Yuvak Bharathi Sindhi 2

CZ Im§ nmoB "Zmgm' BªX‹S> AmH$mer-`mÌm Omo d`mo... gV{Z B© AmH$me-`mÌr`w{Z Omo XwIXmBHw$$
˜mH$mo V`mé H$`mo, VSš>qh S>m°. H$ënZm Mmdbm Io AÝVw {W`mo! gmamo OJšVw Aµ\$gmog gmJa _| ~šxSš>r d`mo!
CZ `mÌm Omo "Ah_² OšmUy' H$ao _wµH$aé H$`mo d`mo.
H$ënZm AmH$me _| CSš>m_ ^aU Omo gnZmo {Sš>R>mo
16 OZdar 2003 B©. _| "H$mob§{~`m aW' AmH$me E| g§X{g gnZmo gmH$ma {nUw {W`mo! {hH$ Xµ\o$ hþZ
_| CSš>m_ ^ar! gmoah{Z Sš>th§{Z Omo gµ\$é nyamo H$ao aW M`mo hmo, ""gnZo Im§ hµH$sµH$V Sš>m§h§ d|X‹S> amh V hÿ§Xr
_moQ> _| gµ\$a Or ewê$AmV H$B©. aW _| gdma g^oB© Amho, na CZ Io JšmoëhU Or ZµOa E| g~wé Vìhm§
`mÌr ~oh{X ˜we hþAm. hÿ OëX B© YaVrA Vo nhþM§Xm... _§{P hþAUw KwaOo.'' hþZ OrA§ M`mo, VrA§ H$ao
na [a{W`b dµŠV Im§ 16 {_ÝQ> AJšx "H$mob§{~`m aW' Sš>oIm[a`mo. {gµ\©$ ~šmEVmbrh{Z gmb{Z Or C{_[a _§{P
Omo øyñQ>Z Oo H§$Q´>mob ê$_ gm§ gånH©$ Qw>Q>r n`mo. CZ n§qhOo H$m`© Or D$Mo _| D$Mr MmoQ>r hmgwbw H§$Xo
dµŠV H$mob§{~`m aWw µO_rZ Im§ µ\$µŠV 60 {H$bmo_rQ>a AmH$me-H$Ý`m Bhmo B© g§Xoe Sš>tXr ah§Xr V µ\$µO©
D$MmB©A Oo _wµ\$m{gbo Vo hmo. VH$ZrH$s ˜am~rA AXmB©A Or CSš>m_ AmH$me Im§ {~ D$Mr Wr gKo
g~{~ "H$mob§{~`m aWw' hdm _§{P B© Obr Zmg Wr Wr.

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo n{Yamo H$aUw = µOm{hé H$aUw
ChÄmmUw = {ZemZr
{Xb XhbmBªX‹Sx> = Sš>H$mBªX‹Sx> nhþ nMmBUw = BamXmo H$aUw
{dI dYmBUw = A{JšVo dYUw MmH$maUw = Kw_Uw
µJmoVm ImBUw = ~šxSš>Uw
gmo^mamo {W`Uw = H$må`m~w {W`Uw

40

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr
1) H$ënZm Mmdbm Omo OÝ_w {H$Wo {W`mo?
2) H$ënZm H${h‹S>mo ™dm~w {Sš>R>mo? Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
{dÚmWu OrdZ _| Agm§ ......................
3) H$ënZm H${h‹S>o {df` _| S>m°ŠQ>moaoQ> hmgwbw
g§X{g dmh Or H$mo{ee hþB©.
H$B©? (1) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ Odm~ Jšmoëho {bImo.
4) H$ënZm Mmdbm H${h‹S>mo g§Xoe {Sš>Zmo?

gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- gnZm, {MÌH$mar
1) H$ënZm Mmdbm Oo Z§T>{nU Omo {µOH«$ H$`mo. AmH$me, ñHy$br

2) 1 µ\o$~adar 2003 Io H$mamo Sš>thþ§ N>mo M`mo H$mo{ee

d|Xmo Amho?

3) H$ënZm n§qhOmo gnZmo H$sA§ gmH$mé H$`mo?

gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 1) gMo _Z gm§ ................... H$aU H$ao
1) Agr .................. H$m_`m~ VO~m© H$_ g\$bm {W`{Z Wm.
H$`m d`m.
2) gV{Z B© gdma ................ Omo XX©ZmH$ 2) ............... _| nIr CSš>m_r a{h`m hþAm.
AÝVw {W`mo. 3) Zw_mC _| gwZrVm Or ............. {Sš>gr
3) hþZ gm{~Vw H$ao Sš>oIm[a`mo V ..............
{df` IUU Omo g§X{g µ\o$gbmo dm{O~ g^w ˜we {W`m.
4) ............... OrdZ _| em{JX© Ho${VamB©

gnZm {Sš>g§Xm Am{h{Z.

hmo. (2) {gµ\$V E| Bñ_ Om Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo.

gwdmb 4. (1) AXXw ~Xbm`mo :- 1) Ho${VamB© 1. ~§XaJmhþ
gnZmo .............................. 2) ñHy$br 2. nIr
3) dSš>mo 3. qµOXJr
Vmam .............................. 4) CSš>m_§X‹Sx> 4. VO~m©

gmho‹S>r ..............................

naånam .............................. (3) Vìhm§ qµOXJrA _| N>m ~UOUw Mm{h`mo Wm, CZ

(2) BñVbmh{Z Or _mZm {bIr Ow{_b{Z _| H${_ ~m~{V n§qhOm drMma {bImo.

Am{U`mo :- ............................ (4) {hH$ {gQ> _o| Odm~ {bImo.
µJmoVm ImBUw ............................ 1) gmBÝg Oo CñVmX g{^Zr ~šma{Z Io N>m
............................
{dI dYmBUw M`mo?

nh nMmBUw 2) H$ënZm ñHy$br {µOÝXJrA _| H${h‹S>mo ™dm~w

{Sš>R>mo?

41

(5) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo. (6) "Amg_mZ' bâµ Oµ _| H${_ Am§Xb AIa BñVB_mbw
H§$Xo ho{R>`m§ Zdm§ bµâµO V`mé {W`b Am{h{Z.
Amg_mZ gm§
dmñVmo aI§X‹Sx> Amg, g_mZw, _mZw,
AmZ, Zg, Z, _g

_Wo {Sš>Zb Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ bµâµO Jšmoëho gdmb{Z Om
Odm~ {Sš>`mo.

1. h_ AmdmµOr bµâµO{Z Om ~š Omo‹S>m {bImo.
2. "BµOV' Om ~š gmJšr _mZm dmam bµâµO {bImo.
3. "C_rX' Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµâµO {bImo.
4. {hH$ AIa dmamo bµâµOw {bImo.



42

8. boh-bXm˜ Omo g¡é gånmXHw$$ _§S>bw

"boh-bXm˜ Omo g¡é' _µO_yZ _| µHw$XaVr ZµOma{Z Or gy§h§ Omo bwVwµ\w$ ngmBªXo g¡a d g`mhV dgrbo
VhµH$sµH$s ~w{Z`mX{Z Vo CZ Or emZXmé Vmar˜ Omo ~hVarZ Z_yZo {~`mZ H$`bw Amho.

