Cambridge IGCSE Physics – Duncan, Tom [SRG]

Practical test questions

Method 1 (ii) Calculate the density ρ of the glass
a (i) Use the two blocks of wood and the rule using the equation
to measure the external diameter d of the
test tube in cm. ρ = m1 [2]
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show how you (V3 − V1)

used the blocks of wood and the rule to [Total: 10]
find, as accurately as possible, a value for
the external diameter of the test tube.
(iii) Measure the height h of the test tube (Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 51 Q1 June 2009)
 6 In this experiment, you are to determine the
in cm.
(iv) Calculate the external volume Ve of the focal length of a converging lens.
Carry out the following instructions referring to
test tube using the equation
Figure P7.
πd 2h
Ve = 4     [3] illuminated

object u screen
v
b Use the balance provided to measure the mass
m1 of the test tube. [1]
lens

c (i) Completely fill the test tube with water.
Pour the water into the measuring
cylinder and record the volume Vi of the
water. Figure P7
(ii) Calculate the density ρ of the glass using
the equation [1] a Place the lens so that its centre is a distance
u = 25.0 cm from the illuminated object.

b In a copy of the table record the distance
u in cm from the centre of the lens to the
ρ = m1 illuminated object, as shown in Figure P7.
(Ve − Vi) c Place the screen close to the lens. Move the

Method 2 screen away from the lens until a focused
d (i) Pour water into the measuring cylinder up image of the object is seen on the screen.
to about the 175 cm3 mark. Record this d Measure and record in your table the distance
volume V1. v in cm from the centre of the lens to the
(ii) Carefully lower the test tube, open screen.

end uppermost, into the measuring u/cm v/cm f/cm
cylinder so that it floats. Record the new
volume reading V2 from the measuring
cylinder. e Calculate and record in your table the focal
(iii) Calculate the difference in volumes length f of the lens using the equation
(V2 − V1).
(iv) Calculate the mass m2 of the test tube f = uv
using the equation m2 = k(V2 − V1) where
k = 1.0 g/cm3. [3] (u + v) [5]
e (i) Use the wooden rod to push the test tube,
open end uppermost, down to the bottom f Place the lens so that its centre is 45.0 cm
of the measuring cylinder so that the test from the illuminated object.
tube is full of water and below the surface.
Remove the wooden rod. Record the new g Repeat steps b to e.
volume reading V3 from the measuring h Calculate the average value of the focal length. [3]
cylinder. i State and briefly explain one precaution you took

in order to obtain reliable measurements. [2]

[Total: 10]

(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 51 Q4 June 2009)

288

Practical test questions

 7 In this experiment, you are to investigate the f Plot a graph of T/s (y-axis) against d/cm
period of oscillation of a simple pendulum. Carry (x-axis). [5]
out the following instructions referring to Figure g State whether or not your graph shows that
P8 and Figure P9. T is directly proportional to d. Justify your
statement by reference to the graph. [1]
The pendulum has been set up for you. Do not
adjust the position of the clamp supporting the [Total: 10]
pendulum.
(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 51 Q1
November 2009)

bob  8 In this experiment, you are to compare the
d combined resistance of lamps arranged in series
and in parallel.

Carry out the following instructions, referring to
Figure P10 and Figure P11.

The circuit shown in Figure P10 has been set up
for you.

power
source

floor

one complete A
oscillation
Figure P8
Figure P9

a Measure and record in a copy of the table V
the vertical distance d from the floor to the
bottom of the pendulum bob. Figure P10

b Displace the pendulum bob slightly and a Switch on. Measure and record in a copy of
release it so that it swings. Measure and record the table the current I in the circuit and the
in your table the time t for 20 complete p.d. V across the two lamps. Switch off.
oscillations of the pendulum (see Figure P9).
b Calculate the combined resistance R of the
c Calculate the period T of the pendulum. The two lamps using the equation
period is the time for one complete oscillation.
Record the value of T in the table. R = V
I
d Without changing the position of the clamp
supporting the pendulum, adjust the length
until the vertical distance d from the floor to the
bottom of the pendulum bob is about 20 cm.
Measure and record in the table the actual value
of d to the nearest 0.1 cm. Repeat steps b and c.

e Repeat step d using d values of about 30 cm,
40 cm and 50 cm.

d/cm t/s T/s Record this value of R in your table.

V/ l/ R/

[4] Figure P10 [4]
Figure P11

289

Practical test questions ammeter power
source
c Complete the column headings in the table.
d Disconnect the lamps and the voltmeter. Set

up the circuit shown in Figure P11.

power
source

A
motor A

V motor B
Figure P12a
Figure P11 variable
resistor

e Switch on. Measure and record in the table M
the current I in the circuit and the p.d. V
across the two lamps. Switch off. Figure P12b

f Calculate the combined resistance R of the
two lamps using the equation

R = V (ii) An engineer wishes to measure the voltage
I across motor A.

Record this value of R in the table. On a copy of Figure P12a mark with the
g Using the values of resistance obtained in b letters X and Y where the engineer should
connect the voltmeter.
and f, calculate the ratio y of the resistances
using the equation (iii) State the purpose of the variable
resistor. [3]
y = resistance of lamps in series [3]
resistance of lamps in parallel [Total: 10]

h (i) Figure P12a shows a circuit including two (Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 51 Q3
motors A and B. November 2009)

Draw a diagram of the circuit using
standard circuit symbols. The circuit
symbol for a motor is shown in Figure
P12b.

290

Alternative to practical test questions

1 The IGCSE class is investigating the cooling (ii) Describe briefly how the graph line [2]
of water. Figure P13 shows the apparatus used. shows this trend.

thermometer [Total: 10]

hot water (Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q2 June 2010)

2 The IGCSE class is investigating the current in a
circuit when different resistors are connected in
the circuit.

The circuit is shown in Figure P14. The circuit
contains a resistor X, and there is a gap in the
circuit between points A and B that is used for
adding extra resistors to the circuit.

power source X

A

Figure P13 AB

Hot water is poured into the beaker and Figure P14
temperature readings are taken as the water
cools. a A student connects points A and B together,
switches on and measures the current I0 in the
The table shows the readings taken by one circuit.
student. The reading is shown on the ammeter in
Figure P15.
t/s θ /°C Write down the ammeter reading. [1]
  0 85
 30 78 0.4 0.6
 60 74 0.2
 90 71 0.8
120 69 1.0
150 67

300 63 0A

a (i) Using the information in the table,
calculate the temperature change T1 of the
water in the first 150 s. Figure P15
(ii) Using the information in the table,
calculate the temperature change T2 of b The student connects a 3.3 Ω resistor
the water in the final 150 s. [3] between points A and B, switches on
b Plot a graph of θ/°C (y-axis) against t/s and records the current I. He repeats the
(x-axis) for the first 150 s. [5] procedure with a 4.7 Ω resistor and then a
c During the experiment the rate of temperature 6.8 Ω resistor.
change decreases.
(i) Describe briefly how the results that you Finally he connects the 3.3 Ω resistor and the
have calculated in part a show this trend. 6.8 Ω resistor in series between points A and
B, and records the current I.

291

Alternative to practical test questions

(i) Complete the column headings in a copy a A student draws the outline of the transparent
of the table. [1] block ABCD on the ray-trace sheet. He
draws the normal NN' to side CD. He draws
R/ I/ the incident ray EF at an angle of incidence
3.3 0.23 i = 20°. He pushes two pins P1 and P2 into
4.7 0.21 line EF and places the block on the sheet of
6.8 0.18 paper. He then observes the images of P1 and
P2 through side CD of the block from the
0.15 direction indicated by the eye in Figure P16
so that the images of P1 and P2 appear one
(ii) Write the combined resistance of the behind the other. He pushes two pins P3 and
3.3 Ω resistor and the 6.8 Ω resistor P4 into the surface, between his eye and the
in series in the space in the resistance block, so that P3, P4 and the images of P1 and
column of the table. [1] P2, seen through the block, appear in line.
c Theory suggests that the current will be (The plane mirror along side AB of the block
0.5 I0 when the total resistance in the circuit reflects the light.)
is twice the value of the resistance of resistor
X. Use the readings in the table, and the The positions of P3 and P4 are marked on
value of I0 from a, to estimate the resistance Figure P16.
of resistor X. [2] (i) Make a copy of Figure P16. On line
d On a copy of Figure P14 draw two resistors EF, mark with neat crosses (×) suitable
in parallel connected between A and B and positions for the pins P1 and P2.
also a voltmeter connected to measure the (ii) Continue the line EF so that it crosses
potential difference across resistor X. [3] CD and extends as far as side AB.
(iii) Draw a line joining the positions of P4
[Total: 8] and P3. Continue the line so that it
crosses CD and extends as far as side AB.
(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q3 Label the point G where this line crosses
November 2010) the line from P1 and P2. [4]
(iv) Measure the acute angle θ between the
 3 The IGCSE class is investigating the reflection of lines meeting at G.
light by a mirror as seen through a transparent block. (v) Calculate the difference (θ − 2i). [2]

