KnowKNleOdWLgeLaeErDnTGehEr eGMouOirdDyeUGLEu4ide 4
Environment, Energy
Efficiency and Ethics
OCCUPATIONAL CERTIFICATE | CLEARING AND FORWARDING AGENT
SAQA ID 96368
KNOWLEDGE MODULE 4 LEARNER
LG-96368-333101000-KM-04
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................... 2
Welcome............................................................................................................................................. 2
Purpose and Rationale of the Qualification...................................................................................... 2
Structure of Qualification...................................................................................................................4
Purpose of Knowledge Module [333101000-KM-04]........................................................................5
Resources............................................................................................................................................ 6
Structure of this Module.................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1 | Theories and principles of relevant environmental sustainability requirements
[KM-04-KT01]..................................................................................................................................... 8
Topic 1.1: National Environmental Management Act applicable to transportation and how they
impact or affect the work activities on a construction project/site [KT0101].................................... 10
Topic 1.2: Global, regional, and local environmental issues [KT0102]................................................ 13
Topic 1.3: Environmental aspects and impacts [KT0103].....................................................................19
Topic 1.4: Environmental education and the work environment [KT0104]........................................ 21
Topic 1.5: Construction and environmental sustainability [KT0105].................................................. 22
Topic 1.6: Eco footprint [KT0106]..........................................................................................................24
Topic 1.7: Pollution types and their impact [KT0107].......................................................................... 26
Chapter 2 | Concepts, theories, and principles of energy efficiency [KM-04-KT02]..................... 31
Topic 2.1: Energy efficiency legislation applicable to transportation and how they impact or
affect the work activities on the transportation system [KT0201]......................................................32
Topic 2.2: Energy saving [KT0202].........................................................................................................38
Topic 2.3: Managing water usage [KT0203]..........................................................................................41
Topic 2.4: Waste management [KT0204]..............................................................................................43
Chapter 3 | Theories, concepts, and principles of ethics [KM-04-KT03]........................................46
Topic 3.1: Ethics Defined [KT0301]........................................................................................................47
Topic 3.2: Implementing Ethics in the Workplace [KT0302]................................................................ 47
Topic 3.3: Employer / Employee Rights [KT0303].................................................................................49
Topic 3.4: Business and Social Responsibilities [KT0304].....................................................................49
Topic 3.5: Ethical Decisions [KT0305]....................................................................................................49
Topic 3.6: Unethical Behaviour [KT0306]..............................................................................................50
Bibliography............................................................................................................................ 51
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 1
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Introduction
Welcome
Dear Learner
Welcome to the module entitled ‘Environment, Energy Efficiency and Ethics’. The
curriculum code for the module is 333101000-KM-04. In terms of the curriculum, this
module has been designated as a ‘Knowledge Module’, and is the fourth in a series of four
(4) knowledge modules related to the qualification specified below.
This module will prove to be both interesting and challenging for you. In order to
successfully complete this module, you will be required to devote at least 30 ‘notional’
hours to comprehensive reading and study of the learning resources provided to you
(including but not limited to this Learner Guide), as well as completion of the relevant
assessments. Notional hours will be explained later in this introduction.
This module is part of a qualification titled ‘Occupational Certificate: Clearing and
Forwarding Agent’ which is registered with the South African Qualifications Authority
(SAQA)1 and is administered by the Quality Council for Trades and Occupations (QCTO). 2
Purpose and Rationale of the Qualification
Purpose:
3The purpose of this qualification is to prepare a learner to operate as a Clearing and
Forwarding Agent.
A Clearing and Forwarding Agent carries out customs clearing procedures and ensures that
insurance, export/import licences, and other formalities are in order to facilitate the
movement of cargo internationally and locally, and ensures compliance with current
legislation.
A qualified learner will be able to:
1. Forward cargo within the local and international logistics environment.
2. Observe compliance with statutory requirements within the local and international
logistics environment.
3. Conduct warehousing operations within the local and international logistics
environment.
4. Assist with distribution of cargo within the local and international logistics
environment.
1 http://www.saqa.org.za/
2 https://www.qcto.org.za/
3 http://regqs.saqa.org.za/viewQualification.php?id=96368
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 2
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Rationale:
This qualification reflects the workplace-based needs of the international logistics and
freight forwarding industry that relates to the clearing and forwarding operations that have
been expressed by all role-players to meet both current and future needs. It will contribute
to the upliftment of the industry and set a standard of professionalism in the industry.
This qualification serves to equip the qualifying learner with the fundamental skills,
knowledge, and attitudes necessary to support the provision of world-class services, and
improve customer service in international logistics and supply chain management to
promote an efficient and comprehensive national and international cargo movement
system.
The intention of this qualification is - to ensure that South Africa remains compliant with
national and international standards for the movement of cargo within and across its
borders, by promoting the development of functional knowledge and competencies that are
required in the Freight Forwarding and Customs Compliance environment; and providing
opportunities for career pathways and life-long learning for learners in the Freight
Forwarding and Customs Compliance environment.
The Forwarding and Clearing Industry (F & C) comprises economic activities and supply
chains that relate to all imports and exports of goods entering or leaving South Africa as well
as those transiting this country. This is essential for the success of every industry in South
Africa and therefore contributes to the growth of the South African economy as a whole.
This industry is critical to the ongoing performance of South Africa as an international
trading nation, and its activities facilitate all forms of physical trade. Though there are many
areas of commerce and industry critical to the long-term performance of the economy,
there are few more so than this industry.
Logistics, a major component of the supply chain, contributes substantially to the costs of
the goods in South Africa, and is above the international norm. A large proportion of this
overspend could be attributed to inefficiencies and lack of competence. In order to compete
globally, South Africa needs to achieve just-in-time delivery as an essential requirement of
its cost efficiency. This requires the maintenance of world-class supply chains, competence,
and skills.
The F & C Industry serves as an input to nearly every industry in the national and
international economy and utilises all modes of transport involved in the carriage of goods,
cargo, and freight, be it by ocean, air, rail, or road. The Industry is also a service provider of
warehouses, transit sheds and the associated management of shipment tracking, costing,
and accounting data. The transport sector, including the Forwarding and Clearing Industry,
comprises a substantial proportion of South Africa's national carbon footprint, and is
therefore the ideal environment to maximise the impact of practical, new, green logistics
approaches and technologies.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 3
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Structure of Qualification
The Clearing and Forwarding Agent qualification is structured in the manner outlined in the
table below:
KNOWLEDGE MODULES
Module Code Module Title Credits
333101000-KM-01 Freight Forwarding Practice and Procedures Theory 20
12
333101000-KM-02 Compliance and Brokerage Theory 5
3
333101000-KM-03 Warehouse and Distribution Theory 40
333101000-KM-04 Environment, Energy Efficiency and Ethics Credits
TOTAL (KM) MODULE CREDITS 10
8
PRACTICAL SKILLS MODULES
8
Module Code Module Title
10
333101000-PM-01 Plan and co-ordinate freight movement of cargo
10
333101000-PM-02 Plan and co-ordinate customs clearing, delivery and 5
pickup of cargo 3
54
333101000-PM-03 Prepare and process data/documentation associated
Credits
with international trade in compliance with applicable
8
and current legislation 8
2
333101000-PM-04 Audit commodities against customs and other statutory
8
requirements
26
333101000-PM-05 Apply rebate, drawback, and bond facilities
120
333101000-PM-06 Prepare documents for receipt, storage, and removal of
warehoused cargo
333101000-PM-07 Prepare receipts of cargo to be distributed
TOTAL (PM) MODULE CREDITS
WORK EXPERIENCE MODULES
Module Code Module Title
333101000-WM-01 Conduct cargo forwarding processes
333101000-WM-02 Process customs compliance procedures
333101000-WM-03 Communication and documentation for warehousing
processes and requirements
333101000-WM-04 Documentation for distribution processes and
procedures
TOTAL (WM) MODULE CREDITS
TOTAL (QUALIFICATION) MODULE CREDITS
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 4
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Purpose of Knowledge Module [333101000-KM-04]
The main focus of the learning in this knowledge module is to build an understanding of to
develop an understanding within the learner of the importance of environmental
sustainability and energy efficiency factors impacting on undertaking business operations
and processes in an environmentally sustainable and responsible manner. The learner will
also be exposed to the concept and practices with regard to ethics in order for them to be
able to interpret ethical and non-ethical behaviour and practices.
SAQA Exit Level Outcome Associated with this Module
The ‘Exit Level Outcome’ associated with this module as found in the relevant qualification
document for SAQA qualification ID 96368 is:
Exit Level Outcome 4: Conduct warehousing operations within the international logistics
environment.
Associated Assessment Criteria for Exit Level Outcome 4
The ‘Associated Assessment Criteria for Exit Level Outcome 4’ for this module, as found in
the relevant qualification document for SAQA qualification ID 96368 are:
Receipts for the distribution of cargo are prepared.
Shipment files that comply with statutory regulatory requirements are correctly
completed.
Cost responsibility and risk in accordance with chosen international commercial
terms are administered.
Estimation and costing of freight movement for the distribution of cargo within the
international logistics environment are prepared.
Simulation of the cargo movement scenario, including the identification of cost points
along the route and third party providers based on geographic elements is efficiently
conducted.