Sš>ht gXrA Oo {dM Ymao "bXm˜' {hHw$ AbJš gy§hmar qgYw Omo dSš>o _| dSš>mo Xa`mhþ; "qgYw ZXr'
_wëH$ Or hµH$sµH$V aI§Xmo hmo. ~mX _| {V~V Oo OoH$mo H¡$bme _mZgamoda Im§ {ZH$a§Xo {V~V-boh-
hþH$_amZ{Z _m§ Zm_kmb bÔm˜ Vo M‹T>mB© H$B© E| H$í_ra Eo _µJ~u n§Om~ _m§ WtXo qgYw _| Xm{˜bw {WE
{hH${~šE nw{R>`m§ OrV hmgwbw H§$Xo boh Im§ n§Ðhm§ Wmo, CZ Xa`mh Oo boh _| dOyX Io Ü`mZw {N>H$mBªXo
{H$bmo_rQ>a{Z Oo _wµ\$m{gbo Vo "{gQ>r' _| CZ Or 1997 B©. Im§ ha gmb OyZ dmao _hrZo _| CVo {hHw$
amOšYmZr Vm_ra H$B©. dµŠV JwµOa§Xo ~mXemh qgJr "qgYw Xe©Z' Zmbo CËgd _ëhm`mo d|Xmo Amho.
Zm_½`mb {hH$ _µO~yV hþHy$_V Omo nm`mo {dYmo E| boh
_| {hH$ Vmar˜r Zd _Ý{µObm _hbmV Or Vm_ra {nUw OyZ, 2019 B©. _| OSš>qh "ZoeZb H$mC§{gb µ\$ma
H$amB©. àmo_moeZ Am°µ\$ qgYr b¢½doO (NCPSL) Vaµ\$m§ boh
_| {hHw$ ZoeZb go_rZma _wZA{µH$Xw H$`mo d`mo V CZ
boh _| "nmobmo' am§X Io {~ CZ B© Xm¡a _| n[admZw Oo S>m`aoŠQ>a, S>m°. àVmn {nÄmmUrA Vaµ\$m§ S>m°. ~šbXod
M‹T>U Omo _m¡µH$mo {_{b`mo. nmoB V boh-bXm˜ Io _Q>bmUrA Io CZ nyao go_rZma Oo g§MmbZ gm§ JSš>moJSšx>
Oå_y E| H$í_ra Or [a`mgV gm§ Jš§{T>`mo d`mo E| CZ Io {hHw$ _µH$mbmo {nUw no{e H$aU Or XmdV {Sš>Zr doB©.
lrZJa Omo µOoaXñV Wr a{hUmo n`mo.
"EZ.gr.nr.Eg.Eb.' Omo Chmo nyamo µH$m{µ\$bmo
1947 B©. dmao ^maV Oo {dahmL>o Im§ nmoB 23 OyZ 2019 B©. Vo gdoa gw~wh Omo "E`a B§{S>`m' Or
nm{H$ñVmZ OSš>qh H$í_ra Omo Hw$Pw {hñgmo h‹S>nw H$`mo µâbmB©Q> _| {XhbrA Im§ boh-bÔm˜ bmB admZmo
V CZ B© Xm¡a _| hþZ{Z bXm˜ Or {nUw 78,114 Mm¡ag {W`mo. âbmB©Q>, boh nhþMU VmBª Sš>oTw> H$bmHw$ bJšm`mo.
{H$bmo_rQ>a EoamµOrA Vo µH$ãµOmo H$ao daVmo. hmoSš>m§hþ§ MrZ OrA§ OrA§ E`aH«$mâQ> boh Io doPmo nE WtXmo d`mo V
{~ bXm˜ Vo M‹T>mB© H§$Xo 37,555 Mm¡ag {H$bmo_rQ>a ~µ\$m©Zr nhm‹S>{Z Omo {hHw$ ˜y~gyaV {gb{gbmo {~
µO_rZ \$~šmE daVr. 1979 B©. _| OSš>qh {µOb{Z Or ~šm§hÿ§ \${hbmE V_m_w _wgm{µ\$a{Z Omo BñVµH$~mbw H§$Xmo
ZE§ {ga aMZm H$B© doB© V boh E| H$ma{Jb ~š AbJš a{h`mo. ~µ\©$ nmoe nhm{‹S>`w{Z Or AN>mU _mhmob Io
AbJš {µObm H$ao R>m{h`m d`m. EoSš>mo V _wA{Vé H$ao ahr hþB© Omo ˜~a B© H$moZ noB© V
hdmB© OhmµO boh-bÔm˜ Vo hbr b¢qS>J H$B©.
6 Am°JñQ> 2019 B©. Vo qhXwñVmZ Oo {~šÝhr
(Houses) bmoH$ g^m E| amÁ` g^m {hHw$ {~bw nmg boh E`anmoQ>© Hw$Pw µH$Xr_w VµO© Omo R>{h`bw hþAmo.
H§$Xo Oå_y E| H$í_ra _m§ "AmQ>uŠb 370' hQ>mBªXo gmUw MB{Z B© nmg{Z Im§ ~µ\©$ gm§ T>{H$`b AN>m AN>m
gmUw bXm˜ Io {nUw O_y E| H$í_ra Oo ~Xam§ qhXwñVmZ nhm‹S> {S>g§Xo g_yam _wgm{µ\$a {hH$ ˜werA Omo
Or {hH$ _H©$µOr EoamµOrA Omo XOm} {Sš>Zmo d`mo; OoH$mo A{hgmgw _mUo a{h`m hþAm. E`anmoQ>© Im§ ~šmh[a
µ\o$gbmo 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2019 B©. Im§ A_b _| Am§Xmo {ZH$a§Xo g{^Zr Io H$m[a`w{Z µO[a`o "Zm_½`mb n¡bog
d`mo. hmoQ>b' nhþMm`mo d`mo. Chm hmoQ>b CZ Zm_½`mb emhr

43

˜mZXmZ gm§ dm~ñVm hþB©, {O{Z H$Sš>qh nyar boh- ImYmo dU§Xmo Amho Z H§$qh Jšmpëh _| _Zw B© bJš§Xmo
bXm˜ Vo amOšx H$`mo hþAmo. Amho. CZ bmB g`mhþ OoH$Sš>qh AJšx B© CZ Omo BÝVµOm_
H$ao {ZH$a§Xmo V ghr Vmoa CZh{Z ZµOma{Z Omo bwVwµ\w$
_wÝVµO_rZ Vµ\$mª V_m_w _wgm{µ\$a{Z Io hmoQ>b _mUo gK§Xmo.
nhþMU Vo J_©Omoe BñVµŠ~mb H§$Xo Io{Z ~šxYm`mo d`mo
V Cho Zoa{Z H$ao n{hat Mma H$bmH$ IZw n§qhOo n§qhOo OSš>qh H$ma boh Im§ {~š{Z ŠbmH${Z Or _wgm{µ\$ar
ê$_ _| Amam_w H${Z V OrA§ g§X{Z {Oñ_ boh-bXm˜ Im§ nmoB "ImaS>m|Jbm nmg' Vo nhþVr V ha Vaµ\$ Im§
Or WYmU gm§ _mZygw ~ Wr gKo V g_w§S> Or {gVh ~µ\$m©Zr nhm‹S> B© nhm‹S> hþAm. éJšr AN> B© AN> bJšr
Im§ 11,562 \w$Q> _Wmht Vo Io{Z Am°ŠgrOZ Or noB© hþB©. EoSš>mo V hgrZw Ñî` A{I`w{Z gmåhÿ§ hþAmo,
H$_rA Omo A{hgmg {~ K{Q> Wr gKo. OrA§ YaVr E| Amg_mZ J{Sš>Or gwJš© nwarA Omo Xe©Z
ngmE a{h`m hþO{Z.
_§P§{X Or _mZrA Im§ nmoB g{^Zr bmB boh-
bXm˜ Or µHw$XaVr gy§h§ ngU Omo àmoJ«m_ hþAmo. CZ CVo Am°ŠgrO{Z Or ImoQ> g~{~ g^w B©E§ WH$m
_y{O~ g^ Im§ n{hat Io{Z "MmoJbmåga' dmao {hgo n`m hþAm, Omo H§$qh Im§ {~ {hH$ _§Xa Om {gµ\©$ Sš>h
Sš>m§hþ§ dR>r d`m, {OVo _ZmbrA Im§ BªX‹Sx> "qgYw Xa`mhþ' Sš>mH$m {~ _Wo M‹T>Uw H$moZ nE nwJšm. ~šbXod _Q>bmUr
boh _| Xm{˜b {WE Wmo E| A{Jš`m§ dY§Xmo aho Wmo. n§qhOo {hH$ XmoñV Io H¡$_oam Sš>tXo n§qhOm µ\$moQ>mo H$T>U
{~šÝhr nmg{Z Im§ {~š{Z D$M{Z D$M{Z nhm‹S>{Z Oo bmB AµO©w H$`mo. AÄmm hþZ Chm H¡$_oam g§^mbr B© _g
{dM Vo dh§X‹Sx> qgYw Xa`mhþ µO~aXñV gy§h§ ngmE a{h`mo V gmBªA Or _{ha gm§ Wmoar Wmoar {gZmoµ\$mb ewê$ Wr
hmo. na qgYw Xa`mh CVo Hw$Pw Hw$Pw ˜m_moe E| Z§T>o doB©. hÿ n§qhOr nyar qµOXJrA _| Chmo ~µ\$m©Zr ~y§Xm
XmBao _| dhr a{h`mo hþAmo OSš>qh V Chmo gm{Jš`mo Xa`mhþ ~m§XrA dmamo ZµOmamo nh[a`m| Xµ\$mo B© {Sš>gr a{h`mo hmo.
qgYw _| nhþMU gm§ Eo{Vamo V {demb Wmo {WE, Omo CVo ZµOma{Z Or ˜y~gyaVrA _| hÿ Eo{Vamo V _hÿ hþAmo Omo
"qgYw ZXr'A Oo {hH$ {H$Zmao Vo ~rhþ V {~š`mo ZµOa B© WH$ Vmo‹S>o Am°ŠgrOZ Or Imo{Q> Im§C{g g^w {dgar
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"H$moQ>‹S>r ~oamO' 1.6 {H$bmo_rQ>a b§~r Amho; {OVo Q>oåàoMa {H$a§Xmo nE d`mo E| OëXw dmng hbUmo nd§Xmo.
nmUrA Io O_m H§$Xo IoVr ~šmarA bmB H${_ Am§Xmo hþZ{Z Or {Xb V Sš>mT>mo nE M`mo V CZ ~µ\$m©Zr ga
d|Xmo Amho. µO_rZ Or _m¡O Omo AÄmm {~ bwVwµ\w$ dR>Oo na ~ma ~ma
BªX‹S> Ý`mn{Z Vo Io{Z ~{g H$aUr noB© E| AMr n§qhOr
boh Im§ 39.6 {H$bmo_rQ>a{Z Or XyarA Vo {hH$ H$ma _| doR>m. ~µH$m¡b S´>mB©da CZ _hb CVo A§XmµO{Z
nhm‹S>rA Or MmoQ>r Amho "ImaSy>§Jam'; O§qh Oo bmB 4º C Q>oånaoMa hþAmo.
Am_w Vmoa M`mo d|Xmo Amho V CZ Or D$MmB© g_w§S> Or
{gVh Im§ 18289 \w$Q> Amho na CVo _ehÿa Amho V hÿ CVm§ {gYmo B© "JwéXwdmam nWa gmh~' Omo Xe©Z
Chm D$MmB© EoSš>r _Wm§htA Vo Z Amho na 17582 \w$Q> H$aU d`m. Chmo Zmbmo CZ JwéÛmao Vo BZ bmB n`bw
Amho. CVo nhþMU bmB añVmo Eo{Vamo Z ˜VaZmHw$$ Amho Omo M`mo d|Xmo Amho V H$Sš>qh ~m~m Jwê$Zm{ZH$
Amho Omo dhrH$b bmB g§^mbo hbUw {hH$ nmgo V {O{Z Omo CVo dÄmUw {W`mo hmo, VSš>qh CZ Or
_Wm§htA Vo M‹T>§Xo M‹T>§Xo Am°ŠgrO{Z Or ImoQ> Omo ^b_mÝgmB©A Om {µH$gm OSš>qh Amg nmg _| _ehÿa
{nUw A{hgmgw {~šE§ nmgo {WE Wmo. Ho${Va{Z _mÊhþ{Z {W`m V ^[agm§ nhm‹S>rA Vo doR>b {hH$ nyOšmarA
Or V _Wo d|Xo d|Xo {Xb H$Mr {W`U bJš§Xr Amho E| Z Ah§H$ma d{g Wr ~m~m Zm{ZH$ Omo Zmbmo {ZemZw