Figure P16 shows a student’s ray-trace sheet. b The student repeats the procedure using an
angle of incidence i = 30° and records the
mirror value of θ as 62°.
(i) Calculate the difference (θ − 2i).
A B (ii) Theory suggests that θ = 2i. State
N whether the results support the theory
and justify your answer by reference to
transparent the results. [3]
block
c To place the pins as accurately as possible,
DE P3 C the student views the bases of the pins.
i Explain briefly why viewing the bases of
the pins, rather than the tops of the pins,
F N’ P4 improves the accuracy of the experiment. [1]
eye
Figure P16 sheet of [Total: 10]
292 paper
(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q4
November 2010)

Alternative to practical test questions

 4 An IGCSE student is investigating moments a (i) On Figure P18, measure the vertical
using a simple balancing experiment. distance d from the floor to the bottom of
the pendulum bob.
He uses a pivot on a bench as shown in Figure P17.
First, the student balances the metre rule, (ii) Figure P18 is drawn one twentieth
actual size. Calculate the actual distance
without loads, on the pivot. He finds that it does x from the floor to the bottom of the
not balance at the 50.0 cm mark, as he expects, pendulum bob. Enter this value in the
but it balances at the 49.7 cm mark. top row of a copy of the table.
Load Q is a metal cylinder with diameter a little
larger than the width of the metre rule, so that The students displace the pendulum
it covers the markings on the rule. Load Q is bob slightly and release it so that it
placed carefully on the balanced metre rule with swings. They measure and record in
its centre at the 84.2 cm mark. The rule does not the table the time t for 20 complete
slip on the pivot. oscillations of the pendulum
(see Figure P19).

x/cm t/s T/s T 2/s2
20.0
pivot bench 20.0 19.0
30.0 17.9
Figure P17 40.0 16.8
50.0 15.5
a Draw on a copy of Figure P17 the metre rule [4]
with load Q on it. [2]
b Explain, using a labelled diagram, how the
student would ensure that the metre rule b (i) Copy the table and calculate the period T
of the pendulum for each set of readings.
reading at the centre of Q is 84.2 cm. [2] The period is the time for one complete
c Calculate the distance between the pivot
and the centre of load Q. [1] oscillation. Enter the values in the table.
(ii) Calculate the values of T 2. Enter the T 2
[Total: 5] values in the table.

(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q5 June 2009) c Use your values from the table to plot a graph
of T 2/s2 (y-axis) against x/cm (x-axis). Draw
 5 The IGCSE class is investigating the period of the best-fit line. [5]
oscillation of a simple pendulum. Figure P18 d State whether or not your graph shows that
shows the set-up. T 2 is directly proportional to x. Justify your

statement by reference to the graph. [1]

[Total: 10]

(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q1
November 2009)

bob floor
d

Figure P18 one complete
oscillation

Figure P19

293

Alternative to practical test questions

6 An IGCSE student is carrying out an optics A B
experiment. Circuit 2
Figure P22
The experiment involves using a lens to focus the A B
image of an illuminated object onto a screen.
a Copy and complete Figure P20 to show the Circuit 3
apparatus you would use. Include a metre rule
to measure the distances between the object and Figure P23
the lens and between the lens and the screen. A
The illuminated object is drawn for you. [3]

illuminated B
object

Circuit 4

lamp Figure P24

card

Figure P20 The voltage and current readings are
shown in the table.
b State two precautions that you would take to
obtain accurate results in this experiment. [2] Circuit V/ I/ R/
[Total: 5]
(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q5 1 1.87 1.68
November 2009)
2 1.84 0.84
7 The IGCSE class is comparing the combined
resistance of resistors in different circuit arrangements. 3 1.87 0.37
The first circuit is shown in Figure P21.
4 1.91 0.20
power
source (i) Copy and complete the column headings
for each of the V, I and R columns of
the table.

(ii) For each circuit, calculate the combined
resistance R of the three resistors using
the equation

VA R = V
AB I

Circuit 1 Record these values of R in your table. [3]
b Theory suggests that, if all three resistors
have the same resistance under all conditions,
the combined resistance in circuit 1 will
be one half of the combined resistance in
circuit 2.
Figure P21 (i) State whether, within the limits of
experimental accuracy, your results
a The current I in the circuit and the p.d. V support this theory. Justify your answer by
across the three resistors are measured and reference to the results.
recorded. Three more circuit arrangements (ii) Suggest one precaution you could
are used. For each arrangement, a student take to ensure that the readings are as
disconnects the resistors and then reconnects accurate as possible. [3]
them between points A and B as shown in
Figures P22–24. [Total: 6]

(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q2
June 2008)

294

Alternative to practical test questions

8 The IGCSE class is investigating the change in 9 a   The table shows some measurements taken by
temperature of hot water as cold water is added three IGCSE students. The second column
to the hot water. shows the values recorded by the three
students. For each quantity, underline the
A student measures and records the temperature value most likely to be correct.
θ of the hot water before adding any of the cold
water available. The first one is done for you.

He then pours 20 cm3 of the cold water into the Quantity measured Recorded values
beaker containing the hot water. He measures
and records the temperature θ of the mixture of The mass of a wooden metre rule 0.112 kg
hot and cold water. 1.12 kg
The weight of an empty 250 cm3 glass 11.2 kg
He repeats this procedure four times until he has beaker
added a total of 100 cm3 of cold water. 0.7 N
The volume of one sheet of this paper 7.0 N
The temperature readings are shown in the table. 70 N
V is the volume of cold water added. The time taken for one swing of a simple
pendulum of length 0.5 m 0.6 cm3
V/ θ / 6.0 cm3 [4]
0 82 The pressure exerted on the ground by a 60 cm3
student standing on one foot
68 0.14 s
58 1.4 s
50 14 s
45
42 0.4 N/cm2
4.0 N/cm2
40 N/cm2

a (i) Copy and complete the column headings in b (i) A student is to find the value of the
the table. resistance of a wire by experiment.
(ii) Enter the values for the volume of cold Potential difference V and current
water added. [2] I can be recorded. The resistance is
then calculated using the equation

b Use the data in the table to plot a graph of R = V
temperature (y-axis) against volume (x-axis). I
Draw the best-fit curve. [4]
c During this experiment, some heat is lost from The student knows that an increase in
temperature will affect the resistance of
the hot water to the surroundings. Also, each the wire.
time the cold water is added, it is added in
quite large volumes and at random times. Assuming that variations in room
temperature will not have a significant
Suggest two improvements you could make to effect, suggest two ways by which the
the procedure to give a graph that more accurately
shows the pattern of temperature change of the student could minimise temperature
increases in the wire
hot water, due to addition of cold water alone. [2] during the experiment. [2]

[Total: 8] (ii) Name the circuit component that

(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q3 the student could use to control
November 2008) the current. [1]

[Total: 7]

(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q5
November 2008)

295

Alternative to practical test questions

10 The IGCSE class is investigating the resistance of c Following this experiment, the student wishes
a wire. The circuit is as shown in Figure P25. to investigate whether two lamps in parallel
with each other have a smaller combined
power resistance than the two lamps in series. Draw
source one circuit diagram showing
(i) two lamps in parallel with each other
A connected to a power source,
AB (ii) an ammeter to measure the total current
in the circuit,
CD (iii) a voltmeter to measure the potential
V difference across the two lamps. [3]

[Total: 8]

Figure P25 (Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q3
June 2007)
a A student uses the switches to connect the
wire AB into the circuit and records the p.d. 11 a   An IGCSE student is investigating the
V across the wire between A and B. He also differences in density of small pieces of
records the current I in the wire. different rocks. She is using an electronic
balance to measure the mass of each sample
The student then repeats the measurements and using the ‘displacement method’ to
using the wire CD in place of wire AB. determine the volume of each sample. Figure
P26 shows the displacement method.
The readings are shown in the table.

