© FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE All rights reserved. No part of the following documents may be reproduced or quoted without prior permission by the Dean, and in case of permission granted, full credit and acknowledgement must be given to the Faculty. 1 HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM In the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, all the departments except Industrial Psychology make use of the Harvard system. For Industrial Psychology you must use the APA system. These conventions (which reference system is used in which discipline) are determined internationally and lecturers and not even the university can decide on this. So do not blame the lecturer. This is to conform to the international standards of academic writing. There are various forms of the Harvard referencing system. The most important aspect is to be consistent in the method that you use. IN-TEXT REFERENCES Use the following short format when quoting directly from a source (please note punctuation): • Author (date:_ page number), for example: Collins and Harper (1988: 3450 believe that “the...”. or • (Author_date:_page number), for example: It is believed that “the…” (Collins & Harper 1988: 345). Use the following format for secondary referencing, that is, referring to a primary source through the work of another author: • Author (date:_page number, cited in Author_date:_page number), for example: Smith (1960:22, cited in Collins & Harper 1988: 345) believes that “the…”. or • (Author_date:_page number, cited in Author_date:_page number), for example: it is believed that “the…’ (Smith 1960: 22, cited in Collins & Harper 1988: 345). Include only page numbers in brackets. References to paragraphs, sections, chapters, etc. should be included in the following format: Chapter/par./section in Author (date:_page number), for example: In par. 3.2 in Smith (2000:100) In chapter 5 in Smith (2000)
© FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE All rights reserved. No part of the following documents may be reproduced or quoted without prior permission by the Dean, and in case of permission granted, full credit and acknowledgement must be given to the Faculty. 2 NOTES In-text references: • For more than two authors’ names, use et al., meaning ‘and others” (for example, Brown et al.). • Do not use the ampersand (&) to link two authors’ names unless the reference is in brackets. • If the author of a source is unknown, use an abbreviated version of the title with ellipsis (for example, “Business cycles…”2000). • Try to provide the exact page range. Where this is impossible, use the following abbreviation: ff.(ff. indicates that the reference is to more than the page; f. indicates that the reference is to more than one following page). • Do not elide page numbers (for example, pp. 300-308, not pp. 300- 8). • When referring to a source without paraphrasing the author’s words or quoting directly from it, it is permissible to omit the page reference. REFERENCE LISTS In referencing books, the following information must be supplied: • Author/editor (surname and initials) • Year of publication • Title (in italics and in title case) • Edition (if not first edition) • Place of publication (only the city is required) • Publisher (omit the words “&Co.”, “Ltd”, etc.) Example Jackson, R.D.C. & Stent, W.J. 2001. Auditing notes for South African Students. 3rd edn. Durban: Butterworths. In referencing articles or chapters in books, the following information must be supplied: • Author of article (surname and initials) • Year of publication • Title of article (no italics, between double quotation marks, and in sentence case • Title of book (in italics and in title case) • Editor/s of book (initials and surname) • Place of publication • Publisher • Article or chapter pages (not the chapter number)
© FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE All rights reserved. No part of the following documents may be reproduced or quoted without prior permission by the Dean, and in case of permission granted, full credit and acknowledgement must be given to the Faculty. 3 Example Howarth, E. & Cattell, R.B. 1973. “The multivariate contribution to personality research”. In Handbook of General Psychology. B.B.Wolman (ed). New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 793-816. In referencing articles in journals, the following information must be supplied: • Author of article (surname and initials) • Year of publication • Title of article(no italics, between double quotation marks, and in sentence case) • Title of journal or recognized abbreviation (in italics and in title case) • Volume (no italics, omit the word “volume” or its abbreviation) • Issue number of journal (no italics, between round brackets, omit the word “number” or its abbreviation) • Article pages Example Valle, M. 1999. “Crisis, culture and charisma: The new leader’s work in public organizations”. Public personnel Management 28 (2). pp. 245-257. In referencing a newspaper or magazine article, the following information must be supplied: • Author of article (surname and initials) • Year of publication • Title of article (no italics, between double quotation marks, and in sentence case) • Title of newspaper or magazine (in italics and in title case) and date • Article pages Example McAdam, Y. 2004. “How to attain your goals and dreams”. Star Workplace, Jan. 14. p. 5. In referencing electronic media, the following information must be supplied where applicable (and available): • Author/editor (surname and initials) • Year of publication • Title of article (no italics, between double quotation marks, and in sentence case. • Title of journal (and vol. and no.), book, or web page (in italics and in title case) • Type of medium (for example, Online or CD-ROM, between square brackets) • Pages or length (if applicable)
© FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE All rights reserved. No part of the following documents may be reproduced or quoted without prior permission by the Dean, and in case of permission granted, full credit and acknowledgement must be given to the Faculty. 4 • “Available” statement (for example, URL or name of electronic database) • Access date (year, month, and day), that is when you accessed the site (between square brackets) Example (web page) SARB. 2002. South African Reserve Bank. [Online] Available: http://www.reservebank.co.za [2004, April 28]. In referencing an unpublished thesis, the following information must be supplied: • Author (surname and initials) • Year • Title (no italics, no quotation marks, and in sentence case) • Level of thesis (for example, Ph.D.) • University of supervision Example Pietersen, C. 1996. The experience of the research event in psychology. Unpublished D.Phil. thesis. University of Zululand. In referencing lecture notes, the following information must be supplied: • Author (surname and initials) • Year of presentation • Title ( no italics, no quotation marks, and in sentence case) • Course presented (no italics, no quotation marks, and in title case) • Academic institution of presentation • Location and date(if possible) Example Daneel, T. 2002. Being a success. Foundational Course for Tertiary Study: CIT104. University of the Free State. Bloemfontein. In referencing a study guide, the following information must be supplied: • Author (surname and initials) • Year of publication • Title(no italics, no quotation marks, and in title case) • Type of medium (that is, study guide) • Academic institution Example Du Plessis, V. & de Bruin, J. 2004. Commercial Law: HRG114. Study guide. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein.
© FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE All rights reserved. No part of the following documents may be reproduced or quoted without prior permission by the Dean, and in case of permission granted, full credit and acknowledgement must be given to the Faculty. 5 NOTES Reference list: • Write out names in full of up to six authors. • Use the ampersand (&) to link the final name in a reference (do not insert comma before the ampersand). • Sources are arranged in alphabetical order according to the author’s surname. “Collins” comes before “Collins & Harper”. • Several references to the same author are arranged according to date of publication. • Several references to the same author with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically according to the title of the book (ignore words such as “a”, “and”, and “the”). These entries are distinguished by adding lower-case letters to the date (for example, 1988a, 1988b, 1988c). • If the author of a source is known, begin the reference with the title of the work. • If the date on which the document was created is unknown, insert n.d. (no date) between brackets, where the date would be. • Use the following abbreviations and contractions: editor (ed. or eds) and edition (edn). • Title case means maximal capitalization, that is, capitalizing the initial letter of each word of the title and sub-title (except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions). • Sentence case means minimal capitalization, that is, capitalizing the initial letter of the first word of the title and sub-title. • Use full stops to separate items in the reference. • If an article or chapter title is a complete sentence, place the full stop inside the quotation mark.