Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 46 VACCINATION This unit focuses on how the body's immune system fights disease and promotes healing from infection. Awareness of the importance of vaccination is also given attention as there are issues in today's society where parents are not vaccinating their children. The skill of interpreting graph is also emphasized in this unit. Form Related Learning Standardss 2 4.2.1 Elaborate and communicate about the function of body defence system. 4.2.2 Define antigens,antibodies and immunity. 4.2.3 Justify the importance of immunisation. 4.2.4 Differentiate passive immunity and active immunity. NOTES Vaccine injection to infants and children in Malaysia has been shown to reduce the disability and increase protection against infectious diseases and other illnesses. When the Ministry of Health made it a compulsory for Malaysian to get vaccines for BCG, Hepatitis B, DPT and MMR vaccination against newborn babies, it has been able to protect millions of people from diseases such as polio, tetanus, diphtheria, meningitis and more. In fact, cases such as polio leg disabilities are also rarely seen today. This is due to initiatives that have been taken by parents and governments in providing the best for the well-being of the people. Let's watch the video below to understand how vaccination works.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 47 Student’s Worksheet 11.1 SCIENCE INFO VACCINATION PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE WHAT IS VACCINE? According to World Health Organisation (WHO), a vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease to stimulate the production of antibody. The vaccines contain either parts of microbes or whole microbes that have been killed or weakened. The microbes are virus or bacteria that can cause a particular infectious disease. The common method for vaccination is by injection but some vaccination can be given orally or by nasal spray HOW VACCINES CREATE IMMUNITY? When our body is exposed to vaccines that contain the microbes, the production of antibody is stimulated. At the same time, it will produce memory cells that are able to kill/destroy/eliminate the microbes once it attack for the second time. IMMUNISATION NEEDS EXTRA DOSES The level of antibody of a certain disease weaken with age. Thus, extra doses or additional vaccines injection is needed to boost immunity above/beyond the immunity level. The immunity level refers to the amount of antibody needed to protect an individual towards a certain disease. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND IMMUNITY Some infectious diseases can be prevented by immunisation. Until today, the Ministry of Health have conducted immunisation program to prevent harmful infectious diseases. The diseases are such as Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough, Measles, Rubella and Hepatitis B.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 48 DISEASE DESCRIPTION Tuberculosis (TB) Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that infects the respiratory tract. It can spread to any parts of the body. However, it usually infects the lungs. Tuberculosis can be fatal. Immunisation: B.C.G (a few doses) Diphtheria Diphtheria is caused by a type of bacteria. This disease is harmful because the bacteria will produce poisonous substances that might damage the heart and nerves. It also causes the formation of lining in the throat that bleeds easily. If the formation becomes larger it will block the respiratory tract. Immunisation: DPT/ DT Whooping Cough/Pertussis This disease is caused by a type of bacteria. It can cause severe and prolong coughing with blood, cracking of lungs, bleeding eyes and severe damage in the brain. Immunisation: DPT (A few doses) Polio The disease is caused by virus. When it attacks it can caused paralysis for the whole life. The parts of the body such as hands and feet cannot be moved. Immunisation: Polio – a few drops in to the mouth.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 49 DISEASE DESCRIPTION Measles This disease is caused by a virus. It usually causes complication such as pneumonia, infections in the brain, ears and other parts of the body especially among toddlers who suffer nutrient deficiency. Immunisation: Measles Rubella This disease is caused by a virus. It is dangerous especially to foetus. The foetus will be paralysed with defects in the heart, eyes, brain, ears or any other parts of the body. Immunisation: Rubella and MMR Hepatitis B This disease is caused by a virus. It can cause damage to the liver such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Immunisation: Hepatitis B (a few doses) Mumps This disease is caused by RNA virus.Sign of mumps is swollen salivary glands that cause the cheeks to puff out. Immunisation: MMR vaccine that also prevent measles and Rubella Tetanus This disease is caused by bacteria which produces toxin. The toxin can damage the nerves and causes cramp that leads to epilepsy. When this occurs it will block the airways and caused fatality. Immunisation: -DPT/ - DT/ Tetanus Toxoid (need a few doses)
