BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN TEMA 3 : Tenaga dan Kelestarian Hidup Peta Buih BAB Konsep PENTING IMPORTANT concepts Sumber tenaga boleh baharu dan tidak boleh baharu Renewable and non-renewable energy resources Penjanaan tenaga elektrik Generation of electrical energy Arus terus dan arus ulang-alik Direct current and alternating current Contoh: Perbezaan arus Example: Differences of the currents Contoh: Menggunakan petroleum Example: Using petroleum Contoh: Tenaga suria dan arang batu Examples: Solar energy and coal Jenis transformer Types of transformer Contoh: Transformer injak naik dan injak turun Example: Step-up and step-down transformers Penghantaran tenaga elektrik Transmission of electrical energy Contoh: Rangkaian Grid Nasional Example: The National Grid Network Pendawaian elektrik di rumah Electrical wiring at home Contoh: Pendawaian satu fasa dan tiga fasa Example: Single and three phase wirings Komponen keselamatan Safety components Contoh: Dawai bumi dan pemutus litar Examples: Earth wire and circuit breaker Hubungan arus, kuasa dan voltan Relationship between current, power and voltage Contoh: Kuasa (W) = voltan (V) × arus (A) Example: Power (W) = voltage (V) x current (A) Rumus penggunaan tenaga elektrik Electricity consumption formula Contoh: Tenaga (kWj) = Kuasa (kW) × Masa (j) Example: Energy (kWh) = Power (kW) x Time (h) APAKAH ELEKTRIK DAN KEMAGNETAN? WHAT IS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM? Elektrik ialah fenomena yang berkaitan dengan kehadiran dan pergerakan cas elektrik. Dalam fizik, kemagnetan adalah daya yang dapat menarik atau menolak objek yang mempunyai bahan magnet seperti besi. Electricity is the phenomenon associated with the presence and motion of electric charge. In physics, magnetism is a force that can attract or repel objects that have a magnetic material like iron. Elektrik dan Kemagnetan 6 Electricity and Magnetism 83 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 83 11/8/21 10:03 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Penjana Tenaga Elektrik 1. Sumber tenaga boleh baharu seperti angin dan tidak boleh baharu seperti arang batu boleh digunakan untuk menjana tenaga elektrik. 2. Terdapat pelbagai jenis penjana elektrik, seperti penjana elektrik terma, penjana hidroelektrik, penjana biojisim, penjana nuklear dan penjana tenaga solar. 3. Pada amnya, semua penjana tenaga elektrik tersebut menggunakan prinsip penjanaan yang sama. Gegelung dawai memotong garis daya magnet dan arus elektrik terhasil. Turbin menggerakkan dinamo yang disambung kepadanya. Dinamo mempunyai gegelung dawai yang terletak di antara magnet. Turbin diputarkan 4. Penjana hidroelektrik hanya sesuai digunakan di kawasan yang menerima hujan sepanjang tahun. 5. Penjana nuklear biasanya terdapat di negara yang kekurangan bahan api semula jadi seperti Jepun. Transformer 1. Terdapat dua jenis transformer, iaitu transformer injak naik dan transformer injak turun. 2. Transformer digunakan untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan voltan arus ulang-alik dalam penghantaran dan pengagihan elektrik. 3. Apabila arus yang tinggi mengalir melalui kabel, banyak haba akan terhasil dalam kabel. Hal ini membazirkan tenaga elektrik. Bagi mengurangkan kehilangan tenaga, arus yang mengalir melalui kabel perlu dikurangkan dengan menaikkan voltan dengan menggunakan transformer injak naik. Sistem Penghantaran dan Pengagihan Elektrik 1. Sistem pengagihan elektrik meliputi Rangkaian Grid Nasional, stesen transformer, lapangan suis, pencawang masuk utama dan pencawang bahagian. 2. Lapangan suis mempunyai pemutus litar yang akan memutuskan litar secara automatik jika berlakunya litar pintas. 3. Rangkaian Grid Nasional membolehkan tenaga elektrik dijanakan mengikut keperluan semasa. Sesetengah stesen jana kuasa boleh dihentikan pada waktu keperluan tenaga rendah dan dipasang semula pada waktu keperluan tenaga tinggi. 4. Penurunan voltan dilakukan oleh transformer injak turun disebabkan oleh keperluan tenaga yang berbeza bagi kawasan perindustrian, bandar dan kawasan perumahan. Electrical Energy Generators 1. The renewable energy like wind and non-renewable energy like coal can be used to generate electricity. 2. There are various types of electricity generator, such as thermal generator, hydroelectric generator, biomass generator, nuclear generator and solar energy generator. 3. Generally, all these electrical energy generators use the same principle of generation. The wire coil cuts across the magnetic lines of force and electric current is produced. The turbine turns the dynamo that is connected to it. The dynamo has a wire coil placed in between a magnet. Turbine is rotated 4. A hydroelectric generator is only suitable for use in areas that receive rain throughout the year. 5. Nuclear generators are usually found in countries that lack natural fuels such as Japan. Transformers 1. There are two types of transformer, that is step-up transformer and step-down transformer. 2. A transformer is used to raise or lower the voltage of an alternating current in the transmission and distribution of electricity. 3. When high current flows through a cable, a large quantity of heat is produced in the cable. This is a waste of electrical energy. To reduce the loss of energy, the current flowing in the cable has to be reduced by raising the voltage with the use of a step-up transformer. Electricity Transmission and Distribution System 1. The electricity distribution system includes the National Grid Network, transformer stations, switch zones, main substations and substation branches. 2. Switch zones are equipped with circuit breakers to automatically cut off the circuit if a short circuit occurs. 3. The National Grid Network enables the generation of electrical energy according to the current needs. Some power stations can be shut down at periods when energy need is low and reconnected when energy need increases. 4. The decrease of voltage is done by the step-down transformer to meet the different energy requirement of industrial areas, town and residental areas. NOTA BESTARI 84 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 84 11/8/21 10:03 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Electricity Supply and Wiring System at Home 1. The value of the main voltage that is supplied to our homes from the substation branches is 240 V. 2. The electric current supplied to our homes is alternating current. 3. The live wire carries current to homes from the substation branches, while the neutral wire returns current to substation branches. 4. Two types of wiring are usually used in our country, that is: (a) One-phase wiring – Usually used in homes that require low or moderate supply of electricity (240 V). (b) Three-phase wiring – Usually used in light and heavy industries because these industries need high voltage values of 415 V or more. 5. The electric meter measures the quantity of electrical energy that is used in the house. Wiring in a 3-pin Plug 1. Besides the live (brown) and neutral wires (blue), a 3-pin plug also contains an earth wire (yellow and green stripes) that sends leaked current from electrical appliances to the Earth. 