R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 45 Chapter 7: IT and the use of Information systems IT (Information technology)85 is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information. Information system86 are formal, sociotechnical, organisational systems designed to collect, process, store and distribute information. A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that process or interpret information. SCM relies on the synchronisation of many functions, the root of which is communication. The technological revolution and globalisation have led to an explosion of technological advancements, facilitating the efficient and effective visibility of information which is one of the 3 critical flows of SCM. When information, in the form of data, is highly visible, this increases the effectiveness of the other critical flows, namely the flow of goods and financial resources. Each participant in the supply chain needs relevant information in order to forecast and make informed operational decisions. FFs who can quickly adapt to changes and embrace technology, will be able to drive scale and efficiency in their operations and have a competitive edge over other FFs. It has been observed that in a two-year period there has been a vast change in the technology available and the application of that technology. However, as a result the expectation and demand from clients has increased as well. Below are the 5 aspects that make up high quality information87 • Accuracy • Completeness • Consistency • Uniqueness • Timeliness Each of the factors are critical in the application of hardware and software to ensure high levels of customer service. This may be the tipping point which gives one organisation a competitive advantage over another. Superior information is a strong selling point. 85 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology 86 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system 87 http://www.computerbusinessresearch.com/Home/database/five-characteristics-of-high-quality-information
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 46 7.1:Technological advancements applied: Some of the technological advancements applied in the last decade are as follows: - Going-green: Making use of multiple screens per desk to reduce the amount of information that needs to be printed on hard copy paper. - Having the hardware capability to be online and have access to communication technology 24/7. This is a positive when dealing with different time zones which is a typical challenge for FFs and SCM practitioners. Decisions do not have to wait for morning or be limited to standard office hours. If a determination needs to be made immediately then a cell phone is a critical tool for communication, as well as a laptop, meaning the office is wherever the connectivity is. - Making use of software solutions for speed and efficiency, from customs EDI which allows customs releases to be processed remotely, at any time. EDI is facilitated through computer-to-computer data exchange, which allows for the electronic submission of a customs BOE88 , which contains all the shipment information required for import, export and transit clearances. The release is also electronic/paperless; therefore, this can be submitted via e-mail to airlines, shipping lines and any other operators involved in releasing cargo from customs. EDI has a much great use than just in the scope of a customs tool, which will be discussed in more detail later in the chapter. - e-mail push notifications: information can be sent via email to a group contact list. An example can be a customs update or new flashes significant to customers. This function is predominantly automated. This can also be an advantage to the client in that they can received notifications on various stages of the logistics process such as flight or vessel arrival, dispatch confirmation and PODs 89 . - Some of the above are part of the IoT90 which is a collection of interconnected physical devices that can monitor, report on and send exchange data via IoT devices which are usually able to synchronise via data or Wi-Fi networks. IoT devices can be used to track locations such as GPS technology. 88 BOE – Bill of entry or SAD500, which is the declaration documents to the customs authority 89 POD – Proof of delivery 90 Internet of things
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 47 EDI elaborated: Throughout the scope of SCM there are several concepts being repeated, due to their importance and one of these is the importance of information visibility. The primary application of EDI is to focus on the electronic exchange of business transactions, such as POs, shipping instructions and notices, and invoices. There are standardised, document formats which must be adhered to in order to move the sequence of data from one point to another. EDI91 Pros Cons Reduction in large volumes of paperwork Initial set up is time consuming Eliminates errors from handwritten documents Need electronic system protection to safeguard data Enhanced speed of transactions Ensure proper backup capabilities Increased speeds of information flow amongst various SCM processes Complex set up can be costly Combination of the pros result in money saved Secure and safe storage and movement of data Environmentally friendly Company may choose the type of Edi implementation depending on the goal - Using IT as a competitive tool in the supply chain process, from efficient pre-alerts being sent automatically, to auto invoicing. Information systems become a process to be managed, rather than the managing of actual shipments. - The purchasers use this for efficient order processing and monitoring, which simultaneously link to the freight forwarder and supplier, to ensure the process is smooth and expedited where necessary. 91 https://searcherp.techtarget.com/tutorial/Introduction-to-supply-chain-management-SCM-EDI
