BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN TEMA 2 : Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam Peta Buih BAB Konsep PENTING IMPORTANT concepts Unsur dan sebatian dalam kerak Bumi Elements and compounds in the Earth’s crust KEREAKTIFAN LOGAM THE REACTIVITY OF METALS Pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya Extraction of metals from their ores Emas dan perak (unsur) Gold and silver (elements) Bauksit dan hematit (sebatian) Bauxite and hematite (compounds) Ciri-ciri mineral semula jadi The properties of natural minerals Tindak balas logam dengan oksigen Reaction between metals and oxygen Contoh: Zink + oksigen → zink oksida Example: Zinc + oxygen → zinc oxide Kedudukan karbon dan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam Positions of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals Proses pengekstrakan besi The extraction of iron Proses pengekstrakan timah The extraction of tin Siri kereaktifan logam Reactivity series of metals APAKAH KEREAKTIFAN LOGAM? WHAT IS THE REACTIVITY OF METALS? Sesetengah logam seperti natrium dan kalium bertindak balas dengan unsur lain (bukan logam) secara lebih cergas berbanding dengan logam yang lain. Kereaktifan logam merujuk kepada darjah kecergasan logam untuk mengalami tindak balas kimia dengan unsur lain. Some metals such as sodium and potassium react with other elements (non-metals) more vigorously compared to other metals. The reactivity of metals refers to the degree of activeness of metals to undergo chemical reactions with other elements. Kereaktifan Logam 4 Reactivity of Metals 64 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 64 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Various Minerals in the Earth’s Crust 1. Minerals are solid elements or compounds that are naturally found in the Earth’s crust. 2. Minerals in the form of elements like gold and silver exist independently in the Earth’s crust. 3. Minerals in the form of compounds, like bauxite and galena, consist of combinations of a few types of different elements. Reactivity Series of Metals 1. Different metals have different reactivity to oxygen. The more reactive metals react more vigorously with oxygen. 2. In a vigorous reaction between a more reactive metal such as potassium with oxygen, a bright flame is observed. 3. In a less vigorous reaction between less reactive metals such as iron with oxygen, only embers or slow colour changes can be observed. 4. A reactivity series of metals is formed based on the reactivity of metals with oxygen. Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, (Carbon), Zinc, (Hydrogen), Iron, Tin, Lead, Copper, Mercury, Silver, Gold Decreasing reactivity 5. In the reactivity series of metals, carbon is located between aluminium and zinc while hydrogen is located between zinc and iron. 6. Although carbon is a non-metallic element, it can remove a less reactive metal, such as zinc from zinc oxide. Zinc oxide + carbon ⎯⎯→ zinc + carbon dioxide Application of the Reactivity Series of Metals 1. Metals that are more reactive than carbon or are located higher than carbon in the reactivity series of metals (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium) are extracted by electrolysis. 2. These metals are extracted by passing an electric current through the molten ores. Aluminium oxide ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ aluminium + oxygen 3. Metals which are less reactive than carbon, which are positioned lower than carbon in the reactivity series of metals (zinc, iron, tin and lead) are extracted by heating the ores with carbon (coke). Tin oxide + carbon ⎯→ tin + carbon dioxide (tin ore) electric current Pelbagai Mineral dalam Kerak Bumi 1. Mineral ialah unsur atau sebatian pepejal yang ditemui secara semula jadi di dalam kerak Bumi. 2. Mineral dalam bentuk unsur seperti emas dan perak wujud secara bebas di dalam kerak Bumi. 3. Mineral dalam bentuk sebatian seperti bauksit dan galena terdiri daripada gabungan beberapa jenis unsur yang berlainan. Siri Kereaktifan Logam 1. Logam yang berlainan mempunyai kereaktifan yang berbeza terhadap oksigen. Logam yang lebih reaktif bertindak balas dengan lebih cergas dengan oksigen. 2. Dalam tindak balas yang cergas antara logam yang lebih reaktif seperti kalium dengan oksigen, nyalaan yang terang diperhatikan. 3. Dalam tindak balas yang kurang cergas antara logam yang kurang reaktif seperti besi dengan oksigen, hanya baraan atau perubahan warna yang berlaku secara perlahan-lahan dapat diperhatikan. 4. Siri kereaktifan logam dibentuk berdasarkan kereaktifan logam dengan oksigen. Kalium, Natrium, Kalsium, Magnesium, Aluminium, (Karbon), Zink, (Hidrogen), Ferum, Timah, Plumbum, Kuprum, Merkuri, Perak, Emas Kereaktifan berkurang 5. Dalam siri kereaktifan logam, karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink manakala hidrogen terletak di antara zink dengan ferum (besi). 