2. The wire in the fuse melts and cuts off current flow when excessive current flows through an electrical appliance (when a short circuit occurs). 3. A fuse value that is slightly higher but closest to the value of the current that flows through an electrical appliance is chosen. 4. A 2-pin plug does not connect to the earth wire and does not have a fuse. Electric Current and Cost of Electrical Energy Usage 1. Energy efficiency is the percentage of input energy transformed into a useful output energy form. 2. The quantity of current that flows through a certain electrical appliance can be calculated by using the following formula: Current (A) = Power (W) Voltage (V) 3. The relationship between electrical energy (kWh), power (kW) and time (h) is shown in the following formula: Electrical energy (kWh) = Power (kW) × Time (h) 4. The total energy used by an electrical appliance depends on the power of the appliance and the duration that appliance is used. Nota Grafik Bekalan Elektrik dan Sistem Pendawaian di Rumah 1. Nilai voltan sesalur (utama) yang disalurkan ke rumah kita daripada pencawang bahagian adalah 240 V. 2. Arus elektrik yang disalurkan ke rumah kita adalah arus ulang-alik. 3. Dawai hidup membawa arus ke rumah dari pencawang bahagian manakala dawai neutral mengembalikan arus ke pencawang bahagian. 4. Terdapat dua jenis pendawaian yang biasa digunakan di negara kita, iaitu: (a) Pendawaian satu fasa – Biasanya digunakan di rumah kediaman yang memerlukan bekalan elektrik yang rendah atau sederhana (240 V). (b) Pendawaian tiga fasa – Biasanya digunakan dalam industri ringan dan berat kerana industri-industri ini memerlukan nilai voltan yang tinggi, 415 V atau lebih. 5. Meter elektrik menyukat kuantiti tenaga elektrik yang digunakan di rumah. Pendawaian Palam 3-pin 1. Selain dawai hidup (perang) dan dawai neutral (biru), palam 3-pin juga mengandungi dawai bumi (kuning berbelang hijau) yang mengalirkan arus yang bocor dari alat elektrik ke Bumi. 2. Dawai fius dalam palam 3-pin akan melebur dan memutuskan pengaliran arus apabila arus yang berlebihan mengalir melalui alat elektrik (semasa berlaku litar pintas). 3. Nilai fius yang sedikit lebih tinggi tetapi paling hampir kepada nilai arus yang mengalir melalui alat elektrik dipilih. 4. Palam 2-pin tidak dihubungkan kepada dawai bumi dan tidak mempunyai fius. Arus Elektrik dan Kos Penggunaan Tenaga Elektrik 1. Kecekapan tenaga ialah peratus tenaga input yang diubah kepada bentuk tenaga output yang berfaedah. 2. Kuantiti arus yang mengalir melalui alat elektrik tertentu dihitung dengan rumus yang berikut: Arus (A) = Kuasa (W) Voltan (V) 3. Hubungan antara tenaga elektrik (kWj), kuasa (kW), dan masa (j) ditunjukkan dalam rumus yang berikut: Tenaga elektrik (kWj) = Kuasa (kW) × Masa (j) 4. Jumlah tenaga yang digunakan oleh suatu alat elektrik bergantung pada kuasa alat itu dan tempoh alat itu digunakan. 85 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 85 11/8/21 10:03 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Standard Kandungan 6.1 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 6.1 Sumber tenaga boleh baharu dan tidak boleh baharu Renewable and non-renewable energy sources Buku teks m/s 162 1 Kelaskan sumber-sumber tenaga dalam peta pokok di bawah. TP2 Classify the sources of energy in the tree map below. Solar Gas asli Geoterma Petroleum Angin Biojisim Solar Natural gas Geothermal Petroleum Wind Biomass Diesel Pasang surut Arang batu Nuklear Ombak Hidro Diesel Tidal Coal Nuclear Waves Hydro Sumber tenaga/Sources of energy Boleh baharu/Renewable Tenaga hidro / Hydro energy Tenaga ombak / Wave energy Tenaga solar / Solar energy Tenaga pasang surut / Tidal energy Tenaga angin / Wind energy Tenaga biojisim / Biomass energy Tenaga geoterma / Geothermal energy Tidak boleh baharu/Non renewable Tenaga nuklear / Nuclear energy Arang batu/Coal Gas asli/Natural gas Petroleum/Petroleum Diesel/Diesel 2 Berdasarkan maklumat di 1, kenal pasti sumber-sumber tenaga. TP2 Based on the information in 1, identify the sources of energy. (a) Tenaga solar Solar energy (d) Petroleum Petroleum (f) Tenaga hidro Hydro energy (b) Tenaga angin Wind energy (g) Tenaga geoterma Geothermal energy (c) Tenaga biojisim Biomass energy (e) Tenaga ombak Wave energy (h) Tenaga nuklear Nuclear energy Sumber-sumber tenaga Energy sources Praktis Kendiri 86 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 86 11/8/21 10:03 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik dalam bentuk arus aruhan To generate electrical energy in the form of induced current Magnet bar, lilitan dawai bertebat, galvanometer Bar magnet, insulated wire coil, galvanometer Magnet bar Bar magnet Lilitan dawai bertebat Insulated wire coil Galvanometer Galvanometer IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II II II II II II IIII IIIIIIIIIIIII II III II II II II II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti dalam rajah. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2 Tolak magnet bar ke dalam gegelung dawai, pegun dan kemudian tarik magnet bar keluar dari gegelung dawai. Push the bar magnet into the wire coil, stay still inside and then pull out from the wire coil. 3 Catatkan pemerhatian pada jarum galvanometer. Record the observation on the galvanometer needle. Aktiviti Activity Keadaan jarum galvanometer Condition of galvanometer needle Magnet bar ditolak/Bar magnet is pushed in Terpesong/Deflects Magnet bar berada pegun/ Bar magnet stayed still Tidak terpesong/Does not deflect Magnet bar ditarik keluar/Bar magnet is pulled out Terpesong/Deflects 1 Apakah yang terhasil apabila magnet bar digerakkan dalam gegelung dawai? TP1 What is produced when the bar magnet is moved in the wire coil? Arus aruhan terhasil. An induced current is produced. 2 Bagaimanakah arus aruhan dihasilkan dalam aktiviti ini? TP2 How is induced current generated in this activity? Arus aruhan terhasil apabila gegelung dawai memotong garis medan magnet . Induced current is produced when the wire coil cuts across magnetic field lines . 3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) aplikasi prinsip penghasilan arus aruhan ini dalam kehidupan harian. Mark ( ✓ ) the application of the principle of induced current in everyday life. TP1 Motor elektrik Electric motor ✓ Dinamo basikal Bicycle dynamo ✓ Stesen jana kuasa Power station Arus aruhan terhasil apabila konduktor memotong garis medan magnet. Induced current is produced when the conductor cuts across magnetic field lines. Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur Pemerhatian Perbincangan Kesimpulan Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 6.2 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik (arus aruhan) Generation of electrical energy (induced current) Buku teks m/s 164 Praktis Kendiri 87 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 87 11/8/21 10:03 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Untuk membina generator ringkas/To construct simple generator TP6/KBAT 1 Bahagikan murid kepada beberapa kumpulan. Divide students into a few groups. 2 Anda dibekalkan dengan bahan dan radas di bawah. You are provided with the materials and apparatus below. Dawai kuprum bersalut PVC, blok kayu berbentuk segi empat tepat, tapak kayu, dua magnet magnadur, dening besi berbentuk-U, dua pin terbelah, empat paku tekan, gelang getah, pita selofan, tiub logam panjang, rod logam panjang, LED, angker dengan gandar PVC coated copper wire, rectangular wooden block, wooden base, two magnadur magnets, U-shaped iron yoke, two split pins, four thumbtacks, rubber bands, cellophane tape, long metal tubes, long metal rods, LED, armature with axle 3 Berpandukan rajah yang diberi, bina satu generator ringkas yang menghasilkan tenaga elektrik (arus aruhan) yang dapat menyalakan LED. Based on the given diagram, construct a simple generator that generates electricity (induced current) that can light up the LED. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 4 Bentangkan hasil kerja kumpulan anda./Present your group work. Tujuan Prosedur Tarikh: MEREKA CIPTA PROJEK STEM STM PBD 6.3 Pembinaan generator ringkas The making of simple generator Dawai kuprum Copper wire Hujung dawai kuprum yang tidak bersalut Metal wire end which is not insulated Gelang getah Rubber band Tiub logam Metal tube Pin terbelah Split pin Angker Armature Pin terbelah Split pin Hujung dawai tidak bersalut Metal wire end which is not insulated Paku tekan Thumbtack Gandar Axle Diputar Rotated Magnet magnadur Magnadur magnet LED Gelang getah Rubber band Gegelung dawai Wire coil Rod logam Metal rod Pita selofan Cellophane tape Buku teks m/s 166 88 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 88 11/8/21 10:03 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Pada amnya, semua penjana tenaga elektrik menggunakan prinsip penjanaan yang sama. Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan, lengkapkan ruang di bawah. TP2 Generally, all electrical energy generators use the same principle of generation. Based on the given information, complete the blanks below. Penjanaan elektrik/Generation of electricity R: Arus elektrik terhasil. Electric current is produced. Q: Turbin memutarkan gegelung dawai yang terletak di antara magnet dan memotong garis medan magnet . / The turbine turns the wire coil placed in between a magnet and cut across the magnetic field lines . P: Turbin diputarkan./ Turbine is rotated Gegelung dawai berputar di antara dua magnet Wire coil rotates in between two magnets Magnet Magnet Magnet Magnet Turbin diputarkan Turbine is rotated P Arus elektrik terhasil Electric current is produced Q R 2 Kenal pasti pelbagai jenis stesen jana kuasa. Kemudian, nyatakan perubahan tenaga yang berlaku. Identify the various types of power stations. Then, state the energy changes that take place. TP2 Tenaga ombak Tenaga angin Tenaga solar Hidroelektrik Wave Wind Solar energy Hydroelectric Biojisim Tenaga nuklear Terma Biomass Nuclear energy Thermal (a) Stim Steam Dandang Boiler Air laut Sea water Bahan api/Fuel Kondenser/Condenser Menara elektrik Electric tower Turbin Turbine Penjana Generator Stesen jana kuasa terma Thermal power station Bahan api seperti petroleum, diesel, arang batu atau gas asli dibakar untuk mendidihkan air bagi menghasilkan stim untuk memutarkan turbin. Putaran turbin menggerakkan penjana yang menghasilkan tenaga elektrik. Fuel such as petroleum, diesel, coal or natural gas is burnt to boil water to produce steam which rotates the turbine. The turbine rotates the generators to produce electrical energy. (b) Biojisim Biomass Metana Methane Stim Steam Air Water Dandang Boiler Penjana Generator Menara elektrik Electric tower Turbin Turbine Stesen jana kuasa biojisim Biomass power station Biojisim menghasilkan metana yang men didihkan air menjadi stim untuk memutarkan turbin. Putaran turbin menggerakkan penjana untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik. The biomass produces methane that boils water into steam to rotate the turbine. The turbine rotates the generators to produce electricity. Tenaga kimia ⎯→ tenaga haba ⎯→ tenaga kinetik ⎯→ tenaga elektrik . Chemical energy ⎯→ heat energy ⎯→ kinetic energy ⎯→ electrical energy. Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN STM PBD 6.4 Penjanaan tenaga elektrik The generation of electrical energy HEBAT Sains Modul 22 Buku teks m/s 166 – 170 89 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 89 11/8/21 10:03 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
(c) Takungan air Reservoir Terowong kuasa Power tunnel Air mengalir ke sungai Water flows to river Turbin Turbine Menara elektrik Electric tower Stesen jana kuasa hidroelektrik Hydroelectric power station Air dari empangan memutarkan turbin. Putaran turbin menggerakkan penjana untuk menjana tenaga elektrik. Water from a dam rotates a turbine. The turbin rotates the generators to produce electrical energy. Tenaga keupayaan graviti ⎯→ tenaga kinetik ⎯→ tenaga elektrik . Gravitational potential energy ⎯→ kinetic energy ⎯→ electrical energy. (d) Bilah Blade Penjana Generator Menara Tower Tapak Base Stesen jana kuasa tenaga angin Wind power station Udara yang bergerak atau angin menggerakkan bilah. Bilah memutarkan turbin. Putaran turbin menggerakkan penjana untuk menjana tenaga elektrik. The moving air or the wind moves the blade. The blade rotates the turbine. The turbine rotates the generator to produce electrical energy. Tenaga kinetik ⎯→ tenaga elektrik . Kinetic energy ⎯→ electrical energy. (e) Stesen jana kuasa tenaga nuklear Nuclear energy power station Pembelahan (tindak balas) nukleus uranium da lam reaktor nuklear digunakan untuk men didihkan air bagi menghasilkan stim yang memutarkan turbin. Putaran turbin menggerakkan penjana untuk menjana tenaga elektrik./The nuclear fission (reaction) of uranium in a nuclear reactor is used to boil water to produce steam which rotates the turbine. The turbine rotates the generators to produce electrical energy. Tenaga nuklear ⎯→ tenaga haba ⎯→ tenaga kinetik ⎯→ tenaga elektrik. Nuclear energy ⎯→ heat energy ⎯→ kinetic energy ⎯→ electrical energy. (f) Stesen jana kuasa tenaga ombak Wave power station Ombak menyebabkan aras laut naik dan memampatkan udara. Pengembangan udara yang termampat memutarkan turbin. Putaran turbin menggerakkan penjana untuk menjana tenaga elektrik. The waves cause the sea level to rise and compress the air. The expansion of compressed air rotates the turbine. The turbine rotates the generators to produce electrical energy. Tenaga kinetik ⎯→ tenaga keupayaan ⎯→ tenaga kinetik ⎯→ tenaga elektrik. Kinetic energy ⎯→ potential energy ⎯→ kinetic energy ⎯→ electrical energy. (g) Panel suria Solar panel Stesen jana kuasa tenaga solar Solar energy power station Panel suria menyerap tenaga cahaya secara langsung daripada Matahari dan menukarkannya menjadi tenaga elektrik./The solar panel absorbs light energy directly from the Sun and converts it into electrical energy. Tenaga solar ⎯→ tenaga elektrik . Solar energy ⎯→ electrical energy. Turbin Turbine Penjana Generator Stim Steam Kondenser Condenser Pam Pump Pam Pump Uranium Uranium Reaktor nuklear Nuclear reactor Air laut Sea water Air Water Menara elektrik Electric tower Ombak Wave Udara termampat bergerak melalui turbin Compressed air moves through the turbine Konkrit Concrete Penjana Generator Turbin Turbine Penjana Generator Air naik dan turun di dalam kebuk Water rises and falls in the chamber 90 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 90 11/8/21 10:03 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 6.5 Arus terus dan arus ulang-alik Direct current and alternating current KBAT Buku teks m/s 169 – 175 Menggunakan galvonometer untuk menunjukkan perbezaan antara arus terus (a.t.) dengan arus ulang-alik (a.u.)