
High-energy particle detector, 185 Interstellar cloud, 12
High-gain antenna, 164, 165 Interstellar medium (ISM), 19
Hohmann transfer, 71, 74, 214 Interstellar space, 11
Inverse square law, 86
to Mars, 72 Io, 28
to Venus, 73 Ion engine, see Rocket
Hohmann, Walter (1880-1945), 71 IPAC, 112
Hour angle, 48 IRAS, 112, 129
Hubble Space Telescope, 128, 129, 161, 170, Iridium spacecraft, 130
ISO, 150
246 Isotropic radiator, 140
Huygens probe, 27, 28, 126, 132, 161, 168 IUS, 210, 216
Hydrogen alpha line, 92, 93
Hydrogen maser, 142 J2000.0, 46, 48
Hyperbolic trajectory, 65 James Webb Space Telescope, 129
Jason spacecraft, 125
Iapetus, 27, 28 Jet engine, 61
Icarus (journal), 120 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, see JPL
ICRF, 48 JGR, 120
ICRS, 48 Journal of Geophysical Research, 120
Ida, 33 Jovian planet, 10, 25, 30
Imaging instrument, 188 JPL, 105, 106, 109, 110
Julian year, 46
CCD, 189 Juno spacecraft, 170
magnetospheric, 190 Jupiter, 26
pushbroom, 190 JWST, 129
radar, 23, 194
vidicon, 188, 189 K-band, 89
Impulse, 62 Ka-band, 166, 256
specific, ISP , 62 Kapton, 173, 174
Inclination, 80 Kennedy Space Center, 213, 214, 217
Index of refraction, 99 Kepler’s laws, 57, 64
Inertial reference, 163 Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630), 10, 57, 64,
Inertial upper stage, 210, 212, 216
Inferior planet, 30 80, 199
Infrared astronomical satellite, 112, 129 Kevlar, 174
Infrared light, 86, 171 Key to space flight, 68
Infrared processing and analysis center, 112 Keyhole, 50
Infrared radiometer, 192
Instrument calibration, 228

292 INDEX

Keyword file, 225 Lunar Prospector spacecraft, 160, 170
Kilogram, 59 Lunokhod spacecraft, 128
Kirchhoff’s laws of spectral analysis, 92
Kirchhoff, Gustav (1824-1887), 92 M100 galaxy, 12
Kirkwood gap, 33 Madrid, Spain, 249, 254
Klystron, 259 Magellan spacecraft, 23, 81, 82, 111, 114,
KSC, 213, 214, 217
Kuiper belt, 11, 36 125, 157, 170, 237, 244
Magnetic field
Lagrange point, 36, 83
Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736-1813), 83 interstellar, 20
Large Magellanic Cloud, 12 jovian planets’, 25
Laser altimeter, 195 solar, 10, 18, 20, 21
Laser telecommunications, 179 terrestrial, 18, 22, 23, 161
Late update, 231 Magnetic torquer, 161
Latitude, 42 Magnetometer, 186, 187
Launch complex forty-one, 213 boom, 155, 187
Launch period, 215 Magnetospheric imaging instrument, 190
Launch phase, 207 Magnification, 165
Launch preparations, 215 Main asteroid belt, 34
Launch site, 213 Mariner 10 spacecraft, 23
Launch vehicle, 207, 208 Mariner spacecraft, 124, 125
Mars, 24
Ariane, 211 trajectory to, 72
Atlas, 210, 217 Mars Exploration Rover spacecraft, 128, 170
Delta, 208 Mars Express spacecraft, 24
Pegasus, 212 Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, 83, 112,
Proton, 211
Saturn V, 213 125, 169, 170, 232, 236
Soyuz, 211 Mars Observer spacecraft, 115, 125, 170
Space shuttle, 212 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, 24, 125
Taurus, 212 Mars Pathfinder spacecraft, 126, 127, 134,
Titan, 209
Launch vehicle adapter, 216 170
Launch vehicle integration, 217 Mars Polar Lander spacecraft, 127
Launch window, 215 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft, 24
Leonoid meteor, 39 Mars rovers, 24, 128, 170
LGA, 166 Maser, 142, 259
Life, 1, 23 Mass, 59
Light speed, 86 Mass distribution, 17, 120
Light year, 11 Mass driver, 208
Light-time file, 224 Mass spectrometer, 188
Linear momentum, 59 Mass-expulsion control, 161
LNA, 259 Master clock, 142
Local time, 52 Masursky, 33
Longitude, 41 MDSCC, 254
celestial, 80 Mean solar time, 43
Low-energy particle detector, 185 Mean sun, 51
Low-gain antenna, 166 Measurement
Low-noise amplifier, 259
angular, 199
distance, 199
velocity, 198
Mechanical devices, 177