Wire V/ I/ R/ cm3 cm3
AB 1.9 0.24
CD 1.9 0.96 [3]

(i) Calculate the resistance R of each wire, 100 100
using the equation R = V/I. 80 80
60 60
Record the values in a copy of the table. 40 40 rock sample
(ii) Complete the column headings in your 20 20

table. V1 V2
b The two wires AB and CD are made of the same Figure P26

material and are of the same length. The diameter (i) Write down the volume shown in each
of wire CD is twice the diameter of wire AB. measuring cylinder.
(i) Look at the results in the table. Below
(ii) Calculate the volume V of the rock
are four possible relationships between sample.
R and the diameter d of the wire. Which
relationship best matches the results? (iii) Calculate the density of sample A using
the equation
R is proportional to d
R is proportional to 1/d density = m
R is proportional to d2 V
R is proportional to 1/d2

(ii) Explain briefly how the results support where the mass m of the sample of
your answer in part b(i). [2] rock is 109 g.
[4]

296

Alternative to practical test questions

b The table shows the readings that the student
obtains for samples of rocks B and C. Copy
and complete the table by
(i) inserting the appropriate column headings
with units,
(ii) calculating the densities using the
equation

density = m
V

Sample m/g V/ Density/

B 193 84 50 34

C 130 93 50 43 [4]

c Explain briefly how you would determine the
density of sand grains. [1]

[Total: 9]

(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 Paper 61 Q5
November 2007)

297

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Answers

Higher level questions are marked with *. The questions, example answers, marks awarded and/or comments
that appear in this book were written by the authors. In examination the way marks would be awarded to
answers like these may be different. Cambridge International Examinations bears no responsibility for the
example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication.

General physics 2  Speed, velocity and c OA 40 km; AB 160 km;
acceleration BC (5 + 40) = 45 km;
Measurements and motion CD 100 km; DE 25 km
1 a 20 m/s d 370 km
1 Measurements b 6.25 m/s e 74 km/h
1 a 10 2 a 15 m/s 5 a Uniform velocity
b 40 b 900 m b 600 m
c 5 3 2 m/s2 c 20 m/s
d 67 4 50 s 4  Falling bodies
e 1000 5 a 6 m/s 1 a (i) 10 m/s
2 a 3.00 b 14 m/s
b 5.50 6 4 s (ii) 20 m/s
c 8.70 7 a Uniform acceleration (iii) 30 m/s
d 0.43 b 75 cm/s2 (iv) 50 m/s
e 0.1 8 a 1 s b (i) 5 m
3 a 1.0 × 105; 3.5 × 103; b (i) 10 cm/tentick2 (ii) 20 m
4.28 × 108; 5.04 × 102; (iii) 45 m
2.7056 × 104 (ii) 50 cm/s per tentick (iv) 125 m
(iii) 250 cm/s2 2 3 s; 45 m
b 1000; 2 000 000; 69 200; c 0 5 Density
134; 1 000 000 000 9 A 1 a (i) 0.5 g
4 a 1 × 103; 7 × 105; 10 E (ii) 1 g
1 × 107; 5 × 105 (iii) 5 g
3  Graphs of equations b (i) 10 g/cm3
b 5 × 101; 8.4 × 102; 1 a 60 km (ii) 3 kg/m3
3.6 × 104; 1.04 × 103 b 5 hours c (i) 2.0 cm3
c 12 km/h (ii) 5.0 cm3
5 10 mm 2 a 8.0 g/cm3
6 a Two b 8.0 × 103 kg/m3
b Three d 2 3 15 000 kg
ef 16012 k hmo/u3rs12  h = 17 km/h 4 130 kg
c Four 5 1.1 g/cm3
d Two 6 Density of ice is less than density
7 24 cm3 g Steepest line: EF of water
8 40 cm3; 5 2 a 100 m
9 80 b 20 m/s
10 a 250 cm3 c Slows down
b 72 cm3
11 a 53.3 mm 3 a 5  m/s2
4
b (i) 10 m
b 95.8 mm (ii) 45 m
12 a 2.31 mm
b 14.97 mm c 22 s Forces and momentum
4 a (i) OA, BC: accelerating; 6  Weight and stretching
13 a Metre, kilogram, (ii) DE: decelerating; 1 a 1 N
second (iii) AB, CD: uniform velocity
b Different number of b 50 N
significant figures b OA: a = +80 km/h2; c 0.50 N
c (i) πr2 AB: v = 80 km/h; 2 a 120 N
BC: a = +40 km/h2; b 20 N
(ii) 4 πr3 CD: v = 100 km/h; 3 a 2000 N/m
3 DE: a = 200 km/h2 b 50 N/m
4 A
(iii) πr2h

299

Answers

7  Adding forces 11  Centres of mass 14  Kinetic and potential energy
1 40 N 1 a B 1 a 2 J
2 50 N
3 25 N b A b 160 J
4 50 N at an angle of 53° to the c C c 100 000 = 105 J
2 Tips to right 2 a 20 m/s
30 N force 12 Momentum b (i) 150 J
5 a 7 N 1 a 50 kg m/s
b 2 kg m/s (ii) 300 J
b 13 N c 100 kg m/s 3 a 1.8 J
8  Force and acceleration 2 2 m/s
1 D 3 4 m/s b 1.8 J
2 20 N 4 0.5 m/s c 6 m/s
3 a 5000 N 5 2.5 m/s d 1.25 J
6 a 40 kg m/s e 5 m/s
b 15 m/s2 b 80 kg m/s 4 3.5 × 109 W = 3500 MW
4 a 4 m/s2 c 20 kg m/s2 15  Energy sources
d 20 N 1 a 2%
b 2 N 7 2.5 m/s b Water
5 a 0.5 m/s2 c Cannot be used up
Energy, work, power and d Solar, wind
b 2.5 m/s pressure e All energy ends up as heat
c 25 m 13  Energy transfer
6 a 1000 N 1 a Electrical to sound which is difficult to use and
b 160 N there is only a limited supply
7 a 5000 N b Sound to electrical of non-renewable sources
b 20 000 N; 40 m/s2 c k.e. to p.e. 2 Renewable, non-polluting (i.e. no
8 a (i) Weight d Electrical to light (and heat) CO2, SO2 or dangerous waste),
(ii) Air resistance e Chemical to electrical to light low initial building cost of station
b Falls at constant velocity to house energy converters,
and heat low running costs, high energy
(terminal velocity) 2 A chemical; B heat; C kinetic; D density, reliable, allows output
9  Circular motion to be readily adjusted to varying
1 Force is greater than string can electrical energy demands
3 180 J 16  Pressure and liquid pressure
bear 4 1.5 × 105 J 1 a (i) 25 Pa
2 a Sideways friction between 5 a 150 J (ii) 0.50 Pa
(iii) 100 Pa
tyres and road b 150 J b 30 N
b (i) Larger c 10 W 2 a 100 Pa
6 500 W b 200 N
(ii) Smaller 7 a (300/1000) × 100 = 30% 3 a A liquid is nearly
(iii) Larger b Heat incompressible
3 Slicks allow greater speed in dry c Warms surroundings b A liquid transfers the pressure
conditions but in wet conditions 8 a Electricity transferred to k.e. applied to it
treads provide frictional force to 4 1 150 000 Pa (1.15 × 106 Pa)
prevent skidding and heat (ignoring air pressure)
4 5000 s (83 min) b Electricity transferred 5 a Vacuum
b Atmospheric pressure
10  Moments and levers to heat c 740 mmHg
1 E c Electricity transferred to d Becomes less; atmospheric
2 (i) C pressure lower
sound
(ii) A 9 3.5 kW
(iii) B

300

Answers

6 E 22  Specific latent heat 2 a The Earth radiates energy
7 B  1 a 3400 J back into space

Thermal physics b 6800 J b Clouds reduce the amount
 2 a 5 × 340 + 5 × 4.2 × 50  of energy radiated into space,
Simple kinetic molecular keeping the ground warmer
model of matter =  2750 J
17 Molecules b 1700 J Properties of waves
1 B  3 680 s
2 a Air is readily compressed  4 a 0 °C General wave properties
b 45 g 25  Mechanical waves
b Steel is not easily  5 a 9200 J 1 a 1 cm
compressed b 25 100 J
 6 157 g b 1 Hz
18  The gas laws  7 a Ice has a high specific latent c 1 cm/s
1 a 15 cm3 2 A, C
heat of fusion 3 a Speed of ripple depends on
b 6 cm3 b Water has a high specific
Thermal properties and depth of water
temperature latent heat of vaporisation b AB since ripples travel more
19  Expansion of solids, liquids  8 H eat drawn from the water
slowly towards it, therefore
and gases when it evaporates water shallower in this direction
2 Aluminium  9 Heat drawn from the milk 4 a Trough
3 B b (i) 3.0 mm
4 A when the water evaporates (ii) 15 mm/s
10 1200 J (iii) 5 Hz
20 Thermometers Thermal processes
1 a 1530 °C 23  Conduction and Light
convection 26  Light rays
b 19 °C 1 a Newspaper is a poor 1 Larger, less bright
c 0 °C 2 a Four images
d 12 °C conductor of heat
e 37 °C b The fur would trap more air, b Brighter but blurred
2 C 3 C
3 a Property must change which is a good insulator, and 4 Before; sound travels slower
so keep wearer warmer
continuously with temperature c Holes in a string vest trap air, than light
b Volume of a liquid, resistance, which is a poor conductor,
next to the skin 27  Reflection of light
pressure of a gas 3 a If small amounts of hot 1 a 40°
c (i) Platinum resistance water are to be drawn
off frequently it may not c 40°, 50°, 50
(ii) Thermocouple be necessary to heat the d Parallel
(iii) Alcohol whole tank 2 A
b If large amounts of hot 3 Top half
21  Specific heat capacity water are needed it will
1 15 000 J, 1500 J/°C be necessary to heat the 28  Plane mirrors
2 A = 2000 J/(kg °C); whole tank 1 B
4 Metal is a better conductor of 2 D
B = 200 J/(kg °C); heat than rubber 3 4 m towards mirror
C = 1000 J/(kg °C) 4 B
3 Specific heat capacity of jam is 24 Radiation
higher than that of pastry so it 1 Black surfaces absorb radiation 29  Refraction of light
cools more slowly 3 250 000 km/s
better than white ones so the 4 C
ice on the black sections of the 6 E
canopy melts faster than on the 7 A
white sections