Disbursement, billing, and customer invoicing is completed in accordance with
industry standard practice.
Industry standards on different forms of estimation and costing prior to invoicing are
complied with.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 5
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Resources
In order to assist you in your learning experience, you will be provided with the following
resources:
Resource Description and Purpose
Learner Guide The Learner Guide serves as your main resource manual and
textbook. It is also alternatively referred to as a Knowledge Module.
Learner Workbook
It provides detailed content in terms of the theoretical knowledge
References components of the curriculum which you are required to
demonstrate an understanding of.
Practical Skills Module(s)
Logbook(s) You will receive one (1) Learner Guide per Knowledge Module.
NB: The qualification you are undertaking comprises four (4)
Knowledge Modules.
The Learner Workbook serves as your Assessment Guide and
contains quizzes/questionnaires/tests and exercises which will form
part of the formative assessment process of your training.
These formative assessments will be based on the Internal
Assessment Criteria (IACs) as outlined in the curriculum document
which pertains to this qualification.
Your facilitator will advise and guide you regarding the due dates
and manner of submission of your assessments. Furthermore, your
answers/responses to these formative assessments will be
appropriately collated, graded and filed physically and/or
electronically.
These assessment records should and will be kept as part of your
Portfolio of Evidence (POE).
Your Learner Guide will contain multiple footnotes and other
references in the b which bibliography which you are encouraged to
refer to in order to supplement your knowledge and mastery of the
subject matter being discussed in that particular topic.
Furthermore, your Facilitator may also provide you with additional
readings or information in the form of handouts in relation to any of
the various topics which you will be studying.
You are encouraged to file and keep a record of these handouts for
reference when needed.
You will receive seven (7) Practical Skills Modules or one (1)
integrated Practical Skills Module depending on the preferences of
your Facilitator and/or Assessor.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 6
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Resource Description and Purpose
You will be required to utilise the logbooks to record evidence of
your having completed the activities outlined therein. You will also
be required to submit this evidence for incorporation into your
Portfolio of Evidence (POE).
Both you and your Assessor will be required to sign-off the activities
in the logbook.
Work Experience Module(s) You will receive four (4) Work Experience Modules or one (1)
Logbook(s) integrated Work Experience Module depending on the preferences
of your Facilitator and/or Assessor.
You will be required to utilise the logbooks to record evidence of
your having completed the activities outlined therein. You will also
be required to submit this evidence for incorporation into your
Portfolio of Evidence (POE).
Hyperlinks Both you and your Workplace Supervisor will be required to sign-off
the activities in the logbook.
If you are accessing this document electronically, whenever you see
underlined blue text, please note that you may click on that
hyperlinked text to access more resources relevant to the topic at
hand.
Structure of this Module
This module delivered at NQF Level 5.4 It comprises a total of 3 credits, hence the 30
notional hours of study required.
1 credit is equivalent to 10 notional hours of study
The module is broken down into ‘Chapters and ‘Topics’ or Topic Elements.
The chapters are outlined as follows and have been set to be in sync with the curriculum:
Chapter Chapter Description Component
1 Theories and principles of relevant environmental KM-03-KT01
sustainability requirements
2 KM-03-KT02
3 Concepts, theories, and principles of energy efficiency KM-03-KT03
Theories, concepts, and principles of ethics
4 National Qualifications Framework: See SAQA website for definition of NQF.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 7
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Chapter 1 | Theories and principles of relevant
environmental sustainability requirements [KM-04-KT01]
The Topic Elements to be covered in the chapter referenced above include:
Topic Topic Element/Heading Knowledge/Theory
1.1 National Environmental Management Act applicable to KT0101
transportation and how they impact or affect the work
1.2 KT0102
1.3 activities on a construction project/site KT0103
1.4 KT0104
1.5 Global, regional, and local environmental issues KT0105
1.6 KT0106
1.7 Environmental aspects and impacts KT0107
Environment education and the work environment
Construction and environmental sustainability
Eco footprint
Pollution types and their impact
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 8
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the
following Internal Assessment Criteria (IAC) or Learning Outcomes relevant to this topic:
No. Outcomes IAC
1 Explain the impact of specific aspects of the National IAC0101
Environmental Management Act on transportation on activities IAC0102
IAC0103
2 Identify components of the environment and describe their IAC0104
interrelationships IAC0105
IAC0106
3 List pollution types and discuss their impact on the IAC0107
environment
IAC0108
4 Discuss the global, regional, and local environmental issues IAC0109
and the contribution of business to it
5 List at least 5 applicable environmental laws in South Africa
6 Define the environmental legislation specific to your industry
and list the ramifications for environmental damage caused
7 Discuss how to test the effectiveness of the Environmental
Management System within the context of the larger
transportation system
8 Describe the effects of various human activities on the
environment
9 Discuss pollution types and their impact
***
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 9
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Topic 1.1: National Environmental Management Act applicable to
transportation and how they impact or affect the work activities on a
construction project/site [KT0101]
Government’s commitment to long-term sustainable development is achieved, when
explicit recognition is given in its policy-making processes that its economic systems are
essentially products of and dependent on social systems, which in turn are products or, and
dependent on, natural systems.
Effective management of the interdependencies between ecosystem health, social equity
and economic growth will further require a significant change in current governance
practices, in adopting an integrated and co-operative environmental management
approach to governance that includes an accurate valuation of environmental goods and
services.
What is Environmental Management:
Environmental management is “a purposeful activity with the goal to maintain and improve
the state of an environmental resource affected by human activities.
Definition of Environmental Management:
Environmental Management can be defined as “the management of the interaction and
impact of human activities on the natural environment”.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 10
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Environmental management further aims to ensure that ecosystem services and biodiversity
are protected and maintained for equitable use by future human generations, and also,
maintain ecosystem integrity as an end in itself by taking into consideration ethical,
economic, and scientific (ecological) variables. Environmental management tries to identify
the factors that have a stake in the conflicts that may rise between meeting the needs but
protecting the environment.
Environmental Management officials have statutory obligation to protect the environment
for the present and the future generations as enshrined in the Constitution’s Bill of Rights.
In particular, the Bill of Rights stipulates that:
“Everyone has the right:
(a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and
(b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future
generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that –
(i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation;
(ii) promote conservation; and
(iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources
while promoting justifiable economic and social development”.
Sustainable Development is defined as Development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”
Section 152 of the Constitution, together with Schedules 4 and 5, outline the objectives,
powers, and functions of national, provincial, and local government. The objectives for local
government are to:
Provide democratic and accountable government for local communities.
Ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner;
Promote social and economic development;
Promote a safe and healthy environment; and
Encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in the
matters of local government.
Schedules 4B and 5B contain a total of 38 ‘local government matters’ which, under the
subsections above, are the responsibility of local government. The following are of
particular relevance to the management of the environment:
Air pollution
Fire-fighting services
Local tourism
Municipal planning
Municipal health services
Storm water management in built up areas
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 11
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Water and sanitation services (limited to potable water supply systems and domestic
waste-water and sewerage disposal systems)
Beaches
Cleansing
Local amenities
Municipal parks and recreation
Noise pollution
Public places
Refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste removal
Legislation
The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) provides the overarching legislative
framework for environmental governance in South Africa. Several sector specific National
Environmental Management Acts (SEMAs) have now been promulgated, all of which fall
under the overarching NEMA. The point of departure of NEMA is a set of National
Environmental Management Principles that inform any subsequent environmental
legislation, implementation of that legislation and formulation and implementation of
environmental management plans at all levels of government.
The following principles reflect the core values of NEMA:
Environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of
its concern, and serve their physical, psychological, developmental, cultural, and
social interests equitably.
Development must be environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable.
Statutory obligations and Acts with regard to Environmental Management:
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996).
The Constitution of the Western Cape (Act 1 of 1998)
The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (Act 107 of 1998)
Off Road Vehicle (ORV) Regulations
All SEMA’s (“Specific Environmental Management Acts)
NEMA: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004)
NEMA: Air Quality Act (Act 39 of 2004)
NEMA: Protected Areas Act (Act 57 of 2003
NEMA: Integrated Coastal Management Act (Act24 of 2008)
NEMA: EIA Regulations
Environmental Conservation Act – ECA (Act 73 of 1989)
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 12
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000)
o Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998)
o National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998)
o Water Services Act (Act 108 of 1997)
o Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA) (Act 43 of 1983)
o Disaster Management Act (Act 57 of 2002)
o National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) (Act 25 of 1999)
o National Forests Act (Act 84 of 1998)
o National Veld and Forest Fire Act (No 101 of 1998)
o Land Use Planning Ordinance (Ordinance 15 of 1985)
o Nature and Environmental Conservation Ordinance (Ordinance 19 of 1974)
There are also several international environmental conventions which have relevance to the
to South Africa, including the Convention on Biodiversity; the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
of International Importance; the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and
Natural Heritage Sites; the African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources; and the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals.5
Topic 1.2: Global, regional, and local environmental issues [KT0102]
Definition of the environment
Because the environment means different things to different people it is necessary to start
by defining what it means. In this policy the word environment refers to the conditions and
influences under which any individual or thing exists, lives, or develops. These conditions
and influences include:
the natural environment including renewable and non-renewable natural resources
such as air, water, land, and all forms of life,
5 https://westcoastdm.co.za/about/environmental-
management/#:~:text=Environmental%20Management%20can%20be%20defined,activities%20on%20the%2
0natural%20environment%E2%80%9D.&text=Environmental%20management%20tries%20to%20identify,ne
eds%20but%20protecting%20the%20environment.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 13
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
the social, political, cultural, economic, working, and other factors that determine
people's place in and influence on the environment,
natural and constructed spatial surroundings, including urban and rural landscapes
and places of cultural significance, ecosystems and the qualities that contribute to
their value.