INDEX 293

Medium-gain antenna, 166 Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric
Mercury, 22, 30, 173, 221 Generator, 171
Meridian, 41, 47
Merrit Island facility, DSN, 253 Multiplexing, 149
Messenger spacecraft, 23, 125, 173, 221
Meteor, 39 Nadir, 47
Meteorite, 39 NAIF, 117
Meteoroid, 39 NASA, 105, 106, 108
Micro gravity, 70 National Environmental Policy Act, 172
Micro-meteoroid, 175 National Geographic, 120
Microlensing, 11 Nature (journal), 120
Microwave, 88 Navigation, 197
Milky Way galaxy, 12
Milstar, 130 data acquisition, 198
Minimum-propellant trajectory, 71 optical, 198, 201
Minor planet, 10, 33 Navigation and ancillary information facil-
Minovitch, Michael (1935–), 76
Miranda, 29 ity, 117
Mirror in BWG DSS, 256 Navigation team, 223
Mission control team, 223 Near Earth object, 34, 35
Mission definition phase, 107 Near encounter, 230
Mission design considerations, 109 NEPA, 172
Mission inception, 105 Neptune, 27, 36
Mission operations and data analysis, 109 Network administrator, 223
Mission operations phase, 207 Network operations control center, 249
New Horizons spacecraft, 11, 27, 33, 124
cruise, 207 Newton’s laws of motion, 59
encounter, 207 Newton, Sir Isaac (1643-1727), 57, 58, 66,
extended operations, 207
launch, 207 199
MLI, 173, 174 Next-Generation Space Telescope, 129
MMRTG, 171 Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad) battery, 172
MO&DA, 109 NOCC, 249
Modulation, 141, 145, 146 Node, 79
Modulation index, 146 Non-advocate review, 108
Momentum, 59, 62 Nova (science series), 120
angular, 74, 75, 161 NRZ, 149
desaturation maneuver, 161, 162, 175 Nutation, 44
linear, 59
wheel, 161, 175 Oberon, 29
MON, 252 Observatory phase, 230
Monitor data, 117, 252 Occultation, 31, 99, 118, 233, 234
Monopulse, 260 One-way, 141
The Moon, 23, 29 One-way light time, 52
Motion Oort cloud, 11, 36
lateral, 199 Oort, Jan H. (1900-1992), 36
planetary, 57 Open Systems Interconnection, 150
polar, 45 Operations phase, 109, 207
Multi-layer insulation, 173, 174 Operations, typical daily, 223
OPNAV, 231
Opnav, 201
Opportunity spacecraft, 24, 128
Opposition, 31

294 INDEX

Optical navigation, 198, 231 Phase continued
Optical solar reflector, 173 far encounter, 230
Orange equipment, 261 launch, 207
Orbit, 66, 69, 81 near encounter, 230
observatory, 230
determination, 197, 201 operations, 207
eccentricity, 81 post encounter, 230, 231
elements, 80, 81
geostationary, 81 modulation, 145
geosynchronous, 81 Photometer, 190
geosynchronous transfer, 81 Photon, 87
halo, 83 Photopolarimeter instrument, 114
heliocentric, 80, 201, 207 Photovoltaics, 168, 169, 172
Hohmann transfer, 71, 74, 214 Pin puller, 177
inclination, 80, 81 Pioneer spacecraft, 27, 33, 124, 126, 160,
insertion, 72, 76, 202, 231
parameters, 79, 82 246
period, 80 Planck Cosmic Background Radiation Field
polar, 80, 82
precession, 82 Survey spacecraft, 129
retrograde, 80 Planet, 10
Sun-synchronous, 82
trim maneuver, 202 dwarf, 10
walking (precessing), 82 gas giant, 10
Orbital mechanics, 67 inferior, 30
Oscillator, 143 jovian, 10, 25, 30
OSI, 150 minor, 10, 33
OSR, 173 superior, 30
OTM, 203 terrestrial, 10, 22, 24
OWLT, 52 Planet physical and cartographic constraints