/Using a galvanometer to show the difference between direct current (d.c.) and alternating current (a.c.) Bateri (bekalan arus terus), mentol, dawai penyambung, pemegang bateri, galvanometer, bekalan kuasa (bekalan arus ulang-alik)/Battery (supply of direct current), bulb, connecting wire, battery holder, galvanometer, power supply (supply of alternating current) Bateri Battery Mentol Bulb Mentol Bulb Bekalan kuasa Power supply Suis Switch Galvanometer Galvanometer Galvanometer Galvanometer IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II II I II I II II III III IIII IIIIIIII III II II I II I II II II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II II I II II III III IIII IIII IIIIIII II II II II I II II I II I II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Rajah (a)/Diagram (a) Rajah (b)/Diagram (b) 1 Hidupkan suis dalam litar pada Rajah (a) dan kemudian hidupkan bekalan kuasa pada Rajah (b). Turn on the switch in the circuit in Diagram (a) and then turn on the power supply in Diagram (b). 2 Perhati dan catatkan keadaan penunjuk galvanometer. Observe and record the condition of the galvanometer indicators. Aktiviti Activity Keadaan penunjuk galvanometer Condition of galvanometer indicator Rajah (a) Diagram (a) Terpesong ke sebelah kanan atau kiri tanda sifar Deflect to the right or left to the zero mark Rajah (b) Diagram (b) Berayun secara ulang-alik ke sebelah kiri dan kanan tanda sifar Swing repeatedly to the left and right to the zero mark Definisikan secara operasi bagi arus terus dan arus ulang-alik. TP4/KBAT Define operationally direct current and alternating current. (a) Arus terus ialah arus yang mengalir dalam satu arah sahaja. The direct current is the current that flows in one direction only. (b) Arus ulang-alik ialah arus yang arah alirannya berubah-ubah secara berterusan. Alternating current is the current that flows in constantly reversing direction. Arus terus mengalir dalam satu arah sahaja manakala arus ulang-alik mengalir berulang-alik secara berkala. The direct current flows in one direction only while the alternating current changes its direction of flow periodically. Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur Pemerhatian Perbincangan Kesimpulan Video Praktis Kendiri 91 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 91 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Bandingkan jenis transformer yang berlainan./Compare the different types of transformers. TP2 Turun Malap Banyak Lebih tinggi Primer Step-down Dimly Many Higher Primary Kurang Sekunder Terang Naik Lebih rendah Few Secondary Brightly Step-up Lower (a) (b) 2 Hitungkan bilangan gegelung dawai sekunder, Ns. TP3/KBAT Calculate the number of wire turns of the secondary coil, Ns. Standard Kandungan 6.2 Transformer Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Pengukuhan Kefahaman PBD 6.6 Transformer Transformer KBAT Buku teks m/s 177 – 178, 180 – 181 (iii) Voltan input adalah lebih rendah . Input voltage is lower . Mentol menyala dengan malap . The bulb lights up dimly . (iv) Voltan output adalah lebih tinggi . Output voltage is higher . Mentol menyala dengan terang . The bulb lights up brightly . (v) Transformer injak naik Step-up transformer (i) Gegelung sekunder mempunyai banyak bilangan lilitan dawai. The secondary coil has many turns of wire. (ii) Gegelung primer mempunyai kurang bilangan lilitan dawai. The primary coil has few turns of wire. (v) Transformer injak turun Step-down transformer (i) Gegelung sekunder mempunyai kurang bilangan lilitan dawai. The secondary coil has few turns of wire. (iii) Voltan input adalah lebih tinggi . Input voltage is higher . Mentol menyala dengan terang . The bulb lights up brightly . (iv) Voltan output adalah lebih rendah. Output voltage is lower . Mentol menyala dengan malap . The bulb lights up dimly . (ii) Gegelung primer mempunyai banyak bilangan lilitan dawai. The primary coil has many turns of wire. Praktis Kendiri AKTIVITI HANDS-ON Eksperimen Wajib 10: Membina transformer injak naik dan injak turun (rujuk silang m.s.195 – 196) Compulsory Experiment 10: Building step-up and step-down transformers (cross-reference pp. 195 – 196) Vp Vs = Np Ns 240 20 = 120 Ns Ns = 120 240 × 20 = 10 240 V 20 V Gegelung primer Primary coil Gegelung sekunder Secondary coil Ns Np = 120 92 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 92 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Isikan nilai voltan dan jenis transformer yang digunakan dalam sistem penghantaran dan pengagihan tenaga elektrik. Kemudian, nyatakan fungsi komponen-komponen itu. TP2 Fill in the voltage values and the types of transformers used for the electricity transmission and distribution system. Then, state the functions of the components. (a) (b) (d) (e) (g) Stesen jana kuasa Power station Pencawang bahagian Branch substation Pencawang bahagian Branch substation Pencawang masuk utama Main branch substation Jarak jauh Long distance Rangkaian grid nasional National grid network Industri berat Heavy industry Industri ringan Light Industry Rumah House Bandar City 132 kV/275 kV/500 kV 11 kV/25 kV (f) (c) Lapangan suis Switch zone 2 Stesen jana kuasa menghasilkan arus ulang-alik . TP2 The power stations produce alternating current. 3 Lapangan suis boleh dihidupkan untuk mengaktifkan atau dimatikan untuk memutuskan elektrik yang mengalir dari stesen jana kuasa untuk kerja-kerja penyelenggaraan tanpa memotong bekalan elektrik kepada para pengguna. TP2 A switch zone can be turned on to activate or turned off to cut off electricity leaving the power station for maintenance works without cutting electricity to consumers. 4 Rangkaian Grid Nasional merangkaikan semua stesen jana kuasa dalam negara dan akan menyalurkan bekalan tenaga elektrik dari pencawang bahagian lain ke kawasan tertentu yang mengalami gangguan elektrik. TP2 The National Grid Network connects all the power stations in the country and will channel electrical energy supply from other substations to overcome black-outs in certain places. 