Culture, economic considerations, social systems, politics, and value systems determine the
interaction between people and the environment, the use of natural resources, and the
values and meanings that people attach to life forms, ecological systems, physical and
cultural landscapes, and places. People are part of the environment and are at the centre of
concerns for its sustainability.
Opportunities and constraints
The environment plays an essential role in determining future opportunities and constraints
for growth and development. Past development has emphasised exploitation and
optimisation of South Africa's mineral and natural resources with little concern for long-
term environmental impacts. It has neglected the development of the country's human
resources and largely ignored constraints arising from the finite character of non-renewable
natural resources and the ecological cycles that sustain renewable natural resources. By
keeping within these limits we ensure the basis of our own future well-being.
South African environmental policy seeks to maintain natural life sustaining processes by
ensuring that the carrying capacity of the environment is not exceeded. It also recognises
that constraints, essential for environmental sustainability, can lead to innovation. An
example is the technological innovation in countries like Japan and Germany, based partly
on the search for energy efficiency driven by high energy prices. Environmental
sustainability emphasises the interdependence of social and economic development and
environmental protection. It places necessary economic growth in the context of the
sustainable use of natural, social, and cultural resources as the basis of economic activity
and decision-making. Sustainable use If environmental concerns are ignored, growth and
development may lead to short term improvements in overall living standards. However,
they will lower the quality of life for many people, particularly poorer people who already
face degraded living environments.
Failure to address the sustainable use of natural resources will degrade the resource base
on which we depend. To avoid this, environmental policy must set us on a course that will
achieve the goal of sustainable use, where the environmental impacts of society are in
harmony with natural ecological cycles of renewal. To achieve this, sustainable development
must ensure that the direction of investments, the orientation of technological
developments, and institutional mechanisms work together towards the goal of sustainable
use that will meet present and future needs. 6
6 https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/legislations/environemtal_management_0.pdf
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 14
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Global Issues
ISO’S CLIMATE-SMART FUTURE FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES7
By Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis on 25 June 2020
From droughts to floods, rising seas to extreme weathers, communities around the world
are already experiencing increased climate impacts. These pose threats to life, property,
economic well-being and to ecosystems. New guidance from ISO will help local governments
and communities to prepare for such threats and the associated risks.
The new ISO technical specification ISO/TS 14092:2020, Adaptation to climate change –
Requirements and guidance on adaptation planning for local governments and communities,
will help local governments and communities in taking initial action to create a safe, socially
and economically secure and sustainable society that is resilient to current and future
impacts of climate change.
All of the top five risks facing the world are now linked to the climate crisis, according to the
World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Risks Report 2020. Extreme weather events, major
biodiversity loss and a failure to halt global warming are the biggest threats concerning
hundreds of key decision makers, a poll by the WEF found.
The new ISO/TS 14092 recognises that the impacts posed by climate change vary widely
from region to region and directly affect local governments, including the public services
they offer, as well as the safety and security of individuals within their jurisdiction. It
supports them in adapting to climate change based on vulnerability, impacts and risk
assessments. It also supports the setting of priorities for tackling the deep-rooted risks.
“Preparing for risks posed by climate change and planning for adaptation at local
government and community levels is essential,” explains Sara Jane Snook, Chair of the group
of experts that developed the new guidance. “The step-by-step process presented in
ISO/TS 14092 enables tailoring of the local adaptation plan to suit the climate,
environmental and societal conditions in each case. It will lead to developing a robust,
effective adaptation plan that can be implemented, promoting appropriate climate action
today and in the future.”
7 https://www.iso.org/news/ref2526.html
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 15
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
This new ISO specification also describes how to develop an adaptation plan at the local
government and community levels. It outlines why and how to establish an appropriate
(well-structured and collaborative) governance structure and the elements of the
adaptation planning and implementation processes. These details include establishing a
facilitation team, assessing risks, and developing an effective plan, monitoring the progress
of adaptation implementation, and evaluating its achievement with the aim of continually
improving the plan.8
Climate Change
Climate Change is the name given to long term changes to temperature on and around the
Earth’s surface, which causes long term shifts to weather patterns.
Climate Change is not limited to one region, it impacts the whole of the Earth. It is causing
polar ice sheets and glaciers to melt; and sea levels to rise. Extreme weather events such as
typhoons and hurricanes are becoming more common in some regions of the world, while
other regions experience more punishing droughts and heat waves.
The warmer ocean surface temperatures impact corals and alter coral reef communities by
prompting coral bleaching events and altering ocean chemistry. These impacts affect corals
and the many organisms that use coral reefs as habitat.
In 2014, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) published the 5th
Assessment report on climate change based on long-term scientific evidence. This stated
that the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations (namely carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs),
and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) over the past 100 years has predominantly been caused by
human activities.
8 https://www.iso.org/news/ref2526.html
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 16
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
How do Green-House Gases (GHG)s change the temperature?
GHGs are able to absorb long wave radiation (heat) that is reflected off the Earth’s surface.
They are then able to reemit this radiation back down to Earth. If there were no GHGs in our
atmosphere the Earth would be too cold for life as we know it to exist. However, as more
fossil fuels, are burnt and other GHGs are released, the atmosphere is able to absorb more
radiation and so is warming up. This is known as the greenhouse effect.
What are Largest Sources of GHGs?
GHG emissions come from a range of human activities including electricity generation,
industrial process, and transportation.
Source: Davis et al. (2018)
Currently electricity and transport represent the largest sources of emissions and greatest
opportunity for saving.
The Importance of 1.5⁰C Temperature Rise
The global temperature has risen significantly since the Industrial Revolution and
particularly steeply over the past 40 years., with increasingly levels of human activity.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has voiced that if the temperature
rise can be held to below 1.5⁰C, then the irreversible effects of climate change can be
avoided. Above this level there will be highly significant and permanent changes to our
environment and biodiversity.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 17
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Source: NOAA (2020)
What effects of climate change are being seen?
The effects of climate change are already being seen across the Earth. The IPPC reported in
the 5th Assessment Report that since 1880 there has been an increase in average surface
temperature of 0.85⁰C. This may seem like a small number compared to changes in daily
temperature however to put it into comparison how small global temperature changes can
have a large effect, if the Earth’s surface temperature were lowered by 5⁰C it would be in a
full ice age.
Other changes currently being seen:
1. Increase in sea level (global sea level has increased by 0.19m between 1910 and
2010)
2. Increase in sea surface temperature (global average increase of 0.11⁰C between
1971 and 2010)
3. Reduction in sea ice (2016 saw the lowest winter sea ice ever recorded, beating the
2015 record)
4. Change in precipitation (Some areas of the Earth are becoming seeing more intense
flooding while others are seeing severe droughts)
5. Change in El Nino intensity (As El Nino intensity is in part based on sea surface
temperatures, rising temperatures will cause more intense El Ninos causing flooding,
droughts, wild fires, and famines.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 18
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
6. Ocean Acidification (The acidity of the oceans has decreased by 0.1 on the pH scale
since the beginning of the industrial era). 9
Topic 1.3: Environmental aspects and impacts [KT0103]
Environmental Aspects and Impacts: Quick Facts 10
An organisation’s activities, products and services that interact with the environment are
referred to as “aspects”, which may have a negative or positive impact on the environment.
Typically, aspects might include emissions to air, discharges to water and waste arisings,
which in turn may generate environmental and health impacts such as global warming,
water pollution or contaminated land.
Some activities, such as those of an office-based service, will have relatively minor
environmental impacts, such as energy used and emissions linked to air conditioning.
Whereas some heavy industrial aspects such as processes that cause emissions to air and
discharges to water may have significant environmental impacts.
Managing environmental aspects and impacts is arguably the most important component of
an environment management system. This topic explains how to identify environmental
aspects and related impacts and provides useful methods for determining relative
significance in terms of risks to the environment. It also explains how to compile a register
of significant aspects and impacts.
An environmental aspect is an element of an organisation’s activities, products, and
services that can interact with the environment. These can include discharges to
water, emissions to air, waste and use of natural resources and materials. What is an
Environmental Aspect?
Aspects of an organisation’s activities, products or services that change the
environment (either adversely or beneficially), are referred to as “environmental
impacts”. What is an Environmental Impact?
The relationship between aspect and impact is simply “cause and effect”. For
example, emissions to air and water (aspects) can generate adverse impacts such as
pollution and global warming. Beneficial impacts might include improvements in
energy efficiency that may reduce CO2 emissions.
