Endangered species

Endangered Species

MICHAEL CHAN SHENG WANG 2 I

FACTS

Seven different species of sea (or marine) turtles grace our ocean waters, from the shallow seagrass
beds of the Indian Ocean, to the colorful reefs of the Coral Triangle and the sandy beaches of the
Eastern Pacific. While these highly migratory species periodically come ashore to either bask or nest,
sea turtles spend the bulk of their lives in the ocean. WWF's work on sea turtles focuses on five of
those species: green, hawksbill, loggerhead, leatherback, and olive ridley.

Over the last 200 years, human activities have tipped the scales against the survival of these ancient
mariners. Slaughtered for their eggs, meat, skin, and shells, sea turtles suffer from poaching and
over-exploitation. They also face habitat destruction and accidental capture—known as bycatch—in
fishing gear. Climate change has an impact on turtle nesting sites; it alters sand temperatures, which
then affects the sex of hatchlings. Nearly all species of sea turtle are now classified as endangered,
with three of the seven existing species being critically endangered.

PHOTO OF SEA TURTLE

WHY THEY MATTER

Sea turtles are a fundamental link in marine ecosystems. They help maintain
the health of seagrass beds and coral reefs that benefit commercially valuable
species such as shrimp, lobster, and tuna. Sea turtles are the live
representatives of a group of reptiles that have existed on Earth and traveled
our seas for the last 100 million years. Turtles have major cultural significance
and tourism value. Five of the seven species are found around the world,
mainly in tropical and subtropical waters. The remaining two species, though,
have relatively restricted ranges: Kemp's ridley is found mainly in the Gulf of
Mexico and the flatback turtle around northern Australia and southern Papua
New Guinea.

THREATS

Sea turtles journey between land and sea and swim thousands of
ocean miles during their long lifetimes. They wait decades until
they can reproduce, returning to the same beaches where they
were born to lay their eggs. Females can lay hundreds of eggs in
one nesting season, yet few will yield hatchlings that survive their
first year of life. Beyond these significant natural challenges, sea
turtles face multiple threats caused by humans, such as bycatch
in commercial fishing gear, illegal trade, consumption, and climate
change.

https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/illegal-wildlife-trade

Sea turtles continue to be harvested unsustainably both for human consumption
and trade of their parts. Turtle meat and eggs are a source of food and income
for many people around the world. Some also kill turtles for medicine and
religious ceremonies. Tens of thousands of sea turtles are lost this way every
year, devastating populations of already endangered greens and hawksbills.

Killing of turtles for both domestic and international markets continues as well.
International trade in all sea turtle species and their parts is prohibited under the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES), a global agreement among governments to regulate or ban
international trade in species under threat. Still, illegal trafficking persists.

HABITAT LOSS

Sea turtles are dependent on beaches for nesting. Uncontrolled coastal
development, vehicle traffic on beaches, and other human activities have
directly destroyed or disturbed sea turtle nesting beaches around the world. For
example, lights from roads and buildings disorient hatchlings away from the sea,
and vehicle traffic on beaches compacts the sand, making it impossible for
female turtles to dig nests. Turtle feeding grounds such as coral reefs and
seagrass beds are damaged and destroyed by activities onshore, including
sedimentation from clearing of land and nutrient run-off from agriculture. Beach
restoration projects for protecting seaside buildings have also been found to be
harmful, through dredging and sand filling

https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/effects-of-climate-change

All stages of a sea turtle's life are affected by environmental
conditions such as temperature—even the sex of offspring.
Unusually warm temperatures caused by climate change are
disrupting the normal ratios, resulting in fewer male hatchlings.

Warmer sea surface temperatures can also lead to the loss of
important foraging grounds for sea turtles, while increasingly
severe storms and sea level rise can destroy critical nesting
beaches and damage nests.

https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/pollution

Sea turtles can mistake floating plastic materials for jellyfish
and can choke on them when they try to eat them. These
encounters are often fatal. Lost or discarded fishing
gear—called ghost gear—entangles sea turtles and can
drown or render a turtle unable to feed or swim. Trash on
beaches can trap hatchlings and prevent them from
reaching the ocean. Oil spills also poison sea turtles of all
ages.