44

{_Q>mBU bmB {hH$ dSš>r {N>n _Wm§Cg {\$Q>mo Ho$B©. ~šmah{Z {H$bmo_rQ>a{Z Or b§~mB©A _| {V~V VmBª
na Oogt Chmo ~bm OoSš>mo nWé ~m~m d{Q> nhþMo nhþMo; \$h{b`b Amho. M`mo BE§ d|Xmo Amho V CZ T>§T> Om ~š
AÄmm ~m~m Jwê$ZmZH$ n§qhOmo hWw _Wo _g I§`mo V {hñgm {V~V Oo EamµOrA _| AM{Z Wm E| boh _| V
Chm {N>n _mo_ ~UO§Xo ZmZH$ Xod Oo hW d{Q> nhþMr {gµ\©$ CZ Omo {Q>`m| {hgmo B© ZµOa BªXmo Amho. nhm‹S>rA
~r{hOr doB©. nmoB {Sš>R>mD§$ V CZ nWa Vo Jwê$ZmZH$ Oo Oo Xm_Z _| CZ hgrZw T>§T> Or Bݵ\$am{X`V Bhm Amho
hW Omo {ZemZw CH$aOr d`mo hþAmo; OoH$mo AOšx VmB© V CZ Omo nmUr {gO Or amoeZrA Vo a§J~a§Jr WtXmo
Ho${Vam B© lYmby CVo {Sš>gU d|Xm Am{h{Z. ZµOa AMo Wmo.

boh _| OoVmoUrH$ ~šxY Y_© Om nmoBbJš dYrH$ CZ dµŠV g_yar T>§T> Omo nmUr Zramo Zramo hÿ§Xo
ah§X‹S> Am{h{Z, nmoB {~ CVo ~m~m Jwê$ Zm{ZH$ bmB ~oh{X ˜y~gyaV bJšr a{h`mo hþAmo. CZ Vah {hH$ B©
~oh{X AµH$sXV Amho E| Io{Z "Jwê$ Jmo_nH$m _hamO' Sš>th§ _| Chmo nmUr H$Sš>qh gmAmo V H$Sš>qh Amg_mZr
E| "Zm{ZH$ bm_m' H$ao g{Sš>`mo d|Xmo Amho. a§J Omo Zw_mC H§$Xmo Amho. {g`mao Or _mog_ _| CVo
-10º C Q>oånaoMa Wr d|Xmo Amho E| g_yamo nmUr Oš_r
boh _| "ndZ Jm|J T>§T>' ~oh{X _ehÿa Amho, OoH$m ~µ\©$ Wr d|Xmo Amho.
{nUw boh Im§ 4350 _rQ>a{Z Or D$MmB©A Vo Amho.
Chm T>§T> Eo{Vamo V dgrC E| do{H$ar Amho, Omo VµH$ar~{Z

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

~µH$m¡b = MdU _m¡Ow~ _mVhV = µOoaXñV _mZyg {W`Uw = R>hH$Uw AµH$sXV = lYm
Vm_ra H$aUw = R>hamBUw g`mhþ = g¡bmZr nm`mo {dPUw = ~w{Z`mX aIUw
hS‹ >nw H$aUw = \$~mš BUw BñV{µH$~mbw = gwdmJVw _wÝV{µO_w = BÝVµOm_w g§^mbtX‹Sx>
µH$Xr_ = PyZmo _wAVé = ˜we~yXmé Bݵ\$am{X`V = ~o {_gb ˜m{g`V

45

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr - 1
1) bXm˜ Io _H©$µOr EoamµOrA Omo XOm} H$Sš>qh
E| H$sA§ {_{b`mo? Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
2) "qgYw Xe©Z' boh _| N>mo _ëhm`mo d|Xmo Amho? boh Eo`anmoQ>© Hw$Pw µH$Xr_ VµO© Omo R>{h`bw hmo
3) qgYw ZXr {H$Wm§ ewê$ {WE Wr?
4) "ndZ Jm|J T>§T>' H$h{‹S>`w{Z Eoam{µO`w{Z Oo .................. Am°ŠgrOZ Or H$_rA Omo A{hgmgw
{dM _| AMo Wr? {~ K{Q> Wr gKo.

gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- (1) gmJšr _mZm dma{Z bµâµO{Z Om Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo.

1) _wÝVµO_rZ Vaµ\$m§ _wgm{µ\$a{Z Io N>m ~šxYm`mo 1) µH$Xr_ 1. gOšmo
d`mo?
2) g_yamo 2. PyZmo
2) MmoJbmåga Or ˜y~gyaVrA Omo Wmoamo

{~`mZw H$[a`mo. 3) _wgm{µ\$a 3. Ow{‹S>`bw

3) "Ima S>m|Jbm' MmoQ>rA Oo ZµOma{Z Omo bwVwµ\w$ 4) dm~ñVm 4. `mÌr
_mUU bmB AJšx B© BÝVµOm_w N>mo H$aUw

KwaOo? (2) "WYmo' bµâµO _| "AmU' nN>m‹S>r Omo{‹S>U gm§
4) "JwéÛmam nWa gm{h~' ~m~{V OšmU {Sš>`mo. "WYmU' bµâµOw R>ho Wmo. A{h‹S>rA arV ho{R>`{Z

gwdmb 3. (1) {µOX {bImo :- _m§ Cho bµâµO Jšmopëh`mo O{Z _| "AmU' nN>m‹S>r
Omo‹S>o g{KOo.
˜wer ~šmha

dPo mo Im{o Q> gwR>mo Imamo J_© {S>Kmo
J_u Z_© Ambmo gmAmo {_R>mo

(2) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :- b§~mo Vnw

_Oµ ~Vy r ~\µ $© (3) Qw>H$a _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO IUr ho{R>`m§ H$m°b_
˜mZXmZw µHw$XaV nyam H$[a`mo.
˜Vamo
hþñZw {gµ\$V Bñ_

gwdmb 4. Vìhm§ n§qhOo H$`b H§$qh {~ g¡a Omo ~`mZw µH$Xr_ VµO©
H$[a`mo :-
AN>m ...........
gwdmb 5. ^maV Oo {H${Z _ehÿa h§Y{Z ~m~{V Wmoao _|
OšmU {Sš>`mo :- ........... ˜mZXmZw

J_©Omoe ...........