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 48 7.2:Software solutions: The FF has a range of software solutions, which enable speed and accuracy with regards to the flow of information. With the software solutions available, there is a history of data that is extremely useful in drawing various report. These reports can be for the use of tracking trends for forecasting purposes. If a client needs a breakdown of financial data, or the sales team need figures on tonnage from a specific destination. All this information is available at any time. CargoWise92 is a good example of a supply chain management solution program. The system can log orders, manage stock, facilitate customs clearance and very importantly, it can interface with other software programmes making it an ideal TMS93 solution in SCM. Having the right software solutions can have a value-added effect on any supply chain. In South Africa, although technological acceptance and eagerness to learn is present, the infrastructure is lacking when compared to first world countries, however this gap is closing due to the availability of technology. The primary role of these software solutions is to initiate and facilitate communication, which can be problematic in some lesser-developed parts of the world, however this is largely due to inadequate and outdated infrastructure that cannot support the technological advancements that are available in the international markets. In South Africa we must also be aware of our challenges in a realistic way, and have a plan B, in place. For example, we are very aware of the on-going limited supply of electricity and the pressure this put on our economy. FFs and all supply chain role-players need to be prepared, in order to work around these challenges and not let them negatively affect our operations. With regards to the case studies, the role of in-house FF, provides a value-add benefit to other members involved in the SCM process. The role of intermediaries is greatly reduced and information available to the role-players is direct and immediate. One of the largest benefits to Safair, is they have the added value of an in-house FF, and minimal cost implications when it comes to salaries and technical support as the software can be available to integrate with their system and provide timely and accurate information. WMS (Warehouse management system) is utilised by many SCM companies as they assist the warehouse manager in controlling various warehouse operations. The software can be used to verify items against a purchase order, add items to inventory, keep track of inventory location in the warehouse, and determine picking and packing arrangements. An effective WHM solution is highly beneficial to a company as it improves productivity, efficiency, accuracy and ensures optimal resource allocation. This is crucial to Safair as the SACAA is a regular visiting authority. 92 https://www.cargowise.com/ 93 TMS – Transport Management System
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 49 TMS (Transport Management System) 94 is a logistics platform that uses technology to facilitate the planning, execution and optimisation of the physical movement of goods. This system is usually used in conjunction with other software solutions such as the previously mentioned WMS. Benefits of TMS: • Reduced costs for the business and the end customer • Simplification of supply chain processes across geographies, modes, and carriers • Automation of business operations for faster and more accurate billing and documentation • Improvement in visibility and security, especially whilst in transit • Time saving, fewer manual steps result in fewer delays and faster delivery times • The ability to track freight, both locally and globally, on a single platform • Better import and export compliance, therefore minimizing penalties and shipment delays • New business insights, as better reporting leads to faster action and efficient processes • Improvements in customer service and customer satisfaction, with real-time updates and fewer shipment delays • The ability to scale the business by meeting and exceeding customer demands for fast, on-time shipments 94 https://www.oracle.com/applications/supply-chain-management/what-is-transportation-managementsystem.html
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 50 Chapter 8: Security in the supply chain There are certain key points and events in our history, that effect permanent change across the supply chain, such as the coordinated terrorist attacks in the USA on September 11, 2001. Security was heavily affected, in that safety and security measures, became more stringent as the globe realised how such an act could have far reaching consequences, on globalisation and the economies of the free world. As per the Singapore Logistics Association (2009), “The challenges associated with supply chain defence are formidable, particularly in today’s environment where numerous entities are involved in cross-organisational and cross-border movements, as a product could change hands multiple times. The number of parties involved in these transactions creates significant challenges, since the defence efforts of one firm can be nullified by the inattention or inadequacy of a single supply chain partner” 95 All FF organisations must understand the importance of that statement, as these organisations are involved at key transactional points along the supply chain. Each transaction must be analysed individually to identify risk areas and therefore, put measures in place to mitigate the risks accordingly. Every country