BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN TEMA 2 : Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam Peta Buih BAB Konsep PENTING IMPORTANT concepts APAKAH AIR DAN LARUTAN? WHAT ARE WATER AND SOLUTION? Air ialah bahan kimia yang lut sinar dan tidak berwarna yang merupakan komponen utama cecair Bumi. Larutan merupakan campuran dua bahan, iaitu zat terlarut dan pelarut. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut di dalam cecair dan pelarut ialah cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut. Water is a transparent and colourless chemical substance that is the main component of the Earth’s liquid. A solution is a mixture of two substances, i.e. a solute and a solvent. The solute is a substance that dissolves in liquid and the solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solute. Air dan Larutan 5 Water and Solution AIR DAN LARUTAN WATER AND SOLUTION Peringkat dalam sistem pembekalan air seperti pengenapan dan penurasan Stages in the water supply system such as sedimentation and filtration Sifat fizik air seperti takat beku dan ketumpatan Physical characteristics of water such as freezing point and density Elektrolisis air dan kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur dan takat didih air Electrolysis of water and the effect of impurities on the melting and boiling points of water Faktor mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air dan kadar keterlarutan seperti suhu Factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water and the rate of solubility such as the temperature Larutan, koloid, pelarut air dan bukan air Solution, colloid, water and organic solvents Kaedah pembersihan air seperti pendidihan dan penurasan Water purification methods such as boiling and filtration Bekalan air seperti kitar semula air Supply of water such as recycle of water 47 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 47 9/9/21 8:04 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
48 BAB 5 Sifat Fizik Air 1. Air ialah sebatian kimia yang dapat diuraikan kepada hidrogen dan oksigen dengan menggunakan elektrik melalui proses elektrolisis. 2. Takat lebur ais dan takat beku air ialah 0°C. Takat didih air ialah 100°C. 3. Bendasing menaikkan takat didih air tetapi menurunkan takat beku air atau takat lebur ais. Physical Characteristics of Water 1. Water is a chemical compound that can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity through the process of electrolysis. 2. The melting point of ice and the freezing point of water is 0°C. The boiling point of water is 100°C. 3. Impurities increase the boiling point of water but decrease the freezing point of water or melting point of ice. Penyejatan Air 1. Penyejatan air ialah proses yang berlaku di permukaan air yang menukarkan air menjadi wap air pada sebarang suhu. 2. Kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas permukaan air yang terdedah dan pergerakan udara mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. Evaporation of Water 1. Evaporation of water is a process that occurs on the surface of water which changes water into water vapour at any temperature. 2. The humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed surface area of water and movement of air affect the rate of evaporation of water. Larutan 1. Pelarut ialah cecair yang digunakan untuk melarutkan suatu bahan (zat terlarut). 2. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut dalam suatu pelarut. 3. Larutan ialah campuran yang terbentuk apabila satu atau lebih zat terlarut melarut dalam suatu pelarut. 4. Ampaian ialah campuran keruh yang terbentuk daripada zat terlarut yang tidak larut di dalam suatu pelarut. Solution 1. A solvent is a liquid that is used for dissolving a substance (solute). 2. A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent. 3. A solution is a mixture that is formed when one or more solutes dissolve in a solvent. 4. A suspension is a cloudy mixture formed from the solute that is insoluble in a solvent. Keterlarutan 1. Keterlarutan suatu bahan ialah kuantiti maksimum zat terlarut yang dapat larut di dalam 100 ml pelarut pada suhu tertentu. 2. Suhu pelarut, kadar kacauan, saiz zat terlarut dan isi padu pelarut mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam pelarut. 3. Koloid ialah campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak membentuk campuran jernih atau mendakan. Solubility 1. The solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity of solutes which can dissolve in 100 ml of solvent at a certain temperature. 2. The temperature of solvent, rate of stirring, size of solute and volume of solvent affect the rate of solubility of a solute in a solvent. 3. A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are distributed evenly. The colloid does not form a clear or precipitate mixture. Pelarut Bukan Air 1. Air tidak dapat melarutkan kotoran organik seperti minyak dan gris. 2. Alkohol, kerosin, aseton, turpentin dan eter adalah contoh-contoh pelarut bukan air yang dapat melarutkan kotoran organik. Organic Solvents 1. Water cannot dissolve organic dirt such as oil and grease. 2. Alcohol, kerosene, acetone, turpentine and ether are examples of organic solvents that dissolve organic dirt. Sistem Pembekalan Air 1. Kaedah pembersihan air termasuklah pendidihan, penurasan, pengklorinan dan penyulingan. 