6. Walaupun karbon ialah unsur bukan logam, karbon dapat menyingkirkan suatu logam yang kurang reaktif daripadanya, seperti zink daripada zink oksida. Zink oksida + karbon ⎯→ zink + karbon dioksida Aplikasi Siri Kereaktifan Logam 1. Logam-logam yang lebih reaktif daripada karbon atau terletak lebih tinggi daripada karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam (kalium, natrium, kalsium, magnesium dan aluminium) perlu diekstrak melalui elektrolisis. 2. Logam-logam ini diekstrak dengan mengalirkan arus elektrik melalui leburan bijihnya. Aluminium oksida ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ aluminium + oksigen 3. Logam-logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon, iaitu terletak lebih rendah daripada karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam (zink, ferum, timah dan plumbum) diekstrak dengan memanaskan bijih bersama-sama karbon (arang kok). Timah oksida + karbon ⎯→ timah + karbon dioksida (bijih timah) arus elektrik NOTA BESTARI Nota Grafik BAB 4 65 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 65 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Kelaskan mineral yang diberi kepada unsur dan sebatian. Kemudian, berikan maksud mineral. Classify the minerals given into elements and compounds. Then, give the meaning of minerals. Merkuri Bauksit Perak Hematit Mercury Bauxite Silver Hematite Emas Galena Berlian Kasiterit Gold Galena Diamond Cassiterite Unsur/Elements Sebatian/Compounds Merkuri/Mercury Emas/Gold Perak/Silver Berlian/Diamond Bauksit/Bauxite Hematit/Hematite Galena/Galena Kasiterit/Cassiterite Maksud/Meaning Mineral ialah unsur atau sebatian pepejal yang terdapat secara semula jadi dengan struktur hablur dan komposisi kimia yang tertentu di dalam kerak Bumi. Minerals are solid elements or compounds that are naturally found with definite crystalline structures and chemical composition in the Earth’s crust. 2 Padankan nama biasa dan nama saintifik bagi sebatian semula jadi dan gabungan unsurnya dalam jadual di bawah. Match the common name and the scientific name for the natural compound and the combination of its elements in the table below. Nama biasa Common name Nama saintifik Scientific name Gabungan unsur Combination of elements (a) Bauksit Bauxite Ferum(III) oksida Iron(III) oxide Timah, oksigen Tin, oxygen (b) Hematit Hematite Aluminium oksida Aluminium oxide Ferum, oksigen Iron, oxygen (c) Galena Galena Timah(IV) oksida Tin(IV) oxide Aluminium, oksigen Aluminium, oxygen (d) Kuarza Quartz Silikon dioksida Silicon dioxide Ferum, sulfur Iron, sulphur (e) Kasiterit Cassiterite Plumbum sulfida Lead sulphide Plumbum, sulfur Lead, sulphur (f) Pirit Pyrite Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate Silikon, oksigen Silicon, oxygen (g) Batu kapur/ Marmar/ Kalsit Limestone/ Marble/ Calcite Ferum(II) sulfida Iron(II) sulphide Kalsium, karbon, oksigen Calcium, carbon, oxygen Standard Kandungan 4.1 Kepelbagaian mineral Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Masteri PBD 4.1 Unsur dan sebatian dalam kerak Bumi Elements and compounds in the Earth’s crust Buku teks m/s 124 – 125 Praktis Kendiri BAB 4 66 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 66 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Menunjukkan bahawa sebatian semula jadi ialah gabungan beberapa unsur To show that the natural compound is a combination of several elements Serpihan marmar (kalsium karbonat), asid hidroklorik cair, air kapur, tabung uji, tiub penghantar dengan penyumbat, penunu Bunsen Marble chips (calcium carbonate), dilute hydrochloric acid, lime water, test tubes, delivery tubes with stoppers, Bunsen burner Jalankan aktiviti-aktiviti di bawah. Kemudian, rekodkan pemerhatian dan berikan sebab anda./Carry out the activities below. Then, record the observations and give your reasons. Aktiviti/Activities Pemerhatian/Observations 1 • Tambahkan sedikit asid hidroklorik cair pada beberapa serpihan marmar di dalam tabung uji. Add some dilute hydrochloric acid to a few marble chips in a test tube. • Salurkan gas yang terhasil melalui air kapur dan rekodkan pemerhatian. Pass the gas produced through lime water and record the observation. Air kapur bertukar menjadi keruh . The lime water turns cloudy . Sebab/Reason: Gas karbon dioksida terbebas apabila kalsium karbonat bertindak balas dengan asid. Carbon dioxide gas is released when calcium carbonate reacts with an acid. 2 • Panaskan dengan kuat beberapa serpihan marmar dalam tabung uji. Heat strongly a few marble chips in a test tube. • Salurkan gas yang terhasil melalui air kapur dan rekodkan pemerhatian. Pass the gas produced through lime water and record the observation. Air kapur bertukar menjadi keruh . The lime water turns cloudy . Sebab/Reason: Gas karbon dioksida terbebas apabila kalsium karbonat dipanaskan. Carbon dioxide gas is released when calcium carbonate is heated. 