An organisation must assess the aspects and impacts which it can influence or
control, either directly or substantially. Direct and Indirect Environmental Aspects
An aspects and impacts analysis is a form of environmental risk assessment, whereby
an organisation determines the severity of the actual and potential threats its
9 https://www.carbonfootprint.com/warming.html
10 https://app.croneri.co.uk/topics/environmental-aspects-and-
impacts/quickfacts#:~:text=An%20environmental%20aspect%20is%20an,can%20interact%20with%20the%
20environment.&text=Aspects%20of%20an%20organisation's%20activities,to%20as%20%E2%80%9Cenvir
onmental%20impacts%E2%80%9D.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 19
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
activities and processes etc. can have on the environment. This should also take into
account past, present and future aspects. Suggested Approach — Aspects and
Impacts Analysis
Analysis and assessment allows the organisation to determine significance of its
aspects and impacts and set priorities for reducing environmental risks
accordingly. Defining Significance
Aspects and impacts analysis is a key requirement in:
o ISO 14001 Requirements of ISO 14001
o EU Eco-management and Audit Scheme Requirements of EMAS
o ISO 14005 EMS — Guidelines for Phased Implementation Based on a Project
Approach.
The procedures used to manage environmental aspects and impacts should also
consider the legal or other requirements that control them. The environment agency
has published guidance on risk assessment for environmental permits. Regulatory
Tools for Environmental Risk Assessment.
Environmental Aspects and Impacts Examples
11
11 https://aeasseincludes.assp.org/professionalsafety/pastissues/055/02/F1Ayers_0210Z.pdf
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 20
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Topic 1.4: Environmental education and the work environment [KT0104]
Environmental Management Systems12
An environmental management system helps organisations identify, manage, monitor, and
control their environmental issues in a “holistic” manner.
Other ISO standards that look at different types of management systems, such as ISO 9001
for quality management and ISO 45001 for occupational health and safety, all use a High-
Level Structure. This means that ISO 14001 can be integrated easily into any existing ISO
management system.
ISO 14001 is suitable for organisations of all types and sizes, be they private, not-for-profit,
or governmental. It requires that an organisation considers all environmental issues relevant
to its operations, such as air pollution, water and sewage issues, waste management, soil
contamination, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and resource use and efficiency.
Like all ISO management system standards, ISO 14001 includes the need for continual
improvement of an organisation’s systems and approach to environmental concerns. The
standard has recently been revised, with key improvements such as the increased
prominence of environmental management within the organisation’s strategic planning
processes, greater input from leadership and a stronger commitment to proactive initiatives
that boost environmental performance.
Key Benefits
There are many reasons why an organisation should take a strategic approach to improving
its environmental performance. Users of the standard have reported that ISO 14001 helps:
Demonstrate compliance with current and future statutory and regulatory
requirements
Increase leadership involvement and engagement of employees
Improve company reputation and the confidence of stakeholders through strategic
communication
Achieve strategic business aims by incorporating environmental issues into business
management
Provide a competitive and financial advantage through improved efficiencies and
reduced costs
Encourage better environmental performance of suppliers by integrating them into
the organisation’s business systems
12 https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/store/en/PUB100371.pdf
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 21
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Topic 1.5: Construction and environmental sustainability [KT0105]
The importance of sustainability in construction
Construction is a massive industry today that impacts nearly every other industry across the
globe. It accounts for six percent of the global gross domestic product (GDP), indicating its
economic reach. With urban areas worldwide seeing increases of roughly 200,000 people
per day, more housing and infrastructure are needed all the time.
According to the European Commission, the building sector produces approximately one-
third of all waste, much of which ends up in landfill. As an industry, it also contributes with
11% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions and its current volume of natural resource
utilisation is not sustainable and substantially compromises the environment for the sake of
growth.
As these figures show, the construction industry faces significant challenges in reducing its
environmental footprint. Climate change, resource consumption, and water management
are all environmental issues that must be carefully considered when working towards
sustainability in construction today.
3 steps to sustainability in construction
Designing sustainable buildings is not enough. Construction companies must also take into
consideration the following:
1. Ensuring sustainability during construction
Sustainability can be one of the most challenging aspects of this industry. Buildings are
constructed using natural resources. Those resources are usually thrown out when they
have reached the end of their usefulness. For example, remodelling a building might result
in throwing away materials used in the initial construction to accommodate the desired
changes. This process can deplete natural resources at a rapid rate to substantially impact
the overall environment.
The way materials are used are not the only challenge in achieving sustainability in
construction. The construction process itself can also have a significant environmental
impact. Building sites, tools, equipment, and machinery take ample energy. Energy used for
heating the building or personnel quarters also contributes to the overall consumption. The
way this energy is used and where it comes from can have a huge impact on emissions.
Similarly, heavy machinery used in construction often runs on fossil fuels, further
exacerbating the footprint of the construction process. Land grading can also affect the
ability of the ground to absorb and capture water, which changes the overall scope of the
landscape and the stability of the foundation.
Reducing the amount of energy used in construction, shifting to electrically powered
equipment, and improving the overall energy efficiency of the construction site could be
ways of reducing the negative carbon impact.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 22
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Lean manufacturing processes in controlled environments is another way to reduce
environmental impact. Manufacturing may be completed in a controlled setting like an
indoor factory, where waste can be substantially reduced, and materials can be recycled
instead of thrown out. The components of the building are then taken to the site and
assembled, which takes less toll on the surroundings of the building.
2. Designing buildings for re-purposing
Instead of designing for a single purpose, today’s architect is challenged with the task of
creating a building that can be reconfigured as needed to meet changing needs. When
buildings are designed to be reused rather than demolished, we can reduce the amount of
waste going to landfills and reduce the overall consumption of raw materials.
Fortunately, solutions continue to be developed that support sustainability in construction.
Circular design eliminates the pattern of “design, build, use, and dispose” and replaces it
with one that is more environmentally friendly. A cycle of designing out waste, keeping
products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems is a more sustainable way
to ensure construction keeps up with demand without the profound environmental impact
seen in the past.
One example of circular design is being built in a neighbourhood near Aarhus in Denmark.
Builders designed building systems that could be constructed and then taken down and
rebuilt into new buildings. The goal of the project is to be able to reuse 90 percent of the
materials without a significant decline in value.
3. Considering the materials used
The construction industry in the UK produces three times more waste than all UK
households. Of this waste around 20 million tonnes of waste annually goes straight to
landfills.
This is, in part, because building materials are not designed to be reused or recycled
efficiently. This is not only problematic because of the huge amount of waste, but also
because these structures are produced using raw materials. The extraction and treatment of
these raw materials is taxing for environment resulting in damage on both local and global
scale.
When constructing new buildings, or renovating old ones, it is important to consider the use
of materials that can be source sustainable and can be recycled after use. Recycling forms a
key element of the circular economy and it is time for construction to become circular.
Designing buildings with the circular economy in mind also sets a high standard for the
longevity and robustness of the building elements used. Choosing building materials that
are long-lasting and can serve multiple purposes lowers the cost of renovating the buildings
over time and ensures consistent performance.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 23
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Currently, the construction industry is making a profound impact on the environment; thus,
it becomes extremely important that companies work towards maximising the positive
benefits while minimising its negative components. Fortunately, there are plenty of steps
construction companies can take to ensure both their materials and their manufacturing
processes lead to sustainability in construction. These steps are good for the environment,
as well as the company’s bottom line.13
Topic 1.6: Eco footprint [KT0106]
The simplest way to define ecological footprint would be to call it the impact of human
activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water required
to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated. More simply, it is
the amount of the environment necessary to produce the goods and services necessary to
support a particular lifestyle. 14
13 https://www.rockwoolgroup.com/our-thinking/blog/the-importance-of-sustainability-in-construction/
14 https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/teacher_resources/webfieldtrips/ecological_balance/eco_footprint/
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 24
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
How the Footprint Works
Ecological Footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature.
On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets that a given
population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes (including plant-based
food and fibre products, livestock and fish products, timber and other forest products, space
for urban infrastructure) and to absorb its waste, especially carbon emissions.
The Ecological Footprint tracks the use of six categories of productive surface areas:
cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on
land.
On the supply side, a city, state, or nation’s biocapacity represents the productivity of its
ecological assets (including cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and built-up
land). These areas, especially if left unharvested, can also absorb much of the waste we
generate, especially our carbon emissions.
Both the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity are expressed in global hectares—globally
comparable, standardised hectares with world average productivity.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 25
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Each city, state or nation’s Ecological Footprint can be compared to its biocapacity.
If a population’s Ecological Footprint exceeds the region’s biocapacity, that region runs
an ecological deficit. Its demand for the goods and services that its land and seas can
provide—fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, wood, cotton for clothing, and carbon dioxide
absorption—exceeds what the region’s ecosystems can renew. A region in ecological deficit
meets demand by importing, liquidating its own ecological assets (such as overfishing),
and/or emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. If a region’s biocapacity exceeds its
Ecological Footprint, it has an ecological reserve. 15
Other reference resources:
https://www.maropeng.co.za/content/page/your-ecological-footprint
Topic 1.7: Pollution types and their impact [KT0107]
Types and Effects of Pollutants
Pollutants are chemicals or materials that pollute the air, the water or the soil in some form
and are caused by human activities. Pollutants are the cause of many different kinds of
crises that harm humans as well as wildlife and the environment. The three main types of
pollution are the most conventional forms that are the best known; however, there are
several other types that are pollution in a different sense of the word.