2. Sebelum dibersihkan, air sungai dan air hujan dikumpulkan di empangan. Air ini kemudian dipamkan ke loji pembersihan air. 3. Urutan pembersihan air dalam loji pembersihan air adalah seperti berikut: takungan air, tangki penapisan, tangki pengoksidaan, tangki penggumpalan, tangki pengenapan, tangki penurasan, tangki pengklorinan, tangki pemfluoridaan dan tangki penyimpanan. Water Supply System 1. Water purification methods include boiling, filtration, chlorination and distillation. 2. Before they are purified, rainwater and river water are collected in reservoirs. The water is then pumped into water treatment plants. 3. The sequence in water purification in water treatment plants is as follows: water reservoir, filtration tank, oxidation tank, coagulation tank, sedimentation tank, filtration tank, chlorination tank, fluoridation tank and storage tank. NOTA BESTARI Nota Grafik 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 48 9/9/21 8:04 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang sifat fizik air. Complete the table below about the physical characteristics of water. (a) Warna air/Colour of water Air Water Warna/Colour: Tidak berwarna/Colourless (b) Ketumpatan air/Density of water Ketumpatan air = 200 g 200 cm3 = 1 g/cm3 Density of water (c) Tegangan permukaan air Surface tension of water Tegangan permukaan membolehkan ayak-ayak terapung di permukaan air. Surface tension enables a water stricler to float on the surface of water. (d) Tindakan kapilari air Capillary action of water Kebolehan air untuk bergerak melawan graviti melalui ruang yang sempit. The ability of water to move against gravity in narrow spaces. 2 (a) Namakan proses X dan Y. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) perubahan haba semasa air membeku dan mendidih./Name processes X and Y. Then, mark ( ✓ ) the heat change when water freezes and boils. TP1 Haba diserap Heat is absorbed Haba dibebaskan Heat is released Ais/Ice Air/Water Gas/Gas Haba diserap Heat is absorbed Haba dibebaskan ✓ Heat is released ✓ Proses X: Pembekuan Process X: Freezing Proses Y: Pendidihan Process Y: Boiling X Y (b) Air bertukar menjadi ais pada takat beku . The water changes into ice, at the freezing point. (c) Air bertukar menjadi gas pada takat didih . The water changes into gas, at the boiling point. Isi padu air/Volume of water = 200 cm3 Jisim air/Mass of water = 200 g Standard Kandungan 5.1 Sifat fizik air Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 5.1 Sifat-sifat fizik air Physical characteristics of water Buku teks m/s 96 – 97 Tegangan permukaan ialah daya lekitan antara molekul air di permukaan air. Tindakan kapilari ialah daya lekitan antara molekul air dan daya lekatan antara molekul air dengan dinding bekas melalui saluran sempit. The surface tension is the cohesive force between water molecules at the surface of water. The capillary action is the cohesive force between the molecules of water and the adhesive force between the molecule of water and the walls of a container through a narrow vessel. 49 BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 49 3/4/22 3:43 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Menjalankan elektrolisis untuk menentukan Carry out electrolysis to determine (a) komposisi air the composition of water (b) nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water Air suling, asid sulfurik cair (atau asid hidroklorik cair), kayu uji, mancis, set elektrolisis, silinder penyukat 10 ml, penitis, pembekal kuasa arus terus 12 V, wayar, klip buaya, suis, jam randik/Distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid (or dilute hydrochloric acid), wooden splinter, matches, electrolysis set, 10 ml measuring cylinders, dropper, 12 V direct current power supply, wires, crocodile clips, switch, stopwatch Silinder penyukat Measuring cylinder Y X Rod karbon (elektrod) Carbon rods (electrodes) Air suling ditambahkan dengan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair Distilled water is added with a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid Suis Switch 12 V + - 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2 Tambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air. Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water. 3 Hidupkan suis dan alirkan arus elektrik selama 10 minit. Turn on the switch and allow electricity to flow for 10 minutes. 4 Catat isi padu gas yang terkumpul di dalam silinder penyukat X dan Y. Record the volumes of gas that are collected in measuring cylinders X and Y. 5 Matikan suis apabila kedua-dua silinder penyukat itu telah penuh dengan gas. Turn off the switch when both measuring cylinders are full of gas. 6 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat X dengan kayu uji bernyala. Test the gas in measuring cylinder X with a burning wooden splinter. 7 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat Y dengan kayu uji berbara. Test the gas in measuring cylinder Y with a glowing wooden splinter. 8 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations. Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur Buku teks m/s 97 – 98 Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 5.2 Komposisi air The composition of water KBAT Galeri Info Galeri Info Galeri Info Set elektrolisis yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini disebut sel elektrolitik. Sel elektrolitik menggunakan tenaga elektrik untuk menguraikan sebatian kimia. Proses yang berlaku disebut elektrolisis. The electrolytic set used in this activitiy is called an electrolytic cell. An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to decompose chemical compounds. The process that takes place is called electrolysis. 