Packet, 150, 158 kernel, 117
Paraffin actuator, 178 Planetary
Parkes radio telescope, 257
Particle detector, 185 data system, 120
PcK kernel, 117 ephemerides, 117
PDS, 120 mapping, 232
Peer review, 113 motion, 57
Periapsis, 68, 69, 72, 73 orbit insertion, 231
radio astronomy, 188
argument of, 80 system exploration, 232
time of passage, 80 The Planetary Society, 4, 127
Phase Plasma detector, 186
-locked loop, 141, 167 Plasma wave detector, 187
electromagnetic waves, 100 PLL, 167
illumination, 30 Plunge, 50
mission, 105 Pluto, 10
Plutonium, 170
cruise, 221 PN code, 149
encounter, 229 Polar axis, 48
end of, 245 Polar motion, 45
extended ops, 243 Polarimeter, 190
Polaris, 42
Polarization, 190, 258, 259
Post encounter, 230, 231

INDEX 295

Potentially hazardous asteroid, 35 Radio science data, 252
Power distribution, electrical, 172 Radioisotope heater unit, 174
Power storage, electrical, 172 Radioisotope power system, 168, 170, 171
Power, electrical, 181 Radioisotope thermoelectric generator, 168,
Precal, 225
Precessing orbit, 82 170
Precession, 82 Ranging, 199, 251, 261
Precession of Earth’s axis, 43
Precision ranging, 200 ∆ differenced one-way, 200
Predicts, 198, 226 precision, 200
Preliminary analysis phase, 107 Reaction control, 161
Preliminary design review, 108 Reaction wheel, 115, 119, 161
Prime meridian, 41 Real-time commanding, 222
Principal investigator, 108 Real-time operations Team, 223
Principia, 59 Receiver, 88, 139, 140, 167, 168, 259
Prograde, 79 block-V, 260
Propulsion system, 175 closed-loop, 259, 260
Proxima Centauri, 11, 14 open-loop, 259
Pseudo-noise code, 149 Recoverable data, 117
PSU, 177 Rectifier, 181
238Pu, 170 Red equipment, 261
Public information, 113 Redundant components, 178
Pushbroom imaging mode, 190 Reed-Solomon coding, 148
PV, 168 Reflection
Pyrotechnic device, 177, 216 of RF, 96, 140
Pyrotechnic switching unit, 177 of X-ray, 98
spectrum, 93
Quasar, 200 Refraction, 99, 100, 118
Query, 262 Refrigeration, 174, 193
Regional planetary imaging Data Facilities,
Radar, 114
altimetry, 194 120
Goldstone solar system, 97 Regulator, voltage, 181
planetary, 97 Relativistic gravitational bending, 118
radiometry, 194 Relativity
synthetic aperture, 194
general, 57, 63
Radiation special, 63
alpha-particle, 185 Relay, communications, 168, 245
Earth’s, 23 Replacement heater, 174
electromagnetic, 85, 87 Resistance, electrical, 180
Jupiter’s, 26 Resource allocation team, 111
pressure, 38 Resource contention, 110
solar, 11, 17, 19 Retrograde, 79
Revolution, 43
Radio astronomy, 88 of Earth, 44
Radio communication, 139 RF band, 88, 89
Radio frequency, 86, 88, 96 RFI, 90
RHU, 174
band, 88, 89 Right ascension, 47, 111, 199
interference, 90 Rings, planetary, 29
Radio science, 115, 118, 119, 234 Robledo, 249
Robotic spacecraft, 123