WHAT WWF IS DOING

WWF works around the world to eliminate sea turtle bycatch
from fisheries, reduce the unsustainable harvest and illegal
trade in sea turtles, and stem the loss of critical sea turtle
habitats. Many of these objectives are achieved by
establishing and strengthening protected areas around
nesting beaches, raising awareness and promoting
ecotourism, lobbying for turtle-friendly fishing practices, and
more.

ADDRESSING OVERHARVESTING AND ILLEGAL TRADE

WWF works with local communities to reduce turtle harvesting and egg collection. Because exploitation of
turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, we help develop alternative livelihoods so that local
people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. WWF also supports programs that promote the
value of sea turtles. WWF works through TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, to stop the illegal
trade of turtle shells, meat, and eggs. We also train and equip local rangers to patrol turtle nesting beaches
and protect against poaching.

WWF has been supporting a campaign led by TRAFFIC to combat illegal trade from the Coral Triangle and
reduce demand in China. Activities include better training for law enforcement officials in both areas and a
public awareness campaign in China, targeting areas where turtle trade is the highest. Radio broadcasts and
advocacy events spread the message among local fishermen, souvenir shop owners, and tourists about the
problem of turtle trade.

In the western Solomon Islands, WWF supports local rangers on the beaches throughout turtle nesting and
hatching seasons to protect against egg harvesting and hunting. The rangers collect important data and
inform their communities about laws to protect turtles.

PROTECTING MARINE TURTLE HABITAT

WWF works around the world to establish marine protected
areas, ensuring sea turtles have a safe place to nest, feed,
and migrate freely. We encourage governments to
strengthen legislation on, and provide funding for, sea turtle
protection. WWF supports local turtle conservationists in
many parts of the world to monitor and patrol turtle nests.
These efforts often lead to ecotourism opportunities and
offer alternative livelihoods.

MINIMIZING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS

WWF studies how sea turtles are being affected by climate
change and helps determine the best ways to reduce their
vulnerability to changing environmental conditions. We work
around the world with communities to monitor and protect
nesting beaches, helping turtles be more resilient to the future
impacts of climate change. In the Eastern Pacific and
Caribbean, we work to raise awareness of the threat of sea
level rise on nest sites and the importance of shade for nests.

https://www.worldwildlife.org/initiatives/tracking-turtles-via-satellite

Satellite telemetry allows researchers to track sea turtles as they swim
from place to place. These satellite tags do not harm the turtles in any
way and are designed to eventually fall off. The data will tell us where
important feeding areas are, help us understand migration patterns and
anticipate where turtles may come in contact with fisheries and their
gear. These projects include tracking of hawksbill turtles in Malaysia;
leatherback turtles in Panama, Suriname, French Guiana, Uruguay,
Indonesia, and Gabon; loggerhead turtles in Cape Verde; green turtles
in Cambodia; and olive ridley turtles in Australia.

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SPEECH



Good morning to our principal , teachers and my fellow friends . I am very happy to be given me this opportunity to give a speech with all of of you
how to protect animal. There have many endanfered species need our help .But today i am just to share a short paragrah about sea turtle.

Sea turtles are large, air-breathing reptiles that inhabit tropical and subtropical seas throughout the world. Their shells consist of an upper part (carapace) and a
lower section (plastron). Hard scales (or scutes) cover all but the leatherback, and the number and arrangement of these scutes can be used to determine the species.

Sea turtles come in many different sizes, shapes and colors. The olive ridley is usually less than 100 pounds, while the leatherback typically ranges from 650 to 1,300
pounds! The upper shell, or carapace, of each sea turtle species ranges in length, color, shape and arrangement of scales.

Sea turtles do not have teeth, but their jaws have modified “beaks” suited to their particular diet. They do not have visible ears but have eardrums covered by skin.
They hear best at low frequencies, and their sense of smell is excellent. Their vision underwater is good, but they are nearsighted out of water. Their streamlined bodies
and large flippers make them remarkably adapted to life at sea. However, sea turtles maintain close ties to land.

Females must come ashore to lay their eggs in the sand; therefore, all sea turtles begin their lives as tiny hatchlings on land. Research on marine turtles has
uncovered many facts about these ancient creatures. Most of this research has been focused on nesting females and hatchlings emerging from the nest, largely because
they are the easiest to find and study.

Thousands of sea turtles around the world have been tagged to help collect information about their growth rates, reproductive cycles and migration routes. After
decades of studying sea turtles, much has been learned. However, many mysteries still remain.