50 Prose BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 50 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Silinder penyukat Measuring cylinder Isi padu gas (cm3) Volume of gas (cm3) Ujian bagi gas Test for gas Jenis gas terbebas Type of gas released X 10 Menghasilkan bunyi ‘pop’ dengan kayu uji bernyala Produces a ‘pop’ sound with a burning wooden splinter Hidrogen Hydrogen Y 5 Menyalakan kayu uji berbara Lights up/Ignites a glowing wooden splinter Oksigen Oxygen (Jawapan murid/Student’s answer) 1 Apakah proses yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini? TP1 What is the process used in this activity? Elektrolisis/Electrolysis 2 Namakan elektrod X dan Y./Name electrodes X and Y. TP1 (a) Elektrod X/Electrode X: (b) Elektrod Y/Electrode Y: Anod/Elektrod positif/Anode/Positive electrode 3 Berapakah nisbah isi padu hidrogen kepada oksigen yang terkumpul dalam aktiviti ini? What is the ratio of the volumes of hydrogen to oxygen collected in this activity? TP2 Hidrogen/Hydrogen : Oksigen/Oxygen = 10 cm3 : 5 cm3 = 2 : 1 4 Apakah nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air? TP2 What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water? 2 : 1 5 Label atom hidrogen dan oksigen dalam rajah. Kemudian, bulatkan jawapan yang betul. Simbol bagi atom hidrogen dan oksigen masing-masing diwakili oleh H dan O. Label the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the diagram. Then, circle the correct answers. The symbols for hydrogen and oxygen atoms are represented by H and O respectively. TP1 (a) Atom atom Simbol molekul air Symbol of the molecule of water HO HO2 H2O (b) Atom / atoms oksigen Oxygen hidrogen Hydrogen 6 Apakah tujuan menambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air suling? What is the purpose of adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid into the distilled water? TP2 Untuk meningkatkan kekonduksian elektrik air suling To increase the electrical conductivity of the distilled water 7 Bolehkah air suling tulen dielektrolisiskan? Berikan satu sebab. TP2 Can pure distilled water be electrolysed? Give one reason. Tidak . Air suling tulen ialah konduktor elektrik yang lemah . No . Pure distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity . Satu molekul air mengandungi dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom oksigen . One molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Keputusan Analisis Perbincangan Katod/Elektrod negatif/Cathode/Negative electrode Kesimpulan Praktis Kendiri 51 ti ini? TP2 BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 51 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Mengkaji kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air To study the effect of impurities on the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water Air suling, kiub ais, garam biasa, bikar 250 ml, termometer, penunu Bunsen, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, kaki retort/Distilled water, ice cubes, common salt, 250 ml beaker, thermometer, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, retort stand Termometer/Thermometer Bikar/Beaker Air suling Distilled water Ais Ice Panaskan Heat Rajah Diagram (a)/ (a) Rajah (b)/Diagram (b) 1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b). Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b). 2 Catat takat lebur ais (suhu tetap)./Record the melting point of ice (constant temperature). 3 Catat takat didih air suling./Record the boiling point of distilled water. 4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan menambahkan satu spatula garam biasa ke dalam ais dan air suling bagi setiap aktiviti./Repeat steps 1 to 3 by adding a spatula of common salt to the ice and distilled water in each activity. Takat lebur ais The melting point of ice = 0 º C Takat lebur ais + garam biasa The melting point of ice + common salt = – 2 º C Takat didih air suling The boiling point of distilled water = 100 º C Takat didih air suling + garam biasa The boiling point of distilled water + common salt = 102 º C (Jawapan murid/Student’s answer) 1 Apakah kesan penambahan garam biasa terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air? What is the effect of adding common salt on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water? TP2 Garam biasa mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan takat didih air. Common salt decreases the melting point of ice but increases the boiling point of water. 2 (a) Berapakah takat lebur ais/What is the melting point of ice? TP1 0°C (b) Ramalkan takat lebur ais jika sedikit garam biasa ditambahkan kepadanya. Predict the melting point of ice if a little common salt is added to it. TP3/KBAT Lebih rendah daripada 0°C/Lower than 0°C Bendasing mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan takat didih air. Impurities decrease the melting point of ice but increase the boiling point of water. Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur Keputusan Perbincangan Kesimpulan Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 5.3 Kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air The effect of impurity on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water KBAT Buku teks m/s 99 – 100 Praktis Kendiri 52 BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 52 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor, iaitu kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas permukaan air yang terdedah dan pergerakan udara yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2 State the factors, i.e. humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed surface area of water and movement of air, that affect the rate of evaporation of water. Choose the correct answers. (a) Semakin tinggi kelembapan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air. The higher the humidity is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water. (b) Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air. The higher the temperature is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water. (c) Semakin besar luas permukaan air yang terdedah, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air. The larger the exposed surface area of water is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water. (d) Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air. The faster the movement of air is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water. 