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 50 Activity 11.1 Immunization is the process of giving vaccine to an individual to prevent against infectious diseases. Vaccine is produced from certain pathogen such as virus or bacteria that has been weakened or killed. Immunization can be given via injection under the muscle or skin other than orally. a) After receiving vaccine injection, what happen to one’s antibody level in the blood? decreases increases Explain your answer. b) Should we take vaccines before traveling abroad? Explain your reasons. Yes. This is because it protects you from getting infected with viral or bacterial infectious diseases. Antibody level in the blood (mg) (Hari) First vaccine injection Time (weeks) (Hari) Second vaccine injection Vaccine will stimulate the antibody production in the body to fight against pathogen.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 51 c) A student named Adam wants to know the relationship between vaccine injection and immunity. From his reading, he concluded that a person must receive vaccine injection at least twice. Siva (friend of Adam) disagrees with conclusions made by Adam. He thinks only one injection is enough. Which opinion you will support? Give your justification. Antibody level in the blood (mg) Second vaccine injection First vaccine injection Time (years) (Hari) Immunity level Adam’s opinion should be supported because: Antibody will decrease when the age increases. Extra dosage is needed to increase the production of antibody until it achieves above the immunity level.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 52 Activity 11.2 Statistic shows several plague that caused death in X country between year 1900 until 1963. Based on the graph below, it also shows the decreasement of death rate caused by listed infectious diseases. a) Based on the data from the graph, in what year the highest death rate caused by whooping cough? b) Based on your observation on the graph, what can you predict towards the death rate if the vaccine were not taken by the population above? Death rate increases Death rate decreases Explain your answer. 1918 The death rate will increase because: The disease can easily spread among high risk people such as children and elderly. Disease spread rate increases. Year Measles Polio Mumps Whooping cough Diphteria Measles vaccine were introduced in 1963 Whooping cough vaccine were widely used in late 1940 Death per 1000,000 Diphteria vaccine were used in 1920
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 53 Activity 11.4 The diagram below shows Community P (without vaccination programme) and Community Q (with vaccination programme) to curb measles. Both communities have the same number of individuals (17 people). The transmission of measles can be prevented with MMR vaccine injection. a) Calculate the percentage of infected individuals in Community P and Community Q. Percentage in Community P: 76.47% Percentage in Community Q: 11.76% b) What can you infer from the results above. This is because the number of individual vaccinated in Community P is less than Community Q therefore, the disease spreads more rapidly in Community P compared to Community Q or vice versa. COMMUNITY P COMMUNITY Q Before After Before After
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 54 Activity 11.5 a) Match the specific vaccine to its prevention diseases. VACCINE DISEASE B.C.G Polio DPT Tetanus Poliomyelitis Diphtheria MMR Tuberculosis Hepatitis B Measles Tetanus Toxoid Liver Cancer b) What is the function of vaccine? Vaccine will stimulate the production of specific antibody in the body to fight against specific pathogen.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 55 According to the World Bank, 88% of illnesses are caused by poor drinking water, lack of sanitation and lack of hygiene. Water-borne illness is one of the leading causes of death for children under 5. Examples of water borne diseases are cholera, typhoid and diarrhea. Therefore, access to clean water is very important for life. Clean water can be produced in many ways. We must be thankful that our country still has plenty water supply. It is the responsibility of every person to ensure the cleanliness and sustainability of Malaysia's natural water resources. The Joy of Clean Water This unit introduces the method of obtaining clean water by building a model of water filter. Pupils are also encouraged to use thinking skills to solve problems in countries where there is no water supply. Students should also be aware of water conservation and be grateful that Malaysia still has many water sources. Form Related Learning Standardss 2 5.3.2 Solve problems in getting water supply for daily life usage. 5.3.3 Build a model and communicate about water supply system. 5.3.4 Justify water sustainability as a key to healthy living. Water Crisis in Africa
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 56 Student’s Worksheet 12.1 Activity 12.1 Look at the diagram below, your task is to create a water filter with the materials provided so as to get clean water from contaminated water. Dirty water Clear water Materials: Water from pool or added with soil Beakar 150 ml Kaki retort Muslin cloth Fine Charcoal Fine sand Coarse sand Small pebbles Pebbles Plastic bottle 500 ml with the base cut Design a water filter using the materials provided. Sketch your model in the space given. Explain how your filter works. Example of filter: Fine sand – to separate suspended particles. Fine charcoal – to absorb unwanted smell Arrangement of rocks – The bigger size pebbles at the bottom so as to filter faster Muslin cloth – to trap dirt