301

Answers

30  Total internal reflection b 240/(3/4) = 320 m/s f Normal brightness
1 a Angle of incidence = 0 c 320 m 5 a 6 V
3 a Reflection, refraction,
b Angle of incidence > critical b 360 J
angle diffraction, interference 6 x = 18, y = 2, z = 8
b Vibrations are perpendicular 38 Resistance
3 Periscope, binoculars 1 3 Ω
4 a Ray passes into air and is to rather than along the 2 20 V
direction of travel of the wave; 3 C
refracted away from the longitudinal 4 A = 3 V; B = 3 V; C = 6 V
normal 4 b (i) 1.0 m 5 2 Ω
b Total internal reflection occurs (ii) 2.0 m 6 a 15 Ω
in water
5 48.6° Electricity and b 1.5 Ω
magnetism 7 D
31 Lenses 8 a (i) ohm’s law
1 Parallel Simple phenomena of (ii) 2 Ω
2 a Converging magnetism 9 B
34  Magnetic fields 39 Capacitors
c Image 9 cm from lens, 3 cm 1 C 2 a (i) Maximum
high Electrical quantities and
circuits (ii) Zero
3 Distance from lens: 35  Static electricity b (i) Maximum
a beyond 2F 1 D
b 2F 2 Electrons are transferred from (ii) Zero
c between F and 2F 40  Electric power
d nearer than F the cloth to the polythene 1 a 100 J
3 C
4 Towards b 500 J
5 a 4 cm 36  Electric current c 6000 J
1 a 5 C 2 a 24 W
b 8 cm behind lens, virtual, b 3 J/s
m=2 b 50 C 3 C
c 1500 C 4 2.99 kW
6 A: converging f = 10 cm 2 a 5 A 5 Fuse is in live wire in a but not
B: converging f = 5 cm b 0.5 A in b
32  Electromagnetic c 2 A 7 a 3 A
3 B b 13 A
radiation 4 C c 13 A
1 a 0.7 µm 5 All read 0.25 A 8 40p
9 a (i) 2 kW
b 0.4 µm 37  Potential difference (ii) 60 W
2 a B 1 a 12 J (iii) 850 W
b 4 A
b D b 60 J 41  Electronic systems
3 a Ultraviolet c 240 J 1 b L1 lights, L2 does not
2 a 6 V c L1 and L2 light
b Microwaves b (i) 2 J d L1 lights, L2 does not
c Gamma rays 2 a V1 = V2 = 3 V
d Infrared (ii) 6 J b V1 = 1 V, V2 = 5 V
e Infrared/microwaves 3 B c V1 = 4 V, V2 = 2 V
f X-rays 4 b Very bright
4 a 3 m
b 2 × 104 s c Normal brightness
5 E d No light
Sound e Brighter than normal
33  Sound waves
1 1650 m (about 1 mile)
2 a 2 × 160 = 320 m/s

302

42  Digital electronics 46  Electric motors Answers
1 A AND 1 E
2 Clockwise 12 a B
B OR 3 E b A
C NAND 47  Electric meters
D NOR 3 a 0–5 V, 0–10 V 13 A
2 A OR 14 A
B NOT b 0.1 V 15 C
C NAND c 0–5 V 16 B
D NOR d Above the 4 17 D
E AND e Parallax error introduced 18 C
48 Electrons 19 C
Electromagnetic effects 1 a A ve, B +ve 20 C
43 Generators b Down 21 E
1 a A: slip rings, B: brushes 2 a 1.6 × 1016 J 22 a Become circular
b Increase the number of turns b 1.9 × 107 m/s b No change
Atomic physics c No change
on the coil, the strength of 49 Radioactivity 23 a (i) Infrared
the magnet and the speed of 1 a α
rotation of the coil. b γ (ii) X-rays
2 The galvanometer needle swings c β b  (i) Radio
alternately in one direction d γ
and then the other as the rod e α  (ii) γ-rays
vibrates. This is due to a p.d. f α 24 a Longitudinal
being induced in the metal rod g β
when it cuts the magnetic field h γ b (i) Compression
lines; current flows in alternate 2 25 minutes (ii) Rarefaction
directions round the circuit as 3 D 25 a 60°
the rod moves up or down b 30°
44 Transformers 50  Atomic structure 26 a Refraction
2 B 1 B b POQ
3 a 24 2 C (symbol is 73Li ) c Towards
b 1.9 A d 40°
4 B e 90 – 65 = 25°
27 C
45 Electromagnets ●● Revision 28 a Dispersion
1 a North questions b (i) Red

b East  1 E (ii) Violet
2 S  2 A 29 B
3 a To complete the circuits to  3 C 30 A
  4* a Yes, 1 mm = 0.001 m 31 D
the battery negative 32 B
b One contains the starter b E 33 C
 5 D 34 a 1 Ω
switch and relay coil; the other  6 E
contains the relay contacts and  7 A b 3 A
starter motor  8 B c 6 V
c Carries much larger current to  9 C 35 a 3 Ω
starter motor 10 D b 2 A
d Allows wires to starter switch 11 D c 4 V across 2; 2 V across 1
to be thin since they only 36 D
carry the small current needed 37 B
to energise the relay 38 a E
b A
c C
d B
e D
39 E

303

Answers

40 E f Exceeded elastic limit Energy, work, power and
41 E   8* a Limit of proportionality pressure
42 B 17 a I = U + W
43 B b Force proportional to
44 a C extension b (i) 850 N
(ii) Force needed to get it
b A c OQ extension proportional started
c B to force (iii) Height
d A (iv) Time
45 a D QR extension/unit force
b E greater c Greater than
18* a 405 000 J
●● Cambridge d 4.0 N/ mm
IGCSE exam   9* b 98 N–102 N b 60 000 J
questions c 60 000 W
c Vertically upwards d Chemical
1  General physics d 98 N–102 N e Energy lost as heat,
10* c Mass × distance
Measurements and motion 11 a (i) At A sound, etc.
1 a (i) 6 cm and 5 cm (ii) Greatest distance from 19 a Tidal, wave, hydroelectric
20 a 88–92
(ii) 60 cm3 the hinge
b 2.65 g/cm3 b When centre of mass is b 88–92 mm
2* Time 10 cycles and calculate c 840
outside base 21* a Volume reduced, pressure
the average c (i) Less than
goes up
3   a Distance Tape measure (ii) Centre of mass of b 20 cm3
matchbox has been c Speed of particles greater at
Time Stopwatch raised
higher temperature
12 a Force, perpendicular 22 b (i) Falls
distance from pivot
(ii) Air molecules cause
b (i) Force, moment pressure on mercury
(ii) F1 + F2 + W
b Speed = distance/time (iii) F d rises rises
c (i) Some distances at
13* a Student B: force inversely falls stays the same
slower speeds proportional to mass
(ii) 22 km 23* a (i) 540 kJ
4 a (i) 1 Increasing b F = ma (ii) W = E/t, 54 kW
2 Constant c (i) Nothing or as before
c Zero distance b (i) 3750 kg
5 a 400 s (ii) Slows down (ii) 12.5%
d 10.8 m/s (iii) Moves in a circle
6* a (i) 1.6 s 14* a The direction is changing 2  Thermal physics
(ii) 4.2 s b (i) Force needed to
(iii) 32 m Simple kinetic and molecular
(iv) 7095 m (area under change direction model of matter
(ii) Towards the centre 24* b Air molecules hit dust
graph) (iii) Friction between tyres
b (i) Weight of ball down, particles
and the road c Slower movement
air resistance up 15* a (i) Resultant force 25 a Solid: 2, 3 and 6
(ii) Up force = down force Gas: 1, 4 and 5
(ii) To overcome friction b Molecules break free of
Forces and momentum b 0.8 kg
7* b 3 N reading c 0.875 m/s2 surface
d (i) 0.6 m/s
d Straight line through the Thermal properties and
origin shows Hooke’s law (ii) 0.36 m temperature
16* a (ii) It gets larger 26* a Energy needed to change
e Graph curves
b (ii) Friction is too small state
c (i) Constant speed