2 Pernyataan di bawah adalah mengenai faktor-faktor yang meningkatkan kadar penyejatan air. Isi tempat kosong dengan jawapan yang betul. TP2 The statement below is about the factors that increase the rate of evaporation of water. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Pantas/Faster Kurang/Less Mempercepatkan/Quickens Tenaga/Energy Lebih banyak/More Udara yang kering mengandungi kurang wap air dan dapat menampung lebih banyak molekul air yang terlepas dari permukaan air. Suhu tinggi memberi lebih tenaga kepada molekul-molekul air di permukaan untuk bergerak dengan lebih pantas dan terbebas ke udara. Luas permukaan air terdedah yang lebih besar membolehkan lebih banyak molekul air terbebas ke udara. Udara bergerak mempercepatkan penyejatan air dengan membawa wap air dalam udara ke tempat lain. Dry air contains less water vapour and can hold more water molecules that escape from the water surface. High temperatures give more energy to the water molecules at the surface to move faster and escape into the air. A larger exposed surface area of water enables more water molecules to escape into the air. Movement of air quickens the water evaporation by sweeping away water vapour in the air to other places. 3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) aplikasi penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian. TP1 Mark ( ✓ ) the applications of evaporation of water in daily life. (a) ✓ Pengeringan ikan atau kelapa Drying fish or coconut (b) Pemprosesan air mineral Processing of mineral water (c) ✓ Pengeringan pakaian basah Drying wet clothes (d) ✓ Penghasilan garam daripada air laut/Production of salt from seawater (e) ✓ Minyak wangi di badan menghasilkan bau/A perfume on the body gives out a smell (f) ✓ Pengeringan rambut yang basah Drying of wet hair Buku teks m/s 104 – 105 Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual Penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian PBD Evaporation of water in daily life 5.4 KBAT AKTIVITI HANDS-ON Eksperimen Wajib 3: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air (rujuk silang m.s.191 – 194). Compulsory Experiment 3: Factors affecting the rate of evaporation of water (cross-reference pp. 191 – 194). Praktis Kendiri 53 ir. Isi n the More yak epada BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 53 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Menyediakan larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu To prepare a dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution Hablur kuprum(II) sulfat (garam), air, bikar 50 ml, spatula, rod kaca Copper(II) sulphate crystal (salt), water, 50 ml beaker, spatula, glass rod 1 Masukkan satu spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat ke dalam 25 cm3 air dan kacau dengan rod kaca./Add one spatula of copper(II) sulphate crystal to 25 cm3 of water and stir with a glass rod. 2 Ulang langkah 1 dengan dua spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat. Repeat step 1 with two spatulas of copper(II) sulphate crystals. 3 Ulang langkah 1 dengan menambahkan hablur kuprum(II) sulfat sehingga tidak larut lagi dalam air./Repeat step 1 by adding copper(II) sulphate crystal until it does not dissolve any more in water. 4 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations. Kuantiti kuprum(II) sulfat Amount of copper(II) sulphate Warna larutan Colour of solution Adakah semua garam larut? Does all the salt dissolve? 1 spatula 1 spatula Biru muda Light blue Ya Yes 2 spatula 2 spatulas Biru Blue Ya Yes Lebih daripada 2 spatula More than 2 spatulas Biru tua Dark blue Tidak No Kenal pasti jenis larutan yang terhasil. TP2 Identify the types of solution produced. Larutan tepu Saturated solution Larutan cair Dilute solution Larutan pekat Concentrated solution Terdapat tiga jenis larutan yang mengandungi kuantiti zat terlarut yang berlainan, iaitu larutan cair , larutan pekat dan larutan tepu . There are three types of solution that have different amounts of solute, which are dilute solution , concentrated solution and saturated solution . Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur Pemerhatian Perbincangan Kesimpulan Standard Kandungan 5.2 Larutan dan kadar keterlarutan Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 5.5 Larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu Dilute, concentrated and saturated solutions KBAT Buku teks m/s 106 – 107 Kuantiti garam Amount of salt Larutan terhasil Solution produced 1 spatula 1 spatula Larutan cair Dilute solution 2 spatula 2 spatulas Larutan pekat Concentrated solution Lebih daripada 2 spatula More than 2 spatulas Larutan tepu Saturated solution Maksud Meaning Larutan yang mengandungi zat terlarut yang berlebihan. A solution that has excessive amount of solute. Larutan yang mengandungi sangat sedikit zat terlarut. A solution that has very little solute. Larutan yang mengandungi banyak zat terlarut. A solution that has a lot of solute. Nota Ekstra 54 Peme BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 54 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Menunjukkan perbezaan antara larutan dengan ampaian To show the differences between a solution and a suspension Serbuk natrium klorida, serbuk kanji, air, bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, spatula Sodium chloride powder, starch powder, water, 100 ml beaker, glass rod, spatula 1 Masukkan satu spatula serbuk natrium klorida ke dalam 50 cm3 air di dalam sebuah bikar dan kacau dengan rod kaca./Add one spatula of sodium chloride powder to 50 cm3 of water in a beaker and stir with a glass rod. 2 Catat pemerhatian./Record the observation. 