296 INDEX

Rocket, 60–62, 77, 82 Sequence of events, 53, 117, 224
chemical, 208 Sequence of events generator, 224
engine, 175, 178 SFOS, 225
ion-electric, 77, 177, 208 Shoemaker-Levy 9, 36
liquid-propellant, 61, 208 Shooting star, 39
nozzle, 62 SI, international system of units, 5, 265
solid-propellant, 61, 208 Signal processing center, 225, 253, 260
thruster, 175 Signal-to-noise ratio, 88
upper stage, 208 Silicon, 169
SIM spacecraft, 129
Rotation, 43 Sirius, 48
Earth’s, 43, 82 SIRTF, 128, 137
Sky & Telescope, 120
Round-trip light time, 53 Small Magellanic Cloud, 12
RPIF, 120 Snell, Willebrord (1591-1626), 99
RPS, 168, 170, 171 SNR, 88, 90
RS, 252 SOE, 53, 224
RTG, 168, 170 SOHO spacecraft, 15, 36, 38, 84
RTLT, 53, 142 Sojourner spacecraft, 126–128, 136, 170
Solar
S-band, 88, 166, 254–256
Safing, 157, 159 array, 169
Sagan Memorial Mars Station, 126 cell, 169
Sampling, 239 corona, 18, 19, 33, 115, 118
SAR, 194 panel, 169, 173
Saturn, 27 sail, 179
Scan platform, 193 system, 9
SCET, 52 wind, 19, 21
Science (journal), 120 Solid state imaging instrument, 114
Science data, 115, 116, 158 Solid-state amplifier, 167
Science data pipeline, 115 South atlantic anomaly, 24
Science instrument, 183 Space
intergalactic, 12
active, 184, 185 interplanetary, 19
direct-sensing, 184, 185 interstellar, 11
passive, 184 Space flight operations facility, 216
remote-sensing, 184 Space flight operations schedule, 225
Science mission, 183 Space Infrared Telescope Facility, 112, 128
Science News, 120 Space Interferometry Mission, 129
Science payload, 183 Space Shuttle, 61
Science team, 223 Space simulation chamber, 109
Science working group, 106 Space station, see International Space St.
Scientific community, 113 Spacecraft
Scientific data, 113, 114 atmospheric, 125
Scintillation, 118 bus, 154
SCLK, 53, 157 checkout, 221
Sedna, 11 clock, 53, 157
SEDR, 117 communications & navigation, 129
Seebeck effect, 170 event file, SEF, 224
SEF, 224 Spacecraft continued
SEG, 224
Semi-major axis, 58

INDEX 297

event time, SCET, 52 Subcarrier, 145–147, 261
events, 224 Subsystem, 153
flyby, 124 Summer time, 54
lander, 126 Sun, 15, 140
observatory, 128 Sunlight, 85
orbiter, 124 Sunspots, 17
penetrator, 127 Superior conjunction, 243
robotic, 123 Superior planet, 30
rover, 127 Supernova, 93
team, 223 Supplementary experiment data record, 117
tracking, 225 Surveyor spacecraft, 126, 127
Spacecraft, planet, instruments, C-matrix, Symbol, telemetry, 146, 147, 260
Sync marker, 149
and events kernel, 117 Synthetic aperture radar, 23
Spatial co¨ordinates, 41 System, 153
SPC, 225, 253, 260 System Administrator, 223
Specific impulse, 62 System design review, 107
Spectral signal indicator, 148 System requirements review, 107
Spectroscopic instrument, 92, 191, 192
TCM, 202, 222
imaging, 192 TDM, 149
mapping, 192 TDRSS, 129
Spectroscopy, 90, 92, 191 Team, flight, 223
absorption, 191 Technology demonstration mission, 183
emission, 191 Telecommunications, 139, 164, 167, 179
scattering, 191 Telemetry, 141, 146, 148, 149, 157, 158, 251
Spectrum, 92 Telemetry lock, 150
absorption, 93 Temperature, 13, 15
continuous, 92 Temperature control, see Thermal control
emission-line, 92 Termination shock, 22
reflection, 93 Terrestrial coo¨rdinates, 41
solar, 92 Terrestrial planet, 10, 22
stellar, 93 Test readiness review, 108
Speed of light, 86 Thermal blanketing, 171, 173, 174
SPICE kernel, 117 Thermal control, 172
Spin stabilization, 119, 160, 161
Spirit spacecraft, 24, 128 active, 173, 174
Spitzer Space Telescope, 112, 129, 137 for science instrument, 193
SpK kernel, 117 louvers, 174
SSA, 167 mirror, 173
SSI, 148 passive, 173
Stardust spacecraft, 124, 175, 240 refrigeration, 193
Starlight, 85 Thermonuclear reaction, 85
Stationkeeping, 81, 83 Thermostat, 174
STEREO spacecraft, 15 Three-axis stabilization, 161, 162
Stone, Edward C. (1936–), 21 Three-way, 141, 142
Storage Thruster, 175
command sequence, 157 Tidal effect, 66
data, 159 Tidbinbilla, 249
electrical power, 172 Time
Structure subsystem, 154