1 Tandakan ( ✓ ) unsur-unsur yang bergabung dalam kalsium karbonat. Tick ( ✓ ) the elements combined in calcium carbonate. ✓ Kalsium Calcium ✓ Karbon Carbon Hidrogen Hydrogen ✓ Oksigen Oxygen 2 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana kalsium karbonat bertindak balas dengan asid dan tindakan haba ke atasnya. Complete the word equations to show how calcium carbonate reacts with acids and the action of heat on it. (a) Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate asid hidroklorik hydrochloric acid + + + kalsium klorida calcium chloride karbon dioksida carbon dioxide air water Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur dan Pemerhatian Perbincangan Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 4.2 Sebatian semula jadi Natural compounds KBAT Buku teks m/s 126 – 128 Air kapur Lime water Serpihan marmar Marble chips Asid hidroklorik cair Dilute hydrochloric acid Panaskan Heat Air kapur Lime water Serpihan marmar Marble chips BAB 4 67 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 67 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Praktis Kendiri (b) Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate + kalsium oksida calcium oxide karbon dioksida carbon dioxide dipanaskan heat 3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) pelbagai bentuk kalsium karbonat. Tick ( ✓ ) the various forms of calcium carbonate. ✓ Batu karang Coral Kuarza Quartz ✓ Batu kapur Limestone ✓ Siput Shell ✓ Kulit telur Eggshell ✓ Tulang haiwan Animal bone 4 Ramalkan gas yang terbebas apabila asid ditambahkan pada kulit telur. Berikan sebab. Predict the gas released when an acid is added to an eggshell. Give a reason. Karbon dioksida/Carbon dioxide Sebab: Kulit telur mengandungi kalsium karbonat . Reason: An eggshell contains calcium carbonate . 5 Kenal pasti sebatian berdasarkan kegunaannya. Identify the compounds according to their uses. Kalsium karbonat Kalsium oksida Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide (a) (b) (c) Kalsium oksida Calcium oxide Bersifat bes untuk meneutralkan tanah berasid Basic property to neutralise acidic soil Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate Keras dan kuat untuk membuat jubin lantai Hard and strong to make floor tiles Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate Dicampurkan dengan mineral lain untuk membuat barangan kaca Is mixed with other minerals to make glasswares Kalsium karbonat merupakan sebatian semula jadi yang terdiri daripada gabungan beberapa unsur . Calcium carbonate is a natural compound which consists of a combination of a few elements . Kesimpulan BAB 4 68 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 68 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Mengkaji tindak balas logam dengan oksigen To study the reaction of metals with oxygen Pita magnesium, serbuk aluminium, serbuk zink, serbuk ferum (besi), hablur kalium manganat(VII), tabung didih, kertas asbestos, wul kaca, spatula, penunu Bunsen, kaki retort dan penyepit Magnesium ribbon, aluminium powder, zinc powder, iron powder, potassium manganate(VII) crystals, boiling tube, asbestos paper, glass wool, spatula, Bunsen burner, retort stand and clamp Hablur kalium manganat(VII) Potassium manganate(VII) crystals Panaskan Heat Panaskan Heat Mangkuk asbestos Asbestos bowl Wul kaca Glass wool Wul kaca Glass wool Serbuk aluminium Aluminium powder Serbuk zink Zinc powder Serbuk ferum Iron powder Kaki retort Retort stand 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas. Set up the apparatus as shown in the above diagram. 2 Panaskan dengan kuat serbuk logam dalam mangkuk asbestos. Kemudian, panaskan dengan kuat hablur kalium manganat(VII). Heat strongly the metal powder in an asbestos bowl. Then, heat strongly the potassium manganate(VII) crystals. 3 Perhatikan perubahan yang berlaku./Observe the changes that take place. 4 Sepit sejalur pita magnesium yang panjangnya 5 cm dengan menggunakan penyepit. Use a clamp to hold a 5 cm long piece of magnesium ribbon. 5 Panaskan pita magnesium itu dengan menggunakan penunu Bunsen dan rekodkan pemerhatian anda. Heat the magnesium ribbon by using a Bunsen burner and record your observation. Jenis logam Type of metal Kecergasan tindak balas Reactivity of reaction Magnesium Magnesium Terbakar dengan nyalaan putih berkilauan Burns with a bright white flame Aluminium Aluminium Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan cepat Burns with a bright flame that spreads quickly Zink Zinc Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan perlahan Burns with a bright flame that spreads slowly Ferum Iron Bara merebak dengan perlahan Glows that spread slowly 1 Apakah fungsi hablur kalium manganat(VII)? What is the function of the potassium manganate(VII) crystals? Membekalkan/To supply oksigen/oxygen . 2 Apakah bahan yang menghalang hablur kalium manganat(VII) daripada bercampur dengan serbuk logam?/What is the material which prevents the potassium manganate(VII) crystals from mixing with the metal powder? Wul kaca/Glass wool Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur Pemerhatian Perbincangan Buku teks m/s 129 – 131 Video t&MBLLBOTFSCVL MPHBNEBSJQBEB CFSDBNQVSEFOHBO IBCMVSLBMJVN NBOHBOBU 7**VOUVL NFOHFMBLLBOMFUVQBO BQBCJMBEJQBOBTLBO t1BLBJDFSNJONBUB LFTFMBNBUBOEBO UVUVQNVMVUTFSUB IJEVOHBOEBTFNBTB NFOHFOEBMJLBOXVM LBDB#BTVIUBOHBO BOEBTFMFQBT NFOHFOEBMJLBOXVM LBDB t Prevent metal powders from mixing with potassium manganate(VII) crystals to avoid an explosion when heated. t Wear safety glasses and cover your mouth and nose when handling the glass wool. Wash your hands after handling the glass wool. (Demonstrasi guru/Teacher’s demonstration) Standard Kandungan 4.2 Siri kereaktifan logam Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 4.3 Tindak balas logam dengan oksigen Reaction of metals with oxygen KBAT BAB 4 69 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 69 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
