MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 199 UNIT 8 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (g) Procedures: (i) A steel ball bearing is tapped onto a copper block. (ii) A 1 kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the copper block as shown in the diagram. (iii) Drop the 1 kg weight onto the steel ball. (iv) Measure the diameter of the dent formed on the copper block with a ruler. (v) Repeat the experiment three times on other parts of the same copper block. (vi) Steps (i) to (v) are repeated using a brass block to replace the copper block. (h) Results: Experiments 1 2 3 Average diameter / cm Diameter of dent on copper block / cm a b c a + b + c 3 = x Diameter of dent on brass block / cm d e f d + e + f 3 = y (i) Discussion: The average diameter of dent on copper, x is larger than the average diameter of dent on brass, y. (j) Conclusion: Brass is harder than copper // alloy is harder than pure metal. Experiment to compare the resistant to corrosion between alloy and its pure metal. LS 8.1.2 (a) Aim: To compare the resistant to corrosion between iron and stainless steel (b) Problem statement: Is steel more resistant to corrosion than iron? (c) Hypothesis: Stainless steel is more resistant to corrosion than iron (d) Manipulated variable: Iron nail and stainless steel nail (e) Responding variable: Rusting of the nail (f) Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of sodium chloride solution (g) Apparatus: Test tube, test tube rack, measuring cylinder 10 cm3 Aim: Stainless steel nail, iron nail, sodium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm–3, sand paper Stainless steel nail Test tube A Test tube B Iron nail Sodium chloride solution String 1 kg weight Steel ball Cellophane tape Copper block Retort stand Set-up of the apparatus: 08 U8 Chemistry F4(p196-206)csy2p.indd 199 21/12/2022 3:41 PM
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 200 UNIT 8 Name the element which forms the major component of glass. • Silicon dioxide, SiO2 which exist naturally in sand. List the property of glass. • Transparent, hard but brittle, non-porous, heat insulator, electric insulator, resistant to chemical, easy to clean, and can withstand compression. How to make different type of glass? • Different types of glass with different properties are formed by heating the silica together with other chemicals. LS 8.2.1 (h) Procedures: 1 A stainless steel nail and an iron nail are cleaned with a sand paper to remove any rust on the surface. 2 The test tubes, labelled A and B are filled with 5 cm3 sodium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm3 . 3 A stainless steel nail is put in test tube A and an iron nail is put in test tube B. 4 The test tubes are left aside for four days. 5 Observations are recorded after four days. (i) Observations: Types of nail Observation Stainless steel nail No change Iron nail Brown solid is formed around the nail (j) Conclusion: Iron rusts while stainless steel does not rusts/Stainless steel is more resistant to corrosion than iron 8.2 COMPOSITION OF GLASS AND ITS USES CS 8.2 What are the properties of glass and their uses? LS 8.2.1 Types of glass Compositions Special Properties Uses Soda lime Silicon dioxide, Sodium carbonate, Calcium carbonate • Good chemical durability • High termal expansion but cannot withstand heat . Making flat glass, electrical bulbs, mirrors and glass containers Borosilicate Silicon dioxide, Boron oxide, Sodium oxide, Aluminum oxide • Good chemical durability • Low thermal expansion • Resistant to heat when heated to high temperature Making cookware and laboratory glassware such as boiling tubes and beakers. Fused glass Silicon dioxide • Optically transparent • Good chemical durability • Low thermal expansion • Can be heated to high temperature and resistance to thermal shock Laboratory glassware, lenses, telescope mirrors and optical fibres. Lead glass Silicon dioxide, Sodium oxide, Lead(II) oxide • High refractive index and density • Glittering appearance Tableware, crystal glassware and decorative glassware. 08 U8 Chemistry F4(p196-206)csy2p.indd 200 21/12/2022 3:41 PM
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 201 UNIT 8 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. What is ceramic? LS 8.3.1 • A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid. • It is made up of either metal or semi-metal compounds that have been shaped and then hardened by heating to high temperatures. Give examples of compounds that formed ceramics. LS 8.3.1 • Metal compounds such as aluminium oxide, Al2O3 and magnesium oxide, MgO • Semi metal compounds such as boron nitride, BN, and silicon carbide, SiC How atoms of elements bonded in a ceramic? Explain how the bonds affect its properties. • The atoms of the elements in the ceramic are held together by strong ionic bonds and covalent bonds: (i) Ceramics melt at very