5 Tranformer digunakan untuk meningkatkan atau mengurangkan voltan arus ulang-alik. TP2 The transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltage of an alternating current. Standard Kandungan 6.3 Penghantaran dan pengagihan tenaga elektrik Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN STM PBD 6.7 Sistem penghantaran dan pengagihan tenaga elektrik The electricity transmission and distribution system Buku teks m/s 184 – 186 33 kV 11 kV 240 V 415 V Transformer injak naik Step-up transformer Transformer injak turun Step-down transformer Galeri Info Galeri Info Galeri Info t 5BIVLBIBOEB LJMBUNFNCBXBKVUBWPMUBOFMFLUSJL Do you know that lightning carries 100 million voltage of electricity? t 4FMBJOWPMUBOL7 TFTFUFOHBIJOEVTUSJCFSBUNFOHHVOBLBOUFOBHBFMFLUSJLEFOHBOOJMBJWPMUBOTFCFTBSL7 L7BUBVL7 Apart from 33 kV voltage, certain heavy industries use electrical energy with voltage values as high as 66 kV, 132 kV or 275 kV. Praktis Kendiri 93 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 93 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 6.8 Sistem pendawaian elektrik di rumah The electrical wiring system at home 1 Isi di dalam petak tentang sistem pendawaian elektrik di rumah. TP2 Fill in the boxes on the electrical wiring system at home. Pemutus litar MCB Litar kuasa Dawai hidup Meter elektrik MCB circuit breaker Power circuit Live wire Electric meter Pemutus litar ELCB Dawai neutral Suis utama Dawai bumi ELCB circuit breaker Neutral wire Main switch Earth wire (h) Kotak fius utama (fius utama) Main fuse box (main fuse) Mentol Bulb Suis Switch Litar pencahayaan Lighting circuit Unit pengguna dan kotak fius User unit and fuse box (c) (e) (d) (g) (a) (f) (b) 2 Daripada maklumat di 1, nyatakan bahagian pendawaian elektrik berdasarkan fungsinya. TP2 From the information in 1, state the parts in an electrical wiring system relating to their functions. Buku teks m/s 188 – 189 Praktis Kendiri Bahagian/Part Fungsi/Function (a) Dawai hidup Live wire Membawa arus elektrik ke alat elektrik. Carries electric current to an electrical appliance. (b) Dawai neutral Neutral wire Mengembalikan arus elektrik ke pencawang bahagian. Returns electric current to a branch substation. (c) Dawai bumi Earth wire Menghubungkan alat elektrik terus ke Bumi. Connects an electrical appliance directly to the Earth. (d) Suis utama Main switch Mengawal jumlah arus yang mengalir melalui litar di dalam rumah. Controls the total current flowing through the circuit in the house (e) Pemutus litar ELCB ELCB circuit breaker Memutuskan bekalan arus di rumah apabila arus yang berlebihan mengalir melaluinya (seperti semasa berlakunya kilat). Cuts off the current supply in the house when excessive current flows through it (such as during lightning). (f) Meter elektrik Electric meter Menyukat tenaga elektrik yang digunakan di dalam rumah. Measures the electrical energy that is used in the house. (g) Pemutus litar MCB MCB circuit breaker Mengasingkan litar akhir ke bahagian lain peralatan elektrik seperti alat penyaman udara. Separates the final circuit into the other parts of electrical equipment like air conditioner. 94 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 94 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Tarikh: EKSPERIMEN INKUIRI Penemuan Inkuiri PBD 6.9 Pendawaian palam 3-pin The wiring in a 3-pin plug Buku teks m/s 190 Untuk memerhatikan struktur palam 3-pin dan melengkapkan pendawaian palam 3-pin To observe the structure of a 3-pin plug and complete the wiring in a 3-pin plug Palam 3-pin, dawai untuk palam 3-pin, pensel warna, pemutar skru 3-pin plug, wires for the 3-pin plug, coloured pencils, screwdriver 1 Perhatikan struktur luaran palam 3-pin seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a). Kenal pasti pin yang berlabel: Observe the external structure of a 3-pin plug as shown in Diagram (a). Identify the pins labelled: L – untuk dawai hidup/for live wire E – untuk dawai bumi/for earth wire N – untuk dawai neutral/for neutral wire 2 Perhatikan struktur dalaman palam 3-pin seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (b). Observe the internal structure of a 3-pin plug as shown in Diagram (b). 3 Sambungkan dawai neutral (N), dawai hidup (L) dan dawai bumi (E) kepada bahagian yang betul dalam palam 3-pin dengan pemutar skru. Connect the neutral (N), live (L) and earth (E) wires in the plug correctly with the screwdriver. 4 Lukis, label dan warnakan sistem pendawaian dalam palam 3-pin. Draw, label and colour the wiring system in a 3-pin plug. Palam 3-pin/3-pin plug 1 Apakah fungsi fius dalam palam 3-pin? TP2 What is the function of the fuse in a 3-pin plug? Untuk mengelakkan arus berlebihan daripada mengalir melaluinya. To prevent excessive current from flowing through it. 2 Apakah dawai yang disambungkan ke fius dalam palam 3-pin? TP1 What is the wire which is connected to the fuse in a 3-in plug? Dawai hidup/Live wire Tujuan Bahan dan Radas Prosedur E L N Fius Fuse E L N Rajah (a)/Diagram (a) Rajah (b)/Diagram (b) Pemerhatian Perbincangan 95 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 95 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
3 Kenal pasti jenis dawai dan kod warna antarabangsa bagi dawai dalam palam 3-pin berdasarkan fungsinya./Identify the types of wires and the international colour code of the wires in a 3-pin plug based on their functions. 4 Namakan palam yang ditunjukkan di bawah. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) di dalam petak bagi palam yang tidak disambungkan ke dawai bumi dan tidak mempunyai fius. TP1 Name the plugs shown below. Then, mark ( ✓ ) in the box the plug which is not connected to an earth wire and does not have a fuse. ✓ Palam 3-pin 3-pin plug Palam 2-pin 2-pin plug 5 Pilih jawapan yang betul tentang sistem pendawaian elektrik di rumah. TP2 Choose the correct answers on the electrical wiring system at home. (a) Bekalan utama tenaga elektrik di rumah mempunyai voltan (240 V, 415 V). The mains supply of electrical energy in a house has a voltage of (240 V, 415 V). (b) Arus elektrik dibekalkan ke rumah dalam bentuk (arus terus, arus ulang-alik). Electricity is supplied to homes in the form of (direct current, alternating current). (c) Pendawaian (satu fasa, tiga fasa) digunakan di rumah kediaman yang memerlukan bekalan elektrik yang rendah atau sederhana, iaitu penggunaan tenaga elektrik yang kurang daripada 10 kW atau 50 A. (One-phase, Three-phase) wiring is used in houses that require low or moderate supply of electricity, that is the use of electricity which is less than 10 kW or 50 A. (d) Pendawaian (satu fasa, tiga fasa) biasanya digunakan dalam industri ringan dan berat yang memerlukan bekalan voltan yang tinggi, iaitu tenaga elektrik yang lebih daripada 10 kW atau 50 A. (One-phase, Three-phase) wiring is usually used in light and heavy industries that need high voltage supply, that is the use of electricity which is more than 10 kW or 