(ii) 212.5 cm
(iii) 8.33 cm/s

304

Answers

b Any time between 1.6 min 35 a q (ii) They attract
and 18 min c Inverted, real c They attract
d Same d Nothing
c P.e of molecules increases e (i) Nothing Electrical quantities and
and they escape from the (ii) Blurred image circuits
liquid 44 a (i) Water conducts
36 c (i) 2 m
d (i) 480 kJ (ii) 2 m away from mirror electricity
(ii) 6.65 kg (ii) Cord not a conductor
37* b Virtual, inverted, same size b 10 A
27* a Copper or constantan as object c (i) Larger current
Copper or constantan (ii) Cable would melt
Constantan or copper c Ray strikes glass normally 45* a  (i) X negative; Y positive
d 2 × 108 m/s (ii) +ve charge on A
28* a Heat required to produce e   i is greater than c so total
1 °C rise in 1 kg attracts ve charge
internal reflection occurs on B
b Long time to heat up 38*a (ii) Virtual, upright, same (iii) B is neutral
c (i) 1.8 °C and 77.1°C b (i) Nothing
size, same distance from (ii) +ve charge is
(ii) 1512 J mirror cancelled
(iii) 392 J/kg K Sound 46 a (i) 6 V
29* a (i) 1 Melting point of ice 39 a (i) One sound (ii) 50 mA
2 Pure melting ice (ii) 495 m b 120 Ω
3 0 °C b (i) One sound plus echo 47 a 60 Ω
(ii) 1 Boiling point of (ii) 1.5 s and 4.5 s c (i) 0.025 A
40 a (i) Decreasing (ii) 1.5 V
water (ii) Waves get smaller d (i) Decreases
2 Steam b (i) Nothing (ii) Decreases
3 100 °C (ii) Wavelength the same (iii) 60 Ω
b Thermal capacity c (i) 12–14 48* c (i) One input is high and
30* a (i) Funnel no longer (ii) 1 300 waves per output is low
(ii) 1 On
giving heat to ice second 2 Off
(ii) Better contact between 2 1/300 s 49 a (i) Series
3 0.04 s (ii) 12 Ω
heater and ice d (i) Yes (iii) 0.5 A
b Mass of beaker (ii) Yes (iv) 5 V
c 338 J/g (iii) No (v) 5 V
31* a Total mass before ice added 41 a One sound plus echo b (i) 1 6 V
Total mass after all ice b First 2 0 V
c (i) 3 s 50* b (i) 3 A
melted (ii) 9 s (ii) 4 Ω
b (i) Mass × sp. heat capacity (iii) 6 s (iii) 2 Ω
(iv) 1080 J
× change in temp 4 Electricity and 51* a Circuit 1: series
(ii) Mass × sp. latent heat magnetism Circuit 2: parallel
c 12 V
of fusion of ice Simple phenomen of d 2.4 Ω
c 427 J/g magnetism e (i) 3 A
32 a °C 42 a (i) Iron rod (ii) 24 W
(iii) 7200 J
3  Properties of waves (ii) Plastic rod
b S  S  N 305
Light 43 a (i) N at left and S at right
33 a 10 cm
(ii) They attract
b Gets smaller and closer to lens b (i) N at left and S at right
c (i) Principal focus
34* a A
b Air
c 42°–43°
d Total internal reflection
e 58.7°
f 2.01343 × 108

Answers

52 a Interchange c Move magnet in and out of b Count decreases with more
connections on solenoid aluminium
ammeter or battery
d Move magnet faster, ●● Mathematics
b Current stronger magnet, more for physics
d (i) Voltmeter turns of solenoid
e 0.4 A 1 a 3
f 0.4 A 5 Atomic physics b 5
g (i) 7.5 Ω c 8/3
61 a Alpha and beta d 20
(ii) Increases b Gamma e 12
Electromagnetic effects c Radio f 6
53* a (i) Step-up transformer d Alpha g 2
h 3
(ii) Less heat/energy lost 62* a Background radiation i 8
b 2.5 A b A  Only background as
c 18.75 W reading constant 2 a f = v/λ
d 7.5 V B  Gamma as not affected b λ = v/f
e 21 985 V by magnetic field c I = V/R
54* a First finger – field C  Beta as deflected by d R = V/I
Second finger – current magnetic field e m = d × V
b (i) Contact f V = m/d
63* a Beta – third and fourth g s = vt
Commutator column h t = s/v
(ii) Clockwise
55 a (ii) Iron Gamma – first column 3 a I 2 = P/R
(iii) Magnetic linkage 64 a Between 22 and 27 minutes b I = √(P/R)
b 120 V c a = 2s/t2
56 a (i) e.m.f. induced in AB b (i) Iodine-128 d t2 = 2s/a
(ii) Radon-220 as shortest e t = √(2s/a)
cancelled by e.m.f. half-life f v = √(2gh)
induced in BC g y = Dλ/a
(ii) Straighten out ABC 65* a Protons: 17 and 17 h ρ = AR/l
b Transformer, generator, Neutrons: 18 and 20
dynamo, microphone, Electrons: 17 and 17 4 a 10
alternator b Alpha, beta and gamma b 34
57* b (i) Reduced c 2/3
(ii) Same or none 66 a 84 d 1/10
c (i) Thin wire is a current- b 218 e 10
carrying conductor in a c (i) 2 f 3 × 108
magnetic field (ii) 4
(ii) Towards the thick (iii) Alpha particle 5 a 2.0 × 105
wire b 10
(iii) Smaller force 67* A rebounds c 8
58 a Contact position at centre B carries on, slightly deflected d 2.0 × 108
of potential divider C carries straight on e 20
b Current in coil magnetises f 300
core, armature pivots 68 a Between 18 and 20 minutes
closing contacts b (i) About 922 6 a 4
59 a (ii) Iron bar (ii) Between 18 and b 2
b Rods become magnetised 20 minutes c 5
and repel c Alpha or beta d 8
60* a Magnetic field cut by e 2/3
conductor induces a current 69 a Electrons f 3/4
b Moves towards P1
c By making P3 or P4 positive
d Fluorescent screen

70* a Measure background reading
No aluminium – take count
Aluminium – take count
Subtract background reading

306

Answers

g 13/6 4 c 34.5 cm
h 16 5 a (i) 0.5 cm
i 1 (ii) 10 cm
7 a = (v  u)/t b T/s
a 5 T 2/s 2
b 60
c 75 1.0 1.0
8 a = (v2  u2)/2s
9 b Extension ∝ mass because 0.95 0.90

the graph is a straight line 0.9 0.81
through the origin
10 b No: graph is a straight line 0.84 0.71
but does not pass through
the origin 0.78 0.61
c 32
11 a Graph is a curve 7 a (i) V, A, Ω
b Graph is a straight line (ii) 1.11, 2.19, 5.05, 9.55
through the origin,
therefore s  ∝ t2 or s/t2 = a b (i) Yes, as within 10%
constant = 2 8 a (i) cm3, °C

●● Alternative to (ii) 20, 40, 60, 80, 100
practical test c Avoid heat loss to the
questions
surroundings
1 a (i) T1 18 °C  9 a 0.7 N, 6 cm3, 1.4 s,
(ii) T2 4 °C
4.0 N/cm3
c (i) T 1 is much greater b (i) Minimum current,
than T2
switch off regularly,
(ii) Graph has a decreasing turn down power
gradient supply
(ii) Variable resistor or
2 a 0.3 rheostat
b (i) Ω A 10 a (i) 7.92 Ω, 1.98 Ω
(ii) 10.1 (ii) V, A, Ω
c 10 Ω b (i) R is proportional
to 1/d2
3 b (i) 2° (ii) The first R is about ¼
(ii) Yes, results are close of the second
enough 11 a (i) 50 cm3, 75 cm3
(ii) 25 cm3
c Doesn’t matter if pins not (iii) 4.36 g/cm3
vertical b (i) V2/cm3, V1/cm3, cm3,
g/cm3
(ii) 5.66 g/cm3, 3.02 g/cm3
c Same method but lots
of grains