has a customs entity / revenue authority that acts as the primary point forsecurity and control, for all goods entering and leaving a country, and the associated financial transactions linked with those movements. It is at this point that an authorised authority must make a declaration to customs with the details concerning the movement of the goods, specifically: - What the goods are, as defined by the HS code (The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System) which determines the duties payable to the revenue authority. - Where the goods originated from, which will determine if a trade agreement may be applicable, which could have associated benefits. - The value and currency of the goods which will also affect the duties and VAT payable to the revenue authority, as these amounts are calculated based on the customs value of the cargo. - The nature of the transaction, specifying if it is an import, export, in-transit clearance, temporary clearance, rebate clearance etc. This will further determine which duties are applicable. 95 Safety and Security
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 51 The WCO (World Customs Organisation) is an intergovernmental organisation, that workes with various customs offices and the private sector, to give us the SAFE Framework. This framework harmonised the approach that various customs organisations take towards cooperation in safety and security. There are 4 core elements to the SAFE Framework: - Advance electronic manifest information - A consistence risk management approach - At the request of the importing nation, outbound inspection of high-risk cargo using non-intrusive detection equipment. - Enhanced trade facilitation for legitimate trade that meets certain security standards. There are various agreements between importers, exporters and customs authorities that involve stringent screening processes, allowing these organisations a certain level of freedom, based on strict pre-approval and ongoing compliance checks. This process ensures that the organisations involved are making considerable efforts to improve their supply chain security for efficient customs processing. The following are examples of a few, which aim to create a system for identifying businesses that offer a high degree of security within their supply chain operations96 C-TPAT (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism) which is a US Customs and Boarder Protection initiative. Although not compulsory, there are definite benefits to being accredited as being compliant. Some of the benefits include faster customs clearances, reduced security costs and provides a platform for collaboration. This in turn effects the FF, as having accredited exporters and importers, streamlines their operational requirements and therefore increases performance and customer service. AEO (Authorised Economic Operators) which is one of the main building blocks within the WCO SAFE Framework mentioned earlier. The purpose, is to support secure trade, based on a harmonised approach to customs cooperation and customs-to-business partnerships. In South Africa we have the Preferred Trader program, which is based on 2 levels of accreditation, and is a means to improve trade facilitation. As per the SARS (South African Revenue Authority) website: “Accreditation is an advanced programme which forms a partnership between SARS and those clients who have an appropriate record of compliance, financial stability, and who maintain a high quality of internal operational processes and computer systems. In return, SARS Customs offers certain benefits to these clients.” 97 96 GMLS FHDSCM learner guide 97 https://www.sars.gov.za/ClientSegments/Customs-Excise/Registration-andLicensing/Accreditation/Pages/Preferred-Traders.aspx
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 52 This program has been based on International standards and modelled on similar programs such as the C-TPAT and AEO initiatives. There are also many benefits to being registered as a preferred trader, however the accreditation process is stringent. Additionally, as per the SARS Website, the Preferred Trader Schemes has the following valueadd benefits: • The appointment of a Customs Relationship Manager tasked with facilitating the relationship between the client and Customs • Reduction of the amount of security required for compliance with a Customs procedure • Fewer routine documentary and physical inspections • Prioritising a request for tariff and valuation determinations • Prioritising access to non-intrusive inspection techniques when goods are stopped or detained for inspection. • Prioritising and expediting cargo inspections • Permitting, on application, the inspection of goods at the client’s premises, irrespective of the type of goods • Priority processing of declarations submitted electronically in terms of rule 101A. One of the concerns we are faced with in South Africa, is that, there are many statutory bodies in the country that have overlapping interests, and therefore this creates a barrier to trade as there can be multiple organizations all having an interest in a single shipment. Luckily this is not too much of a concern in the aerospace industry, however other industries can be largely impacted, and this also puts additional strain on the FF as they must approach the various organisations, in order to obtain the customs release. South African customs needs to consider a more integrated and holistic view, as all these offices work through SARS, however SARS cannot authorise the release until all the other statutory bodies have issued a release from their side. This is a very time consuming, and potentially expensive undertaking, especially if cargo generates storage charges as a result.