50 A. Palam 3-pin mengandungi tiga pin yang disambungkan ke dawai hidup (perang), dawai neutral (biru) dan dawai bumi (kuning berbelang hijau). A 3-pin plug has three pins that are connected to the live wire (brown), neutral wire (blue) and earth wire (yellow with green stripes). Jenis dawai Type of wire Warna dawai Colour of wire Fungsi Function (a) Dawai hidup Live wire Perang Brown Membawa arus elektrik ke peralatan elektrik Carries electric current to the electrical appliance (b) Dawai neutral Neutral wire Biru Blue Membawa arus elektrik kembali ke sumbernya Carries electric current back to the source (c) Dawai bumi Earth wire Belang kuning dan hijau Yellow and green stripes Membawa arus elektrik terbocor ke Bumi Carries leaked electric current to the Earth Kesimpulan Praktis Kendiri 96 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 96 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 6.10 Komponen keselamatan dalam sistem pendawaian Security components in wiring system Buku teks m/s 191 – 192 1 Jawab soalan-soalan di bawah tentang fius./Answer the questions below about fuse. (a) Kenal pasti dua jenis fius di bawah. Identify two types of fuse below. Fius kartrij/Cartridge fuse Fius wayar boleh ganti/Replaceable fuse (i) Wayar fius Fuse wire Terminal Terminal Pemegang fius Fuse holder Fius wayar boleh ganti/Replaceable wire fuse • Wayar fius boleh diganti apabila sudah lebur. The wire of the fuse can be replaced when melted. (ii) Penutup sesentuh logam Metal contact cap Wayar fius Fuse wire Nilai fius Fuse value Fius kartrij/Cartridge fuse • Wayar fius tidak boleh diganti apabila sudah lebur. Sebagai ganti, suatu fius yang baharu perlu digunakan. The wire of the fuse cannot be replaced when melted. Instead a new fuse must be used. (b) Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada wayar fius jika arus yang berlebihan mengalir melaluinya? What will happen to the fuse wire if excessive current flows through it? TP2 Dawai fius akan menjadi panas dan melebur . The fuse wire will become hot and melts . (c) Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada fius 1 A jika arus sebesar 2 A mengalir melaluinya. Predict what will happen to a 1 A fuse if a current of 2 A flows through it. Dawai fius akan melebur . The fuse wire will melt . (d) Jika suatu alat elektrik menggunakan arus sebesar 11 A, bulatkan nilai fius yang sesuai digunakan. If an electrical appliance uses current of 11 A, circle the fuse value which is suitable to be used. TP2 1 A 2 A 3 A 5 A 10 A 13 A 15 A 30 A 2 Bulatkan komponen keselamatan selain fius yang terdapat dalam sistem pendawaian di rumah./Circle the safety components other than the fuse found in wiring system at home. Suis utama Main switch Meter elektrik Electric meter Pemutus litar ELCB ELCB circuit breaker Konduktor kilat Lightning conductor Dawai bumi Earth wire Pemutus litar MCB MCB circuit breaker Praktis Kendiri 97 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 97 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Apakah kecekapan tenaga?/What is energy efficiency? TP2 Peratus tenaga input yang diubah kepada bentuk tenaga output yang berfaedah. The percentage of input energy that is changed into the useful form of output energy . 2 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebiji mentol berfilamen. Mentol filamen ini dibekalkan dengan 100 J tenaga elektrik yang ditukarkan kepada 45 J tenaga cahaya. The diagram below shows a filament bulb. This filament bulb is supplied with 100 J of electrical energy, which is converted to 45 J of light energy. (a) Berapakah tenaga elektrik yang terbazir? TP2 How much electrical energy is wasted? 100 J – 45 J = 55 J (b) Dalam bentuk apakah tenaga elektrik terbazir? TP1 In what form is the electrical energy wasted? Tenaga haba/Heat energy (c) Formula bagi kecekapan tenaga ditunjukkan di bawah. The formula of the energy efficiency is shown below. Kecekapan tenaga = tenaga output yang berfaedah tenaga input yang dibekalkan × 100 % Energy efficiency = useful output energy input energy supplied × 100 % Hitungkan kecekapan tenaga mentol berfilamen ini. TP3/KBAT Calculate the energy efficiency of the filament bulb. Kecekapan tenaga/Energy efficiency = 45 J 100 J × 100 % = 45 % (d) Anda dibekalkan dengan tiga jenis lampu di pasaran yang menghasilkan kecerahan yang sama apabila dihidupkan. Kecekapan tenaga lampu turut disertakan. Sebagai seorang pengguna, tandakan ( ✓ ) lampu yang akan anda pilih. TP2 You are supplied with three types of lamps in the market that produce the same brightness when switched on. The energy efficiencies of the lamps are also given. As a consumer, mark ( ✓ ) the bulb that you will choose. Lampu berfilamen/Filament lamp 10% 100 W Lampu jimat tenaga/Compact fluorescent lamp, CFL 50% 14 W Lampu LED/LED lamp 90% 10 W ✓ Standard Kandungan 6.4 Pengiraan kos penggunaan elektrik Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN STM PBD 6.11 Kecekapan tenaga Energy efficiency KBAT Buku teks m/s 195 – 197 Galeri Info G aleri Info Gal f eri Info Kuasa 1 watt (W) ialah 1 joule (J) tenaga elektrik yang digunakan dalam masa 1 saat (s). 1 watt (W) of power is 1 joule (J) of electrical energy used within 1 second (s). Praktis Kendiri Nota Ekstra 98 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 98 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Hitungkan jumlah arus yang mengalir melalui peralatan elektrik dalam jadual menggunakan rumus di bawah. TP3/KBAT Calculate the amount of current that flows through an electrical appliance in the table using the formula below. Arus (I) = Kuasa (W) Voltan (V) Current (I) = Power (W) Voltage (V) Anggapkan voltan sesalur rumah ialah 250 V. Assume that the voltage of the mains is 250 V. 2 Sebuah pengering rambut mempunyai kuasa 1.0 kW dan voltan 250 V. Berapakah nilai arus yang mengalir melalui pengering rambut itu? TP3/KBAT The power of a hair dryer is 1.0 kW and the voltage is 250 V. What is the current that flows through the hair dryer? Arus/Current = 1 000 250 = 4 A Peralatan elektrik Electrical appliance Kuasa (W) Power (W) Voltan sesalur (V) Mains voltage (V) Nilai arus yang mengalir The value of the current that flows Kipas berdiri Stand fan 75 250 75 250 = 0.3 A Periuk nasi Rice cooker 450 250 450 250 = 1.8 A Seterika Iron 1 000 250 1 000 250 = 4 A Cerek elektrik Electric kettle 1 500 250 1 500 250 = 6 A Televisyen Television 100 250 100 250 = 0.4 A Peti sejuk Refrigerator 750 250 750 250 = 3.0 A Penyaman udara Air conditioner 2 000 250 2 000 250 = 8 A Standard Kandungan 6.4 Pengiraan kos penggunaan elektrik Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 6.12 Pengaliran arus melalui peralatan elektrik The flow of current through an electrical appliance KBAT Praktis Kendiri Buku teks m/s 198 – 199 99 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 99 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Hitungkan jumlah penggunaan tenaga elektrik dengan menggunakan formula yang berikut: TP3/KBAT Calculate