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 57 1. Filter the pool water or soil water with the water filter that you have created. 2. Observe the colour and smell of water before and after filtration. 3. Record your observation in the table below: Before filtration After filtration Dirty coloured water Filtered water is clearer Smell of dirt No more dirt smell Question 1 State the inferences from your observation. The filtered water is clearer because all the foreign matters like suspended solids and sediments have been removed. The odour of the soil was eliminated because the odour was absorbed by charcoal powder. Question 2 Is the filtered water safe to drink? What is the next step to be taken? Still not safe because there are still dangerous microorganism in it. The next step: Boil the filtered water or chlorination (add chlorine) Question 3 What improvements can be done to water filter model to make it more efficient? Depending on pupils’ answer and how they make the justifications like: 1. Type of bottle should be stronger and more stable. 2. Add more different rocks or pebbles. 3. Use different size rocks or pebbles
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 58 Question 4 The Sahara Desert is one of the desert areas with little rainfall. On the edge of the Sahara Desert, there are numerous giant nets such as the one shown in the picture below in the mountainous region of Marrakesh, Morocco. The purpose of this giant nets is to collect drinking water. The giant nets were installed at an altitude of 1,225 meters (4,000 feet) are capable of collecting an average of 6,000 liters of water a day. a) What is the source of water using this method? Water droplets in the atmosphere b) Explain the process on how water is collected? Atmospheric water condenses on the surface of a cold net to form droplets of water that will be pumped into the collector tank before being distributed to the resident area.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 59 NEWTON LAW This unit introduces Newton's Law of motion which associates force with the body and movement of the body. All these were compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his work entitled Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Motion is a physics law that defines mechanical principles. Form Related Learning Standardss 2 8.1.1 Elaborate and communicate about forcé 8.1.4 Explain with examples that every action forcé has an equal (same magnitude) reaction forcé but in the opposite direction. Sir Isaac Newton 1642 - 1727 Newton’s First Law: States that a moving object will remain moving and a stationary object will remain stationary unless there is an external force acting on the object . Newton’s Second Law: States that the external force exerted on an object is the result of acceleration with the mass of the object Newton’s Third Law: States that for every action, there will be a similar response but from the opposite direction.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 60 Student’s Worksheet 13.1 Activity 13.1 Referring to the diagram below. Set up the activity using the apparatus given. Flick the cardboard using your finger and observe the coin falling into the empty glass. . Question 1 What is the force that caused the coin to fall into the glass? Question 2 This activity to which Newton’s Law? Question 3 Based on the information above, explain why. Gravity Newton’s First Law An object in a stationary state will remain stationary unless there is an external force acting on the object. The coins that remained on the cardboard will move down when there is an external force that is gravity acting on it.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 61 Activity 13. 2 A blown balloon is released as shown in the following diagram: Question 4 This activtiy referred to which Newton’s Law? Question 5 Based on the above information, explain why. Activity 13.3 While playing basketball with Idham, Zakwan jumped to shoot the ball into the net. straw balloon string Newton’s Third Law For every action, there will be a similar reaction from the opposite direction. The balloonb will move in the opposite direction to the force applied on it.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 62 Question 6 Describe the Earth’s action force on Zakwan when he jumped. Question 7 Explain your answer. The Earth pushed Zakwan as hard as he pushed on the Earth when he jumped. When Zakwan jumped, it was an upwards action and the Earth will pushed Zakwan down with the same force when he jumped,
