Chapter 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL
SCIENCE

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE

• Materials science involves investigating the relationships
that exist between the structures and properties of
materials.

• The four components of the discipline of materials science
and engineering and their interrelationship as shown in Figure
1.0.

Figure 1.0: Four components of the discipline of materials science and engineering

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.1.1 WHY STUDYING MATERIAL SCIENCE

• To be able to select a material for a given application, taking into
consideration cost and performance.

• To understand the limits of materials and the change of their
properties with use.

• To be able to create a new material that will have some
advantageous properties.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Figure 1.1 : The Classification of Materials

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.1 Metal

• Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very
orderly manner.

• Mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff
and strong, yet are ductile (capable of large amounts of
deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture,
which accounts for their widespread use in structural
applications.

• Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat,
and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal
surface has a lustrous appearance.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.1 Metal

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.2 Polymers
• Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.

Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically
based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
elements.
• They have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in
nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms.
• These materials typically have low densities, whereas their
mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the
metallic and ceramic materials and they are not as stiff nor as
strong as these other material types.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.2 Polymers

Polyethylene (PE) – recycle able Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic polymer

Polycarbonate
(PC) sheet

Polystyrene

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.3 Ceramics

• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and
carbides.

• Ceramic materials characteristics:

– relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to
those of the metals.

– typically very hard, extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly
susceptible to fracture.

– insulative to the passage of heat and electricity and are more resistant
to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and
polymers

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.3 Ceramics

Aluminum Oxide (Alumina) cutting disc Silicon Carbide
Silicon Dioxide (Silica) grinding wheel

Silicon Nitride
Ceramic Bearing

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.4 Composites

• A composite is composed of two (or more) individual
materials (metal, polymer, ceramic).

• The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of
properties that is not displayed by any single material, and
also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the
component materials.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.4 Composites

• Example: fiberglass, in which small glass fibers are embedded
within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester).

– The glass - relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle), whereas the
polymer - is ductile (but also weak and flexible).

– Thus, the resulting fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, and
ductile. In addition, it has a low density.

Fiberglass car hood

Fiberglass boat hull

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

• Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech)
applications

• These advanced materials are typically traditional materials
whose properties have been enhanced, and, also newly
developed, high-performance materials.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

Figure 1.2 : The Classification of Advanced Materials

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

1.2.5.1 Biomaterials

• Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the
human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body
parts.

• These materials must not produce toxic substances and must
be compatible with body tissues.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

1.2.5.1 Biomaterials

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

1.2.5.2 Semiconductor

• Semiconductors have electrical properties that are
intermediate between the electrical conductors and
insulators.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

1.2.5.3 Nano engineered Materials

• Nanomaterials may be any one of the four basic types -
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites.

• However, unlike these other materials, they are not
distinguished on the basis of their chemistry but rather their
size; the nano prefix denotes that the dimensions of these
structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (10-9 m)

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials
1.2.5.3 Nano engineered Materials

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

1.2.5.4 Smart Materials

• Smart materials are materials that are able to sense changes
in their environments and then respond to these changes in
predetermined manners.

• Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators:
shape-memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics,
magnetostrictive materials, and
electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5.4 Smart Materials

• Shape-memory alloys are metals that, after having been
deformed, revert back to their original shape when
temperature is changed.

Source: http://www.gcsescience.com/ex38.htm

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5.4 Smart Materials (click to play video)

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5.4 Smart Materials

• Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an
applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also
generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.

Quartz crystal is a piezoelectric
material. It is used in quartz
watch. It has the ability to
convert the voltage (supplied by
watch's battery) to mechanical
stress, thus create frequency to
move the second hand.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5.4 Smart Materials (click to play video)

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

1.2.5.4 Smart Materials

• Magnetostrictive materials is a material that change shape
when placed in magnetic field.

• Utilised in switches and sensors.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials

1.2.5.4 Smart Materials

• Electrorheological and
magnetorheological fluids are
liquids that experience
dramatic changes in viscosity
upon the application of electric
and magnetic fields,
respectively.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

1.2.5 Advanced Materials
1.2.5.4 Smart Materials (click to play video)

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE DJJ3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE

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