3 Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan serbuk kanji. Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using starch powder. Bahan Substance Pemerhatian Observation Adakah bahan larut? Does the substance dissolve? Serbuk natrium klorida/Sodium chloride powder Larutan jernih terbentuk. A clear solution is formed. Ya/Yes Serbuk kanji Starch powder Ampaian terbentuk. A suspension is formed. Tidak/No Lengkapkan ruang di bawah. TP2 Complete the spaces below. 1 Pelarut/Solvent • Air/Water 2 Zat terlarut/Solute • Serbuk natrium klorida Sodium chloride powder 3 Larutan/Solution • Larutan natrium klorida Sodium chloride solution 4 Bahan yang melarut dalam suatu cecair. A substance that dissolves in a liquid. Zat terlarut Solute 5 Cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut untuk membentuk suatu larutan. A liquid in which a solute dissolves to form a solution. Pelarut Solvent 6 Campuran jernih yang terbentuk apabila zat terlarut melarut dalam suatu pelarut. A clear mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent. Larutan Solution 7 Campuran keruh yang mengandungi zat terlarut yang tidak melarut dalam suatu pelarut./A cloudy mixture containing a solute which is insoluble in a solvent. Ampaian Suspension 1 Larutan mengandungi zat terlarut yang larut dalam air. A solution contains a solute that dissolves in water. 2 Ampaian mengandungi zat terlarut yang tidak larut yang terampai dalam air. A suspension contains an insoluble solute that is suspended in water. Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur Pemerhatian Perbincangan Kesimpulan Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 5.6 Larutan dan ampaian Solutions and suspensions KBAT Buku teks m/s 107 – 108 Larutan Solution Zat terlarut Solute Ampaian Suspension Pelarut Solvent Praktis Kendiri 55 ve? BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 55 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam air. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2 Explain the factors which affect the rate of solubility of a solute in water. Choose the correct answers. (a) Semakin (kecil, besar) saiz zat terlarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut itu akan larut di dalam air. The (smaller, bigger) the size of the solute is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water. (b) Semakin (rendah, tinggi) suhu, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut di dalam air. The (lower, higher) the temperature is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water. (c) Zat terlarut lebih mudah larut jika campuran itu (dikacau, tidak dikacau). A solute dissolves more readily if the mixture is (stirred, not stirred). (d) Semakin (kecil, besar) isi padu pelarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut dalam pelarut. The (smaller, larger) the volume of solvent is, the faster the solute will dissolve in the solvent. 2 Kaji pernyataan di bawah tentang koloid./Study the statements below about colloid. Koloid ialah suatu campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak membentuk campuran jernih dan juga tidak terenap. A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes dispersed evenly in a solvent. The colloid does not form a clear mixture and also does not settle down. Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan koloid kepada emulsi dan busa dalam peta dakap di bawah. Based on the above statements, classify colloids into emulsions and foams in the brace maps below. TP1 Susu getah/Latex Minyak ikan kod/Cod liver oil Susu segar/Fresh milk Krim putar/Whipped cream Mayonis/Mayonnaise Gelembung-gelembung dalam minuman bergas/Bubbles in carbonated drinks Krim pencukur/Shaving cream Span mandi/Bath sponge Minyak ikan kod/Cod liver oil Susu segar/Fresh milk Susu getah/Latex Mayonis/Mayonnaise Span mandi/Bath sponge Krim pencukur/Shaving cream Krim putar/Whipped cream Gelembung-gelembung dalam minuman bergas Bubbles in carbonated drinks Busa Foams Emulsi Emulsions Jenis koloid Types of colloid 14444244443 1442443 1442443 3 Air digunakan sebagai pelarut secara domestik dan juga sebagai bahan mentah dalam industri pembuatan, pertanian dan perubatan. Air digunakan untuk melarutkan pelbagai jenis bahan. Apakah nama yang diberi kepada air sebagai pelarut? TP1 Water is used as a solvent domestically as well as a raw material in the manufacturing industry, agriculture and medicine. Water is used for dissolving various types of substances. What is the name given to water as a solvent? Pelarut semesta/Universal solvent Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 5.7 Keterlaluan zat terlarut, koloid dan pelarut semesta The solubility of solute, colloid and universal solvent Buku teks m/s 109 – 112 AKTIVITI HANDS-ON Eksperimen Wajib 4: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut (rujuk silang m.s. 195 – 198). Compulsory Experiment 4: Factors affecting the