the total electrical energy usage by using the following formula: Tenaga elektrik (kWj) = Kuasa (kW) × Masa (j) Electrical energy (kWh) = Power (kW) × Time (h) Kos penggunaan = Jumlah tenaga elektrik yang digunakan × RM 0.20 Usage cost = Amount of electrical energy used × RM 0.20 2 Selesaikan masalah dengan menghitung kos penggunaan elektrik. TP3/KBAT Solve the problem by calculating the cost of electricity used. Suatu alat elektrik yang berkuasa 450 W digunakan selama 20 jam. Hitungkan kos tenaga elektrik yang digunakan jika kos per unit ialah 30 sen. An electrical appliance with a power of 450 W is used for 20 hours. Calculate the cost of the electrical energy used if the cost per unit is 30 sen. Penyelesaian/Solution: Tenaga elektrik/Electrical energy = 450 1 000 × 20 = 9 kWj/kWh = 9 unit Kos/Cost = 9 unit × 30 sen/unit = RM 2.70 Peralatan elektrik Electrical appliance Kuasa (W) Power (W) Masa yang digunakan (j) Time used (h) Tenaga elektrik yang digunakan (kWj) Electrical energy used (kWh) Kos penggunaan tenaga elektrik Cost of electrical energy Kipas meja Table fan 45 5 45 1 000 × 5 = 0.225 0.225 × 0.20 = RM 0.045 Periuk nasi Rice cooker 450 1 450 1 000 × 1 = 0.45 0.45 × 0.20 = RM 0.09 Seterika Iron 1 000 1 2 1 000 1 000 × 0.5 = 0.5 0.5 × 0.20 = RM 0.10 Cerek elektrik Electric kettle 1 500 1 2 1 500 1 000 × 0.5 = 0.75 0.75 × 0.20 = RM 0.15 Lampu elektrik Electric bulb 40 5 40 1 000 × 5 = 0.2 0.2 × 0.20 = RM 0.04 Televisyen Television 90 5 90 1 000 × 5 = 0.45 0.45 × 0.20 = RM 0.09 Tarikh: AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual PBD 6.13 Kos penggunaan tenaga elektrik The cost of electrical energy usage KBAT Buku teks m/s 200 Praktis Kendiri 100 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 100 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
1 Maklumat berikut menunjukkan perubahan tenaga dalam sebuah penjana elektrik. The following information shows the energy changes in a type of generator. Tenaga keupayaan J tenaga kinetik J tenaga elektrik Potential energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy Antara penjana elektrik berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan perubahan tenaga itu? Which electric generator shows the energy conversion? A Penjana hidroelektrik Hydroelectric generator B Penjana terma Thermal generator C Penjana nuklear Nuclear generator D Penjana biojisim Biomass generator 2 Apakah bentuk tenaga yang digunakan dalam penjanaan elektrik daripada tenaga ombak? What is the form of energy used in the generation of electricity from wave energy? A Tenaga geoterma Geothermal energy B Tenaga kinetik Kinetic energy C Tenaga solar Solar energy D Tenaga angin Wind energy 3 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah diubah oleh transformer? Which of the following is changed by a transformer? A Arus B Rintangan Current Resistance C Voltan D Kuasa Voltage Power 4 Rajah 1 menunjukkan komponen dalam palam 3-pin. Diagram 1 shows the components in a 3-pin plug. D C A B Rajah 1/Diagram 1 Antara komponen A, B, C dan D, yang manakah merupakan dawai bumi? Which component A, B, C or D is the earth wire? 5 Rajah 2 menunjukkan bacaan meter di kedai Abu pada hujung Mac. Diagram 2 shows the end of March reading on the meter of Abu’s shop. 4852.8 Rajah 2/Diagram 2 Berapakah jumlah yang Abu perlu bayar jika satu kilowattjam tenaga mempunyai kos 23 sen dan bacaan yang sebelumnya ialah 3120.4 unit? What is the amount that Abu needs to pay if one kilowatt hour of energy costs 23 sen and the previous reading was 3120.4 units? A RM 400.50 B RM 398.45 C RM 292.92 D RM 201.02 6 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan ciri palam 3-pin? Which of the following is a characteristic for a 3-pin plug? I Digunakan untuk peralatan elektrik yang kurang daripada 1 A Used for electrical appliances with less than 1 A. II Tidak mempunyai fius Does not have fuse III Disambungkan ke dawai hidup, dawai neutral dan dawai bumi Is connected to live wire, neutral wire and earth wire IV Mengalirkan arus bocor yang melalui peralatan elektrik ke Bumi Direct leak current that flows through electrical appliance to Earth A I dan II I and II B III dan IV III and IV C II dan III II and III D I dan IV I and IV 7 Apakah bahan yang digunakan dalam stesen jana kuasa nuklear untuk menjana tenaga elektrik? What is the substance used in a nuclear power station to generate electrical energy? A Natrium Sodium B Uranium Uranium C Petroleum Petroleum D Arang batu Coal PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 6 KOMPONEN PP KOMPONEN PP 101 BAB 6 Arahan: Jawab semua soalan. Instruction: Answer all questions. Bahagian A/Section A 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 101 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Bahagian B/Section B 1 (a) Namakan dawai elektrik dalam palam 3-pin dalam peta titi di bawah. Name the electric wires in a 3-pin plug in the bridge map below. Contoh Example Dawai neutral Neutral wire Berwarna biru Blue in colour as as as Berwarna perang Brown in colour Kuning berbelang hijau Yellow with green stripes Faktor penghubung Relating factor Dawai bumi Earth wire Dawai hidup Live wire [2 markah/2 marks] (b) Gariskan jawapan yang betul tentang transformer. Underline the correct answers about transformer. (i) Transformer ialah alat yang digunakan untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan voltan arus (terus, ulang-alik). A transformer is a device that is used to raise or lower the voltage of (direct, alternating) current. (ii) Gegelung dawai yang disambung kepada bekalan arus ulang-alik disebut gegelung (primer, sekunder). The wire coil that is connected to alternating current supply is called the (primary, secondary) coil. [2 markah/2 marks] Bahagian C/Section C 2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur dalaman suatu seterika elektrik. Diagram 2 shows the internal structure of an electric iron. Elemen pemanas Heating element X Y Z Badan logam seterika Metal body of iron Arus terbocor dialirkan ke bumi Leaked current flows to the earth Elemen pemanas tersentuh badan logam seterika Heating element touches the metal body of the iron Seterika elektrik Electric iron Rajah 2/Diagram 2 (a) Labelkan dawai X, Y dan Z. TP1 Label wires X, Y and Z. X: Dawai hidup/Live wire Y: Dawai neutral/Neutral wire Z: Dawai bumi/Earth wire [3 markah/3 marks] (b) Dawai yang manakah mengalirkan arus terbocor pada alat elektrik ke Bumi? TP1 Which wire carries leaked current in an electrical appliance to the Earth? Dawai Z/Dawai bumi Wire Z/Earth wire [1 markah/1 mark] (c) Jika seterika elektrik itu mempunyai kuasa 1 kW dan menggunakan voltan 250 V, hitung arus yang mengalir melalui alat elektrik itu. Gunakan rumus yang berikut: TP3/Mengaplikasi If the electric iron has a power of 1 kW and a voltage of 250 V, calculate the current that flows through the electrical appliance. Use the following formula: Arus/Current = Kuasa/Power Voltan/Voltage Arus/Current = 1 000 250 = 4 A [2 markah/2 