high temperatures, hard and resistant to compression (ii) Ceramics will break if a strong force is applied because the atoms cannot slide over each other. (iii) Ceramics cannot conduct electricity because they do not have free moving electrons. List the general properties of ceramic. LS 8.3.1 (a) Hard and strong (b) Chemically inert (c) Heat insulator (d) High thermal resistant (e) Electrical insulator (f) Break easily What are the classification of ceramics? • Ceramics are classified as: (i) Traditional ceramics (ii) Advance ceramic What is traditional ceramics? Give examples of their uses. • Ceramics made from clay such as kaolin, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. • When water and clay are mixed, the clay is soft and can be moulded to any desired shape and size. • The moulded clay is then heated to a high temperature . • Example of the uses: bricks, plates, pottery and cement. What is advanced ceramics? Give examples. • Ceramics made from inorganic compounds: (i) Oxide ceramics such as alumina, Al2O3 and zirconia ZrO2. (ii) Non oxide ceramics such as silicone carbide, SiC and silicone nitrade, SiN. What are the properties of advanced ceramics? • Advanced ceramics have the properties of high heat resistance and abrasion , very inert chemically and super-conductivity . 8.3 COMPOSITION OF CERAMICS AND ITS USES CS 8.3 PERFORMANCE LEVEL (PL) Mastered Not mastered PL4 Analyse knowledge on manufactured substances in industry in the context of problem solving the natural occurrences or phenomena. 08 U8 Chemistry F4(p196-206)csy2p.indd 201 21/12/2022 3:41 PM
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 202 UNIT 8 What are composite materials? • Composite materials are formed by combining two or more non-homogeneous materials. • Most composites material are made up of just two materials which are matrix materials and reinforcement materials. • The matrix material surrounds and binds together the reinforcement material to form composite material: + = Reinforce material Matrix material Composite material • Example of natural composite material is wood. Wood is made of long fibers of cellulose. These fibers are held together by another plant polymer called lignin: ⇒ The reinforce material is cellulose fiber ⇒ The matrix material is lignin LS 8.4.1 8.4 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND ITS IMPORTANCE CS 8.4 Examples of the uses of advanced ceramics. Advanced ceramics Properties Uses Alumina and zirconia • Chemically inert materials, high fracture toughness, high density, high hardness and wear resistance • Zirconia is used as dental implants • Alumina is used as bone substitutes in orthopaedics operations such as hip and knee replacement Silicone carbide • Very hard and strong • To make a disc cutter • High resistance to heat and resistant to thermal shock • To make disc brake Tungsten carbide • Very hard and resistant to abrasion • To make tungsten carbide rings (The only thing that can scratch a tungsten carbide ring is a diamond.) Remark: A disc cutter is a power tool used for cutting hard materials, ceramic tile, metal, concrete, and stone as example. Complete the table for the properties and uses of ceramics. LS 8.3.2 Ceramics Classification of ceramic Properties Uses Kaolin Traditional ceramics • Hard and strong • Building materials such as cement, tiles, bricks, roof and toilet bowl. Kaolin Traditional ceramics • Chemically inert and non-corrosive • Kitchen utensils such as pots and pans dishes • Decorative items such as vases and pottery Oxide ceramic Advance ceramics • Have high melting point and good insulator of heat, remain stable under high temperature • Insulation such as lining of furnace, wall of nuclear reactor and engine parts. Alumina Advance ceramics • Good insulator electric • Electric insulator in electrical items such as electric plugs, oven and electric cables. 08 U8 Chemistry F4(p196-206)csy2p.indd 202 21/12/2022 3:41 PM
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 203 UNIT 8 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Examples of composite materials, their components, special properties and the uses LS 8.4.2 Composite materials Components Properties of component Properties of composite material Example of uses Reinforced concrete (i) Concrete is reinforced with steel reinforcement and wire netting. (ii) Concrete is a matrix material and steel bars, wires or netting are reinforce materials. Concrete Steel rod Steel netting • Steel bars or steel wire netting • High tensile strength • Easily corrode • Very strong and able to withstand tensile forces • Does not crack easily • Can be molded into any shape • Resistant to corrosion • Construction of building, roads, bridges and oil platforms. • Concrete • Strong but brittle • Weak in tension • Resistant to corrosion Fiber glass (i) Produced when glass fibers are added with plastics (ii) Glass