rate of solubility (dissolving) of solutes (cross-reference pp. 195 – 198). Nota Ekstra Praktis Kendiri 56 2 K A f B B BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 56 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 5.8 Pelarut organik (Pelarut bukan air) Organic solvents Galeri Info Galeri Info Galeri Info t "MLPIPMCPMFIEJHVOBLBOVOUVLNFOBOHHBMLBOLPUPSBOLMPSPmMEBOEBLXBULFLBMQBEBQBQBOUVMJT Alcohol can be used to remove chlorophyll dirt and permanent marker ink on a white board. t "NJMBTFUBUKVHBCPMFIEJHVOBLBOVOUVLNFOBOHHBMLBOHJODVEBOWBSOJTLVLV Amyl acetate can also be used to remove lipstick and nail varnish. Nyatakan jenis pelarut organik berdasarkan kegunaannya dalam kehidupan harian. TP2 State the types of organic solvents according to their uses in daily life. Turpentin Turpentine Aseton Aceton Alkohol Alcohol Eter Ether Kerosin Kerosene (a) Alkohol/Alcohol • Penyediaan syelek Preparation of shellac (b) Kerosin/Kerosene • Minyak lampu Lamp oil (c) Turpentin/Turpentine • Mencairkan cat Diluting paints (d) Alkohol/Alcohol • Penyediaan kosmetik seperti minyak wangi Preparation of cosmetics such as perfume (e) Aseton/Aceton • Menanggalkan varnis kuku dan gincu Removing nail varnish and lipstick (f) Aseton/Aceton • Penyediaan lakuer untuk perabot kayu Preparation of lacquer for wooden furniture (g) Turpentin/Kerosin Turpentine/Kerosene • Menanggalkan kotoran cat Paint remover (h) Alkohol/Alcohol • Melarutkan iodin untuk menghasilkan larutan iodin sebagai antiseptik Dissolving iodine to produce iodine solution as an antiseptic (i) Eter/Ether • Pengekstrakan minyak dan lemak seperti dalam makanan kucing Extraction of oil and fat like in cat food Buku teks m/s 112 Praktis Kendiri 57 BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 57 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Standard Kandungan 5.3 Pembersihan dan pembekalan air Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 5.9 Kaedah pembersihan air Water purification methods KBAT Buku teks m/s 113 – 115 Mengkaji pelbagai kaedah pembersihan air To study various water purification methods Air kolam, air klorin, bikar, corong turas, termometer, kaki retort dan penyepit, kertas turas, rod kaca, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, kelalang penyulingan, kondenser Liebig, penyumbat berlubang, penutup kaca, sisip kaca, mikroskop Pond water, chlorine water, beaker, filter funnel, thermometer, retort stand and clamp, filter paper, glass rod, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, distillation flask, Liebig condenser, stopper with a hole, cover slip, glass slide, microscope Air Water Air klorin Chlorine water Kaki retort Retort stand Kertas turas Filter paper Air kolam Pond water Corong turas Filter funnel Baki Residue Hasil turasan Filtrate Penurasan/Filtration Serpihan porselin Porcelain chips Termometer Thermometer Air keluar Water out Air masuk Water in Air suling Distilled water Kondenser Liebig Liebig condenser Panaskan Heat Air kolam Pond water Penyulingan/Distillation Panaskan Heat Air kolam Pond water Pendidihan/Boiling Pengklorinan/Chlorination 1 Sediakan radas-radas di atas untuk membersihkan air kolam. Set up the apparatus above to purify pond water. 2 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang air yang dikumpulkan di dalam bikar. Record your observations on the water collected in the beaker. 3 Titiskan setitik air yang dikumpul di atas sisip kaca. Place one drop of water collected on a glass slide. 4 Tutup dengan penutup kaca dan perhatikannya melalui mikroskop. Cover it with a cover slip and examine it under a microscope. 5 Bincang bersama guru anda tentang kehadiran bahan terlarut. Discuss with your teacher about the presence of dissolved substances. Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur AKTIVITI HANDS-ON Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek (PBP) 4: Audit air di rumah atau sekolah (rujuk silang m.s. 183). Project-Based Learning (PBL) 4: Water audit at home and school (cross-reference p. 184). 58 BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 58 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Tandakan ( ✓ ) jika bahan itu hadir dan ( ✗ ) jika bahan itu tidak hadir dalam air. Mark ( ✓ ) if the substance is present and ( ✗ ) if the substance is not present in the water. Kaedah Methods Kehadiran/Presence of Zarah terampai Suspended particles Mikroorganisma Microorganisms Bahan terlarut Dissolved substances Penurasan Filtration ✗✓ ✓ Penyulingan Distillation ✗✗ ✗ Pendidihan Boiling ✓✗ ✓ Pengklorinan Chlorination ✓✗ ✓ 1 Apakah kepentingan pembersihan air? TP2 What is the importance of water purification? Merawat air supaya selamat digunakan To treat water so that it is safe to be used 2 Kaedah manakah yang menghasilkan air tulen? TP2 Which method produces pure water? Penyulingan/Distillation 3 Nyatakan fungsi air klorin./State the function of chlorine water. TP2 Untuk membunuh/To kill mikroorganisma/microorganisms. 4 Mengapakah air suling tidak sesuai untuk diminum? TP2 Why is distilled water not suitable for drinking? Air suling tidak mengandungi mineral./Distilled water does not contain minerals. 