298 INDEX

conventions, 41, 51 Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), 10
daylight saving, 54
dynamical, 53 Ultra-stable oscillator, 143
Earth-received, 53 Ultraviolet light, 86
ephemeris, 53 Ultraviolet spectrograph instrument, 115
Greenwich, 51 Ulysses spacecraft, 27, 33, 108, 115, 125, 157
light, 53 Umbriel, 29
local, 52 Units of measure, 5, 265
spacecraft event, 52 Universal time, 46, 51
summer, 54 UPL, 250
transmission, 52 Uplink, 141–143, 146, 261
universal, 51 Uplink tracking & command subsystem, 250
Time code translator, 251 Uplink transfer, 144
Time Division Multiplexing, 149 Upper stage, 208, 216
Titan, 27, 28 Uranus, 27, 29
Titania, 29 USO, 143
TLM, 251 UTC, 51, 142
TOPEX/Poseidon spacecraft, 125, 170
Tracking & Data Relay Satellite System, 129 Van Allen belt, 23
Tracking capabilities, 111 Van Allen, James (1914-2006), 23
Tracking data, 116, 251 Vandenberg Air Force Base, 214
Trajectory, 71, 197 Vanguard-1 Satellite, 67
correction maneuver, 202, 222 Vector, gravity-assist, 76
gravity-assist, 74, 75, 77 Vega spacecraft, 126
Hohmann transfer, 71, 214 Velocity measurement, 198
minimum-propellant, 71 Venera spacecraft, 126, 127
model, 199 Venus, 23, 30, 82
reconstruction, 198
to Mars, 72 trajectory to, 73
to Venus, 73 Venus Express spacecraft, 23
types I and II, 74 Vernal equinox, 47
Trans-Neptunian object, 10 Very large array, 257
Transceiver, 168 Very long baseline interferometry, 200, 252
Transformer, 181 Viewperiod, 110
Transit, 31 Viewperiod file, 224
Transmission time, 52 Viking spacecraft, 126, 127
Transmitter, 88, 139, 144, 166, 168, 259 Virtual Earth, 118
Transponder, 143, 168 Visible light, 86
Traveling wave tube, 167 Viterbi decoding, 148
Triton, 29 VLBI, 200, 252
TRK, 251 Voltage, 180
TRM, 52 Voltage regulator, 181
Trojan, 36
True anomaly, 79 shunt-type, 172
Turbo code, 148 von Fraunhofer, Joseph (1787-1826), 92
TWNC, 144, 145 Voyager spacecraft, 22, 27, 33, 74, 75, 108,
Two-way, 141
Two-way non-coherent mode, 144 114, 119, 124, 131, 161, 163, 175,
TWT, TWTA, 167 244
Vulcain, 61

Water, 90

INDEX 299

Wave interactions, 101
Wavelength, 86
Weightlessness, 70
WMAP spacecraft, 84
Wobble, Chandler, 45

X-band, 88, 90, 166, 254–256
X-ray, 86
X-Y mount, 50

Yotta, 286

Zenith, 47, 99
Zip cord, 177
Zulu, 51

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