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 63 LEMNA PLANT This unit exploits the reading and understanding of text as well as testing students' scientific skills on the concept of plant growth. Form Related Learning Standardss 1 1.7.1 Support scientific attitudes and values practiced by scientists. 1.7.2 Justify the need to practice scientific attitudes and values when carrying out an investigation. 1.7.3 Practice scientific attitudes and values while carrying out a scientific investigation. While walking by a pond, Danial saw it is full with Lemna plant as shown in Figure 1. He wondered how the Lemna is able to grow without soil. Figure 2 shows the shape of Lemna plant that grows in the pond Figure 1 Figure 2 Pond with Lemna plant Lemna plant
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 64 Student’s Worksheet 14.1 Answer all questions: 1 You will design an experiment to study the two factors that affect the growth of Lemna plants. Why does growing plants require nutrient? A. To increase the number of leaves B. To help the plant to obtain sunlight C. To increase the oxygen uptake D. To increase the plant production 2 Does the type of nutrient affect the growth of the Lemna plants? Tick one box. Distilled water Rain water Pipe water solution Nutrient solution Justify your answer. Activity 13.1: Experiment Set-up Danial wants to investigate the relationship between the type of nutrients and the growth of Lemna plant. He planned his experiment by using distilled water, trough and Lemna plant as shown in Figure 3. . He prepared 3 troughs which contains: The same volume of distilled water 5 Lemna plants Each trough is wrapped with black paper Each trough is exposed to the same intensity of light continuously Nutrient solution contains all the minerals that required for the plant to grow
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 65 Black papers Trough Lemna plants Figure 3 Danial added into the trough containing distilled water: Nutrient solution A Nutrient solution B Nutrient solution C The nutrient solution of the same dosage is refreshed at the beginning of every week After 3 weeks, the result are in Table 3. Trough Weeks 0 1 2 3 1 (Nutrient A) 5 10 15 20 (Yellowish) 2 (Nutrient B) 5 8 10 12 (Greenish) 3 (Nutrient C) 5 12 20 25 (Greenish) Table 3 NUTRIENT A NUTRIENT B NUTRIENT C
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 66 3 From Table 3, which trough contains the highest number of plants at the end of week 3? A. Trough 1 B. Trough 2 C. Trough 3 4 Why did Danial put only five Lemna plants in each trough at the beginning of the experiment? 5 Why does the trough of your choice is considered containing healthy plants? 6 In addition to factor of nutrient, state two other factors that can affect affect the healthy growth of Lemna plants? 7 What is the purpose of wrapping the troughs with black paper? Give your reason 8 Based on the results of Danial’s experiment, why did he add the same dosages of nutrients at the beginning of every week? 9 After 3 weeks, Danial and his friend were passing through the same pond and found out that the pond is filled with Lemna plants as shown in Figure 4. They were wondering how the Lemna flourishes in the pond on its own. Because trough 3 contains the most number of Lemna plant and the leaves are green in colour Because trough 3 contains the most number of Lemna plant and the leaves are green in colour . So that the Lemna plant gets enough space and all the required nutrients evenly. a. Light intensity, Temperature, Carbon dioxide, pH Because during the week, the Lemna plants used up all the nutrients. or All nutrients depleted in the water To reduce the light from entering the water and to prevent the growth of algae To reduce the light from entering the water and to prevent the growth of algae
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 67 Figure 4 How do you think the water in the pond replenishes its nutrients naturally for the growth of Lemna? Danial observed that the size of the the healthy Lemna plant in Trough 3 is bigger compared to the Lemna of the pond in the forest. To do the comparison he collected 5 Lemna plants from the pond to compare with his experimental Lemna plant. Lemna from the pool Lemna from th experiment Size of Lemna in pool (mm) Size of Lemna in Trough 3 (mm) Lemna 1: 7 Lemna 1: 13 Lemna 2: 8 Lemna 2: 12 Lemna 3: 9 Lemna 3: 13 Lemna 4: 7 Lemna 4: 14 Lemna 5: 7 Lemna 5: 13 Average = 7.6 mm Average = 13 mm 1 2 4 5 3 1 2 3 5 4 Decomposition of dead aquatic organisms or through the natural cycles in the pond
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 68 10 Based on the average length of the Lemna plant from the pond and the healthy plants in the experiment, what could be the cause of such results of the one in the pond? Give TWO reasons. 11 What conclusion can you make from this activity? Inter dan intra competition Depending on the temperature of the environment Lemna plants need nutrients to grow