3 Apakah bahan yang terhasil dalam aktiviti ini? TP1 What is the substance produced in this activity? Oksida logam/Metal oxide 4 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi tindak balas antara logam dengan oksigen. Complete the word equations for the reactions between metals and oxygen. TP2 (a) Magnesium + oksigen Magnesium oxygen magnesium oksida magnesium oxide (b) Aluminium + oksigen Aluminium oxygen aluminium oksida aluminium oxide (c) Zink + oksigen Zinc oxygen zink oksida zinc oxide (d) Ferum + oksigen Iron oxygen ferum oksida iron oxide 5 Nyatakan hubung kait antara kecergasan tindak balas dengan kereaktifan logam terhadap oksigen. TP2 State the relationship between the vigor of the reaction and the reactivity of metal to oxygen. Semakin cergas logam bertindak balas dengan oksigen, semakin reaktif logam itu terhadap oksigen. The more vigorous the metal reacts with oxygen, the more reactive the metal is to oxygen. 6 Berdasarkan pemerhatian, lengkapkan peta alir untuk menunjukkan susunan logam mengikut kereaktifan yang semakin bertambah terhadap oksigen. TP2 Based on the observation, complete the flow map to show the arrangement of metals according to increasing reactivity with oxygen. Ferum Iron Zink Zinc Aluminium Aluminium Magnesium Magnesium Kereaktifan semakin bertambah/Increasing reactivity 7 Kaji perbualan di bawah. TP3 Study the conversation below. Azuan: Cikgu, yang manakah lebih reaktif, plumbum atau besi? Teacher, which is more reactive, lead or iron? Cikgu: Besi lebih reaktif daripada plumbum. Azuan, berdasarkan pemerhatian yang direkod dalam aktiviti ini, ramalkan pemerhatian apabila serbuk plumbum bertindak balas dengan oksigen. Iron is more reactive than lead. Azuan, based on the observations recorded in this activity, predict the observation when lead powder reacts with oxygen. Azuan: ........................................................................................................................ Apakah jawapan Azuan?/What is Azuan’s answer? Bara merebak dengan sangat perlahan./Glows that spread very slowly. Logam bertindak balas dengan oksigen untuk membentuk oksida logam . Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides . oksida logam metal oxide Logam + oksigen Metal oxygen Kesimpulan Praktis Kendiri BAB 4 70 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 70 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN BERPANDU Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 4.4 Kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam Position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals KBAT Menentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam To determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals Serbuk arang kayu (karbon), serbuk plumbum(II) oksida, serbuk aluminium oksida, serbuk zink oksida, mangkuk pijar, penunu Bunsen, spatula, alas segi tiga tanah liat, tungku kaki tiga Charcoal (carbon) powder, lead(II) oxide powder, aluminium oxide powder, zinc oxide powder, crucible, Bunsen burner, spatula, pipeclay triangle, tripod stand 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah./Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2 Masukkan satu spatula arang kayu dan satu spatula serbuk zink oksida ke dalam mangkuk pijar. Put one spatula of charcoal and one spatula of zinc oxide powder into a crucible. 3 Panaskan campuran itu dengan kuat. Heat the mixture strongly. 4 Rekodkan pemerhatian sama ada terdapat baraan atau tidak. Record the observation on any sign of a glow. 5 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan menggunakan serbuk aluminium oksida dan plumbum(II) oksida./Repeat steps 1 to 4 by using aluminium oxide and lead(II) oxide powders. Rekodkan pemerhatian, bulatkan jawapan dan berikan sebab. Record the observations, circle the answers and give the reason. Jenis campuran The type of mixture Perubahan pada campuran Change to the mixture Tindak balas berlaku? Has a reaction taken place? Sebab Reason Karbon dan zink oksida Carbon and zinc oxide Campuran membara Mixture glows Ya Yes Tidak No Karbon lebih reaktif daripada zink. Carbon is more reactive than zinc. Karbon dan aluminium oksida Carbon and aluminium oxide Tiada perubahan No change Ya Yes Tidak No Karbon kurang reaktif daripada aluminium. Carbon is less reactive than aluminium. Karbon dan plumbum(II) oksida Carbon and lead(II) oxide Campuran membara Mixture glows Ya Yes Tidak No Karbon lebih reaktif daripada plumbum. Carbon is more reactive than lead. 1 Daripada keputusan eksperimen, bulatkan: TP2 From the results of the experiment, circle: (a) logam yang lebih reaktif daripada karbon./the metal which is more reactive than carbon. Aluminium/Aluminium Zink/Zinc Plumbum/Lead Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur Mangkuk pijar Crucible Tungku kaki tiga Tripod stand Panaskan Heat Campuran karbon dan oksida logam Mixture of carbon and metal oxide Keputusan Perbincangan Buku teks m/s 132 – 133 Video BAB 4 71 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 71 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