The term "pollution" refers to any substance that negatively impacts the environment or
organisms that live within the affected environment. The five major types of pollution
include: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, light pollution, and noise pollution.
Air Pollution
The major source of air pollution results from the burning of fossil fuels, which causes an
excess of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Vehicles commonly cause this kind of
pollution, as does the burning of coal. Fossil fuels being burned create a substance
commonly referred to as smog, which is a dense layer of carbon-monoxide-based cloud
matter. Air pollution is a contributing factor of asthma, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, as
well as many other lung-based ailments. The burning of a large amount of fossil fuels can
also result in the mixture of sulfuric acid and nitrogen, which can combine to form acid rain.
Water Pollution
Water pollution is primarily caused by watery run-off from agricultural sites, industrial sites,
and urban sites. Runoff consists of harmful, contaminated, or unnatural chemicals or
substances that interfere with a water source to infect and ultimately destroy the water
therein. Agricultural runoff includes toxins found in pesticides and herbicides, urban runoff
15 https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 26
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
contains large amounts of organic waste and industrial runoff often contains high amounts
of chemical toxins and residues.
Any of these pollutants entering a water source can cause multiple health issues, the
spreading of dangerous diseases and potentially premature death of humans and other
animals.
Soil Pollution
Soil can become polluted as a result of improper disposal of chemical materials or toxins.
This often occurs near large agricultural sites where excess herbicides or pesticides are used
on crops. Sites that become polluted often become barren wastelands with toxic soil. These
sites are often abandoned and cannot be used, resulting in a large stretch of land going to
waste.
Other Pollutions
Another kind of pollution is known as light pollution. This is the result of urban or highly-
populated areas requiring an excess of unnatural lights. This kind of pollution can cause
problems in the migration patterns of birds as well as disrupting the cycles of nocturnal
animals. It also makes the stars and other celestial phenomena hard to see.
Sound pollution is another type of lesser-known pollution caused by an excess of human-
created sounds that are very loud and disruptive in nature. This type of pollution can impact
the movement patterns of sea mammals as well as the nesting ability of some birds.
Types of Pollutants
Air Pollution
A major source of air pollution results from the burning of fossil fuels. Vehicle and factory
emissions are common sources of this type of air pollution. The burning of fossil fuels
contributes to the formation of smog, a dense layer of particulate matter that hangs like a
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 27
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
cloud over many major cities and industrial zones. Air pollution contributes to respiratory
problems such as asthma, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and other lung ailments.
Nitrogen and sulphur oxides in the air contribute to acid rain, which is a form of
precipitation with a lower (more acidic) pH than normal. Acid rain harms forests, species
that live in water bodies, and degrades outdoor statues, monuments, and buildings.
Water Pollution
A major source of water pollution is runoff from agricultural fields, industrial sites, or urban
areas. Runoff disrupts the water body's natural balance. For example, agricultural runoff
typically includes fertilizer or toxic chemicals. Fertilizer can cause algal blooms (an explosive
growth of algae), choking out other plants and decreasing the amount of available oxygen
necessary for the survival of other species. Raw sewage is another type of water pollutant.
When sewage gets into the drinking water supply, serious stomach and digestive issues may
result, including the spread of diseases such as typhoid or dysentery. A third source of water
pollution is trash. Improperly disposed of items, such as plastic bags, fishing line, and other
materials may accumulate in the water and lead to the premature death of animals that get
tangled within the garbage.
Soil Pollution
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 28
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Soil can become polluted by industrial sources or the improper disposal of toxic chemical
substances. Common sources of soil pollution include asbestos, lead, PCBs, and overuse of
pesticides/herbicides.
Light Pollution
Light pollution refers to the large amount of light produced by most urban and other
heavily-populated areas. Light pollution prevents citizens from seeing features of the night
sky and has also been shown to impede the migration patterns of birds and the activities of
nocturnal animals.
Noise Pollution
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 29
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Noise pollution typically refers to human-made noises that are either very loud or disruptive
in manner. This type of pollution has been shown to impact the movement of sea mammals,
such as dolphins and whales and also impacts the nesting success of birds. 16
16 https://sciencing.com/define-chemical-pollution-6027793.html
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 30
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Chapter 2 | Concepts, theories, and principles of energy
efficiency [KM-04-KT02]
The Topic Elements to be covered in the chapter referenced above include:
Chapter referenced above include:
Topic Topic Element/Heading Knowledge/Theory
No. Code
1 Energy efficiency legislation applicable to KT0201
transportation and how they impact or affect the work
2
3 activities on the transportation system
4
Energy saving KT0202
Managing water usage KT0203
Waste management KT0204
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the
following Internal Assessment Criteria or Learning Outcomes relevant to this topic:
No. Learning Outcomes IAC
1 Explain the impact of specific aspects of the Energy Efficiency IAC0201
legislation on transportation activities
IAC0202
2 Discuss energy saving activities that are applicable in the
transportation sector to improve their Eco footprint IAC0203
3 Evaluate practices within the Transport sector that contribute IAC0204
toward environmental sustainability IAC0205
4 Discuss the importance of managing water usage
5 Explain why it is important that the environment is taken care
of and identify waste management practices in the Transport
sector and their relationship to environmentally damaging
practices
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 31
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Topic 2.1: Energy efficiency legislation applicable to transportation and how
they impact or affect the work activities on the transportation system [KT0201]
Transport – Its Contribution to Global Energy Demand17
Average annual worldwide primary energy demand is projected to increase by 1.5% by 2030.
This would lead to an overall increase in energy demand of 40% between 2007 and 2030.
Fossil fuels will remain the primary source of energy worldwide, while the share of
renewables will only increase slowly. The different sectors of end use (transport, industry,
households, services, agriculture, and non-energy uses) will drive the growth in demand in
different ways, but transport will remain the single largest final energy consuming sector.
Road transport consumes approximately 70% of the energy used in the global transport
system. Road passenger transport alone accounts for 50% of this energy consumption. The
global transport energy use has grown steadily in recent decades. From 1971 to 2006,
energy consumption in the transport sector rose between 2.0 and 2.5% annually. The road
transport sector uses the most energy, followed by aviation. Whereas in industrialised
countries energy consumption has now stabilised at a high or slightly declining level, the
growth rate of transport energy consumption in non-OECD countries between 2000 and
2006 was 4.3%, and that rate will continue to grow.
Energy-efficient transport offers huge potential for reducing the demand both for oil and for
energy in general. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that advanced
technologies and alternative fuels (hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and fuel-cell vehicles)
can reduce the energy intensity of transport by 20 to 40% by 2050, compared to its own
Reference Scenario. Such achievements could also halve the need for fossil fuels. However,
even if the energy intensity is reduced total energy demand is still likely to rise above
current levels due to the overall increase in demand for transport and motorisation. To cut
future demand from the current levels, it is necessary not only that we shift to more
efficient modes of transport, but also that we reduce the overall per capita demand for
travel.
Increasing Energy Efficiency in the Transport Sector
Energy-efficient transportation needs to be encouraged on three different levels: system
efficiency, travel efficiency and vehicle efficiency. Corresponding to these three levels of
energy efficiency in transport, three basis strategies exist to improve energy efficiency:
Avoiding increased transport activity and reducing the current demand for transport;
Shifting demand to more efficient modes of transport;
Improving the vehicles and fuels used.
17 https://energypedia.info/wiki/Urban_Transport_and_Energy_Efficiency
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 32
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Increasing Energy Efficiency in the Transport Sector (S. Boehler-Baedeker, Hueging H. 2012, Urban
Transport and Energy Efficiency, Eschborn, Germany)
System Efficiency – The Avoid/Reduce Strategy
System efficiency relates to how the demand for transport (and the different modes of
transport) is generated. Research has shown that infrastructure and city structures influence
transport demand. Energy consumption per capita rises proportionally as city density falls.
The reduction of traffic volume is a crucial aspect of energy-efficient transport. Land-use
planning should therefore optimise the positioning of settlement and production structures
to avoid traffic or to reduce travel distances. A dense urban structure with mixed uses is
essential for high system efficiency, because it involves shorter travel distances and a modal
shift from road transport (which consumes an enormous amount of space) to more efficient
transport modes such as walking, cycling and public transport. The prerequisites for system
efficiency do not only include a dense city system, but also proper management of the
demand for transport and an adequate public transport network.
Freight transport also benefits from dense city structures with short distances. Combining
residential and commercial areas reduces the transportation of private goods. The challenge,
however, is to ensure there is sufficient space and high-quality infrastructure for modern
industry. One possible solution is to locate a dense, suburban industrial area close to a
freight consolidation centre. Outgoing and incoming freight is therefore organised and
freight transport efficiency can be improved. Moreover, the bundling of deliveries to the city
centre minimises pollution and noise.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 33
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Travel Efficiency – The Shift Strategy
Travel efficiency relates to the energy consumption of different modes of transport. The
main parameters of travel efficiency are the relative preponderance of the different
transport modes (modal split) and the load factor of the vehicles. An effective way of
enhancing energy efficiency is to encourage travellers or shippers to use more efficient
forms of transport, such as public transport and non-motorised vehicles.