........... ŠbmHw$$

46

(4) {_gmb g_Pr ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo. _íµJybr - 2

AXXw dm{hXw AXXw O_hþ (1) ho{R> {H${Z g¡a gµ\$a Oo h§Y{Z Om AYyam Zmbm
{S>šZb Am{h{Z. MmH¡ $§w S>o _m§ _Zw m{g~ AIa / bâµ Oµ
(Singular) (Plural) IUr Zmbm nyam H$[a`mo.

bµâµO _mZm bµâµO _mZm Am O` ~J© _bm _Zm
Q>r ãboída Vmb
{_gmb Io{g hþZ Io Io{Z hþZ{Z Io

g§X{g ........ ....... hþZ{Z Omo

....... hþZ Im§ ....... hþZ{Z Im§

gmUw{g ........ ....... hþZ{Z gm§

....... hþZ _| _§P{Z ........ Jmo........... D$..........
...........br ...........nwa
(5) {_gmbw g_Pr ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo. Jwb.......... Z¡Zr..........
{e........... _hm..........
_H$mZr ~šmobr AX~r ~šmobr

{_gmbw ^mU{g hþZOmo ^mC

............. hþZ Or ^oU

{nU{g hþZ Omo nrC 

............. hþZ Or _mC

47

ZµÁ_w

48

1. JrVw à^y "dµ\$m'

à^y OmoVy_bw Nw>JšmUr "dµ\$m' (1915-2012) n§Oy Xoamo, bm‹S>H$mUm (qgY) _| OšmAmo E| ~mX _| _w§~B©A _|
AMr a{h`mo. hrC H$dr ~odg Or naånam Omo emBa Amho. hþZ Io "gw˜© Jwbm~ - gahm ™dm~' g§J«h Vo
gm{hË` AH$mX_r BZm_ AVm {W`mo hmo.

YraO Y[a _Z IoXw Z H$a _Z!
H$ï> H$embm H${Q>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.

Xm§h§ Z H$[a _Z - Amh Z ^[a _Z,
XX© ˜w{e`w{Z _| _{Q>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.

˜wíHw$$ {˜µOmD§$ ny[a`y§ Wt{X`y§, Zo{R> ~hmê§$ Bª{X`y§,
_w{I{‹S>`y§ AOšx Oo Am{V`y§ Am{h{Z Am{˜a Jwb ^r Wt{X`y§,
nmoe H${b`w{Z Om n{Q>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.

H§$S>{Z Or goOm Vo nwîn H${b`y§ ^r bo{Q>`b Am{h{Z,
H$H$a{Z Oo Am§Mb _| {H$aUm ^r V g_o{Q>`b Am{h{Z,
µJ_ Om ~mXb K{Q>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.

_wH$s© _wH$s© bw{‹S>H$ "dµ\$m' AI{‹S>`w{Z _| nr Oo d|X|,
amhþ{Z Oo KQ> Koa{Z Im§ Vy§ dmµHw$µ\w$$Wr Oo d|X|,

nr‹S> nmUhr hQ>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.

49

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

IoXw = Aµ\$gmog nmoew = T>Hw$ H${b`y§ = _wI{‹S>`y§ nr‹S> = XwI
H$îQ> H$embm = VŠbrµ\y§$ {˜µOm§ = gaC KQ> Koa = ho{R>`y§ _Wm{h`y§

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr - 1
1) H$îQ> H$embm H$sA§ H${Q>~m d|Xm?
2) {˜µOm§ Oo nyao {W`U gm§ N>m WtXmo? eBé-~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) H$H$a{Z Oo Am§Mb _| N>m g_o{Q>`bw Amho? ""˜weH$ {˜µOmD§$ .................................
4) _wH$s© bw‹S>H$ nrAU gm§ N>mo WtXmo? µJ_ Om ~mXb K{Q>~m d|Xm {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr, {hHw$ {hHw$
Wr.
gwdmb 2. ˜mb ^[a`mo :-
1) YraOw Y[a _Z ............ Z H$[a _Z! 1) {hH$ bµâµO _| Odm~ {bImo.
2) XX© ............ _| _{Q>~m d|Xm. (1) Ho$a Jwb ~UO§{X`y§?
3) .............. H${b`w{Z Om n{Q>~m d|Xm. (2) H§$qh Vo nwîn H${b`y§ bo{Q>`b Am{h{Z?
4) H$H$a{Z Oo Am§Mb _| {H$aUm ........... (3) H$H$a{Z Oo Am§Mb _| N>m {bH$bw Amho?
Am{h{Z. (4) H${h{‹S>`y§ {˜µOmD§$ ˜Ë_ Wt{X`y§?

gwdmb 3. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- 2) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) _w{I{‹S>`y§ AOšx ................... Wt{X`y§.
2) H§$S>{Z Or ............ bo{Q>`b Am{h{Z. ˜wíHw$, goOm
3) nr‹S> nmUhr ............... {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr. {H$aUm,

gwdmb 4. "H$' gm§ ewê$ WtX‹S> Ho$ {~ Mma bµâµO {bImo. Jwb, ~mXb
........................
1. amoeZrA Om ............. _moQ> ImB{Z
........................ Wm.

........................ 2. ~mµJ _| OwXm OwXm a§J{Z Om .............
{Sš>gr _m§ ˜we {W`w{g.
........................
3. ............ _thþ§ dgmB{Z Wm.
4. ............ hdmCZ _| {K_ _m¡OyX Z hÿ§Xr

Amho.

50

3) {gQw>{Z _m§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> bµâµO Jšmoëho Jmob{Z _| _íµJybr - 2
Odm~ {bImo.
1. {gOw 1) {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo.
1. g{^Zr Om XwI .............. {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr,
2. "~hma$' Omo {µOXw {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
2. IoV _| ............ {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr, {hHw$ {hHw$
3. "Jwb' Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµâµOw Wr.
3. ~mµJ{Z _| ............. {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr, {hHw$
4. Jwbm~ ~šzQ>o _| g_m`bw {hHw$ Wr.
4) {gQ> g_Pm`mo. 4. ha {hH$ ~šma ............... {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr,
{hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
µJ_ Om ~mXb K{Q>~m d|Xm ..........
2) "C_rX Agm§ Omo {hHw$ _XXJma XmoñVw Amho' g_Pm`mo.

3) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~w bµâµO Jšmoëho H$m°b_ nyam H$[a`mo.

~hmê§$, {˜µOmD§$, H§$S>m,
{H$aUm, µJ_w, H${b`y§

eµ\$s bµâµO Zµ\$s bµâµO

(Positive Words) (Negative Words)

........................ .........................
........................ .........................
........................ .........................



51

2. {nat ngw nmU _| XënVw

gmBª XënVamB "gyµ\$s' Omo OÝ_ 1769 B©. _| godhU (qgY) _| {W`mo. {ZJw©U ^JšVr naånam Im§ ~oh{X
_wVm{ga {W`bw H${dA XënV Vo n§qhOo Xm¡a Oo {hH$ Ah_² H${d "gm_r' gm{h~ Omo {MQ>mo Agé ZµOa AMo
Wmo. gyµ\$s E| doXmÝVr _moOyA{Z Vo hþZ µH$m{~b-E-Vmarµ\$ µH$b_w hbm`mo Amho.

{~š`mB© ~šmobo H$ao ^yar ^_© Z ^wbw
hmoVw Vw§qhOo h§O _| ZmhµHw$ amohþ Z ébw
^Ämr N>{Sš> ^§^moa Io H$mho Ho$M Z Ošxbw
hrC h§Jm_mo hþbw, XënV {hH$ h~r~ Omo.

{nat ngw nmU _| ^yar ^_© ^Ämw
OwXm WrC OhmZ Iy§$ OrA§Xo _aUw _Ämw
nB© Vy§ nmUrA _| _moJšr _at CÄm
nh bJšr {natA Oo ZmhµHw$$ ébt éÄm
N>mIo ghH$s¨ gwÄm, XënV N>Sš>o {natA Io.