307

Index

A Rutherford-Bohr model 241 speedometers 207
Schrödinger’s model 241–2 cathode ray oscilloscopes (CRO) 224–5
absolute zero 77 atoms 72
absorption of radiation 102 attraction forces, electrical charge 24, musical note waveforms 142–3
acceleration 9–10 150, 152–3 uses 225–6
audibility, limits of 141 cathode rays 222
equations of motion 14–15 average speed 9 cathodes 187, 222
force and 31–2 cells 158, 163
of free fall (g) 18–19, 32 B see also batteries
from tape charts 10–11 Celsius scale 85
from velocity-time graphs 13 background radiation 230, 235 relationship to Kelvin scale 77
mass and 31–2 balances 4–5 centre of gravity see centre of mass
uniform 10, 11, 13, 14–15 balancing tricks 45–6 centre of mass 43–6
acid rain 60 banking of roads 36 stability 44–5, 283
action-at-a-distance forces 24, 32, 155 barometers 69–70 toppling 44, 283
action at points 153, 154 base 188 centripetal force 35–6
activity, radioactive material 233 base-emitter path 189 chain reactions 242
air batteries 50, 158, 162, 163 changes of state 91
convection 99–100 beam balances 4 charge, electric see electric charge
density 22 beams, balancing 39 Charles’ law 76, 79
as insulator 98 beams, of light 113 chemical energy 50, 51
weight 76 Becquerel, Henri 230 circuit breakers 181, 213
air bags 58 beta particles 231–2, 240 circuit diagrams 158
air resistance 17, 18, 33 circuits
alcohol-in-glass thermometers 85 beta decay 240 current in 158–9
alpha particles 231–2, 240 particle tracks 232 household circuits 180–2
alpha decay 240 bicycle dynamos 202 model of circuit 162
particle tracks 232 bimetallic strips 82 parallel 158, 159, 164, 170, 180
scattering 238 biofuels 62 safety 181–2
alternating current (a.c.) 159–60 biogas 62 series 158, 159, 164, 169–70
capacitors in a.c. circuits 176 body heat 98 circular motion 35
frequency 160, 201 Bohr, Niels 241 centripetal force 35–6
mutual induction 204 boiling point 94 satellites 36–8
transmission of electrical power  Bourdon gauges 69, 76 clinical thermometers 86
Boyle’s law 78, 79, 80 cloud chambers 232
206–7 Brahe, Tycho xi coastal breezes 100
alternative energy sources ix, 60–2, brakes, hydraulic 68 coils
braking distances 58 in electric motors 216
63–4 Brownian motion 72, 73 magnetic fields due to 210
alternators (a.c. generators) 200–1, brushes in transformers 204–5
in electric motors 216, 217 collector 188
201–2 in generators 200, 201 collector-emitter path 189
aluminium, specific heat capacity 89 bubble chambers 233 collisions
ammeters 158, 164, 219 buildings, heat loss in 98, 100–1 elastic and inelastic 57–8
ammeter-voltmeter method 168 burglar alarms 213 impulse and 48–9
ampere (A) 158 momentum and 47
amplitude of a wave 107, 136 C combustion of fuels 54
analogue circuits 193 communication satellites 37
analogue meters 193 calibration, thermometers 85 commutators
AND gates 194 capacitance 174 in dynamos 201
angle of incidence 108, 116, 126 capacitors 174 in electric motors 216, 217
angle of reflection 108, 116, 126 compasses 146, 147
anode 187, 222 charging and discharging 175 compressions 140
antineutrinos 240 in d.c. and a.c. circuits 176 computers, static electricity and 154
area 3–4 carbon dating 235, 236 condensation 94
armatures 216 carbon dioxide emissions 60 conduction of heat 97–8
atmospheric pressure 69, 76 carbon microphones 213 conductors (electrical) 151, 152
atomic bombs 242 cars metallic 169
atomic (proton) number 239 alternators 202 ohmic and non-ohmic 169, 188
atomic structure 151, 239 braking distances 58
hydraulic brakes 68
nuclear model 238 rounding bends 36
nuclear stability 240 safety features 49, 58
‘plum pudding’ model 238

308

INDEX

conservation of energy 53, 57 drop-off current 212 generators 200–2
conservation of momentum 47–8 dynamic (sliding) friction 29 mutual 204
constant of proportionality 280 ‘dynamo rule’ 200 electromagnetic radiation 51, 135–9
constant-volume gas thermometers 86 dynamos 201, 202 dual nature 227
continuous ripples 107 gamma rays 135, 138, 231–2, 235,
continuous spectra 241–2 E
convection 99–100 240
convection currents 99, 100 Earth, magnetic field 148 infrared 102, 135, 136
convector heaters 179 earthing 153, 181 microwaves xii, 135, 137–8
conventional current 158 echoes 141 properties 135
converging lenses 129, 130, 132 radio waves 135, 137
cooling, rate of 103–4, 283–4 ultrasonic 143 ultraviolet 102, 135, 136–7
Copernicus, Nicolaus xi eddy currents 206, 207 X-rays xi, 135, 138, 226–7
coulomb (C) 158 efficiency 53 see also light
count-rate, GM tube 230 electromagnetic spectrum 135
couples, electric motors 216 of electrical power transmission 207 electromagnetism 209–10
crests of waves 107 of motors 178 electromagnet construction 210–11
critical angle 126–7 of power stations 63 magnetisation and demagnetisation
critical temperatures of gases 94–5 effort 40
critical value, chain reactions 242 Einstein, Albert xi, 242 210
crude oil 54 elastic collisions 57–8 uses 211–13
crumple zones 49, 58 elastic limit 25 electromotive force (e.m.f.) 163
crystals 74 elastic potential energy 50 electronic systems 185
current see electric current electrical energy 50, 182 impact on society 196–8
production 61, 62, 63–4 input transducers 185, 186
D transfer 51, 162, 163, 177, 207 output transducers 185, 186–7
electric bells 211–12 electron microscopes viii, 72
dataloggers 5, 11 electric charge 150, 158 electrons 151, 239
d.c. generators (dynamos) 201, 202 attraction forces 24, 150, 152–3 cathode rays 222
decay curves 233 current and 157 deflection of beams 222–3
deceleration 10 electrons and 151, 152 electric current 157, 158, 162
declination 148 see also static electricity energy levels 241
deflection tubes 223 electric circuits see circuits photoelectric emission 227
degrees, temperature scales 85 electric current 157, 158 thermionic emission 222
density 21–3 alternating (a.c.) 159–60, 176, 201, see also atomic structure
electrostatic induction 152
of water 83 204, 206–7 elements, electric heating devices 179
dependent variables 281 in circuits 158–9 emission of radiation 102–3
depth, real and apparent 123 direct (d.c.) 159, 176 emitter 188
deuterium 239, 243 effects of 157 endoscopes 128
deviation of light rays 124 electrons in 157, 158, 162 energy
diaphragms, in steam turbines 63 from electromagnetic induction 199 conservation of 53, 57
dielectric 174 magnetic fields and 157, 209–10, 215 of electromagnetic radiation 135
diffraction measurement 158–9 forms of 50–1
in transistors 189 losses in buildings 98, 100–1
of electromagnetic waves 137 electric fields 155–6 losses in transformers 205–6
of mechanical waves 108–9, 110 deflection of electron beams 223 sources see energy sources
of sound waves 140 deflection of radiation 232 transfer of see transfers of energy
diffuse reflection 117–18 electricity see also specific types of energy e.g.
diffusion 74–5 dangers of 182–3
diffusion cloud chambers 232 generation see power stations; kinetic energy; nuclear energy etc
digital circuits 193 energy density of fuels 60
digital meters 193 renewable energy sources energy levels, electrons 241
diodes 169, 187–8 heating 179 energy sources
direct current (d.c.) 159 lighting 178
capacitors in d.c. circuits 176 paying for 182 alternative sources ix, 60–2, 63–4
direct proportionality 280 transmission 206–7 consumption figures 64–5
dispersion of light 124, 136 see also static electricity economic, environmental and social
displacement 9 electricity meters 182
displacement-distance graphs 106 electric motors 178, 215–18 issues 64–5
distance-time graphs 10, 14, 19 electric power 177–8 food 50, 53–4
diverging lenses 129, 132 electric shock 182–3 non-renewable 60, 62–3
double insulation 181–2 electrolytic capacitors 174 renewable 60–2, 63–4
electromagnetic induction 199 energy value of food 53–4
applications 202–3