fibers are reinforce materials and plastic is a matrix material • Glass fiber • Brittle, strong and hard • High tensile strength • Hard, light and strong • Low density • Chemically inert • Easily molded in thin layers and still strong • Heat and electric insulator • Making water storage tanks, small boats, helmets, motor vehicle bodies, car bumper, racket strings and fishing rod. • Plastic • Soft, flexible and low density Fiber optic (i) Core – glass fibers are reinforce material (ii) Cladding – glass/plastic is a matrix material (iii) Protective jacket – plastic is a matrix material Protective jacket Cladding Core • Plastic • Lower refractive index • Flexible • Nonconductor • Thinner, hence easily bent and lighter • Chemically more stable than wires • Data is transmitted digitally • High transmission capacity • Less susceptible to interference • In telecommunication, where telephone substations are linked by fiber optic • Domestic cable television network • Video cameras • Linking computers within local area network (LAN) • As laser beam to perform surgery • In endoscopy, an instrument to examine internal part of the body • Glass fiber • High refractive index • Hard • Nonconductor What are the difference between composite materials and their component? • Composite materials have properties that are superior than those of the original components. LS 8.4.3 08 U8 Chemistry F4(p196-206)csy2p.indd 203 21/12/2022 3:41 PM
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 204 UNIT 8 Composite materials Components Properties of component Properties of composite material Example of uses Photochromic glass (i) Produced by embedding crystals of silver chloride in a glass/ transparent polymer. (ii) Glass/transparent polymers as the matrix and silver chloride is the reinforce material. • Glass/ Transparent polymers • Transparent • Does not sensitive towards light • Transparent • Darken when exposed to bright light and becomes clear when exposed to dim light • Optical lens in glasses • Car windshield • Light intensity meters • Silver chloride or silver bromide • Sensitive to intensity of light • Absorb UV light Superconductors A mixture of barium oxide, copper(II) oxide, yttrium oxide can be made in ceramic called perovskite, YBCO • Copper(II) oxide • High electrical resistance • Conduct electricity with no resistance when it is cooled at low temperature • Used in medical magnetic-imaging devices (MRI) • Generators and transformers • Computer parts • Bullet train • Barium carbonate • Yttrium oxide 1 The table shows the properties of two different glasses. Glass X Glass Y The components are silica, sodium carbonate, boron oxide and aluminium oxide. The components are silica, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. (a) Name type of glass X and Y. Glass X: Borosilicate glass Glass Y: Soda lime glass (b) The diagram shows a glass that is used on oven. P Glass X can be used to make part P. What will happen if glass Y is used to make part P? Give one reason. Glass Y will crack because glass Y cannot withstand high temperature. Subjective Questions PL2 PL4 HOTS PERFORMANCE LEVEL (PL) Mastered Not mastered PL5 PL6 Evaluate knowledge on manufactured substances in industry in the context of problem solving and decision-making to carry out a task. Invent by vapplying the knowledge on manufactured substances in industry in the context of problem solving and decision-making or when carrying out an activity/ task in new situations creatively and innovatively; giving due considerations to the social/economic/cultural values of the community. Quiz ENRICHMENT EXERCISE 08 U8 Chemistry F4(p196-206)csy2p.indd 204 21/12/2022 3:41 PM
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 205 UNIT 8 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 2 Fiber optics can be used to replace copper wire for data transmission. Copper wire Fiber optic (a) Name three structures that can form fiber optic. Core, cladding and protective jacket (b) How does the fiber optic send data and information? Data is transmitted digitally at high transmission capacity. (c) Compare and contrast fiber optic and copper wire in domestic cable television network. Both fiber optic and copper wire can transmit data. Fiber optic can transmit larger capacity of data and not affected with electromagnetic interference. 3 The table shows the examples and component of four types of manufactured substances in industry. Type of manufactured substances Examples Components P Reinforced concrete to build building Cement, sand, small pebbles and steel Q Medal made from bronze Copper and metal S Glass Decorative glassware made from R type of glass Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, lead(II) oxide Ceramic Silicon carbide – (a) State the name of P, Q, R and S. P: Composite materials R: Lead crystal Q: Alloy S: Tin (b) (i) State the use of reinforced concrete. To make framework of buildings and bridges. (ii) What is the advantage of using reinforced concrete compared to concrete? Reinforced concrete can withstand higher pressure/support heavier loads/stronger/higher tensile strength than concrete. (c) (i) Draw the arrangement of particles in Pure copper Copper Copper Tin Bronze PL1 PL2 PL4 PL2 PL2 PL3 08 U8 Chemistry F4(p196-206)csy2p.indd 205 21/12/2022 3:41 PM