^yar ^_© N>{Sš> {nat ngw nmU _|
{dW Z Amho dma Or Vmo h~r~{Z hþSš>
O{Z Zmho Zthþ§ Zm_ gm§ V{Z gY{‹S>`{Z Io Z gSš>
O{Z I§y ˜bbw ndo ˜`mb _| V{Z bS§w >{Z dQ>y§ bS>š
µJ¡a gm§ Z JSš>, XënV {Xb YmaD§$$ XmoñV Oo.

52

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

^yar = A~šmoPw ^_©w = dh_w amohþ = nWé Ošxbw = hbw
Ho$M = eha Omo Zmbmo hmoVw = _w‹S>gw h~r~w = _h~y~w nhþ = BamXmo

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- CR>{Z Vo gdmar H§$Xo am_M§X Omo n[adma H$N> Oo
1) emBa nWa{Z Vo ébU Im§ _Zm N>mo H$B© ......... _| nhþVmo. V_m_ KUr J_uA g~{~ Z§T>‹S>o
Amho? {H$Ho$ Io Sš>mT>r ............. bJšr, `H$X_ {hZ nmUr
2) emBa µJ¡a Sš>m§h§ Z dÄmU bmB N>m M`mo Amho? nrVmo. am_M§X Oo dSš>o nwQ> Mm¡Vaµ\$ {Zhmao M`mo :
3) emBa gY{‹S>`{Z Io gSšx> Z H$aU bmB N>mo ""nao nao VmBª H$mo {~ _mÊhÿ ZµOa ZWmo AMo. Mm¡Ymar
M`mo Amho? .............. bJšr noB© Amho.''
am_M§X H$_§Xw Sš>tXo dSš>o nwQ> Io M`mo :
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- ""nwQ> H$_§X Io Qw>H$am Qw>H$am H$ao ............ E| Cho
1) {hZ ~oV _| {natA ~m~{V N>m M`bw Amho? g{^Zr Io Sš>o.''
2) Zm_ gm§ Zthþ§ Z aI§X‹S>{Z bmB emBa N>m
M`mo Amho? 2) ZmhµHw$ = Zm + hµHw$

gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- bµâµO Oo A{Jš`m§ "Zm' AIé bJšmBU gm§ C~V‹S> _mZm
1) ^Ämr N>{Sš> ........... Io H$mho Ho$M Z Ošxbw. {_bo Wr.
2) nB© Vy§ nmUrA _| ............. _at CÄm.
3) {dW Z Amho ............. Or Vmo h~r~{Z Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ Cho _wZm{g~w bµâµO Jšmopëh`mo, O{Z _| "Zm'
hSš>. AIé bJšmBU gm§ bµâµO Or C~V‹S> _mZm {_bo.

gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- g§Vmofw, C_rX, nmHw$, ~mbµJw, µJ_w,
1) hrC ................ h~r~ Omo.
2) N>m .................. {nat Io. MmHw$, ß`mé, _wpåH${Z, Z{µ\$aV

_íµJybr 3) {gQ> gåPm`mo.

1) eBé ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo. "{nat ngw nmU _|'
{nat ngw nmU _| .............. XbnV N>Sš>o {nat Io.
4) ""OwXm WrC OhmZ Iy§$, OrA§Xo _aUw _Ämw''
Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
_Wo {Sš>Zb {gQ> n‹T>mo E| {hH$ bµâµO _| Odm~ {bImo.
^Ämw, _Ämw, CÄm, éÄm, gwÄm
1. "{µ\$Xm' Omo h_ AmdmµOr bµâµOw

2. "gÝgma' Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµâµOw

3. "_' AIa gm§ ewê$ WtX‹Sx> bµâµOw

4. "Im§' Oo ~{Xam§ H${_ Am§Xbw bµâµOw

53

3. qgYw E| qgYr H¥$îU "amhr'

H¥$îU dN>mUr "amhr' (1932-2007 B©.) ~Iw emBé, H$hmUr Zdrgw E| AmbmoMHw$ ahr MwH$mo Amho. "Hw$_mMw'
E| "dgU g§Xm dog' hþZ Om ~š eB[a`m _O_yAm em`m {W`b Am{h{Z.
_moOyXh eBa _| qg{Y`w{Z Or _mpÝgH$ nr‹S>m Omo {XbH$ew {~`mZw {W`bw Amho.

dVZ Oo bmB OmZ Kmoar nmoB {~ Wmoar
qg{Y`w{Z OmZ Z Kmoar dVZw Kmoao Am`m!

dVZw Kmoao Am`m hmUo aVw amoA{Z
n§qhOm dar ngU bmB V{Z Om ZoU {gH${Z
~šo[a`y§ I~ša I{O`y§ {h{V JšmoëhtXo Z {_b{Z
_mÊhÿ {h{V {~ {W`{Z na Agm§ Om Ho$ {~š`m hþAm!

Agm§ Om Ho$ {~š`m hþAm O{Z gm§ hþAm Zth§
AmogrA‹S>m B© CÝh{Z Om Wm ah{Z am{V`m§ Sš>th§
A{I`w{Z g§Xm _th§ _w§X Z {Sš>g{Z _hb H$m!

_w§X Z {Sš>g{Z _hb H$m, A§Xa Oy§ Amhÿ§
_wëH$ _moQ>r dÄmU Oy§ ~§X {W`y§ amhÿ§
go {Xb`y§ H${Z Xm§hÿ§ dVZw d`mo O{Z hWm§!

dVZw d`mo O{Z hWm§ Zmho V{Z Amam_w
H$Sš>qh {dgao H$sZ H$s H§$qh Im§ n§qhOmo Jm_w
Z{X`y§ {h{V {~ Om_w na qgYyA _| H$mo gmhþ W{Z!

54

qgYyA _| H$mo gmhþ W{Z, qgYy ^m§B{Z _mC
n§qhOm Zo{R> {~ n§qhOm Ym[a`{Z H${h‹S>mo gmC
A{h‹S>mo bJšmo dmC, {hH$‹S>m {h{V {~š`m hþ{V {W`m!

{hH$‹S>m {h{V {~š`m hþ{V qgYr {W`m ~šoB©
na {hH$‹S>m qgYr Sš>ohr, {~š`m {W`m naSš>ohr
_mÊhÿ {hH$‹S>m B©, na ah{Z amOš{Z {~š{Z _|!

ah{Z amOš{Z {~š{Z _| Ho$ qgYw V Ho$ qhXw
{_Å>r Om {hH$ _wëH$ Or Ow{‹S>`b V{Z Or qOXw

go N>m OšmU{Z qgYw OoHo$ {hVo Oš{_`m!

OoHo$ {hVo Oš{_`m go {~ "qgYr' g{Sš>~m
qgYr Wr {~ qgYw Io {Sš>gU Im§ {gH§$Xm
Ym[a`{Z dm§Jwé OSš>qh qgYw dÄmr {Sš>g§Xm
_mÊhÿ B©E§ Md§Xm V "qgYr Am`m qgYw {Sš>gU!''

55

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

aVw amoAUw = nN>VmBUw AmogrA‹S>mo = BÝVµOmé Zthþ§ hþAUw = ß`mé hþAUw
ngUw = {Sš>gUw Jm_w = JšmoRw>

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr
1) _mÊhþ{Z Om ZoU H§$qh bmB {gH${Z Wm?
2) A§Xa Oy§ Amhÿ§ N>mo {W`y§ {ZH$a{Z? eBé ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) qgYr N>m Z {dgmao gK§Xm? ""_w§X Z {Sš>g{Z _hb H$m ............... na qgYw _| H$mo
4) qgYr _mÊhÿ N>m bmB {gH§$Xm? gmhþ W{Z!''

gwdmb 2. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- 1) {Sš>Zb {gQw>{Z Omo Zgwar ê$n {bImo.
1) dVZ Oo bmB ........... dVZw Kmoao Am`m. 1. ~§X {W`y§ amhÿ§.
2) Agm§ Om Ho$ {~š`m .......... ah{Z am{V`m§ 2. dVZw d`mo {O{Z hWm§.
Sš>th§. 3. go {Xb`y§ H${Z Xm§hÿ§.
3) H$Sš>qh {dgao H$sZ .......... H$mo gmhþ W{Z. 4. _w§X Z {Sš>g{Z _{hb H$m.
4) ah{Z amOš{Z {~š{Z _| ......... {V{Z Or
qOXw. 2) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~w bµâµO Jšmoëho h_ AmdmµOr bµâµO
5) OoHo$ {hVo Oš{_`m ............ {Sš>gU Im§ nyam H$[a`mo :-
{gH§$Xm. Ym_w, Mhb, Mmhÿ§

gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 1. amhÿ§
1) qg{Y`w{Z ............ Z Kmoar, dVZw Kmoao
Am`m! 2. _hb
2) ................ g§Xm _th§, _w§X Z {Sš>g{Z
_hb H$m!
3) Z{X`y§ {h{V {~ Om_, na ........... _| H$mo
gmhþ W{Z.
4) .......... dm§Jwé OSš>qh, qgY dÄmr {Sš>g§Xm!