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 69 FLOAT SINK This unit check on the understanding on the concept of density and its application in daily life. Form Related Learning Standardss 1 1.5.1 Arrange sequentially materials based on density. 1.5.2 Predict whether the materials will float and sink according to density. 1.5.4 Calculate density using formula (density = mass / volume) and water displacement method. 1.5.5 Explain the phenomena related to the density difference in everyday life. 1.7.1 Support scientific attitudes and values practiced by scientists. 1.7.2 Justify the need to practice scientific attitudes and values when carrying out an investigation. 1.7.3 Practice scientific attitudes and values while carrying out a scientific investigation. A group of student carried out a field work by the sea on the effect of sea water on metals. As they were carrying out their research, they noticed a very looking rusty buoy. They decided to investigate the chemical change on the surface of the buoy.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 70 Student’s Worksheet 15.1 Activity 15.1 1. State the prominent colour seen on the surface of the buoy? Brownish 2. Name the process that has taken place. Tick the correct answer. . 3. The picture shows a rusty buoy. Based on the picture, chose and tick the condition for rusting. Sunlight Water Oxygen Iron 4. Is rusting a physical or chemical change? Tick one box. Physical change Chemical change Explain your answer. Rusting Extraction Neutralisation A new substance is formed Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 71 5. Three iron block A, B, and C were taken from three different buoy left in the sea over period time. Put the iron block Label into the correct space. . Iron block C A B Period of time the buoy in the sea 5 months 1 year 7 years Activity 15.2: BUOYANT FORCE AND WEIGHT All objects experience a downward force called weight. This force is due to gravity. When immersed in water, an upward force acts on the buoy. This upward force is called Buoyant Force. Where does Buoyant Force come from? A B C
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 72 A stone is hung from a Newton balance. The Newton balance shows the weight of the stone. 7. Weight of the stone has decreased. There is weight loss. This is because… Tick to the correct answer. The weight decreases due to Buoyant Force. The stone’s Buoyant force decreases due to water displaced. The displaced water creates a Buoyant Force. The volume of the water increased due to Buoyant Force. What is the weight of the stone? Weight = (State the weight with the unit) What is the weight of the stone now as shown on the spring balance? Weight = (State the weight with the unit) Weight of stone in water Weight of stone in air Newton spring balance 6. 20 N 16N
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 73 8. The stone is fully immersed in the water as shown in the diagram below. 9. 10. Explain your answer. What is the weight of the stone as shown in condition A? Weight = (State the weight with the unit) Weight of stone in water Newton spring balance Condition A Condition B What is the weight of the stone as shown in condition B? Weight = (State the weight with the unit) Weight of stone in water 12N There is no change in reading. - because the buoyant force is constant/fixed/remain unchanged/remain the same 12N Newton spring balance
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 74 11. Activity 15.3 SUBMARINE In 2009, the Royal Malaysian Navy acquired 2 Scorpene submarines from France and Spain. One of these submarines, KD Tunku Abdul Rahman is located in the Gulf of Sepanggar, Kota Kinabalu Sabah. This diagram shows four forces A, B, C and D acting on a rock. Which is… a) Buoyant force b) Weight B B D Newton spring balance Weight of stone in water
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 75 The specification of the submarine is in the following table: Aspects Specification Length 66.4 m Type Diesel/Electric Purpose Attacking Speed when floating 22 km/h Speed when diving 17 km/h Weight of submarine when partially submerged (at the surface of the sea) 15,770,000 N Weight of submarine when fully submerged (below the surface of the sea) 17,110,000 N 12 What is the relationship between the forces that allow KD Tunku Abdul Rahman to float as shown in the picture? BUOYANT FORCE WEIGHT Choose the right symbol for the box. A > B < C = D ≠ 13 From the information given in the table, what is the Buoyant force acting on KD Tunku Abdul Rahman in the picture? Tick the correct answer. 22 km/hour 17 km/hour 17,110,000 N 15,770,000 N 1,340,000 N =
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 76 14. Activity 15.4 FLOATING SUBMARINE The diagram below shows the cross section of a submarine. Which of the following is the CORRECT diagram of the forces that allow a submarine to float? Answer: D
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 77 15. 16. Activity 15.5 SUBMERGING SUBMARINE All submarines have ballast tanks. Sea water is allowe into these tanks in some situations. Sea water is pumped out from these tanks in other situations. Look at the pictures. Observe the differences in the ballast tanks. What happens when water is pumped into the ballast tanks? What is the relationship between the forces when the water is pumped into the ballast tanks? Choose the right symbol for the box. WEIGHT BUOYANT FORCE A > B < C = D ≠ Buoyant force Buoyant force > The submarine submerges/goes down/sink
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 78 Activity 15.6 DENSITY A floating object can be describe in terms of density. When the object is less dense than the liquid, it will float. Density When mass is measured in gram, olume is measured in cm3 . The unit for density will be g cm-3 .