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 53 Chapter 9: Contract Management and Quality control 9.1 The importance of contracts in SCM: The ICC (International Chamber of Commerce), known as the merchants of peace, is an international organisation that has 3 main activities; rule setting, dispute resolution and policy advocacy98 in terms of global business facilitation. The ICC can be consulted for training purposes in the drafting of international sales contracts. This must not be taken lightly, as this is the point of risk identification and mitigation. Contracts are an essential part of business dealings and involve physical products and services. GMLS FHDSCM presentation – contract management, Slide 9 These legally enforceable promises are agreements that bind parties to the terms of the contract, which should always be put into writing. This is typically a process that involves negotiation, drafting and the final contract, which has express and implied terms. One of the most important contracts within the scope of SCM is the contract of sale which is an agreement between the seller and the buyer. The seller agrees to deliver goods/services to a buyer at an agreed price. One of the key aspects in a sales contract of sale, is the agreed upon Incoterms rule and this greatly influences the role of the FF. 9.2Incoterms The word Incoterm comes from the combination of words: International Commercial terms. An incoterm on its own is not binding, therefore it must be included in the contract of sale in order to be legally enforceable. This term plays three crucial roles; it defines the obligations regarding delivery, risk and cost. When correctly inserted into the sales contract the incoterm eliminates much uncertainty, however companies need to ensure they are well educated on the subject, in order to choose the most appropriate term. 98 https://iccwbo.org/
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 54 Incoterms is a crucial part of international trade and has a prominent role within the context of SCM. The most common Incoterm in the aerospace industry is EXW (at named place)99 , as this has the most control for the buyer. It is well suited as the in-house FF is included in the initial order, immediately their corresponding foreign office is notified, and the urgency of the shipment is specified. For an AOG shipment, the in-house FF sends a mail to the supplier, copying in the foreign agent to be notify once the goods are ready for collection. Immediately the parties are in touch and communicating regarding the lead and collection times. The appropriate booking is made with the airline and the flight details are communicated to all. Safair management consults its FF when drafting a sales contract, this is a forward-thinking approach as the experts are brought in to review pertinent information that could pose a risk in the supply chain, if left unspecified. At every overlapping point, there needs to be a contract or agreement in place to facilitate the clear duties of all role players. Other key contracts involving the FF would be the contract of carriage, and the contract of insurance. The below Venn diagram represents the seller, buyer, and FF, with the overlapping segments depicting the contractual obligations that should be in place between the parties. Performance management is a key factor to be mentioned in a contract of sale. Image 20: Venn diagram depicting the seller/buyer/FF contractual relationships 99 Incoterms® 2020
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 55 9.3 The importance of a SLA as a tool for Quality Control It is critical to not over promise and under deliver. This goes for every role player involved throughout the entire supply chain process. Have realistic service levels and strive for constant improvement and efficiency, rather than risking a breach of contract as a result of not being able to live up to a written commitment. The SLA (Service Level Agreement) is the contract between the seller or buyer and the FF. This agreement, as per the name, will define the parameters of what is expected from the FF regarding their service obligations which will include the following, - Contact persons for daily operations and escalations - Expected lead times for import/export shipments, an example was shown on page 11 - Delivery agreements - Cost implications - Review procedures - General contractual mentions such as consequences for of a breach etc, KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) are part of a review process and this is also specified in the SLA for Safair. These indicators will show the critical aspects of performance which are measurable and can be summarised into quantifiable results. There is a bi-annual meeting with the Safair Chief of Operations and logistics manager, where a full report on all the shipments is presented, taking into consideration the KPIs. This report contains information and an analysis of data, such as a route with increased AOGs, which the client may interpreted as a project that needs further supervision or intervention. The report also includes financial figures split between origin, freight and destination which is compared to past figures to track trends and show any anomalies. Peak season fluctuations, in the number of shipments, is to be expected and any other peaks on a graph may be indicative of a project such as the movement of aircraft engines, which are both large and valuable One of the reasons the SLA is revised every year, is that due to the ever changing nature of the industry, and the fast-paced growth affecting many facets of SCM, it needs to be updated to include technological advancements as mentioned in an earlier chapter. There are also cost saving initiatives, that are always being introduced that need to be incorporated into the latest contractual agreement. Any deviation on pricing, needs to be justified and agreed to, ahead of time, to ensure that there are no delays in invoices being raised from the FF and the subsequent payment from the client.