(b) logam-logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon. the metals which are less reactive than carbon. Aluminium/Aluminium Zink/Zinc Plumbum/Lead 2 Daripada jawapan anda di 1, tentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam. TP2 From your answers in 1, determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals. Karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink dalam siri kereaktifan logam. Carbon is positioned between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series of metals. 3 Susunkan karbon, plumbum, aluminium dan zink mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang semakin menurun dalam rajah berikut./Arrange carbon, lead, aluminium and zinc according to decreasing reactivity in the following diagram. TP2 Aluminium Aluminium Karbon Carbon Zink Zinc Plumbum Lead Kereaktifan semakin menurun/Reactivity decreases 4 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi tindak balas antara karbon dengan oksida logam. Complete the word equations for the reactions between carbon and metal oxide. TP2 (a) Zink oksida + karbon Zinc oxide carbon + zink zinc karbon dioksida carbon dioxide (b) Plumbum(II) oksida + karbon Lead(II) oxide carbon + karbon dioksida carbon dioxide plumbum lead 5 Tandakan ( ✓ ) pada oksida-oksida logam yang bertindak balas dengan karbon. Berikan satu sebab./Tick ( ✓ ) the metal oxides which react with carbon. Give one reason. TP2 Magnesium oksida Magnesium oxide ✓ Ferum oksida Iron oxide ✓ Kuprum(II) oksida Copper(II) oxide Sebab/Reason: Ferum dan kuprum adalah kurang reaktif daripada karbon. Iron and copper are less reactive than carbon. 6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) oksida logam yang tidak bertindak balas dengan karbon. Berikan satu sebab./Tick ( ✓ ) the metal oxide which does not react with carbon. Give one reason. TP2 ✓ Magnesium oksida Magnesium oxide Ferum oksida Iron oxide Kuprum(II) oksida Copper(II) oxide Sebab/Reason: Magnesium adalah lebih reaktif daripada karbon. Magnesium is more reactive than carbon. 7 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan./Complete the word equation. TP2 Kuprum(II) oksida Copper(II) oxide karbon carbon kuprum copper karbon dioksida carbon dioxide + + Karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink dalam siri kereaktifan logam. Carbon is positioned between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series of metals. Kesimpulan Praktis Kendiri BAB 4 72 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 72 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Konstruktivisme PBD 4.5 Hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam Hydrogen in reactivity series of metals Guru mendemonstrasikan suatu eksperimen untuk menentukan kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam. A teacher demonstrated an experiment to determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals. 1 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2 Based on the information given, complete the table below. Choose the correct answers. Campuran yang dipanaskan Heated mixture Pemerhatian Observation Adakah tindak balas berlaku? Does a reaction occur? Sebab Reason Hidrogen dan kuprum(II) oksida Hydrogen and copper(II) oxide Baraan terang Bright glow Ya Yes Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif daripada kuprum. Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than copper. Hidrogen dan plumbum(II) oksida/Hydrogen and lead(II) oxide Baraan terang Bright glow Ya Yes Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif daripada plumbum. Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than lead. Hidrogen dan zink oksida Hydrogen and zinc oxide Tiada perubahan No change Tidak No Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif daripada zink. Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than zinc. Hidrogen dan ferum(III) oksida Hydrogen and iron(III) oxide Baraan malap Dim glow Ya Yes Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif daripada ferum. Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than iron. 2 Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 1, deduksikan kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam. TP2 Based on your answers in 1, deduce the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals. Hidrogen terletak di antara zink dengan ferum . Hydrogen is positioned between zinc and iron . 