5 Negara yang tiada bekalan air dapat menyediakan bekalan air melalui kitar semula air. Lengkapkan langkah-langkah di bawah tentang kitar semula air. TP4/KBAT Countries with no water supplies can supply water through the recycling of water. Complete the steps below about the recycling of water. Mikroorganisma/Microorganisms Klorin/Chlorine Sisa pepejal/Solid waste Peringkat primer Primary stage Peringkat sekunder Secondary stage Peringkat tertier Tertiary stage Air bersih Clean water Sisa air Waste water Menapis keluar semua sisa pepejal daripada air. Filter out all the solid waste from the water. Mikroorganisma mengurangkan bahan organik pepejal. Microorganisms reduce the solid organic substances. Bahan seperti klorin ditambah untuk membunuh mikroorganisma . A substance such as chlorine is added to kill microorganisms . Air dapat dibersihkan melalui penurasan , penyulingan, pendidihan dan pengklorinan . Water can be purified by filtration , distillation , boiling and chlorination . Keputusan Perbincangan Kesimpulan Nota Ekstra Praktis Kendiri 59 BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 59 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Pam Pump Pam Pump Alum Alum Kapur mati Slaked lime Garam fluorida Fluoride salt Air klorin Chlorine water Nyatakan tangki-tangki yang terlibat dalam sistem pembekalan air. Kemudian, lengkapkan ruang kosong di bawah. TP4/KBAT State the tanks involved in the water supply system. Then, complete the blanks below. Penurasan Filtration Penggumpalan Coagulation Pemfluoridaan Fluoridation Simpanan Storage Pengklorinan Chlorination Pengenapan Sedimentation Membunuh Kills Pengoksidaan Oxidation Oksigen Oxygen Zarah terampai Suspended particles Kapur mati Slaked lime Alum Alum Penapisan Screening Pereputan gigi Tooth decay Ultraungu Ultraviolet Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 5.10 Sistem pembekalan air Water supply system KBAT (c) Tangki pengoksidaan Oxidation tank • Oksigen dilarutkan untuk menyingkirkan rasa dan bau busuk./ Oxygen is dissolved to remove the unpleasant taste and smell. (b) Tangki penapisan Screening tank • Menyingkirkan bendasing pepejal besar seperti daun Removes large solid impurities such as leaves (a) Takungan/Empangan Reservoir/Dam • Menyimpan air sungai. Stores river water. • Sinaran ultraungu dalam cahaya matahari membunuh sebahagian daripada bakteria dalam air. Ultraviolet rays in sunlight kills some of the bacteria in the water. (d) Tangki penggumpalan Coagulation tank • Alum menggumpalkan zarah terampai. / Alum coagulates the suspended particles. • Kapur mati mengurangkan keasidan air. / Slaked lime reduces the acidity of the water. (h) Tangki pemfluoridaan Fluoridation tank • Garam fluorida, iaitu natrium fluorida mengurangkan pereputan gigi . Fluoride salt, i.e. sodium fluoride reduces tooth decay . Ke tangki simpanan To storage tank (g) Tangki pengklorinan Chlorination tank • Klorin membunuh mikroorganisma yang berbahaya dalam air. Chlorine kills dangerous microorganisms in the water. (e) Tangki pengenapan / Sedimentation tank • Zarah-zarah kotoran yang besar dan berat tenggelam di dasar tangki./Big and heavy dirt particles sink to the bottom of the tank. (f) Tangki penurasan Filtration tank • Penapis pasir menyingkirkan zarah terampai . Sand filters remove suspended particles . Buku teks m/s 115 – 117 60 (b) • M be be R im le BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 60 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Bahagian A/Section A Arahan: Jawab semua soalan. Instructions: Answer all questions. 1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah tujuan peng oksidaan dalam proses pembersihan air? Which of the following is the purpose of oxidation in water purification process? I Menyingkirkan bendasing Removes impurities II Menambah kandungan oksigen Increase oxygen content III Menyingkirkan bau dan rasa yang kurang menyenangkan Removes unpleasant smell and taste IV Membunuh mikroorganisma Kills microorganisms A I dan II B III dan IV I and II III and IV C II dan III D I dan IV II and III I and IV 2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis air berasid dengan menggunakan elektrod karbon. Diagram 1 shows an apparatus to study the electrolysis of acidic water by using carbon electrodes. P Q Rajah 1/Diagram 1 Apakah gas P? What is gases P? A Hidrogen B Oksigen Hydrogen Oxygen C Plumbum D Nitrogen Lead Nitrogen 3 Apakah yang berlaku apabila sedikit garam ditambah ke dalam air? What happens when a little salt is added to water? A Mendidih di atas 100°C Boil above 100°C B Membeku di atas 0°C Freeze above 0°C C Menyejat dengan lebih cepat Evaporate faster D Menjadi berasid Become acidic Bahagian B/Section B 1 Lengkapkan teka silang kata tentang kaedah pembersihan air. Complete the crossword puzzle about the water purification methods. 4P E N 3P G E K 1PEN Y UL I NGAN D O I R D I I N H A 2P ENU R A S A N N Melintang/Horizontal 1 Menyingkirkan semua bahan. Removes all substances. 2 Hanya menyingkirkan bendasing terampai. Only removes suspended impurities. Menegak/Vertical 3 Menggunakan haba./Use heat. 4 Menambah air klorin./Add chlorine water. [4 markah/4 marks] 4C H L O R I N 3B A O T 1D I S T I L L AT I ON L O 2F I LTRA T I ON N G PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 5 KOMPONEN PP KOMPONEN PP 61 pabila h ke le salt °C cepat BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 61 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Bahagian C/Section C 2 (a) Gambar foto 1 menunjukkan John meminum air sungai secara terus. Photograph 1 shows John drinking river water directly. (i) Adakah tindakan John betul? Berikan satu alasan. TP5/Menilai Is the John’s action correct? Give a reason. Tidak. Air sungai masih mengandungi mikroorganisma yang mungkin menyebabkan penyakit. No. River water still contains microorganisms that may cause disease. [2 markah/2 marks] (ii) Cadangkan apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh John sebelum meminum air itu. Terangkan. TP3/Mengaplikasi Suggest what