Philippine English in Edgar W. Schneider's View
Philippine English in Schneider's View English as an ESL in the Philippines. (ESL - English as a second language) Recognized as one of the two official languages of the country, English has been widely used for partaking in education, media, law, business, administration, etc. The Outer Circle categorization in Kachru's Circles of English model correlates to the position of English as a secondary language in the Philippines (Schneider, 2011). Schneider, however, noted criticisms of Kachru's concept, all of which argued that, given the sociolinguistic context of these nations, there isn't a clear-cut set of characteristics or norms that could clearly distinguish the circles from one another.
Schneider on World Englishes. (Post-colonial societies) According to Schneider (2016), English is no longer limited to particular varieties of the "standard" and "pure" English but is now a globally accessible resource. Modern English is "far from being "clean" any longer, " he observes. and points out that these varieties of English exhibit a wide range of transfer from the native tongues, resulting in the mingling of codes. "English is now ours, " Abad (1997, p. 170) famously said. We have colonized it, too.' The future of world Englishes includes fluidly mixed or 'codemeshed' Englishes as well, rather than only 'unadulterated' English variants, according to Canagarajah (2013), who makes such a claim. Philippine English in Schneider's View
Reasons why Philippine English is in between Phase 3 and Phase 4 of Schneider's Model. Philippine English in Schneider's View
Reasons why Philippine English is in between Phase 3 and Phase 4 of Schneider's Model. The field of History and Politics involves cultural assimilation. The three main cultures that had a significant influence on Filipino culture: Chinese, American, and Spanish. The majority of the vocabulary in Philippine English comes from American English. There are also some borrowings from the native languages within the Philippines and Spanish. Political independence has to be reached, along with cultural self-reliance, for Philippine English to reach Phase 4. (Based on the parameters of HISTORY AND POLITICS) Philippine English in Schneider's View
However, we can't say that we're still in Phase 3 as we have already achieved independence in 1946 after the events of World War II. One of the criteria to reach Phase 4 is to have post-independence or selfdependence after colonization. Considering the historical and political parameters set for Phase 3 and Phase 4, we can't determine whether Philippine English is in Phase 3 or Phase 4 as we still acquire cultural association and have already obtained independence. (Based on the parameters of HISTORY AND POLITICS) Reasons why Philippine English is in between Phase 3 and Phase 4 of Schneider's Model. Philippine English in Schneider's View
English has become the second language of the population in the Philippines. IDG who are exposed to their dominant native language have problems receiving a quality education, which includes practicing the usage of English. Despite observing language convergence and a common set of linguistic traits and practices, there are still flaws in the context of identity. IDG is not the only identity construction because as English evolves, further identities are found. (Based on the parameters of IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION) Reasons why Philippine English is in between Phase 3 and Phase 4 of Schneider's Model. Philippine English in Schneider's View
Phase 3: IDG: Common Bilingualism and Phase 4: Acceptance of Local Norms ( as Identity), positive attitude to it; (residual conservatism); literary creativity in new variety We acknowledge Philippine English but we don't carry it as our identity. STL: Sociolinguistic Cleavage between innovative speakers and conservative (Based on the parameters of SOCIOLINGUISTICS) speakers Reasons why Philippine English is in between Phase 3 and Phase 4 of Schneider's Model. Philippine English in Schneider's View
The closest equivalent of homogenization is evening out of the substrate accents of Filipinos. English of X (English of Philippines) -> X English (Philippine English) Codification of Philippine English through dictionaries and grammar. Standard Philippine English Philippine English words in Oxford English Dictionary Pedagogical model for teaching Philippine English (Bernardo, 2013) Philippine English is among the most welldocumented Southeast Asian English (Tay, 1991) (Based on the parameters of LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT) Reasons why Philippine English is in between Phase 3 and Phase 4 of Schneider's Model. Philippine English in Schneider's View
Philippine English in Schneider's View References: Ariane Macalinga Borlongan (2016): Relocating Philippine English in Schneider’s dynamic model, Asian Englishes, DOI: 10.1080/13488678.2016.1223067 Wilkinson Daniel Wong Gonzales (2017) Philippine Englishes, Asian Englishes, 19:1, 79-95, DOI: 10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574 Filipino history. Purdue Filipino Association. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://purduefilipino.com/filipino-history