3 Bina siri kereaktifan logam dengan menyusun bahan-bahan yang diberi mengikut kereaktifan yang semakin menurun dalam rajah di sebelah. Construct a reactivity series of metals by arranging the substances given according to decreasing reactivity in the diagram on the right. TP2 Ferum/Iron Karbon/Carbon Aluminium/Aluminium Hidrogen/Hydrogen Magnesium/Magnesium Zink/Zinc Kuprum/Copper Plumbum/Lead Buku teks m/s 134 – 135 Praktis Kendiri Siri kereaktifan logam Reactivity series of metals Kalium/Potassium Natrium/Sodium Kalsium/Calcium Magnesium/Magnesium Aluminium/Aluminium Karbon/Carbon Zink/Zinc Hidrogen/Hydrogen Ferum/Iron Timah/Tin Plumbum/Lead Kuprum/Copper Merkuri/Mercury Argentum (perak)/Argentum (silver) Aurum (emas)/Aurum (gold) Kereaktifan semakin menurun Reactivity decreases BAB 4 73 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 73 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Bincangkan pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya. TP2 Discuss the extraction of metals from their ores. Arus elektrik Electric current Arang kok Coke Kurang Less Leburan Molten Lebih More Memanaskan Heating Kereaktifan menurun Elektrolisis/Electrolysis Logam yang lebih reaktif daripada karbon diekstrak dengan mengalirkan arus elektrik melalui leburan oksida logam atau bijih. Metals that are more reactive than carbon are extracted by passing an electric current through the molten metal oxides or ores. Contoh/Example: Aluminium oksida arus elektrik aluminium + oksigen Aluminium oxide electric current aluminium + oxygen Pemanasan bijih logam dengan karbon Heating the metal ores with carbon Logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon diekstrak dengan memanaskan bijih logam bersama karbon atau arang kok . Metals that are less reactive than carbon are extracted by heating the metal ores together with carbon or coke . Contoh/Example: Timah oksida + karbon timah + karbon dioksida Tin oxide + carbon tin + carbon dioxide (bijih timah/tin ore) Siri kereaktifan logam/Reactivity series of metals Karbon/Carbon Kalium/Potassium Natrium/Sodium Kalsium/Calcium Magnesium/Magnesium Aluminium/Aluminium Zink/Zinc Ferum/Iron Timah/Tin Plumbum/Lead Decreasing reactivity 2 Kaji rajah tentang pengekstrakan besi daripada bijihnya seperti hematit (ferum(III) oksida). Study the diagram about the extraction of iron from its ore such as hematite (ferum(III) oxide). Standard Kandungan 4.3 Pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Masteri PBD 4.6 Siri kereaktifan logam dan pengekstrakan logam The reactivity series of metals and the extraction of metals KBAT Buku teks m/s 137 – 140 Udara panas Hot air Udara panas Hot air Bijih besi Iron ore + K + L Besi tulen lebur Pure molten iron Relau bagas Blast furnace Bahan N Substance N Gas M (a) Namakan unsur-unsur yang membentuk bijih besi. TP1 Name the elements that make up iron ore. Besi/Ferum dan oksigen/Iron and oxygen (b) K ialah sejenis karbon. Namakan K. TP1 K is a type of carbon. Name K. Arang kok/Coke (c) (i) Namakan L. TP1 Name L. Batu kapur/Kalsium karbonat Limestone/Calcium carbonate (ii) Nyatakan fungsi L. TP1 State the function of L. Bertindak balas dengan bendasing seperti pasir untuk membentuk sanga. Reacts with impurities such as sand to form slag. BAB 4 74 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 74 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
(d) Apakah gas M dan bahan N?/What are gas M and substance N? TP1 Gas M : Karbon dioksida/Carbon dioxide Bahan N/Substance N : Sanga/Slag (e) Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk tindak balas antara ferum(III) oksida dengan karbon dalam relau bagas. TP2 Complete the word equation for the reaction between iron(III) oxide and carbon in the blast furnace. Ferum(III) oksida Iron(III) oxide karbon carbon ferum iron karbon dioksida carbon dioxide + + (f) Terangkan mengapa besi dapat diekstrak daripada bijihnya dengan menggunakan karbon. TP2 Explain why iron can be extracted from its ore by using carbon. Karbon adalah lebih reaktif daripada ferum./Carbon is more reactive than iron. (g) Apakah yang boleh dibuat daripada leburan sanga? Pilih jawapan yang betul. What can be made from the molten slag? Choose the correct answer. Tapak rumah Jambatan Tapak jalan raya Konkrit House foundation Bridge Road foundation Concrete (h) Nyatakan satu bijih lain yang juga dapat diekstrak dengan cara yang sama. TP1 State one other ore that can also be extracted by the same method. Bijih timah/Tin ore 3 Anda diberi beberapa isu alam sekitar. Kenal pasti dan tandakan ( ✓ ) isu perlombongan dan impaknya kepada hidupan dalam konteks tempatan atau global. TP2 You are given a few environmental issues. Identify and tick ( ✓ ) the mining issues and their impacts on living things in the local or global context. ✓ Pencemaran udara akibat pembakaran bahan api. Air pollution due to fuel combustion. Pembebasan gas yang menipiskan lapisan ozon. The gas released depletes the ozone layer. ✓ Penggunaan elektrik yang banyak. The use of large amounts of electricity. ✓ Pencemaran udara disebabkan oleh gas daripada relau bagas. Air pollution caused by gas from a blast furnace. Penghasilan bahan yang