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 56 9.4QMS as a tool for the FF in SCM QMS (Quality management system) is a collection of business processes focused on consistently meeting customer requirements and enhancing their satisfaction100 . The goal of QMS is to ensure the organisation is a sustainable business and strives to ensure satisfaction to investors and clients. Such as the KPI premise, the QMS will identify the areas of an organisation that strive towards customer satisfaction and quality management, reviewing all facets of the supply chain, creating visibility, alignment, and focus between organisations. Image 21: QMS – Management principals 101 An organisation should always strive for improvement, there is no room for complacency, especially for a FF in the context of SCM. In order to achieve this improvement and growth, the organisation needs to review internal procedures, ensuring that the company is running as efficiently as possible and taking advantage of new innovations, in order to stay current and relevant. The key concept is that of continuous review to circumvent stagnation. 100 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_management_system 101 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Overview-of-eight-quality-management-principles-based-on-theinternational-standard-ISO_fig1_282733869
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 57 Chapter 10: Thinking ahead: Solutions for future growth and sustainable SCM solutions. From a technological point of view, Safair could investigate barcoding options, and research the application of RFID102 systems. Barcoding would allow for the allocation of a number that works in conjunction with an optic scanner, therefore making stock taking and allocating a much shorter process. Research towards becoming a Preferred Trader with SARS is crucial, as this would greatly benefit the company as a time saving initiative regarding customs clearances. This would mitigate the risk involved in lengthy customs queries and possible examinations. One of the many benefits to the preferred trader program is to reduce security requirements, which includes less documentary and physical inspections. There is also greater priority to the processing of declarations and many other customs areas which would assist the freight forwarder in representing Safair as a clearance broker. From an eligibility point of view, Safair is already a registered importer and exporter and has been working with the same freight forwarder for over 5 years, therefore, records are available should SARS wish to perform an audit. Their internal procedures are already well established and maintained, and no big changes will be needed in order to prove that their processes are sound and compliant. 103 Safair should work closely with their freight forwarder to investigate capitalising on the empty load flights throughout Africa. Sourcing a sales agent and utilising the space for profitable returns. Education is a key aspect in staying up to date on trends and technological advancements. From a freight forwarder’s perspective, it is wise to offer a client Incoterms training, as the understanding of this topic will assist other role players. Not all education needs to be formal, one may sign up to a local newsletter relevant to the industry. Regular SWOT analysis, will identify an organisations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This is a useful tool as an organisation should review positive and negative aspects, therefore, make informed decisions in choosing the most appropriate direction. Company resources are limited and in order to create a sustainable organisation the effective management and distribution of resources is crucial. 102 RFID- Radio-Frequency Identification 103 https://www.sars.gov.za/ClientSegments/Customs-Excise/Registration-andLicensing/Accreditation/Pages/Preferred-Traders.aspx
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 58 Conclusion As technology advances, so does the expectation from various role players and customers throughout the supply chain. Globalisation has opened the door for international trade on a massive scale and for the aerospace industry the sky is the limit. One may choose to consider the possible future developments. This paper has only covered aeronautics (the business of flying in the Earth’s atmosphere), however there is astronautics, which encompasses the surrounding space. The future could be in the far reaches of space with freight forwarders having to research dynamic solutions to the maintenance of spacecraft. There are constantly decisions being made on a strategic, tactical and operational level that effect the organisation and the various role players involved in SCM. Visibility and communication are two of the most crucial elements to the effective flow of information, goods and funds in the SCM process. Integration is of vital importance and various role players must understand that a holistic view to business relationships is the cornerstone for creating long-term, sustainable links between parties. The FF, through the “in house” solution, is the one of the most critical services in the supply chain and they can offer services across multiple intersecting transactions. In order to take advantage of their knowledge and expertise it would be wise to have a FF in-house, to work with the purchasing and logistics teams, to ultimately get the right goods to the right place, at the right time for any solution required and an “In House” Service will lend itself to this consistent demand.