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 79 15. Given that 1 N = 100 gram, calculate the density of the ball in the diagram. State your answer in the correct unit. Mass = 210 g Volume = 20 cm3 Density = 10.5 gcm-3 Density is a physical property of matter that can be used to identify an unknown substance. Given the table of densities below. Identify the substance of ball P. Density Table Name of substance Density (g/cm3 ) Aluminium 2.7 Lead 11.34 Gold 19.3 Steel 7.8 Silver 10.5 Substance of ball P is 16. Three types of liquids are poured into a tall measuring cylinder. The liquid forms the layers as shown in the diagram. Complete the table below. Type of liquid Density (g cm-3 ) Layer Mercury 13.56 Z Water 1.00 Y Cooking Oil 0.92 X Silver
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 80 17. Ball P is dropped into the measuring cylinder. Which position will it take, A, B, C or D? Jawapan : Justify your answer 19. Activity 15.7 DENSITY, FLOATATION AND SUBMARINES Diagram 1 shows a submarine floating on the surface of sea. Diagram 2 shows the same submarine sinking into the sea water. Fill in the blank using “>” , “<“or “=“. Density of the submarine in Diagram 1 Density of the submarine in Diagram 2 Density of the submarine in Diagram 1 Density of sea water Density of the submarine in Diagram 2 Density of sea water C Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Density of liquid Y < ball P < liquid Z OR Density of water< silver < mercury < < >
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 81 20. Fill in the blank using “>” , “<“or “=“. The weight of the submarine in Diagram 1 The weight of the submarine in Diagram 2 Bouyant force in Diagram 1 Bouyant force in Diagram 2 The weight of the submarine in Diagram 1 Bouyant force in Diagram 1 The weight of the submarine in Diagram 2 Bouyant force in Diagram 2 < < = >
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 82 BUKIT KUBU This unit exploits the understanding about the Earth in terms of its structure and shape. This unit also provides insights into the age of the earth and the formation of fossil fuels. Form Related Learning Standards 1 9.2.1 Explain type and characterictic of rocks. 9.2.2 Communicate on how to differentiate the process of rock formation. 9.5.1 Communicate about geological time scale of the Earth. 9.5.2 Explain the method to determine the age of the Earth. 9.5.3 Communicate about fossils. 9.6.4 Explain the formation of petroleum and coal. Bukit Kubu is a limestone cave located in Kuala Perlis, Perlis. According to the Department of Minerals and Geoscience, Bukit Kubu is made from a pile of marine life that was formed about 250 million years ago. From the rocky outcrops of Bukit Kubu, the hill used to be an island, while today's cave entrance was in the ocean. Bukit Kubu has its own charm that captures both local and foreign visitors with its beauty and uniqueness.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 83 Student’s Worksheet 16.1 ROCKS 1. The limestone in Bukit Kubu is a type of ______________rocks. Tick the correct answer. 2. Underline the correct type of rocks to the descriptions: Description Type of rocks (a) Formed from the cooling and freezing process of magma or lava. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic (b) Formed from the sedimentation of small stones, dead animals and plants which have undergone compression to form layers of sediments under the sea. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic (c) Formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks that have undergone changes in heat and pressure. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic 3. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. sedimentary Earth’s crust magma archeologists igneous basalt metamorphic climate sediments erosion geologist granite 1. The type of rocks found in volcanoes is Igneous 2. Transformation of existing rocks under high heat and pressure will produce metamorphic rock. 3. The outer most layer of the Earth is known as the Earth’s crust. Igneous / Neutralization Sedimentary Metamorphic
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 84 4. Mud, sand and tiny bits of rocks cemented together will form sedimentary rock. 5. Scientist who study rocks are archeologists. 6. Igneous rocks are formed from magma. Student’s Worksheet 16.2 ROCK CYCLE 1. Observe the rock cycle and complete the processes intrhe cycle shown below: 2. Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling of magma from metamorphic rocks. 3. Observe the above rock cycles, think of ways you can recount the processes and conditions of these three types of rocks. Present it to your classmates. cooling melting MAGMA Compaction & Cementation Weathering and Erosion Heat and Pressure