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 206 UNIT 8 (ii) Bronze is harder than pure copper. Explain. • Atoms of pure copper metal are same size. • They arranged orderly in layers. Layers of atoms easily slide over each other when external force is applied on them. • The size of tin atoms which are bigger than copper in bronze disrupt the orderly arrangement of copper atoms. • The presence of tin atoms reduce the layers of metal atoms from sliding when force is apply. (d) (i) Name the category of ceramic for silicon carbide. Modern ceramic (ii) State the use of silicon carbide and the properties with respective to its use. To make cutter disc. It can withstand high heat resistance and can withstand thermal shock. PL4 PL2 PL2 PL3 PL3 PL3 PL4 PL4 Quiz 1 The diagram below shows the arrangement of atoms in alloy X. Copper Zinc What is alloy X? A Brass B Bronze C Cupronickel D Duralumin 2 An alloy Y is used to make a body of an aeroplane. Which of the following is alloy Y and its major component? Alloy Y Major component A Duralumin Magnesium B Duralumin Aluminium C Bronze Copper D Cupronickel Copper 3 Which type of glass is suitable for making beakers and test tubes that can be used for heating? A Lead glass B Soda-lime glass C Borosilicate glass D Photochromic glass 4 The information below shows the property of a glass X. When the glass X is heated to a high temperature and plunged into cold water, the glass does not crack. What is glass X? A Lead glass B Soda-lime glass C Fused glass D Borosilicate glass 5 Ceramic is used to make wall of nuclear reactor. Which of the following is the characteristic of ceramic for the usage? A Hard and strong B Good electrical insulator C Remain stable under high temperature D Chemically inert and non-corrosive 6 The following information is about substance Z which is used in bullet train. Conducts electricity with no resistance at low temperature. What is substance Z? A Duralumin B Superconductors C Polyvinyl chloride D Fiber glass Objective Questions SPM PRACTICE 08 U8 Chemistry F4(p196-206)csy2p.indd 206 21/12/2022 3:41 PM
1 18 1 1 H Hydrogen 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 He Helium 4 2 3 Li Lithium 7 4 Be Beryllium 9 5 B Boron 11 6 C Carbon 12 7 N Nitrogen 14 8 O Oxygen 16 9 F Fluorine 19 10 Ne Neon 20 3 11 Na Sodium 23 12 Mg Magnesium 24 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Al Aluminium 27 14 Si Silicone 28 15 P Phosphorus 31 16 S Sulphur 32 17 Cl Chorine 35.5 18 Ar Argon 40 4 19 K Potassium 39 20 Ca Calcium 40 21 Sc Scandium 45 22 Ti Titanium 48 23 V Vanadium 51 24 Cr Chromium 52 25 Mn Manganese 55 26 Fe Iron 56 27 Co Cobalt 59 28 Ni Nickel 59 29 Cu Copper 64 30 Zn Zinc 65 31 Ga Gallium 70 32 Ge Germanium 73 33 As Arsenic 75 34 Se Selenium 79 35 Br Bromine 80 36 Kr Krypton 84 5 37 Rb Rubidium 85.5 38 Sr Strontium 88 39 Y Yttrium 89 40 Zr Zirconium 91 41 Nb Niobium 93 42 Mo Molybdenum 96 43 Tc Technetium 98 44 Ru Ruthenium 101 45 Rh Rhodium 103 46 Pd Palladium 106 47 Ag Silver 108 48 Cd Cadmium 112 49 In Indium 115 50 Sn Tin 119 51 Sb Antimony 122 52 Te Tellurium 128 53 I Iodine 127 54 Xe Xenon 131 6 55 Cs Cesium 133 56 Ba Barium 137 57 La Lanthanum 139 72 Hf Hafnium 178.5 73 Ta Tantalum 181 74 W Tungsten 184 75 Re Rhenium 186 76 Os Osmium 190 77 Ir Iridium 192 78 Pt Platinum 195 79 Au Gold 197 80 Hg Mercury 201 81 Tl Thallium 204 82 Pb Lead 207 83 Bi Bismuth 209 84 Po Polonium 210 85 At Astatine 210 86 Rn Radon 222 7 87 Fr Francium 223 88 Ra Radium 226 89 Ac Actinium 227 104 Rf Rutherfordium 257 105 Db Dubnium 260 106 Sg Scaborgium 262 107 Bh Bohrium 262 108 Hs Hassium 265 109 Mt Meitnerium 266 110 Ds Darmstadtium 271 111 Rg Roentgenium 272 112 Uub Ununbium 285 The Periodic Table of Elements Transition elements 58 Ce Cerium 140 59 Pr Praseodymium 141 60 Nd Neodymium 144 61 Pm Promethium 147 62 Sm Samarium 150 63 Eu Europium 152 64 Gd Gadolinium 157 65 Tb Terbium 159 66 Dy Dysprosium 162.5 67 Ho Holmium 165 68 Er Erbium 167 69 Tm Thulium 169 70 Yb Ytterbium 173 71 Lu Lutetium 175 90 Th Thorium 232 91 Pa Proactinium 231 92 U Uranium 238 93 Np Neptunium 237 94 Pu Plutonium 244 95 Am Americium 243 96 Cm Curium 247 97 Bk Berkelium 247 98 Cf Californium 249 99 Es Einsteinium 254 100 Fm Fermium 253 101 Md Mendelevium 256 102 No Nobelium 254 103 Lr Lawrencium 257 Lanthanides Actinides Metal Semi-metal Non-metal Key: Proton number Symbol of the element Relative atomic mass Name of the element 09 Chemistry F4(table)csy1p.indd 1 21/12/2022 4:15 PM