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 59 Glossary of Terms and Definitions • AOG: Aircraft on ground is an aerospace term meaning that the problem is serious enough that the aircraft cannot fly • BOE: Bill of entry or SAD500, which is the declaration documents to the customs authority • Central Distribution Centre A warehouse that is the sole stocking point for the distribution system that it serves • Component: A part, ingredient, or subassembly that is both a component to a higherlevel part, and a parent part to other components • Consumable: A classification of stock used to describe items or products that are totally consumed in use e.g. paper, oil, grease etc. • Cross docking: A system where products for store orders are not put away into the warehouse racking for later picking but are processed into store orders on arrival • Cross-trade: A shipment that flies from origin to destination without passing though the county where the order was placed, or where the purchasing company is based. • Demand Forecasting: is a technique used to estimate probable demand in the future. This is based on an analysis of past trends and considering current market conditions. • Demand Driven Supply Chains: This is where a supply system is in direct response to a single point of demand. All the components across a supply chain are synchronized to meet the demand that it is trying to fulfil. • DGR: Dangerous Goods Regulations • DC: Distribution Center • EBB: Entebbe International Airport, Uganda IATA code • Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): The computer to computer exchange of structured data for automatic processing. • Genco: General Cargo, not restricted or regulated due to the nature of the goods • IATA: The International Air Transport Association • Inco Terms: These are internationally accepted commercial terms defining the respective roles of the buyer and seller in the arrangement of transportation and other responsibilities and clarify when the ownership of the merchandise takes place. They are used in conjunction with a sales agreement or other method of transacting the sale. • IoT: Internet of things • Inventory: A term used to describe: all the goods and materials held by an organisation for future sale or use a list of items held in stock • ITAC: International Trade Administration Commission • Just-in-Time JIT: A dependent demand inventory control philosophy which views production as a system in which all operations, including the delivery of materials needed for production, occur just at the time they are needed. Thus, stocks of material are virtually eliminated. • JNB: Johannesburg International Airport, South Africa IATA code • JV: Joint Venture • KPI: Key Performance Indicators
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 60 • LC: Letter of credit which is documentary tool used as a payment mechanism used in international trade as a form of guarantee between various parties. • Logistics: The time-related positioning of resources to meet user requirements. • MAWB: Master Air Waybill • Paradropping: This is the delivery of goods by paradropping them from aircraft which involved the use of parachutes to slow the items down before impact with the ground. • Proof of Delivery (POD): Information supplied by the carrier containing the name of the person who signed for the shipment, the time and date of delivery and other shipment delivery-related information. • Purchasing Lead Time (PLT): The length of time between the decision to purchase an item and its actual addition to stock. • Pull System: A system where orders for an end item are pulled through the facility to satisfy demand for the end item. An example of pull system is the JIT process. • Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): The attachment of transponders (which may be read only or read/write) to products, as an alternative to linear bar codes, to enable product identification some distance from the scanner or when out of line of sight. • RKC: The Revised Kyoto Convention was developed by the World Customs Organisation in facilitating trade by harmonizing and simplifying