menyebabkan kanser. The production of substances that cause cancer. ✓ Pemusnahan habitat akibat perlombongan. The destruction of habitats due to mining. ✓ Pencemaran bunyi disebabkan oleh jentera perlombongan. Sound pollution caused by mining machinery. ✓ Penggalian bijih mengakibatkan hakisan tanah. Ore excavation leading to soil erosion. ✓ Pencemaran air disebabkan pencucian bijih. Water pollution caused by the cleaning of ore. Video Video Praktis Kendiri BAB 4 75 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 75 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 4 KOMPONEN PP KOMPONEN PP 1 Antara unsur berikut, yang manakah membentuk bauksit? Which of the following elements form bauxite? I Timah Tin II Aluminium Aluminium III Oksigen Oxygen IV Besi Iron A I dan II B III dan IV I and II III and IV C II dan III D I dan IV II and III I and IV 2 Persamaan di bawah ini mewakili tindak balas antara zink dengan oksigen. The equation shown below represents the reaction between zinc and oxygen. Zink + oksigen → P Zinc + oxygen → P Apakah sebatian P? What is compound P? A Zink karbonat Zinc carbonate B Zink sulfida Zinc sulphide C Zink klorida Zinc chloride D Zink oksida Zinc oxide 3 Di manakah kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam? Where is the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals? A Antara zink dengan ferum Between zinc and iron B Antara aluminium dengan magnesium Between aluminium and magnesium C Antara ferum dengan plumbum Between iron and lead D Antara plumbum dengan kuprum Between lead and copper 4 Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan beberapa logam dalam siri kereaktifan logam. The information below shows several metals in the reactivity series of metal. Magnesium → X → Y → kuprum Magnesium copper Reactivity decreases Kereaktifan berkurang Antara yang berikut, yang manakah tidak boleh mewakili X dan Y? Which of the following cannot represent X and Y? X Y A Plumbum Lead Aluminium Aluminium B Zink Zinc Besi Iron C Besi Iron Plumbum Lead D Aluminium Aluminium Zink Zinc Bahagian B/Section B 1 (a) Susunkan magnesium dan zink mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang semakin menurun dalam ruang di bawah./Arrange magnesium and zinc in descending order of reactivity in the space below. Natrium Sodium Kalsium Calcium Magnesium Magnesium Besi Iron Zink Zinc Aluminium Aluminium Kereaktifan semakin menurun/Reactivity decreases [2 markah/2 marks] (b) Bulatkan dua bijih logam yang dapat diekstrak dengan memanaskannya bersama karbon. Circle two metal ores that can be extracted by heating them together with carbon. Ferum Aluminium Magnesium Timah Iron Aluminium Magnesium Tin [2 markah/2 marks] Arahan: Jawab semua soalan. Instruction: Answer all questions. Bahagian A/Section A 76 BAB 4 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 76 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Bahagian C/Section C 2 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi tindak balas logam dengan oksigen. The table below shows the observation for the reaction between metals and oxygen. Hablur kalium manganat(VII) Potassium manganate(VII) crystals Panaskan Heat Panaskan Heat Kertas asbestos Asbestos paper Wul kaca Glass wool Wul kaca Glass wool Serbuk aluminium Aluminium powder Serbuk zink Zinc powder Serbuk kuprum Copper powder Kaki retort Retort stand Rajah 2/Diagram 2 Logam/Metal Pemerhatian/Observation Zink Zinc Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan perlahan Burns with a bright flame that spreads slowly Kuprum Copper Membara dengan malap Glows dimly (a) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah dalam eksperimen ini./State the variables in this experiment. TP2 (i) Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan/Variable that is kept constant: Kuantiti logam/Quantity of metal (ii) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan/Variable that is manipulated: Jenis logam/Type of metal (iii) Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas/Variable that responds: Kereaktifan logam terhadap oksigen/Reactivity of metal towards oxygen [3 markah/3 marks] (b) Jelaskan pemerhatian bagi kuprum./Explain the observations of copper. TP2 Kuprum bertindak balas kurang cergas dengan oksigen/Copper reacts less vigorously with oxygen [1 markah/1 mark] (c) Tulis persamaan perkataan bagi setiap tindak balas./Write word equations for each reaction. (i) Zink + oksigen J zink oksida/Zinc + oxygen J zinc oxide (ii) Kuprum + oksigen J kuprum oksida/Copper + oxygen J copper oxide [2 markah/2 marks] (d) Apakah fungsi hablur kalium manganat(VII)?