gwdmb 4. h_ AmdmµOr bµâµO Jšmoëho {bImo. 3. Om_w

{gH${Z, Amhÿ§,
_th§,

gmC, Sš>ohr

56

3) {gQw>{Z _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO My§S>o ˜mb ^[a`mo. 4) d V Z = dVZ
1. _w§qhOo ............ Omo Zmbmo ^maV Amho. {_gmb _| "V' AIa {dM _| Amho. ~«¡Ho$Q> _m§

2. J§Jm, O_wZm E| gañdVr ^maV Oy§ _ehÿa _wZm{g~w AIa Jšmoëho bµâµO R>mho {bImo.
............ Am{h{Z. 1. {d ..... Z (J, K, ~)
2. d ..... Z (H$, M, n)
3. _mC Omo ~šma{Z _| ............ hÿ§Xmo Amho. 3. d ..... Z ({Q>, Aëµ\$, J)
4. d ..... Z (S>, {T>, Z)
4. ~hma Or ............ _| H$mo`b JrV JšmBªXr 5. d ..... Z (Äm, O, ~)
Amho. 6. {d ..... Z (a, ‹T>, H$)
7. d ..... Z (g, e, ~)
8. d ..... Z (^, ~, U)



57

4. _m§ {~ {hHw$ ~mµJr! n[agam_ "{µO`m'

n[agam_ hramZ§X "{µO`m' (1911-1958 B©.) qgYw _| n{hat "a§Odé V˜bg gm§ eBa {b{I`m; OoHo$
"Vñdra A{hgmg' _{O_yE _| N>{n`m E| CZ {H$Vm~ Vo qgYw gaH$ma Io{g BZm_w {nUw {Sš>Zmo. hþZ _µOm{h`m
Sš>m§A Om eBa {~ M`m. O{h‹S>moH$ : "{nQ>o Wr nmohÿA _mC' E| "gyQ>mB©A Om gyQ>m'. hþZ Io ~šmb H${dVm g§J«h
"~mµJ ~hma' Vo ^maV gaH$ma Oo Vmbr_ {d^mJ BZm_ {Sš>Zmo hþAmo. hþZ Oo Xohm§V ~mX g§X{g eBa{Z Omo {hHw$
{~š`mo {~ _O_yAmo "Ambmn-E-{µO`m' {nUw em`m H$`mo d`mo.

Oo VZw {hZ Xog Vm§ gXµHo$ H$aUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo n§qhOo _wëH$ Omo eodH$ {W`Uw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo _mÌ ^y{_A gm§ Cbµ\$V aIUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo CZ Oo hmb Vo _mV_ H$aUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
~µJmdV Oo Bhm Amho V _m§ ^r Am{h`m§ {hHw$ ~mµJr!

Oo ñdXoer e`w{Z Io dmnamBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo ImYrA Or nmoemH$ nmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
{dXoer _mb Im§ Oo _w§hþ§ _Q>mBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
gZohmo _wëH$ Omo Ka Ka nwOšmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
~µJmdV Oo Bhm Amho V _m§ ^r Am{h`m§ {hHw$ ~mµJr!

Oo qhXy E| _w{gb_mZ Io {_bmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo n§qhOr ^mBnr Cbµ\$V dYmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo Zµ\$aV E| AXmdV Io hQ>mBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo N>mVrA gm§ h[aO{Z Io bJšmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
~µJmdV Oo Bhm Amho V _m§ ^r Am{h`m§ {hHw$ ~mµJr!

"{µO`m' AÝ`mA Oo gmåhÿ§ {W`Uw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
AJa n§qhOmo {dÄmm`bw hµHw$ KwaUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo H§$qhOo µOwë_ Omo {e{H$dmo H$aUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo n§qhOr µO™_r hmbV Vo amoAUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
~µJmdV Oo Bhm Amho V _m§ ^r Am{h`m§ {hHw$ ~mµJr!

58

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

gXµHo$ dÄmUw = µHw$~m©Z {W`Uw Cbµ\$V = ß`mé _w§hþ§ _Q>mBUw = nao dÄmUw {eH$dmo = {eH$m`V

~mµJr = ~µJmdV H§$X‹Sx> AXmdV = Xwí_Zr

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr - 1
1) H§$qh Vm§ gXµHo$ {W`U Omo n¡µJm_w {Sš>Zbw
Amho? eBé-~§X n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
2) Cbµ\$V H§$qh gm§ aIUw KwaOo? ""Oo ñdXoer e`w{Z Io dmnamBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
3) Agm§ Io H$h{‹S>`y§ e`y§ dmnamBUw KwaO{Z? ................
Oo N>mVrA gm§ h[aOZ Io bJšmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am''
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :-
1) Cbµ\$V Or Ah{_`V g_Pm`mo. (1) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo.
2) emBa AÝ`mC, hµH$ E| µOwë_ ~m~{V N>m M`mo
Amho? ....... Zµ\$aV ....... _w§hþ§ nmoemH$

gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- nwOšmBUw ....... dYmBUw ....... nmBUw
1) Oo n§qhOo ................ Omo eodH$ {W`Uw
^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am. (2) {gQw>{Z gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> {gQy>§ Jšmoëho {bImo.
2) ................ _mb Im§ Oo _w§hþ§ _Q>mBUw 1. _m§ qhXy E| _wñb_mZ{Z Io {_bmBUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo.
{hH$ ~µJmdV Am. 2. ha Ka _| ß`ma nhþMmBUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo.
3) Oo n§qhOr .............. hmbV Vo amoAUw
^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am. (3) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.

gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- ñdXoer, Zµ\$aV, Cbµ\$V, nmoemH$, _wëHw$

1) gZohmo ................. {hH$ ~µJmdV Am. 1. _w§qhOo ................. Omo Zmbmo ^maV Am.
2) Oo N>mVrA .................~µJmdV Am. 2. Agm§ Io .......... gm_mZ ˜arX H$aUw KwaOo.
3) AJa n§qhOmo .............. ~µJmdV Am. 3. am_ {gnmhrA Or ................ nmE µ\$moQ>mo

gwdmb 5. H${dVm _m§ h_ AmdmµOr bµâµO {bImo :- H$T>m`mo.
4. Agm§ Io H§$qh gm§ {~ ............... Z H$aUw
Cbµ\$V, ñdXoer, n§qhOr, hmb
KwaOo.

59

(4) Mm¡Hw§$S>{Z _| Odm~ {bImo. 3. gm{Jš`mo bµâµOw JSšx> Xwham`bw -
1. {hHw$ Omo‹S>mo {µOX{Z Omo - 4. Xoe Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµâµOw -
2. ~µJmdV Or {gµ\$V -

_íµJybr - 2

{_gmb g_Pr H$m°b_ nyam H$[a`mo. _m§ {~š`{Z Or _XX H$aU Mm{h`m§ Wmo
{_gmb Oo {~š`{Z Or _XX H$aUw ~µJmdV Am

1) Oo Zdm§ ñHy$b ImobUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................

2) Oo Xoe ^JšVr H$aUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................

3) ..................................... _m§ gwR>m g§Xoe {Sš>`Uw Mm{h`m§ Wmo

4) Oo ~wµOJ©{Z Or godm H$aUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................

5) ..................................... _m§ dU ~šzQ>m nmoIUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo

6) Oo dSš>{Z Or BµOV H$aUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................

7) ..................................... _m§ nmUr ~MmBUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo

8) Oo ßbmpñQ>H$ Vo ~§{Xe H$aUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................



60

5. ~¡Vw gMb gmBª

gMb gmBª (1739-1829 B©.) Omo Agwb Zmbmo AãXw{b dhm~w hþAmo. hþZ Omo OÝ_ ˜¡anwa [a`mgV Oo JšmoR>
XamµO{Z _| {W`mo. {hH$ Xµ\o$ emh AãXwb bVrµ\$ Omo XamµO{Z _| AMUw {W`mo, V hþZ CZ ~m§~‹S>m nmBªX‹S> ~šma
Io {Sš>g§Xo B© M`mo V ""Agm§ OoH$mo Hw$Zmo Mm{‹T>`mo Amho, CZ Omo T>H$Uw hrC ZtJé bmhtXmo.''