John needs to do before drinking the water. Explain. John perlu mendidihkan air sungai untuk membunuh mikroorganisma di dalamnya sebelum meminum air sungai itu./John must boil the river water to kill the microorganisms in it before drinking the river water. [2 markah/2 marks] (b) Gambar foto 2 menunjukkan kebocoran paip air bawah tanah di sebatang jalan raya. The photograph 2 shows leakage of an underground water pipe on a road. Apakah yang boleh anda lakukan untuk mengatasi masalah yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar foto di sebelah kiri? TP4/Menganalisis What can you do to solve the problem shown in the photograph on the left? Melaporkan kepada jabatan air yang berdekatan tentang kebocoran paip air bawah tanah./Report to the nearest water department about the leakage of underground water pipes. [2 markah/2 marks] (c) Kini, banyak keluarga di Malaysia menggunakan penapis air yang mengandungi turus ultraungu. Today, many families in Malaysia use water filter containing ultraviolet columns. Gambar foto 3/Photograph 3 (i) Pada pendapat anda, apakah bahan-bahan dalam air pili yang dapat disingkirkan oleh penapis air ini? Terangkan. TP4/Menganalisis In your opinion, what are the substances in the tap water that can be removed by this water filter? Explain. Penapis di dalamnya menyingkirkan zarah-zarah terampai dan sinaran ultraungu membunuh mikroorganisma./The filter in it removes suspended particles and ultraviolet rays kill microorganisms. [2 markah/2 marks] (ii) Bolehkah air yang disalur keluar melalui penapis air ini diminum terus? Terangkan mengapa. Can the water that comes out through this water filter be drunk directly? Explain why. TP5/Menilai Ya. Air yang disalur keluar melalui penapis air ini tidak mengandungi mikroorganisma. Yes. The water that comes out through this water filter does not contain microorganisms. [2 markah/2 marks] Gambar foto 1/Photograph 1 Gambar foto 2/Photograph 2 Praktis Formatif 62 (b BAB 5 05 SPS 2022 SAINS TG2 (NM)-BAB5-Hee2LP.indd 62 9/9/21 8:05 PM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Air dan Larutan Water and Solution BAB 5 1 Berdasarkan faktor penghubung yang diberi, lengkapkan peta titi tentang air. Based on the given relating factor, complete the bridge map about water. adalah is Takat lebur ais The melting point of ice Takat didih air The boiling point of water Takat beku air The freezing point of water Takat lebur air + garam Melting point of water + salt Faktor penghubung Relating factor as as as 2 Lengkapkan peta pelbagai alir di bawah dengan menyatakan keadaan-keadaan yang diperlukan untuk elektrolisis air dan gas-gas yang terbebas. Complete the multi-flow map below by stating the conditions needed for electrolysis of water and the gases released. Elektrolisis air Electrolysis of water 23 04 SPS SAINS TG2-CD i-THINK-Kin(Emie)2LP.indd 23 4 SPS SAINS TG2-CD i-THINK-Kin(Emie)2LP.indd 23 2/1/18 12:42 PM /1/18 12:42 PM
3 Lengkapkan peta buih di bawah dengan menyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. Complete the bubble map below by stating the factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water. Faktor-faktor Factors 4 Anda diberi tiga larutan. You are given three solutions. Larutan tepu Saturated solution Larutan cair Dilute solution Larutan pekat Concentrated solution Lengkapkan peta alir di bawah dengan menyusun larutan mengikut bilangan zarah zat terlarut dalam tertib menaik. Complete the flow map below by arranging the solutions according to the number of dissolved solute particles in ascending order. 24 04 SPS SAINS TG2-CD i-THINK-Kin(Emie)2LP.indd 24 4 SPS SAINS TG2-CD i-THINK-Kin(Emie)2LP.indd 24 2/1/18 12:42 PM /1/18 12:42 PM
5 Berikan tiga contoh bahan yang membentuk larutan dan ampaian dalam air dalam peta dakap di bawah. Give three examples of substances which form solutions and suspensions in water in the brace map below. Bahan Substances Larutan Solutions Ampaian Suspensions 6 Tulis empat faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam air dalam peta bulatan di bawah. Write four factors that affect the rate of solubility of solutes in water in the circle map below. Faktor Factors 7 Lengkapkan peta pelbagai alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan cara meningkatkan keterlarutan ketulan besar gula batu dalam air. Complete the multi-flow map below to show the ways to increase the solubility of a large piece of rock sugar in water. Keterlarutan gula batu dalam air Solubility of rock sugar in water 25 04 SPS SAINS TG2-CD i-THINK-Kin(Emie)2LP.indd 25 4 SPS SAINS TG2-CD i-THINK-Kin(Emie)2LP.indd 25 2/1/18 12:42 PM /1/18 12:42 PM
8 Tulis empat bahan yang dapat dilarutkan oleh alkohol dan turpentin dalam peta bulatan di bawah. Write four substances which can be dissolved by alcohol and turpentine in the circle maps below. (a) (b) Alkohol Alcohol Turpentin Turpentine 9 Namakan bahan-bahan yang disingkirkan daripada air oleh kaedah pembersihan air yang diberi dalam peta pokok di bawah. Name the substances that are being removed from water by the given water purification methods in the tree map below. Kaedah Methods Penurasan Filtration Penyulingan Distillation Pendidihan Boiling Pengklorinan Chlorination 10 Lengkapkan peta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan langkah-langkah dalam proses pembersihan air. Complete the flow map below to show the steps in the water purification process. Tangki simpanan Storage tank Takungan air Reservoir 26 04 SPS SAINS TG2-CD i-THINK-Kin(Emie)2LP.indd 26 4 SPS SAINS TG2-CD i-THINK-Kin(Emie)2LP.indd 26 2/1/18 12:42 PM /1/18 12:42 PM