marks] Praktis Formatif 102 BAB 6 06 SPS 2022 SAINS TG3 (NM)-BAB6-Watie F2.indd 102 11/8/21 10:04 AM © Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Elektrik dan Kemagnetan Electricity and Magnetism BAB 6 1 Kelaskan sumber-sumber tenaga kepada yang boleh baharu dan yang tidak boleh baharu dalam peta dakap di bawah. Classify the sources of energy into renewable and non-renewable in the brace map below. Solar Gas asli Geoterma Petroleum Angin Biojisim Solar Natural gas Geothermal Petroleum Wind Biomass Diesel Pasang surut Arang batu Tenaga nuklear Ombak Tenaga hidro Diesel Tide Coal Nuclear energy Waves Hydro energy Sumber tenaga Sources of energy Tenaga hidro/Hydro energy Ombak/Waves Solar/Solar Pasang surut/Tide Angin/Wind Biojisim/Biomass Geoterma/Geothermal Tenaga nuklear/Nuclear energy Arang batu/Coal Gas asli/Natural gas Petroleium/Petroleum Diesel/Diesel Boleh baharu Renewable Tidak boleh baharu Non-renewable 2 Lengkapkan peta buih di bawah dengan jenis-jenis stesen jana kuasa. Complete the bubble map below with types of power station. Jenis-jenis stesen jana kuasa Types of electric power stations Stesen jana kuasa tema Thermal power station Stesen jana kuasa tenaga nuklear Nuclear energy power station Stesen jana kuasa biojisim Biomass power station Stesen jana kuasa tenaga solar Solar energy power station Stesen jana kuasa tenaga ombak Wave energy power station 26
3 Penjana terma dan biojisim mengalami perubahan tenaga yang sama semasa beroperasi. Lengkapkan peta alir di bawah tentang perubahan tenaga yang berlaku pada penjana-penjana tersebut. The thermal generator and biomass generator experience the same energy change during the operation. Complete the flow map below on the energy changes that take place in the generators. Tenaga kimia Chemical energy Tenaga haba Heat energy Tenaga kinetik Kinetic energy Tenaga elektrik Electrical energy 4 Tulis perubahan tenaga yang berlaku pada penjana elektrik yang diberikan dalam peta dakap di bawah. Write the energy changes that occur in the given electric generators, in the brace map below. Penjana elektrik Electric generators Tenaga keupayaan → tenaga kinetik → tenaga elektrik Potential energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy Penjana hidroelektrik Hydroelectric generator Tenaga nuklear → tenaga haba → tenaga kinetik → tenaga elektrik Nuclear energy → heat energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy Penjana nuklear Nuclear generator 5 Sumber tenaga alternatif ialah sumber tenaga boleh baharu dan adalah sumber tenaga percuma. Tulis enam jenis sumber tenaga alternatif dalam peta bulatan di bawah. Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be free energy sources. Write six alternative energy sources in the circle map below. Sumber tenaga alternatif Alternative energy sources Tenaga geoterma Geothermal energy Tenaga solar Solar energy Tenaga ombak Wave energy Tenaga hidroelektrik Hydroelectric energy Tenaga angin Wind energy Biojisim Biomass 27
6 Tulis ciri-ciri transformer yang diberikan dalam peta pokok di bawah. Write the characteristics of the given transformers in the tree map below. Transformer Transformers Transformer injak naik Step-up transformer Transformer injak turun Step-down transformer Gegelung sekunder mempunyai lebih banyak lilitan dawai daripada gegelung primer. The secondary coil has more wire turns than the primary coil. Voltan output lebih tinggi daripada voltan input. The output voltage is higher than the input voltage. Gegelung primer mempunyai lebih banyak lilitan dawai daripada gegelung sekunder. The primary coil has more wire turns than the secondary coil. Voltan input lebih tinggi daripada voltan output. The input voltage is higher than the output voltage. 7 Tulis komponen-komponen sistem penghantaran dan pengagihan tenaga elektrik dalam peta pelbagai alir di bawah. Write the components of the transmission system and distribution of electricity in the multi-flow map below. Komponen-komponen sistem penghantaran dan pengagihan tenaga elektrik Components of the transmission system and distribution of electricity Lapangan suis Switch zone Rangkaian Grid Nasional National Grid Network Pencawang masuk utama Main branch substation Pencawang bahagian Branch substation 8 Lengkapkan peta alir di bawah tentang sistem pendawaian elektrik di rumah. Complete the flow map below about the electrical wiring system at home. Fius utama Main fuse Suis utama Main switch Pemutus litar ELCB ELCB circuit breaker Pemutus litar MCB MCB circuit breaker Meter elektrik Electric meter 28
9 Tulis warna-warna dawai elektrik dalam palam 3-pin dalam peta titi di bawah Write the colours of the electric wires in a 3-pin plug in the bridge map below. berwarna is Dawai neutral Neutral wire Dawai bumi Earth wire Dawai hidup Live wire Faktor penghubung Relating factor Berwarna biru Blue in colour Kuning berbelang hijau Yellow with green stripes Berwarna perang Brown in colour as as 10 Tulis fungsi-fungsi dawai elektrik dan bahan yang terdapat dalam palam 3-pin dalam peta dakap di bawah. Write the functions of the electrical wires and substance in a 3-pin plug in the brace map below. Fungsi-fungsi Functions Membawa arus elektrik ke peralatan elektrik Carries electric current to the electrical appliance Dawai hidup Live wire Membawa arus elektrik kembali ke sumbernya Carries electric current back to the source Dawai neutral Neutral wire Membawa arus elektrik yang bocor ke Bumi Carries leaked electric current to the Earth Dawai bumi Earth wire Menghalang arus berlebihan daripada mengalir melalui litar elektrik itu. Prevents excessive current from flowing through the electric circuit. Fius Fuse 11 Tulis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi arus elektrik (I) yang mengalir melalui alat elektrik dalam peta bulatan di bawah./Write the factors that affect the electric current (I) that flows through an electric device, in the circle map below. Arus elektrik Electric current Kuasa Power (W) Voltan Voltage (V) 29
12. Tulis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tenaga elektrik yang digunakan dalam suatu alat elektrik dalam peta dakap di bawah. Write the factors that affect the electric energy that is used in an electric device, in the brace map below. Tenaga elektrik Electrical current Kuasa Power Masa Time 13 Lengkapkan peta pelbagai alir di bawah dengan menyatakan langkah-langkah keselamatan semasa penggunaan elektrik. Complete the multi-flow map below by stating the safety measures during the usage of electricity. Langkahlangkah keselamatan Safety measures Jangan guna palam yang telah retak. Do not use cracked plugs. Jangan mengendalikan peralatan elektrik jika tangan anda basah. Do not operate electrical appliances if your hands are wet. Jangan ganti fius yang sudah lebur dengan seutas dawai. Do not replace a melted fuse with a wire. Jangan sambungkan banyak palam peralatan elektrik kepada soket yang sama. Do not connect many plugs of electrical appliances to the same socket. 30