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 85 4. The diagram shows factors that cause soil compaction. Underline the correct answer. Student’s Worksheet 16.3 FOSSIL Fossils are the residual effects of dead animals, plants and other living things, which are left to preserve over millions of years ago. The fossils are formed by high pressure and heat on very dense sedimentary layers. 1. Tick (√) the pictures which are fossils. Statement True/False i) Soil compaction needs low pressure. TRUE FALSE ii) Soil compaction needs high heat. TRUE FALSE iii) Soil compaction needs high heat. TRUE FALSE √ √
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 86 2. The diagrams show the process of fossil formation which is not arranged in the correct order. Match the description of the process of fossil formation using letters A, B, C and D into the space provided. a. When the animal dies and sinks to the bottom of the river it will be decomposed by bacteria. b. A carcass is fully buried and covered by sediment. After several years, a new layer of sediments is formed above the previous layer. c. When the river water dries up, fossils will be formed through crystallisation. The Earth’s crust will cause the fossil to rise to the surface. d. Erosion will cause fossil to be completely exposed. 3. The oldest fossil is in layer ... A B C D Explain your answer. A B C D B C D A The fossils are found in the deepest/lowest layer.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 87 4. Refering to the bubble map below, write TRUE or FALSE to the statements in the table below: Statement TRUE/FALSE I. Fossils are remains of animals only. False II. Fossils are more than 11 thousand years old. False III. Fossils are decomposed under high heat and pressure. False IV. Formation of fossils does not need high oxygen content. True Remains of organisms Low oxygen content Free from decaying bacteria More than 11 000 years oldl Characteristics of fossil Preserved naturally Hard and compact
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 88 5. On which layer of the Earth are fossils found? Tick the correct answer. 6. Tick on the animal which will form the fossil as shown in the picture Fosil
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 89 7. The diagram shows the formation of petroleum. Why is petroleum known as fossil fuel? Tick the correct answer. Petroleum is formed from decayed organisms. Petroleum is formed after a period of millions of years. Formation of petroleum needs oxygen.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 90 Student’s Worksheet 16.4 COAL 1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words to complete the story about theformation of coal. 2. Based on the diagram, explain why coal is a fossil fuel. Heat dan pressure turned the dead plants into coal. Over millions of years, the plants were buried under water and dirt. Before the dinosaurs, many giant plants died in the swamps. Air 100 juta tahun yang lalu Paya 300 juta lumpur tahun dahulu Coal is formed from organisms that lived millions of years ago
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 91 Student’s Worksheet 16.5 EARTH’s AGE 8 Organisms that existed on Earth from 5000 million years ago Arrange the development of organisms that existed on Earth 5000 million years ago from the answer choices in ascending order. Bacteria Jellyfish Human Seaweed Flowering Plants Fish Dinosaur Insects Insects Dinasour Flowering Plants Human Bacteria Seaweed Jellyfish Fish
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 92 BACKGROUND RADIATION This unit provides insights into the existence of background radiation as well as electromagnetic spectrum and their applications in daily life. Form Related Learning Standards 3 8.3.1 Describe ionising radiation and nonionising radiation. 8.3.2 Differentiate the three types of ionising radiation in radioactive decay. 8.3.3 Explain with examples sources of ionising radiation in the environment, natural resources and man-made sources. 8.3.4 Discuss ways to manage the risks from exposure to natural and man made ionising radiation. Radiation is energy in motion, in the form of waves or streams of particles. Radiation has always been present and is all around us in many forms. When people hear the word radiation, they often think of atomic energy, nuclear power and radioactivity, but radiation has many different forms and comes from many other sources. Sound and visible light are familiar forms of radiation; other types include ultraviolet radiation (that produces a suntan), infrared radiation (a form of heat energy), and radio and television signals. These are examples of non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has the ability to knock electrons out of orbit around atoms, upsetting the electron/proton balance and potentially damaging cells. Examples include alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation and x-rays. The annual average effective dose from natural background radiation is approximately 2.4 mSv worldwide. Life has evolved in a world with significant levels of ionizing radiation and our bodies have adapted to it. Elektromagnet Spectrum Sinaran mengion Sinaran tidak mengion