Especially in urban areas, most journeys involve distances of below five kilometres. A variety
of measures can be implemented to encourage citizens to travel such distances by bike or
on foot. For longer journeys, public transport provides an alternative to the automobile.
Increasing the share of public transport will lead to higher rates of occupancy in buses and
trains, which will further increase their energy efficiency.
Besides passenger transport, energy efficiency also needs to be increased in freight
transport. Rail freight is particularly energy efficient because of the high load factor; its
flexibility is, of course, limited. A sophisticated logistic network, including multimodal
logistics centres can help to shift freight to more efficient modes of transport.
Vehicle Efficiency – The Improve Strategy
Reducing the per-kilometre fuel consumption of vehicles increases their efficiency. This can
be done with technology and design improvements, but also through efficient driving
techniques. Measures can be clustered into three categories:
Improvement of existing vehicles;
New fuel concepts;
Development of new car concepts. (e.g., electric vehicles)
The strategy of improvement is not only relevant for private cars, but also for freight and
public transport. Specific measures for passenger cars include the use of lightweight
materials, downsizing (reducing the volume of the engine and size of the car) and/or using
hybrid engines. Such technological improvements are mainly a job for vehicle
manufacturers and research institutes. However, legislation and fiscal measures can be
important drivers of technological advances. Local authorities can support the diffusion of
efficiency technologies in the market by setting standards, raising awareness, and creating
incentives for consumers to buy more energy efficient vehicles.
Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures Local Authorities
The city government and associated institutions are responsible for spatial and urban
planning, which determines the shape of the city. Strategic plans are developed for the road
and rail networks and for the settlement structures.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 34
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
They are therefore the key actors in developing long-term strategies or master plans for
greater energy efficiency. With the right incentives the use of highly energy-efficient modes
of transport could be expanded and their attractiveness enhanced.
Wrong incentives, which promote the use of private motorised vehicles, must be reduced. It
is important that non-efficient modes of transport become less convenient to use
throughout the entire urban structure.
The political will for change and strong leadership are crucial, as is the continuity of political
decision making, even beyond legislative periods. Mayors and city governments have to set
the overall agenda. They outline quantitative and qualitative targets, and they establish and
promote common objectives that reach beyond the local government and administration.
The media and the public are important stakeholders in this context.
Mayors and city governments should ensure that their local energy efficiency concepts not
only solve their particular urban development problems, but also provide multiple benefits:
Better transportation system and more comfortable forms of travel;
Reductions in air pollution and noise, with a positive impact on human health and
city liveability;
Reduction of environmental damage, both locally and on a global scale;
Reduction of urban sprawl by promoting dense structures and mixed land use;
Increased competitiveness and attractiveness of the city (including for foreign
investors), which attracts companies and highly qualified employees;
Additional revenue for the city that could be invested in new transport infrastructure
and contribute to the reduction of external transport costs.
It is important for a city government to maintain a holistic view of its energy efficiency
measures, and that it identifies and solves any conflicts that arise between different
divisions. It can be helpful to establish a multidisciplinary organisational unit or to launch
thematic working groups.
City councils can encourage more efficient transport through the way they manage their
won municipal mobility. Similar to a private enterprise, a municipality can improve its own
efficiency with the following measures:
Municipal mobility management;
Green procurement policy for municipal vehicles;
Eco-driving training for municipal employees.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 35
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Thus, city administrations can serve as role models for the use of cleaner technologies, and
they can encourage private companies in the city to follow their example.
Local Companies and Organisations
The private sector is highly significant, and city authorities need to be in close contact with
local companies. If the local public transport system is operated by private companies, it is
essential that the city authorities cooperate closely with them.
Local NGOs are also key actors since they can exert political pressure and put energy
efficiency measures on the agenda.
In many cities, urban rail and bus systems are run by different operators. Uncoordinated
networks and schedules lead to long waiting times for passengers transferring from one
mode of transport to another. Different fare systems force users to buy separate tickets for
each leg of their journey. To address such shortcomings, the various local operators can be
encouraged to cooperate in a single public transport network. To help users find their way,
improved passenger information could be made available at stations and inside vehicles. In
addition, a common ticketing system could be implemented. Integrating services requires
greater planning and communication among the operators, but it attracts new customers.
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) can play an important role in adjusting services
and infrastructure to the needs of the users, if local administrations involve them in the
decision making process. Transport and environmental organisations, for instance, can
contribute to strategy formulation. Participation increases public acceptance, and at the
same time imparts in-depth knowledge of people’s needs. Customer user groups can
identify weakness in the local transport system, e.g. barriers to cycling and walking in the
existing infrastructure. It can be useful to cooperate with NGOs when organising campaigns
such as bike-to-work programmes, community cycling events or car-free days. Other NGO-
based campaigns might include awareness raining activities to inform the public about the
advantages of energy-efficient modes of transport.
National Governments
National governments play an important role in urban transport. For the countrywide
establishment of energy-efficient transport, national governments have to create
favourable conditions and support local initiatives. The commitment of national
governments is essential because it is the national strategies, programmes and legislation
that underpin local policies. National authorities can influence local budgets for the
transport system. They administer national taxes and decide on the disbursement of grants
and subsidies to local government, and they are usually also responsible for supporting
research and development, and pilot projects. Furthermore, national taxation schemes or
financial incentives can influence how citizens choose their means of transport.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 36
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Fuel prices, which are regulated by the national government, shape the country’s transport
structure. If the national government subsidies fuel or does not implement proper fuel
taxation, private motorised vehicles will dominate the transport system and in many cases
the government will lack the necessary financial resources to provide a high quality
transport infrastructure.
Policy Packages for Energy-Efficient Urban Transport – Exploiting Synergies
A proper policy to enhance energy efficiency in the urban transport system must address all
three levels of energy-efficient transport: system efficiency, travel, and vehicle efficiency.
Strategies and policy packages deliver that kind of mixed approach. Ideally, positive
incentives (‘pull’ measures) need to be supported by disincentives (‘push’ measures). A well
developed and convenient public transport infrastructure can attract more passengers, but
that is often not enough, in itself, to inspire a major shift from private car use to public
transport. Therefore, steps have to be taken to overcome these factors, such as pricing
measures that increase the cost of car use, or parking restrictions that reduce the
convenience. These steps will prompt a more rapid shift towards energy-efficient modes of
transport.
Conclusion – The Path to an Energy-Efficient Transport System
A wide variety of potential policies and measures exists to increase energy efficiency in local
transport. In order to achieve the maximum benefits, there is a need to coordinate the
various political levels and actors. It is also necessary to bundle these measures into
comprehensive packages. In many regions, institutional, economic, and social barriers
inhibit the use of certain instruments. Political decision makers and other key actors need to
consider these obstacles in order to identify a path to sustainable and energy-efficient
transport.
Further Information
Further and more detailed information can be found on the homepage of
the Sustainable Urban Transport Project. The Sustainable Urban Transport Project
aims to help developing world cities achieve their sustainable transport goals,
through the dissemination of information about international experience, policy
advice, training, and capacity building.18
18 https://energypedia.info/wiki/Urban_Transport_and_Energy_Efficiency
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 37
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Topic 2.2: Energy saving [KT0202]
National Electricity Efficiency Programme 19
South Africans have since the winter of 2014 again been urged to use electricity sparingly to
help ease the pressure off the national grid.
In the last three years, Eskom had increased maintenance work at its plants. The completion
of the Medupi power plant is expected to ease the pressure from Eskom’s ageing power grid,
but the collapse of a coal silo at Majuba power station has led to load shedding in the short
term.
The National Energy Efficiency Campaign
South Africa is one of the world’s least energy efficient nations. We use approximately 40%
of Africa’s electricity, and are the 11th highest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world.
Our national addiction to energy has led to the situation where our reserve margin is
unsustainably low, and the reliability of our electricity supply is under threat. Our energy
habits have adverse effects on our economy, our environment, and our health.
The government and Eskom have committed to increase our energy capacity, but this will
not be enough on its own. The government has been reaching out to all South Africans
through the National Energy Efficiency campaign to encourage all sectors of society to
conquer their “energy addictions”. By growing a culture of activism around energy savings,
we can take control of our energy situation and ensure a better future for all.
A website (link is external) for the National Energy Efficiency Campaign provides more
information on what you can do to save energy.
19 https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-electricity-efficiency-programme-0
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 38
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
As energy champions, your willingness to participate in this campaign is important for its
success. Your voices will add credibility to the campaign and will help to highlight the need
for South Africa to become energy efficient and adopt a culture of energy savings.
In addition, your involvement will help to highlight the severity of the challenges that
confront the country’s energy infrastructure.
There are a wide range of energy efficiency programmes that are currently being
implemented by the Department of Energy and other partners in South Africa. These
programmes are outlined below:
Industrial Energy Efficiency
The industry and mining sector was responsible for approximately 34% of the country’s
energy consumption in 2012. The main goal of the post-2015 National Energy Efficiency
Strategy for the commercial sector is to create an enabling environment for the full
exploitation of energy efficiency opportunities across the manufacturing and mining
sectors.