309

INDEX

equations force multipliers 67 H
changing the subject of 279–80 forward-biased diodes 187
heat equation 88 fossil fuels 60, 64 half-life 233–4, 236
of motion 14–15 ‘free’ electrons 98 hard magnetic materials 146
wave equation 107 free fall, acceleration of (g) 18–19, 32 hard X-rays 226
freezing points 91 head of liquid 69
equilibrium frequency head restraints 58
conditions for 39, 41 heat 50, 51
states of 44–5 alternating current 160, 201
light waves 136 conduction 97–8
errors measurement by CRO 226 convection 99–100
parallax 2–3 mechanical waves 106, 107 expansion 81–2
systematic 5–6 pendulum oscillations 5 from electric current 157
sound waves 141 latent heat 91–3
ethanamide, cooling curve 91 friction 29, 36 loss from buildings 98, 100–1
evaporation fuels 50, 54, 60, 64 radiation 102–4
see also energy sources specific heat capacity 88–90
conditions for 93–4 fulcrum 39, 40 temperature compared 87
cooling by 94, 283–4 full-scale deflection 220 heat equation 88
evidence xi–xii fundamental frequency 142 heaters
expansion 81–2 fused plugs 181 electrical 179
expansion joints 81 fuses 179, 180 logic gate control of 195
explosions 48 fusion heat exchangers, nuclear reactors 242,
extended sources of light 114 nuclear 243 243
eyes 132–3 specific latent heat of 91–2, 93 heating, electric 179
heating value of fuels 54
F G hertz (Hz) 106, 160, 201
Hooke’s law 25–6, 283
facts viii Galileo xi, 17, 30 household electrical circuits 180–2
falling bodies 17–20 galvanometers 219 Hubble Space Telescope viii, xi
gamma rays 135, 138, 231–2, 235, 240 Huygens’ construction 109
terminal velocity of 33 gases hydraulic machines 67–8
Faraday’s law 199 hydroelectric energy 61, 64
farad (F) 174 diffusion 74–5 hydrogen
ferro-magnetics 146 effect of pressure on volume 78, 79 atoms 151
field lines 146–8, 209 effect of temperature on pressure isotopes of 239
filament lamps 169, 178 hydrogen bombs 243
filaments 222 77, 79
fire alarms 82 effect of temperature on volume I
fission, nuclear 242
fixed points, temperature scales 85 76, 79 ice, specific latent heat of fusion 92
Fleming’s left-hand rule 216, 218, 222 kinetic theory 73, 79–80 ice point 85
Fleming’s right-hand rule 200 liquefaction 94–5 images 114
floating 22–3 pressure 76–80
flue-ash precipitation 154 gas laws 76–9 converging lenses 130
fluorescent lamps 178 gas turbines 63 plane mirrors 119–20
focal length 130 Geiger, Hans 238 impulse 48–9
food, energy from 50, 53–4 Geiger-Müller (GM) tube 230, 232, incidence, angle of 108, 116, 126
force 24, 27 233–4 independent variables 281
generators 200–2 induced current see electromagnetic
acceleration and 31–2 geostationary satellites 37 induction
action-at-a-distance forces 24, 32, geothermal energy 62 induction
glass electromagnetic 199–203
155 critical angle of 126 electrostatic 152
addition of 27–8 refraction of light 122 mutual 204
of attraction 24, 150, 152–3 gliding 100 induction motors 216
centripetal 35–6 gold-leaf electroscope 151, 230 inelastic collisions 57–8
on current-carrying wire 215 gradient of straight line graphs 281 inertia 30
equilibrium 39, 41 graphs 281–2 infrared radiation 102, 135, 136
friction 29, 36 gravitational fields 32 inkjet printers 154, 155
moments 39–41 gravitational potential energy 50, 56 input transducers (sensors) 185, 186
momentum and 48 gravity 24, 32 insulators (electrical) 151, 152
Newton’s first law 30 centre of see centre of mass insulators (heat) 98
Newton’s second law 31–2, 48 greenhouse effect 60, 103 integrated circuits 188
Newton’s third law 32–3 greenhouses 103
parallelogram law 27–8
force constant of a spring 25–6
force-extension graphs 25

310

INDEX

intensity of light 136 reflection 116–18 measurements 2–8
interference refraction 122–4 degree of accuracy x
shadows 114
mechanical waves 110–11 sources 113, 114 mechanical waves 106–12
sound waves 140 speed of 115, 135 diffraction 108–9, 110
internal energy see heat total internal reflection 126, 127 frequency 106, 107
International Space Station ix light-beam galvanometers 219 interference 110–11
inverse proportionality 78, 280–1 light-dependent resistors (LDRs) 169, 186 polarisation 111
inverter (NOT gate) 193–4 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 187 reflection 108, 109–10
investigations x–xi, 283–4 light energy 51 refraction 108, 110
ionisation 227, 230 lighting, electric 178 speed 107, 108
ionisation energy 241 lightning 150, 153
ionosphere 137 light-operated switches 190 megawatt (MW) 177
ions 230 limit of proportionality 25 melting points 91
iron, magnetisation of 146 linear expansivity 82 meniscus 4
irregular reflections 117–18 linear (ohmic) conductors 169 mercury barometers 69–70
isotopes 239 lines of force 146–8, 209 mercury-in-glass thermometers 85, 86
I-V graphs 169 line spectra 241–2 metal detectors 207
liquefaction of gases and vapours 94–5 metals
J liquid-in-glass thermometers 85
liquids conduction of electrical current 169
jacks, hydraulic 67 convection 99 conduction of heat 97, 98
jet engines 48 density 22 metre (m) 2
joule (J) 52 kinetic theory 73 micrometer screw gauges 6–7
joulemeters 180 pressure in 66–8 microphones 51, 202, 213
thermochromic 86 microwaves xii, 135, 137–8
K live wires 180 mirrors
load 40 multiple images in 127
kaleidoscopes 120–1 logic gates 193–4 plane 116, 119–21
Kelvin scale of temperature 77 uses 194–6 mobile phones ix, xii, 37, 137
Kepler, Johannes xi logic levels 193 moderators, nuclear reactors 242, 243
kilogram (kg) 4 longitudinal waves 106, 140 molecules 72
kilowatt-hours (kWh) 182 long sight 132–3 in kinetic theory 72–3
kilowatts (kW) 177 looping the loop 36, 37 moment of a force 39–41
kinetic energy (k.e.) 50, 51, 56 loudness 142 moments, law of 39–40
loudspeakers 51, 140–1, 218 momentum 47
from potential energy 51, 57 luminous sources 113 collisions and 47
kinetic theory of matter 72–3 conservation of 47–8
M force and 48
behaviour of gases and 73, 79–80 monitoring satellites 37
conduction of heat and 98 magnetic fields 146–8 monochromatic light 136
expansion 81 deflection of electron beams 222–3 motion
latent heat and 93 deflection of radiation 231, 232 Brownian 72, 73
temperature and 80, 85, 87 due to a current-carrying wire 157, circular 35–8
209–10 equations of 14–15
L due to a solenoid 210 falling bodies 18
motor effect 215 projectiles 19–20
lagging 98 motion sensors 10, 11, 13
lamps 158, 178 magnetic recording 202–3 motor effect 215
lasers ix, 113, 187 magnets, properties of 146 motor rule 216
latent heat 91–3 magnification 131 motors 215–18
lateral inversion 118–19 magnifying glasses 131–2 efficiency 178
law of the lever 39–40 ‘Maltese cross tube’ 222 electric power 178
law of moments 39–40 manometers 69 moving-coil galvanometers 219
laws viii Marsden, Ernest 238 moving-coil loudspeakers 218
length 2–3, 6–7 mass 2, 4–5, 29 moving-coil microphones 202
lenses 129–33 multiflash photography 9, 19
Lenz’s law 200 acceleration and 31–2 multimeters 220
lever balances 4–5 centres of 43–6, 283 multipliers, voltmeters 219–20
levers 40–1 as measure of inertia 30 multiplying factors 67
light 135, 136 mass defects 242 muscles, energy transfers in 54
matter, kinetic theory see kinetic musical notes 142–3
colour 136 theory of matter mutual induction 204
dispersion 124, 136
frequency 136
from electric current 157
lenses 129–33
rays and beams 113