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 93 NATURAL RADIATION SOURCES radiation. Usually it originates from a variety of sources, including the sun and other celestial events in the universe. Some ionizing radiation will penetrate the earth’s atmosphere and become absorbed by humans which results in natural radiation exposure. 2) Terrestrial radiation The composition of the earth’s crust is a major source of natural radiation. The main contributors are natural deposits of uranium, potassium and thorium which, in the process of natural decay, will release small amounts of ionizing radiation. Uranium and thorium are found essentially everywhere. Traces of these minerals are also found in building materials so exposure to natural radiation can occur from indoors as well as outdoors. 1) Inhalation Most of the variation in exposure to natural radiation results from inhalation of radioactive gases that are produced by radioactive minerals found in soil and bedrock. Radon is an odourless and colourless radioactive gas that is produced by the decay of uranium. Thoron is a radioactive gas produced by the decay of thorium. Radon and thoron levels vary considerably by location depending on the composition of soil and bedrock. Once released into the air, these gases will normally dilute to harmless levels in the atmosphere but sometimes they become trapped and accumulate inside buildings and are inhaled by occupants. Radon gas poses a health risk not only to uranium miners, but also to homeowners if it is left to collect in the home. On average, it is the largest source of natural radiation exposure. 2) Ingestion Trace amounts of radioactive minerals are naturally found in the contents of food and drinking water. For instance, vegetables are typically cultivated in soil and ground water which contains radioactive minerals. Once ingested, these minerals result in internal exposure to natural radiation. Some of the essential elements that make up the human body, mainly potassium and carbon, have radioactive isotopes that add significantly to our background radiation dose. Background radiation is a constant source of ionizing radiation present in the environment and emitted from a variety of sources. There are four major sources of natural radiation: cosmic radiation, terrestrial radiation, inhalation and ingestion 1) Cosmic radiation The earth’s outer atmosphere is continually bombarded by cosmic
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 94 NATURAL RADIATION DOSES Doses from Natural Background Radiation Dose is a general term that refers to the amount of energy absorbed by tissue from ionizing radiation. The dose is measured in sieverts (Sv) and is more commonly expressed in units of either millisieverts (mSv) – which represents a thousandth of a sievert – or microsieverts (μSv) – one millionth of a sievert. The total worldwide average effective dose from natural radiation is approximately 2.4 mSv per year. In some parts of the world, it is naturally much higher – for instance on the Kerala Coast in India, the annual effective dose is 12.5 mSv. The dose varies with the source of the radiation. For example, in northern Iran, geological characteristics result in a dose that can reach 260 mSv a year.
Bahan Sumber Inkuiri SAINS Bahan Sumber Inkuiri Sains Menengah Rendah 95 LEVELS OF HEALTH RISK RADIATION Dose rate, uSv/hr Health Risk 1 < 0.2 Safe. Normal levels 2 0.5 Safe. Medium to long term habitation. E.g. surrounded by granite walls 3 1 Safe. Short term habitation only. e.g in an ascending or descending aeroplane 4 2 Elevated Risk Take safety precaution e.g. in an aeroplane at cruising height 5 5 Danger ! Relocate ASAP 6 10 Danger ! Relocate NOW!! 7 20 High Danger: Radiation sickness risk 8 100 High Danger: Extreme radiation sickness risk 9 1,000 High Danger: Evacuate the area immediately 10 100,000 Severe: Radiation Poisoning 11 >1,000,000 Severe: Immediate Vomiting 12 >10,000,000 Lethal. Organ failure and death within hours Note: 1000 uSv/hr is 1 mSv/hr 24 mSv/day or 8.76 Sv / yr 2.4 Sv/day or 876 Sv/ yr