It should be noted that energy efficiency in the industry sector contributes to decoupling
economic growth and environmental impact while reducing industrial energy intensity and
improving competitiveness. According to the United Nations Industrial Development
Organisation (UNIDO), industry is responsible for more than one-third of global primary
energy consumption and energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. Industrial energy use is
estimated to grow at an annual rate of between 1.8% and 3.1% over a period of 25 years.
The Industrial Energy Efficiency Programme focuses on the:
Promotion of energy management systems and standards to provide companies
with a platform to sustain energy-efficient practices.
Promotion of energy systems optimisation in order to unlock the industry’s energy
savings potential.
Training of energy experts and practitioners to transfer skills to the broader
industrial sector.
Provision of pilot projects to demonstrate the impact of energy efficiency practices
on industries.
For additional information, please visit the Private Sector Energy Efficiency and National
Cleaner Production Centre of South Africa websites.
Industrial Energy Efficiency Targets
The National Energy Efficiency Strategy has set two targets for Industrial Energy Efficiency:
Manufacturing Target: a 16% reduction in weighted mean specific energy
consumption in manufacturing by 2030, relative to a baseline projected from 2015;
Mining Target: a cumulative total annual energy saving of 40 petajoules arising from
specific energy saving interventions undertaken by mining companies.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 39
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
The manufacturing target is based on the assumption of an average 5% energy saving in the
energy-intensive process-specific activities (e.g. blast-furnaces, smelters, cement kilns etc.)
along with an average 35% saving in generic energy-using activities (HVAC, lighting, pumps,
conveyors etc.) including the effects of behavioural change that need to accompany such
interventions.
The target for the mining sector is based on an estimate of the typical savings achieved by
the major mining companies over recent years combined with a synthesis of their stated
energy saving targets expressed for the near future.
Commercial Buildings
The commercial sector accounts about 4-5% of total final electricity consumption in the
country. The main goal of the post-2015 National Energy Efficiency Strategy for the
commercial sector is to accelerate the current rate of improvement in the energy
consumption per square metre of lettable/inhabited floor space in the commercial sector.
The commercial buildings target is based on the assumption that successive tightening of
building standards will yield an average improvement in specific energy consumption of 54%
across all new buildings by 2030. The Department is also rolling out the mandatory display
of energy performance certificates in all properties rented and owned by the commercial
sector.
Commercial Buildings Targets
The National Energy Efficiency Strategy has set the following target for commercial buildings:
Commercial Buildings Target: a 37% reduction in energy consumption by 2030
relative to a baseline projected from 2015.
Public Buildings
The main goal of the post-2015 National Energy Efficiency Strategy for public buildings is to
accelerate the current rate of improvement in energy consumption per square metre in
buildings occupied by the public sector at the national, provincial, and municipal levels.
The Department of Energy, in collaboration with the Department of Public Works and
Eskom, is retrofitting government buildings to make them more energy efficient, which will
contribute to a saving of about R600,000 in electricity bills annually. The Department of
Energy is also rolling out the mandatory display of energy performance certificates in all
government-owned buildings. The Roadmap to Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings can be
downloaded here.
Public Buildings Targets
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 40
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
The National Energy Efficiency Strategy has set the following target for commercial buildings:
Public Buildings Target: a 50% reduction in the specific energy consumption by 2030
relative to a baseline projected from 2015.
This target is based on the assumption that successive tightening of building standards will
result in reductions in energy consumption of 49% for half of the new buildings added
between now and 2030, and 67% for the other half. 20
Energy saving and efficiency considerations in transport have already been addressed.
Topic 2.3: Managing water usage [KT0203]
Water Resources Management
Water scarcity affects more than 40% of the global population. Water-related disasters
account for 70% of all deaths related to natural disasters. The World Bank helps countries
ensure sustainability of water use, build climate resilience, and strengthen integrated
management.
Today, most countries are placing unprecedented pressure on water resources. The global
population is growing fast, and estimates show that with current practices, the world will
face a 40% shortfall between forecast demand and available supply of water by 2030.
Furthermore, chronic water scarcity, hydrological uncertainty, and extreme weather events
(floods and droughts) are perceived as some of the biggest threats to global prosperity and
stability. Acknowledgment of the role that water scarcity and drought are playing in
aggravating fragility and conflict is increasing.
Feeding 9 billion people by 2050 will require a 60% increase in agricultural production,
(which consumes 70% of the resource today), and a 15% increase in water withdrawals.
Besides this increasing demand, the resource is already scarce in many parts of the world.
Estimates indicate that 40% of the world population live in water scarce areas, and
approximately ¼ of world’s GDP is exposed to this challenge. By 2025, about 1.8 billion
people will be living in regions or countries with absolute water scarcity. Water security is a
major – and often growing –challenge for many countries today.
20 https://www.savingenergy.org.za/programmes/
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 41
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Climate change will worsen the situation by altering hydrological cycles, making water more
unpredictable and increasing the frequency and intensity of floods and droughts. The
roughly 1 billion people living in monsoonal basins and the 500 million people living in deltas
are especially vulnerable. Flood damages are estimated in $120 billion per year (only from
property damage), and droughts pose, among others, constraints to the rural poor, highly
dependent on rainfall variability for subsistence.
The fragmentation of this resource also constrains water security. There are 276
transboundary basins, shared by 148 countries, which account for 60% of the global
freshwater flow. Similarly, 300 aquifers systems are transboundary in nature, meaning 2
billion people worldwide are dependent on groundwater. The challenges of fragmentation
are often replicated at the national scale, meaning cooperation is needed to achieve optimal
water resources management and development solutions for all riparians.
To deal with these complex and interlinked water challenges, countries will need to improve
the way they manage their water resources and associated services.
To strengthen water security against this backdrop of increasing demand, water scarcity,
growing uncertainty, greater extremes, and fragmentation challenges, stakeholders will
need to invest in institutional strengthening, information management, and (natural and
man-made) infrastructure development. Institutional tools such as legal and regulatory
frameworks, water pricing, and incentives are needed to better allocate, regulate, and
conserve water resources. Information systems are needed for resource monitoring,
decision making under uncertainty, systems analyses, and hydro-meteorological forecast
and warning. Investments in innovative technologies for enhancing productivity, conserving,
and protecting resources, recycling storm water and wastewater, and developing non-
conventional water sources should be explored in addition to seeking opportunities for
enhanced water storage, including aquifer recharge and recovery. Ensuring the rapid
dissemination and appropriate adaptation or application of these advances will be a key to
strengthening global water security. 21
Water security is the goal of water resources management. For a rapidly growing and
urbanising global population, against a backdrop of increasing climatic and non-climatic
uncertainties, it is not possible to 'predict and plan' a single path to water security. To
strengthen water security we need to build capacity, adaptability, and resilience for the
future planning and management of water resources.
Water Resources Management (WRM) is the process of planning, developing, and
managing water resources, in terms of both water quantity and quality, across all water
uses. It includes the institutions, infrastructure, incentives, and information systems that
support and guide water management. Water resources management seeks to harness the
benefits of water by ensuring there is sufficient water of adequate quality for drinking water
and sanitation services, food production, energy generation, inland water transport, and
water-based recreational, as well as sustaining healthy water-dependent ecosystems and
protecting the aesthetic and spiritual values of lakes, rivers, and estuaries.
21 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/waterresourcesmanagement#1
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 42
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Water resource management also entails managing water-related risks, including floods,
drought, and contamination. The complexity of relationships between water and
households, economies, and ecosystems, requires integrated management that accounts
for the synergies and trade-offs of water's great number uses and values.
Water security is achieved when water's productive potential is leveraged and its
destructive potential is managed. Water security differs from concepts of food security or
energy security because the challenge is not only one of securing adequate resource
provision – but also of mitigating the hazards that water presents where it is not well
managed. Water security reflects the actions that can or have been taken to ensure
sustainable water resource use, to deliver reliable water services, and to manage and
mitigate water-related risks. Water security suggests a dynamic construct that goes beyond
single-issue goals such as water scarcity, pollution, or access to water and sanitation, to
think more broadly about societies' expectations, choices, and achievements with respect to
water management. It is a dynamic policy goal, which changes as societies' values and
economic well-being evolve, and as exposure to and societies' tolerance of water-related
risks change. It must contend with issues of equity. 22
Topic 2.4: Waste management [KT0204]
National Waste Management Strategy 23
The National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) is a legislative requirement of the
National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008), the “Waste
Act”. The purpose of the NWMS is to achieve the objects of the Waste Act. Organs of state
and affected persons are obliged to give effect to the NWMS.
Waste management in South Africa faces numerous challenges and the NWMS provides a
plan to address them. The main challenges are:
A growing population and economy, which means increased volumes of waste
generated. This puts pressure on waste management facilities, which are already in
short supply.
Increased complexity of waste streams because of urbanisation and industrialisation.
The complexity of the waste stream directly affects the complexity of its
management, which is compounded by the mixing of hazardous wastes with general
waste.
A historical backlog of waste services for, especially, urban informal areas, tribal
areas, and rural formal areas. Although 61%1 of all South African households had
access to kerbside domestic waste collection services in 2007, this access remains
highly skewed in favour of more affluent and urban communities. Inadequate waste
22 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/waterresourcesmanagement#2
23https://www.environment.gov.za/documents/strategicdocuments/wastemanagement#:~:text=The%20waste%20m
anagement%20hierarchy%20consists,disposal%20as%20the%20last%20resort.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 43
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
services lead to unpleasant living conditions and a contaminated, unhealthy
environment.