Ho$Mm§ Am`mo µH$m{µ\$bmo, IUr AVwa A§~ra
Vht Oo Vmgra, dm{g`mo eha ^§^moa Io.

hÿ {g`mUmo gw{nat, Am{OµOw AmC§ AOšmUw
Ho$Mr H$mo{h`mao H$m{U _Wo amh amoAm§ KUmo.

emb Z {dgat Vy§, bmoHw$$ g^moB© {dgao
_Ëb~w Bhmo _y§ Omo nmUD§$ nao Z H$at.

Sšx>I{Z _§Pm§ gwI _y§ V bYm Oo{Sš>`y§
Sš>moatXo Io Sšx>I gy§hm§ {W`‹S>m gOšUm§.

gmao eha ^§^moa Or N>Sš>o bmoH$ bµOV
Vmo arA {Sš>E H$moZ H$mo _mÊhÿ Am_w BµOV
{WE gmhþ {ghV Oo ~šoha ~šmamoMm AMt!

61

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

Ho$Mm§ = Ho$M eha _m§ Am{OµOw = ~odgw H$mo{h`mamo = O~b{Z _| ah§X‹Sx>

AÌ A§~ra = ˜we~yBXmé e`y§ AOšmUw = AU OšmUw ~šmamoMmo = ~amoM µOmV dmamo (nwÝhÿ§)

Sš>mo[aUw = JšmoëhUw gy§hm| = ah~é

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr - 1
1) H§$qh ^§^moa eha Io dm{g`mo?
2) emBa H§$qh Io `mX aIUw Mmho Wmo? eBé-~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) ~šmamoMr Oo AMU gm§ N>m WtXmo? hmo {g`mUmo .......................................
............................. Omo nmUC§ nao Z H$at.
gwdmb 2. gMb gmBªA ggwB© E| nwÝhÿ§A ~m~{V N>m M`mo
Amho? (1) {Sš>Zb bµâµO H§$qh bmB H${_ Am§Xb Am{h{Z.
qSš>J`{Z _m§ Odm~ Jšmoëho {bImo.
gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :-
1) Vht Oo Vmgra, dm{g`mo eha ........ Io. 1) V§y (gÝgmé, B©ídé, XmoñVw)
2) emb Z {dgat Vy§, ........ g^moB© {d{gao. 2) AmC§ (emBé, XmoñVw, _mBQw>)
3) Sšx>I{Z _§Pm§ gwI _y§ Vm bYm ........... 3) bmoHw$ (^JšdmZw, Xw{Z`m, emBé)
4) hÿ (B©ídé, em`é, gÝgmé)

gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- (2) {µOX{Z Om Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo :-
1) Ho$Mr ............... amoAm§ KUmo.
2) Sš>moatXo .............. gOšUm§. 1) {g`mUmo 1. Wmoamo
3) gmao ................... bµOV.
2) nao 2. Omš Uy

3) AOmš U 3. dPo mo

4) KUmo 4. A`mUmo

62

(3) {gQ> g_Pm`mo :- _íµJybr - 2
"emb Z {dgat Vy§, bmoHw$ g^moB© {dgao.'

(4) "_{Vb~w' bµâµO _| g_m`b AIa{Z _m§ ho{R>`m§ (1) qgYr V_m_w emhÿH$ma ~šmobr Amho. CZ _| {hH$
bµâµO V¡`ma Wr gK{Z Wm. CÝh{Z gm§ bmJšmnmo bµâµO bmB KUoB© _mZmD§$ Am{h{Z V {hH$ _mZm
aI§X‹S> bµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo :- bmB {nUw Ho${Vam bµâµO H${_ AmUo gKO{Z Wm.
gMb gmBªA "Am{OµO' bµâµOw H${_ Am§Xmo Amho.
1) ~b .......... 2) _b .......... AMmo V CZ bµâµO Oy§ {~š`y§ _mZmD§$ {~ g_Py§.

3) b~ .......... 4) Vb~ .......... Am{OµOw

_oamU, VmµH$V, Mn, KwaO H$_µOmoé - hrUmo - {ZgVmo = _whþVmOw -
~odgw - bmMmé - _O~ya - WH$bw -
(5) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo. amh doMmamo - naoemZw - gVm`bw - µJar~w -

H$moh`mar {_ñH$sZw
nmUD§$
A{h‹S>o Z_yZo _{W`m| {_gmbw g_Pr ~oV Oo {gQw>{Z _m§
bµâµO Jšmoëho {bImo.

gm{JšE AIa {g`mUmo (1) añVmo - dmQ> - XJšx
gm§ ewê$ (2) AµHw$b_§Xw - Am{µH$bw - g_Py

WtX‹S> bµâµO

(3) T>mobUw - ß`mamo - {Xë~é
H$m{U

(4) Adm_w - OJšx - OZVm

(5) ˜ëµH$ - OhmZw - OJšVw



63

6. Zm{ghmUmo H$bm_w emh AãXwb bVrµ\w$$ {^Q>mB©

emh AãXwb bVrµ\w$ {^Q>mB© (1689-1752 B©.) qgYrA Omo dSš>o _| dSš>mo E| Xw{Z`m Oo My§S> emBa{Z _m§ {hHw$
Amho. OoVmo{UH$ emh Omo H$bm_w Q>o gC gmb nwamUmo Amho, nmoB {~ _dmX Oo {bhmµO Im§ AOšx {~ ~oh{X
Om{µO~ Amho.

VVrA WYrA H$m{h H$mÝho dob dohU Or
_Vm§ {WE D§$Xm{h noé Z bht {natA Omo.

Sšx>I gwI{Z Or gy§h§ Kmo[a`m gwI Sšx>I{Z arA
OZt Or {dê§$h§ gOšUw Am`mo _y§ Jšao.

Abm! Sš>mhr _ {W`m§ Sš>m{h`y§ Sšx>I {Sš>g{Z
_y§ gt _y§ {nat ^moamB©A _| ^mb H$`m.

˜wXr E| ˜wXm H$sZ _mn{Z {hH$ _Z _|
OrA§ {~š{Z Vamé{Z OmB Zmho {hH$ {_`mU _|

gwVm CWr OmJšx qZS> Z H$Oo Eo{Var
gwëVmZr gwhmJšx qZSy>§ H§$Xo Z {_bo!

64

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

VVr WYr = AmoIr gmoIr dob = dµŠVw ^moamB© = AU OšmUmB© Sš>mhmo = {g`mUmo
˜wXr = ˜wXXmar gwhmJšx = KmoQw>
Kmo[aUw = µHw$~m©Z H$aUw arA = Im§ gdmB

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr - 1
1) {natA H$sA§ ^mb ^bm`m?
2) _`mU _| H$Sš>qh OmB Z hÿ§Xr Amho? ho{R> {hHw$ eBé ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) gwëVmZr gwhmJšx N>mo ZWmo {_bo? gwVm CWr OmJšx .................. qZSy>§ H§$Xo Z {_bo.
(1) g_Pm`mo.
gwdmb 2. _{Vb~ g_Pm`mo :-
1) VVrA WYrA H$mh gwëVmZr gwhmJšx, qZSy>§ H§$Xo Z {_bo.
2) Sšx>I gwI{Z Or gy§h§ (2) ho{R>`{Z Ow{_b{Z Omo {gb{gbmo R>mho {bImo.

gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 1. qZS> _m§ Hw$Pw Z WtXmo.
1) _Vm§ {WE .............. noé Z bht {natA 2. YUrA Omo dgwbw Z WtXmo.
Om.o 3. KUr qZS> Z H$[a.
2) OZt Or {dê§$h§ ................ Am`mo _y§ 4. E gwVb, hmUo OmJšx.
Jšao. (3) "gwëVmZr gwhmJšx' _| "g' AIa gm§ ewê$ WtX‹S>
3) ............. CWr OmJšx qZS> Z H$Oo Eo{Var. bµâµO JSšx> {Sš>Zb Am{h{Z. A{h‹S>o Z_yZo ho{R> {Sš>Zb
Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO My§S>o Jmob{Z _| Odm~
{bImo.

gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- H$H$a, gma§Jw, H$m§C,
dµŠVw, gyé, dmamo,
1) VVrA WYrA H$mh .................
X[a`mhþ
2) Abm! Sš>mhr _ {W`m§ .................
ghg| H$Ošm‹S>mo
3) ˜wXr E| ˜wXm .................
H$mam XheV
gwdmb 5. emh AãXm„Vrµ\$ {^Q>mB©A Om {~š`m ~oV
n‹T>mo.