Customs procedures and practices. Therefore, it provides standards and recommendations for modern customs procedures and techniques. • ROP: Reorder point • Routing: A process of optimising transport delivery routes to make better use of time and capacity to reduce overall costs. This type of fleet optimisation is generally supported with specialist software tools • SACAA: This is the South African Civil Aviation Authority who oversees all civil aviation matters including accidents and incidents. • Safety stock: is held to protect against the differences between forecast and actual consumption. • SAPS: South African Police Service • SCC: Supply Chain Council • SKU: Stock keeping unit • SLA: Service Level Agreement • Squib is a small explosive device which is situated in the discharge valve of various aerospace goods such as fire extinguishers and any of the inflatable devices. • Stockout: happens when raw materials and packaging are depleted • Transit Time: The time taken to move goods physically between different locations in a supply chain or laterally to another facility. • VOC: Voucher of Correction
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 61 Bibliography 1. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/050415/what-companies-are-major-playersairline- supply-business.asp 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. 3. https://www.britannica.com/technology/aerospace-industry/History 4. https://www.ohiohistory.org/learn/collections/history/history-blog/2015/august2015/first-air-cargo-shipment 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Cargo_Inc 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association 7. https://www.freightwaves.com/news/flashback-friday-the-history-of-air-freight 8. https://www.iata.org/ 9. https://www.britannica.com/technology/fuselage 10. https://about.van.fedex.com/our-story/history-timeline/timeline/ 11. https://www.freightwaves.com/news/flashback-friday-the-history-of-air-freight 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-100_Hercules 13. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/metropolitan 14. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/sociopolitical 15. Paradropping – see glossary 16. https://www.safairoperations.com/about 17. AOG – see glossary 18. Cross-trade – see glossary 19. EBB – see glossary 20. JNB – see glossary 21. https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/7673322 22. https://www.safairoperations.com/hercules-l100-30 23. https://www.safairoperations.com/hercules-l100-30 24. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/04/02/the-2019-list-of-busiest-airlineroutes-in-the-world/#13cad6271d48 25. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlySafair 26. https://www.flysafair.co.za/travel-tools/flight-schedules?dateFrom=2020-03- 30&dateTo=2021-03-30&airportFrom=&airportTo= 27. https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/companies/flysafair-turns-profit-in-2016-7491858 28. https://writingexplained.org/idiom-dictionary/a-chain-is-as-strong-as-its-weakest-link 29. https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/what-is-supply-chain-management-scm 30. https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/logistics-management 31. SLA – see glossary 32. Edward G. Hinkelman, Dictionary of International Trade, 4 th Edition, USA, 2000 : p49 33. Langley, Coyle, Gibson, Novack, Bardi, Managing Supply Chains – a logistics approach, 8 th edition, 2008: p17 34. https://moonwelfarefoundation.blogspot.com/2018/12/what-is-value-chain-analysisvalue.html 35. Langley, Coyle, Gibson, Novack, Bardi, Managing Supply Chains – a logistics approach, 8 th edition, 2008: p17 36. https://www.procurious.com/procurement-news/where-does-your-supply-chain-beginand-end 37. https://fiata.com/about-fiata/objectives.html