/What is the function of potassium manganate(VII) crystals? TP1 Membekalkan oksigen/Supplies oxygen [1 markah/1 mark] (e) (i) Jika plumbum membara dengan terang dalam oksigen, deduksikan kedudukan plumbum. If lead glows brightly in oxygen, deduce the position of lead. Plumbum kurang reaktif daripada zink tetapi lebih reaktif daripada kuprum. Oleh itu, plumbum terletak di antara zink dan kuprum. Lead is less reactive than zinc but more reactive than copper. Thus, lead is located between zinc and copper. [2 markah/2 marks] (ii) Susun tiga logam di 2(e)(i) mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang semakin meningkat. Arrange the three metals in 2(e)(i) in ascending order of reactivity. Kuprum, plumbum, zink/Copper, lead, zinc [1 markah/1 mark] Praktis Formatif BAB 4 77 04 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB4-Watie F2.indd 77 11/8/21 10:02 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Kereaktifan Logam The Reactivity of Metals BAB 4 1 Tulis empat jenis unsur dan empat jenis sebatian dalam peta pokok di bawah. Write four types of elements and four types of compounds in the tree map below. Mineral Minerals Unsur Elements Sebatian Compounds Mercuri/Mercury Emas/Gold Platinum/Platinum Karbon/Carbon Silikat/Silicate Karbonat/Carbonate Sulfida/Sulphide Oksida/Oxide 2 Berdasarkan faktor penghubung yang diberi, lengkapkan peta titi tentang bijih yang dapat diekstrak untuk memperoleh logam tertentu. Based on the given relating factor, complete the bridge map on the ores which can be extracted to obtain certain metals. diperoleh daripada is obtained from Aluminium Aluminium Timah Tin Kuprum Copper Plumbum Lead Besi Iron Faktor penghubung Relating factor Bauksit Bauxite Kasiterit Cassiterite Malakit Malachite Galena Galena Hematit Haematite as as as as 3 Nyatakan dua sifat mineral yang menyebabkan kebanyakan mineral masih kekal wujud dan tidak berubah dalam kerak Bumi dalam peta pelbagai alir di bawah. State two properties of minerals that cause them to still exist and have not changed in the Earth’s crust, in the multi-flow map below. Keras Hard Tidak larut dalam air Do not dissolve in water Sifat-sifat mineral Properties of minerals 20
4 Tulis unsur-unsur yang membentuk mineral yang diberi dalam peta dakap di bawah. Write the elements which make up the given minerals, in the brace map below. Mineral Minerals Timah/Tin Oksigen/Oxygen Kasiterit Cassiterite Aluminium/Aluminium Oksigen/Oxygen Bauksit Bauxite Besi/Iron Oksigen/Oxygen Hematit Haematite Kalsium/Calcium Karbon/Carbon Oksigen/Oxygen Kalsit Calcite Kuprum/Copper Karbon/Carbon Oksigen/Oxygen Malakit Malachite Plumbum/Lead Sulfur/Sulphur Galena Galena 5 Tulis tiga unsur yang membentuk sebatian kalsium karbonat dalam peta bulatan di bawah. Write three elements that make up the calcium carbonate compound in the circle map below. Unsur-unsur Elements Kalsium Calcium Karbon Carbon Oksigen Oxygen 21
6 Lengkapkan peta buih di bawah dengan memberikan contoh-contoh sebatian kalsium karbonat. Complete the bubble map below by giving the examples of calcium carbonate compounds. Contoh sebatian kalsium karbonat Examples of calcium carbonate compounds Cangkerang telur Eggshell Siput Shell Batu karang Coral Batu kapur Limestone 7 Tulis sebatian kalsium dalam peta dakap di bawah. Write the calcium compounds in the brace map below. Sebatian kalsium Calcium compounds Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate Kalsium hidroksida Calcium hydroxide Kalsium oksida Calcium oxide 8 Lengkapkan peta pelbagai alir di bawah dengan menyatakan ciri-ciri sebatian kalsium karbonat. Complete the multi-flow map below by stating the properties of calcium carbonate compounds. Ciri-ciri sebatian kalsium karbonat Properties of calcium carbonate compounds Tidak larut dalam air Do not dissolve in water Bertindak balas dengan asid React with acids Terurai apabila dipanaskan Decompose when heated 22
9 Susun kereaktifan tindak balas logam dengan oksigen di dalam peta alir yang disediakan di bawah dalam kereaktifan yang semakin bertambah. Arrange the reactivity of the metals with oxygen in the flow map provided below, in ascending order of the reactivity. Zink Aluminium Magnesium Besi Kuprum Hidrogen Karbon Zinc Aluminium Magnesium Iron Copper Hydrogen Carbon Kuprum Copper Karbon Carbon Aluminium Aluminium Magnesium Magnesium Besi Iron Hidrogen Hydrogen Zink Zinc 10 Tuliskan lima logam yang perlu diekstrak melalui elektrolisis dalam peta bulatan di bawah. Write five metals that need to be extracted by electrolysis, in the circle map below. Logam Metals Kalium Potassium Natrium Sodium Magnesium Magnesium Kalsium Calcium Aluminium Aluminium 23
11 Lengkapkan peta buih di bawah dengan logam-logam yang boleh diekstrak dengan memanaskan bijihnya bersama karbon. Complete the bubble map below by stating the metals that can be extracted by heating their ores together with carbon. Besi Iron Plumbum Lead Logam Metals Zink Zinc Timah Tin 12 Tuliskan impak aktiviti perlombongan yang tidak terancang kepada hidupan dalam konteks tempatan atau global dalam peta pelbagai alir di bawah. Write the impacts of unplanned mining activities to living things in a local or global context in the multi-flow map below. Pencemaran udara akibat pembakaran bahan api. Air pollution due to fuel combustion. Pencemaran bunyi oleh jentera perlombongan. Sound pollution by mining machinery. Pemusnahan habitat akibat perlombongan. The destruction of habitats due to mining. Perlombongan Mining Impak kepada hidupan Impact to living things 24