311

INDEX

N pendulums prisms
energy interchanges 57 refraction and dispersion of light
NAND gates 194 period of 5 124
National Grid 206–7 total internal reflection 127
negative electric charge 150 penetrating power, radiation 231
neutral equilibrium 45 penumbra 114 problem solving 279
neutral points, magnetic fields 147 period, pendulums 5 processors 185
neutral wires 180 periscopes 117 progressive (travelling) waves 106, 135
neutrinos 240 permanent magnetism 146, 211 projectiles 19–20
neutron number 239 petroleum 54 proportions 280–1
neutrons 151, 239 phase of waves 107, 110 proton number 239
Newton, Isaac xi photocopiers 154 protons 151, 239
newton (N) 24–5 photoelectric effect 135 pull-on current 212
Newton’s cradle 58 photoelectric emission 227 pulses of ripples 107
Newton’s first law 30 photogate timers 11 pumped storage systems 63–4
Newton’s second law 31–2, 48 photons 227, 241
Newton’s third law 32–3 pinhole cameras 114 Q
noise 142 pitch of a note 142
non-luminous objects 113 plane mirrors 116, 119–21 quality of a note 142–3
non-ohmic conductors 169, 188 plane polarisation 111 quartz crystal oscillators 143
non-renewable energy sources 60, planetary system xi
plotting compasses 147 R
62–3 plugs, electrical 181
NOR gates 194 plumb lines 43 radar 137
normal 108, 116 ‘plum pudding’ model 238 radiant electric fires 179
NOT gates (inverters) 193–4 pointer-type galvanometers 219 radiation
nuclear energy 51, 60, 64, 242–3 point sources of light 114
nuclear reactors 60, 64, 242–3 polarisation, of mechanical waves 111 background 230, 235
nuclei 239, 240 poles, magnetic 146 electromagnetic see electromagnetic
pollution 60, 64
see also atomic structure positive electric charge 150 radiation
nucleons 239 positrons 240 of heat 102–4
nuclides 239, 240 potential difference (p.d.) 163 nuclear see radioactivity
radioactive decay 233–4, 239–40
O energy transfers and 162 radioactivity 230
measurement 164, 225 alpha, beta and gamma rays 231–2
octaves 142 potential divider circuits 168, 172, 190 dangers 235–6
Oersted, Hans 209 potential energy (p.e.) 50, 51, 56 detection 230, 232–3
ohm (Ω) 167 change to kinetic energy 51, 57 ionising effect of radiation 230
ohmic (linear) conductors 169 potentiometers 168 particle tracks 232–3
ohm-metre (Ωm) 171 power safety precautions xi, 236
Ohm’s law 169 in electric circuits 177–8 sources of radiation 235–6
opaque objects 114 of a lens 131 uses 234–5
open circuit 163 mechanical 52, 53 radioisotopes 234–5, 236, 239
operating theatres, static electricity in power stations 62–4 radionuclides 239
alternators 201–2 radiotherapy 235
153 economic, environmental and social radio waves 135, 137
optical centre of lens 129 range of thermometers 86
optical density 122 issues 64–5 rarefactions 140
optical fibres 128 geothermal 62 ratemeters 230
orbits 36–7 nuclear 242–3 ray diagrams 131
OR gates 194 thermal 62–3, 202 rays
output transducers 185, 186–7 powers of ten 2 of light 113
overtones 142 pressure 66 mechanical waves 107
atmospheric 69, 76 real images 119
P effect on volume of gas 78, 79 reciprocals 279
of gases 76–80 rectifiers 188
parallax errors 5–6 in liquids 66–8 reed switches 212–13
parallel circuits 158, 159 pressure gauges 69–70 reflection
Pressure law 77, 79 angle of 108, 116, 126
household circuits 180 primary coils 204–5 heat radiation 102
resistors in 170 principal axis of lens 129 light 116–18
voltage in 164 principal focus of a lens 130 mechanical waves 108, 109–10
parallelogram law 27–8 radio waves 137
particle tracks 232–3 sound waves 141
pascal (Pa) 66 total internal 126, 127

312

INDEX

refraction resistors in 169–70 steel, magnetisation 146
light 122–4 voltages 164 step-down transformers 205
mechanical waves 108, 110 shadows 114 step-up transformers 205
short sight 132 sterilisation 235
refractive index 123–4 shrink-fitting 81, 95 stopping distance 58
critical angle and 126–7 shunts 219 storage heaters 179
significant figures 3 straight line graphs 281
refuelling, static electricity and 153 sinking 22 strain energy 50
regular reflection 117 SI (Système International d’ Unités) street lights, logic gate control of 195
relays 186–7, 212 system 2 stroboscopes 107
renewable energy sources 60–2, 63–4 sliding (dynamic) friction 29 sulphur dioxide 60
reports x–xi slip rings 200 Sun 243
residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) soft magnetic materials 146 superconductors 77–8, 95
soft X-rays 226 superfluids 77
181 solar energy 60–1, 64 superposition of waves 110
residual current device (RCD) 181 solar furnaces 61 surface area, effect on evaporation 93
resistance 167 solar panels 60, 61 sweating 94
solenoids 146, 210 switches 158, 193
measurement 168 solidification 94
in transformers 205 solids house circuits 180
variation with length of wire 284 density 22 reed switches 212–13
variation with temperature 169 kinetic theory and 72–3 transistors as 189–91
resistance thermometers 86 sonar 143 systematic errors 5–6
resistivity 171–2 sound waves 51, 140–4
resistors 167–8 specific heat capacity 88–90 T
colour code 171 specific latent heat
light dependent (LDRs) 169, 186 of fusion 91–2, 93 tape charts 10–11, 13
in series and in parallel 169–70 of vaporisation 92–3 telephones 213
variable 168, 193 spectacles 132–3 temperature 85
resultants 27 spectra 124, 241–2
retardation 10 speed 9 absolute zero 77
reverberation 141 braking distance and 58 effect on evaporation 93
reverse-biased diodes 187 from tape charts 10–11 effect on pressure of gas 77, 79
rheostats 168, 190 of light 115, 135 effect on resistance 169
right-hand grip rule 210 of mechanical waves 107, 108 effect on speed of sound 141
right-hand screw rule 209 of sound 141–2 effect on volume of gas 76, 79
ring main circuits 180 speedometers 207 heat compared 87
ripple tanks 107 spring balances 24 kinetic theory and 80, 85, 87
rockets 48 springs temperature-operated switches 190–1
rotors longitudinal waves in 140 temporary magnetism 146, 211
in alternators 201–2 stretching 25–6 tenticks 5, 10
in steam turbines 63 stability terminal velocity 33
Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom mechanical 44–5, 283 theories viii
241 nuclear 240 thermal capacity 88
Rutherford, Ernest 238, 241 stable equilibrium 44–5 thermal energy see heat
staircase circuits 180 thermal power stations 62–3, 202
S standard notation 2 thermals 100
starting (static) friction 29 thermionic emission 222
safety systems, logic gate control of static electricity 150–2 thermistors 86, 169, 186, 190–1
195 dangers 153–4 thermochromic liquids 86
uses 154 thermocouple thermometers 86
satellites 36–8 van de Graff generator 154–5, 157 thermometers 85–6
scalars 9, 29 static (starting) friction 29 thermonuclear fusion 243
scale, temperature 85 stators thermostats 82
scalers, radiation measurement 230 in alternators 201–2 thickness gauges 234
Schrödinger, Erwin 241 in steam turbines 63 thinking distance 58
steam, specific latent heat of thoron, half-life of 233–4
model of the atom 241–2 vaporisation 93 three-heat switches 179
seat belts 49, 58 steam point 85 threshold energy, thermionic emission
secondary coils 204–5 steam turbines 62–3 222
second (s) 5 threshold frequency, photoelectric
security systems, logic gate control of emission 227
tickertape timers 5, 10–11
194–5
seismic waves 144 313
semiconductor diodes 169, 187–8
sensitivity of thermometers 86
series circuits 158, 159

INDEX

ticks 5, 10 unstable equilibrium 45 expansion 83
tidal barrages 61, 62 uranium 60, 242 refraction of light 123
tidal energy 61–2, 64 U-tube manometers 69 specific heat capacity 89
timbre 142–3 water supply systems 67
time 2, 5 V watt (W) 52
wave energy 61
measurement of 10–11, 226 vacuum 76 wave equation 107
time base 224–5, 226 evaporation into 94 waveforms
timers 5, 10–11 falling bodies in 17 on CRO 225
toner 154 sound in 140 musical notes 142–3
top-pan balances 5 wavefronts 107
toppling 44, 283 vacuum flasks 103 wavelength 106, 107, 141
total internal reflection 126, 127 van de Graff generator 154–5, 157 waves
tracers 235 vaporisation, specific latent heat of amplitude 107, 136
transfers of energy 50, 51, 57, 63, 177 diffraction 108–9, 110, 137, 140
92–3 frequency 106, 107, 136, 141
efficiency 53 vapours, liquefaction 94–5 interference 110–11, 140
in electric circuits 162, 163–4 variable resistors 168, 193 longitudinal 106, 140
measurement 52 variables 281 mechanical 106–12
in muscles 54 variation (proportion) 280–1 phase 107, 110
potential difference and 162 vectors 9, 28 polarisation 111
in power stations 63 velocity 9 progressive 106, 135
transformers 204–5 reflection see reflection
energy losses in 205–6 equations of motion 14–15 refraction 108, 110, 122–4
transistors 188–9 from distance-time graphs 14 seismic 144
as switches 189–91 terminal 33 sound 51, 140–4
transverse waves 106, 135 uniform 13, 14 superposition 110
polarisation 111 velocity-time graphs 10, 13 transverse 106, 111, 135
tritium 239, 243 ventilation 101 see also electromagnetic radiation;
truth tables 193, 194 vernier scales 6
tsunami waves 144 vibration 140 light
turning effect see moment of a force virtual images 119, 130 wave theory 109–10
voltage 162 weight 4, 24–5
U see also potential difference
voltmeters 164, 219–20, 220–1 gravity and 32
ultrasonics 143–4 volt (V) 162, 163 wet suits 98
ultrasound imaging 143 volume 4 wind turbines ix, 61, 64
ultraviolet radiation 102, 135, 136–7 volume of a gas work 52
umbra 114 effect of pressure 78, 79
uniform acceleration 10, 11, 13, 14–15 effect of temperature 76, 79 power and 52, 177
uniform speed 10
uniform velocity 13, 14 W X
units 2
water X-rays xi, 135, 138, 226–7
conduction of heat 97
density 83

314

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