Sea Turtles and Humans

Sea turtles have long fascinated people and have figured prominently in the mythology and folklore of many cultures. In the Miskito Cays off the eastern coast of
Nicaragua, the story of a kind “Turtle Mother,” still lingers. Unfortunately, the spiritual significance of sea turtles has not saved them from being exploited for both food
and for profit. Millions of sea turtles once roamed the earth’s oceans, but now only a fraction remain.

Why Care About Sea Turtles?

Reproduction

Only females come ashore to nest; males rarely return to land after crawling into the sea as hatchlings. Most females return to nest on the beach
where they were born (natal beach). Nesting seasons occur at different times around the world. In the U.S., nesting occurs from April through
October. Most females nest at least twice during each mating season; some may nest up to ten times in a season. A female will not nest in
consecutive years, typically skipping one or two years before returning.

Nesting, Incubation and Emergence

Growth & Development

Researchers do not yet know how long baby turtles spend in the open sea, or exactly where they
go. It is theorized that they spend their earliest, most vulnerable years floating around the sea in
giant beds of sargasso weeds, where they do little more than eat and grow. Once turtles reach
dinner-plate size, they appear at feeding grounds in nearshore waters. They grow slowly and take
between 15 and 50 years to reach reproductive maturity, depending on the species. There is no
way to determine the age of a sea turtle from its physical appearance. It is theorized that some
species can live over 100 years.

General Behavior

Migration and Navigation Abilities

Status of the Species

The earliest known sea turtle fossils are about 150 million years old. In groups too numerous to count, they once navigated throughout
the

world’s oceans. But in just the past 100 years, demand for turtle meat, eggs, skin and colorful shells has dwindled their populations.
Destruction

of feeding and nesting habitats and pollution of the world’s oceans are all taking a serious toll on remaining sea turtle populations.
Many breeding

populations have already become extinct, and entire species are being wiped out. There could be a time in the near future when sea
turtles are just

an oddity found only in aquariums and natural history museums – unless action is taken today.

Green, leatherback and hawksbill sea turtles are classified as Endangered in the United States under the Endangered Species Act, while
the loggerhead and olive ridley sea turtles are listed as Threatened. Internationally, green and loggerhead sea turtles are listed as
Endangered (facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources (IUCN), while hawksbill and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles are listed as Critically Endangered (facing an extremely
high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future), olive ridley seaz turtles are listed as Endangered (facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild in the near future), and leatherback sea turtles are listed as Vulnerable (facing a high risk of extinction in the
wild in the immediate future).

Conservation Strategies
What is Extinction?

Sea Turtle Classification

KINGDOM – Animalia
PHYLUM – Chordata
CLASS – Reptilia
Class Reptilia includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and turtles. Reptiles are ectothermic (cold-blooded) and are vertebrates (have a spine). All
reptiles have scaly skin, breathe air with lungs, and have a three-chambered heart. Most reptiles lay eggs.
ORDER – Testudines
Order Testudines includes all turtles and tortoises. It is divided into three suborders. Pleurodira includes side-necked turtles, Cryptodira includes
all other living species of turtles and tortoises, and Amphichelydia includes all extinct species.
SUBORDER – Cryptodira
Suborder Cryptodira includes freshwater turtles, snapping turtles, tortoises, soft-shelled turtles, and sea turtles.
FAMILY – Cheloniidae or Dermochelyidae
Sea turtles fall into one of two families. Family Cheloniidae includes sea turtles which have shells covered with scutes (horny plates). Family
Dermochelyidae includes only one modern species of sea turtle, the leatherback turtle. Rather than a shell covered with scutes, leatherbacks have leathery skin.
GENUS and SPECIES
Most scientists currently recognize seven living species of sea turtles grouped into six genera.

How You Can Help

There are many things each of us can do to help sea turtles survive. First, we must remember that we share the oceans and the beaches with many other species. Second, become informed about the things that are killing sea
turtles or destroying their habitat. Elected officials and other leaders are making decisions on issues that affect sea turtles almost every day. As an informed citizen, you have the power to influence the outcome of
these issues by making your voice heard. One way to keep informed about important issues is to join and support groups like the Sea Turtle Conservancy, which monitor issues and encourage their members to get involved.