Limited understanding of the main waste flows and national waste balance because
the submission of waste data is not obligatory and where available is often
unreliable and contradictory.
A policy and regulatory environment that does not actively promote the waste
management hierarchy. This has limited the economic potential of the waste
management sector, which has an estimated turnover of approximately R10 billion
per annum2. Both waste collection and the recycling industry make meaningful
contributions to job creation and GDP, and they can expand further.
Absence of a recycling infrastructure which will enable separation of waste at source
and diversion of waste streams to material recovery and buy back facilities.
Growing pressure on outdated waste management infrastructure, with declining
levels of capital investment and maintenance.
Waste management suffers from a pervasive under-pricing, which means that the
costs of waste management are not fully appreciated by consumers and industry,
and waste disposal is preferred over other options.
Few waste treatment options are available and so they are more expensive than
landfill costs.
Too few adequate, compliant landfills and hazardous waste management facilities,
which hinders the safe disposal of all waste streams. Although estimates put the
number of waste handling facilities at more than 20003, a significant number of
these are unpermitted.
The objects of the Waste Act are structured around the steps in the waste management
hierarchy, which is the overall approach that informs waste management in South Africa.
The waste management hierarchy consists of options for waste management during the
lifecycle of waste, arranged in descending order of priority: waste avoidance and reduction,
re-use and recycling, recovery, and treatment and disposal as the last resort.
The NWMS is structured around a framework of eight goals, which are to:
promote waste minimisation, re-use, recycling, and recovery of waste
ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services
grow the contribution of the waste sector to the green economy
ensure that people are aware of the impact of waste on their health, well-being, and
the environment
achieve integrated waste management planning
ensure sound budgeting and financial management for waste services
provide measures to remediate contaminated land
establish effective compliance with and enforcement of the Waste Act.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 44
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 45
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Chapter 3 | Theories, concepts, and principles of ethics [KM-04-
KT03]
The Topic Elements to be covered in the chapter referenced above include:
Topic Topic Element/Heading Knowledge/Theory
No. Code
Ethics Defined
1 Implementing Ethics in the Workplace KT0301
2 KT0302
3 Employer / Employee Rights KT0303
4 Business and Social Responsibilities KT0304
5 KT0305
6 Ethical Decisions KT0306
Unethical Behaviour
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the
following Internal Assessment Criteria or Learning Outcomes relevant to this topic:
No. Learning Outcomes IAC
1 Define what business ethics is and identify how it is relevant to IAC0301
your business
IAC0302
2 Discuss how to ensure ethical behaviour and describe the
characteristics of an ethical manager IAC0303
3 Identify unethical behaviour and discuss preventative measures
to address unethical behaviour
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 46
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Topic 3.1: Ethics Defined [KT0301]
What do we mean by ethics?
We are defining it as the principles, values, and beliefs that define right and wrong decisions
and behaviour. In an organisational environment, many decisions that managers make
require them to consider both the process and who is affected by the result (Robbins &
Coulter, 2016).
Topic 3.2: Implementing Ethics in the Workplace [KT0302]
Business ethics and its relevance to business
Business ethics is “the study of proper business policies and practices regarding potentially
controversial issues such as corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination,
corporate social responsibility and fiduciary responsibilities. Law often guides business
ethics, while other times business ethics provide a basic framework that businesses may
follow to gain public acceptance.”24
Business ethics is needed to ensure that a certain required level of trust exists between
consumers and various forms of market participants with businesses.25 The public needs to
be satisfied that a portfolio manager, for example, will give the same consideration to the
portfolios of family members and small individual investors alike. Such practices ensure the
public receives fair treatment.
Decisions taken within an organisation may be made by individuals or groups. Whoever
makes them will nevertheless be influenced by the culture of the company.26 The decision
to behave ethically is a moral one. Employees must decide what they think is the right
course of action. This may sometimes involve rejecting the path that would lead to the
biggest short-term profit at the expense of long-term gains.
Ethical behaviour and corporate social responsibility can bring significant benefits to a
business.
They may, for example:
Attract customers to the firm’s products, thus boosting sales and profits
Encourage employees to want to stay with the business thus reducing labour
turnover. This, in turn, will increase productivity
Attract more employees who want to work for the business thereby reducing
recruitment costs and enabling the company to get the most talented employees
Attract investors and keep the company’s share price high, thereby protecting the
business from takeover bids.
24 Kenton w, Business Ethics, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/business-ethics.asp31 March 2019.
25 Ibid
26 Accapr, Why is ethics important to business? blogs.accaglobal.com/2014/11/25/why-is-ethics-important-to-business/31
March 2019.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 47
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Knowing that the company they deal with has stated their morals and made a promise to
work in an ethical and responsible manner allows investors’ peace of mind because their
money is being used in a way that agrees with their own moral standing. When working for
a company with strong business ethics, employees are comfortable knowing that they are
not by their own action allowing unethical practices to continue. Customers will also be at
ease buying products or services from a company they know to source their materials and
labour in an ethical and responsible way.
An example would be a coffee company which states all their raw beans are picked from
sustainable plants where no deforestation has occurred, by people who are paid a good
living wage, in an area where investments have been made to ensure that producing the
coffee for a foreign market has not damaged the local way of life. It will find that all these
elements of their buying strategy are a selling point for their final product.
A company which works within its own ethical guidelines is also less likely of being fined for
poor behaviour. It also decreases its risk of finding themselves in breach of one of a large
number of laws concerning required behaviour.27
Reputation is one of a company’s most important assets, and one of the most difficult to
rebuild when it has been lost. Promise keeping is therefore crucial to maintaining that
reputation.
Businesses who do not follow any kind of ethical code or carry out their social responsibility
face a wide range of negative consequences. Unethical behaviour may damage a firm’s
reputation thus making it less appealing to stakeholders.
The environment can also be affected by a lack of business ethics. This is evident from the
impact on our oceans, streams, and rivers where businesses negligently dispose of their
waste products or fails to take a long-term view when buying up land for development,
The concept of business ethics arose in the 1960s when companies became more aware of a
rising consumer-based society which showed concerns regarding the environment, social
causes, and corporate responsibility. Business ethics goes beyond a moral code of right and
wrong and attempts to reconcile what companies must do legally versus maintaining
a competitive advantage over other businesses. Firms display business ethics in several
ways.28
1. Developing Ethical Standards for example. Codes of conduct and ethical handbooks.
2. Ensuring Leaders Exhibit Proper Behaviour’’ Company policy must ensure that
leaders have standards to adhere to and are account table to the board etc.
3. Being Diligent About Enforcing Policies. This can be done by ensuring that ethical
standards are monitored, and regular audits are carried out.
4. Praising Positive Behaviour. This will encourage employees to adopt and maintain
proper work standards and ethics.
5. Promoting Community Involvement. In South Africa this is critical as companies need
to give back to the communities that support them.
27 Ibid
28 Barnes T, Top 5 Ethical practices for your business, https://rmi-solutions.com/blog/pros-cons-white-collar-overtime-rule-
changes/31 March 2019.
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 48
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
SAQA 96368 Knowledge Module 4
Topic 3.3: Employer / Employee Rights [KT0303]
Developing Codes of Conduct
If your organisation is quite large, e.g., includes several large programs or departments, you
may want to develop an overall corporate code of ethics and then a separate code to guide
each of your programs or departments.
Codes should not be developed out of the Human Resource or Legal departments alone, as
is too often done. Codes are insufficient if intended only to ensure that policies are legal. All
staff must see the ethics program being driven by top management.
Note that codes of ethics and codes of conduct may be the same in some organisations,
depending on the organisation's culture and operations and on the ultimate level of
specificity in the code(s). (Extracted from Complete (Practical) Guide to Managing Ethics in
the Workplace.)29
Topic 3.4: Business and Social Responsibilities [KT0304]
Social Responsibility
Social responsibility and business ethics are often regarding as the same concepts. However,
the social responsibility movement is but one aspect of the overall discipline of business
ethics. The social responsibility movement arose particularly during the 1960s with
increased public consciousness about the role of business in helping to cultivate and
maintain highly ethical practices in society and particularly in the natural environment.
Topic 3.5: Ethical Decisions [KT0305]
Ensuring ethical behaviour in decision-making
One hundred fifty years. That was the maximum prison sentence handed to financier
Bernard Madoff, who stole billions of dollars from his clients, by a U.S. district judge who
called his crimes “evil.”
In Britain, which has been characterised by some critics as a “nanny state because of its
purported high level of social control and surveillance,” a controversy arose over the
monitoring of garbage cans. Many local governments have installed monitoring chips in
municipally distributed trash cans. These chips match cans with owners and can be used to
track the weight of the bins, leading some critics to fear that the country is moving to a pay-
as-you-go system, which they believe will discriminate against large families.
29 https://managementhelp.org/businessethics/index.htm
Learning materials developed by Global Maritime Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd for the Transport Education 49
Training Authority (TETA). v 2021
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Learner Guide
Related Publications
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search