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 62 38. Cargo Talk Magazine Vol XVIII issue 10, Ed SanJeet,. Article: The unsung heroes of logistics, pg 12-20 39. Letter of credit – see glossary 40. Aviation squib – see glossary 41. ITAC – see glossary 42. SAPS – see glossary 43. De Villiers, Nieman. Niemann, Strategic Logistics Management, 2012, pg. 9 44. https://www.eft.com/strategic-frameworks-outsourcing-decisions-part-two 45. https://www.yusen-logistics.com/en/about-us/company-profile/about-our-company 46. De Villiers, Nieman. Niemann, Strategic Logistics Management, 2012, pg 216 47. Distribution Centre – see glossary 48. https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=4512 49. Joint venture – see glossary 50. © 2019 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), Incoterms® 2020, pg. 63 51. Demand Forecasting – see glossary 52. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement 53. De Villiers, Nieman. Niemann, Strategic Logistics Management, 2012, pg. 9 54. GMLS FHDSCM Learner guide – Chapter 7, Quality Management Systems 2019 55. https://www.infoentrepreneurs.org/en/guides/supplier-selection-process/ 56. Langley, Coyle, Gibson, Novack, Bardi, Managing Supply Chains – a logistics approach, 8 th edition, 2008: pg. 518 57. https://www.intechopen.com/books/industrial-engineering/supplier-evaluation-andselection-in-automobile-industry 58. https://medium.com/@flexspace/how-the-hub-and-spoke-warehousing-model-willtransform-the-transportation-industry-of-india-post-accab58a59ab 59. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36507420/ns/business-us_business/t/hundreds-suppliersone-boeing-airplane/#.XeTv7sJ7ltc 60. Cross cocking – see glossary 61. De Villiers, Nieman. Niemann, Strategic Logistics Management, 2012, pg. 55-57 62. https://articles.cyzerg.com/choosing-a-warehouse-location-7-critical-criteria-to-consider 63. SKU – see glossary 64. The Singapore Logistics Association with Bill Chua and Teo Kee Boon, Warehouse Practices, 2009, pg. 26 65. https://www.logisticsbureau.com/spotlight-distribution-centre-design/ 66. VOC – see glossary 67. https://ak.blakustensvardshus.se/item/4000424413401 68. https://www.industry-plaza.com/industrial-scale-c20-r1-a-range-p132014150.html 69. Dangerous goods – see glossary 70. JIT - see glossary 71. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/JIT 72. https://www.tradegecko.com/inventory-management/techniques-process 73. MAWB - see glossary 74. General Cargo – see glossary 75. Safety stock – see glossary 76. ROP – see glossary 77. http://www.oracleug.com/user-guide/oracle-inventory/reorder-point-planning 78. Stockout is a shortfall in raw material or packaging goods 79. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_stock 80. https://www.tradegecko.com/inventory-management/techniques-process 81. DGR – see glossary 82. SACCA – see glossary 83. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/06/the-fbi-is-stillsearching-for-a-fugitive-mechanic-involved-in-a-horrific-1996-valujet-crash/
R Kellner SAAFF Final Assessment 63 84. By (unknown) - AirLive.net, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68278729 85. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology 86. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system 87. http://www.computerbusinessresearch.com/Home/database/five-characteristics-of-highquality-information 88. BOE – see glossary 89. POD – see glossary 90. IoT – see glossary 91. https://searcherp.techtarget.com/tutorial/Introduction-to-supply-chain-management-SCMEDI 92. https://www.cargowise.com/ 93. TMS – see glossary 94. https://www.oracle.com/applications/supply-chain-management/what-is-transportationmanagement-system.html 95. The Singapore Logistics Association with Captain Andre Khir, Safety and Security, 2009, pg. 9. 96. GMLS FHDSCM learner guide, 2019, Module 1, chapter 9. 97. https://www.sars.gov.za/ClientSegments/Customs-Excise/Registration-andLicensing/Accreditation/Pages/Preferred-Traders.aspx 98. https://iccwbo.org 99. © 2019 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), Incoterms® 2020, pg. 63 100. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_management_system 101. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Overview-of-eight-quality-management-principlesbased-on-the-international-standard-ISO_fig1_282733869 102. RFID – see glossary 103. https://www.sars.gov.za/ClientSegments/Customs-Excise/Registration-andLicensing/Accreditation/Pages/Preferred-Traders.aspx