65

dYrH$ OšmU AMmo V emh gmh~ Oo Hw$Pw eBa{Z Io g_Py§ :
1) Om{Z~! _w§qhOo OrA _|, Am µOma Om AZdm
emh AãXwb bVrµ\$ Io qgYw Oo qgYr emBa{Z Omo
g[aVmOw E| qgYw Omo {hHw$ Zmboamo Xadoew H$ao bo{I{Z gm{h~! {Sš>{O eµ\$m, {_`m§, _arµO{Z Io.
Wm, na XOm} CZ Im§ KUmo D$Mmo Amho. emh Or hµH$sµH$s
OJš{h CÎmaàXoe Oo H$~ra, amOñWmZ Or _ram§ ~šmB©, (ga `_Z H$ë`mU)
_hmamîQ´> Oo am_Xmg E| VwH$mam_, ~|Jmb Oo M¡VÝ`
_hmà^w, Amgm_ Oo e§H$a Xod, JwOamV Oo Zagr _hVm Eo OmZr, _w§qhOo OrA _| AZoH$ {µH$ñ_{Z Om AµOm~ E|
O{h‹S>{Z Zm_ya g§V, H${d`w{Z YUrA Oo {Z_mU{Z nr‹S>mD§$ Am{h{Z. Eo gm{h~, Vy§ B© AK{Z Io AKmB©A Im§
^JšV{Z E| Xadoe{Z Or µH$Vma _| Amho. Nw>Q>H$mamo ~™e.

emh gmh~ n§qhOo ê$hmZr H$bm_ I| qgYr µOw~mZ 2) Sš>moao bhþ Sš>mVmé, {O_ {dht dogamo,
Omo dogw nham`mo. CZ µO_mZo _| qgYr ~šmobr _mÊhþ{Z Oo
Mn{Z Vo hþB©, Chm B© ~šmobr n§qhO{Z ~oV{Z bmB H$V~ h{H$`mo hmoB{O hmo{e`ma, qId{U {Id§Xr AmoMVr.
Am§XmBª.
(gwa {garamJš)
gÌht-Aa‹S>ht gXrA Or Adm_r ~šmobrA dmamo
A_wëhþ ˜µOmZmo emh gmh~ Agm§ bmB N>Sš>o d`mo Amho. YUrA Io Jšmoëho bhþ, _Vm§ µJm{µ\$bw Wr doht, Vy§ ha
g§X{g agmbo Oo AmYma Vo B© qgYr ~šmobr, gyaV˜Vr E| gmAV gwOmJšx a{h{O, N>mo V VmoVo {dOšx (AµOb Or
Agwb Zgwb ~m~{V BÝgm{Z`V Om _m{ha Hw$Pw MB© Amµ\$V) AmoMVmo AMr H$‹S>H§$Xr.
{bIr g{K`m Am{h{Z.
3) V‹S>t V§dmat, _mC! gm_y§S>r AmB`m,
H¡$nQ>Z Om°O© ñQ>¡H$, S>m°. Q´>ån, hmoVM§X _ybM§X
Jwa~™emUr, ^oê$_b _haM§X AmSš>dmUr, ˜mZ~hmXwa _y§Io {O`marZ, dm`y§ dUOmU{Z Oy§.
_wh_X {gXrµH$ _o_wUw E| àmoµ\o$ga H$ë`mUw AmSš>dmUrA
emh Oo agmbo _m§ ML>mo B© _mbw h{W H$ao KUmo B© {b{I`mo (gwa gm_y§S>r)
Amho.
Eo A_{‹S>! gm_y§S>r AMr gh{‹S>`m Am{h{Z E| W‹S> Vo
V§dmê§$ (`mXy§) n`m H${Z. _y§Io dUOma{Z Oy§ Jšmpëh`y§
ZE| {ga OrAma{Z {W`y§.

4) Oo Vmo ~oV ^m§B`m, go Am`Vy§ Am{h{Z,

{Z`mo _Zw bmB©{Z, {n[a`m§ g§Xo nma Sš>o.

Oo Vmo ~oV g_P`m, go Am`Vy§ (ê$hmZr {hXm`Vy§)
Am{h{Z.

Cho _Z Io d{Äm`mo _h~y~ (YUr) Oo Vaµ\$
bJšmB{Z.

(daVbw "emh Omo [agmbmo' (_wO{_bw) :
H$ë`mU ~ybM§X AmSš>dmUr

(B§Q>aZoQ> Oo bmB~«ar« Vm§ "emh Omo [agmbmo' hmgwbw H$ao n‹T>mo E| _hgygw H$[a`mo V qgYr AX~ Omo gaVmOw
emh gmh~w Amho)



66

AX~w

67

B{b_w AX~w

A\µ $gmZmo Aµ\$gmZo bmB {hHw$ ßbmQ> E| aWm, {~š`mo
{H$aXm{ZJmar V_m_w µOê$ar hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z. CZ _| {df`
bwµJV Oo {bhmµO Im§ "AX~' Or _mZm Amho "ao{‹T>`y§ Or H$m {~ nm~§Xr Zmho. Xw{Z`m hr ha eB E| H$m`ZmV
Sš>tX‹S> ~šma Io n§Yw goIm[aUw'. B©E§ {~ MB© g{KOo Wmo V _| n{I{‹S>`b ha MrµO Aµ\$gmZo Oo Xm`ao A§Xa
AU K{‹T>`b H$mR> Io a§Xmo hUr {gYmo H$aUw. Xw{Z`m Oo g_mBOr gKo Wr. O§qh _| B™Vgma Oo ~mdOyX BÝgmZr
V_m_w ~šmo{b`w{Z Or ewê$AmV nh[a`mBª nh[a`mBª eBa {µOÝXJrA Omo hµH$sµH$s, dm{µOhþ E| Om{_A AŠgw {_bo
gm§ {WE Wr. qgYrA {~ CZ B© gµ\$a Io AnZm`mo Amho. Wm.o

µH$w {XaV Oo _Z _mohtXS‹ > ZµOma{Z ngU gm§ Om ˜wer qgYr AX~ _| H$hmUrA Om Xm¡a :
{WE Wr, CZ Omo BOµ hmé H$aU bmB eBé B© {hH$w _Zw m{g~ 1. µH$Xr_w Xm¡é
dgrbmo Amho. O{h‹S>r Vah {Xb _m§ {ZH$Vb gw˜Z {Xb 2. {dahmL>o dmamo Xm¡é
Vo Agé H${Z Wm, eBa {n{U {Xb Vo {gYmo g§Amo Agé 3. VaµH$s ng§X Xm¡é
H$ao Vmo. CZ bmB B~VXmB© hmbV _| Zga Im§ AJšx ZµO_ 4. amo_mZdr Xm¡é
dOyX _| Am`mo. 5. ZAm| Xm¡é

H§$qh {~ µH$m¡_ Omo B{b_w AX~w n§qhOr Vmar˜ Oo H$hm{U`w{Z Om {µH$ñ_ :
OwXm OwXm Xm¡a _m¡Oy~ CZ Oo OµO~{Z E| ˜`mbmV Omo 1. g_mOr
AmB©Zmo hÿ§Xmo Amho. H§$qh {~ _{˜gyg Ag} Omo B{Vhmgw 2. _µOm{h`m
_mby_w H$aU bmB g^ Im§ nh[a`mBª CZ B© Xm¡a dmao 3. OrdZr
Bb_r ˜µOmZo Io Imo{bUmo nd§Xmo. dµŠVw E| hµH$sµH$Vy§ 4. AmË_ H$Wm
Vmar˜ Io {Oñ_ ~p™e{Z {W`y§ na CÝh{Z aJšx{Z _| 5. Vmar˜r
ê$h VSš>qh nd§Xmo; OSš>qh g§X{g AX~r Vmar˜ Omo
µO˜ramo _m¡OyXw hÿ§Xmo.

AX~ Omo {gYmo g§Am| g§~š§Yw ~šmobrA gm§ Amho.
CZ Om {~ dar ~š {hñgm Am{h{Z; V˜brµH$s E|
VhµH$sµH$s. V˜brµH$s AX~ {~š{Z Z_yZ{Z Omo hÿ§Xmo
Amho "Zgwé' E| "ZµÁ_w'. Zgwa _| boI, _µO_yZ,
Aµ\$gmZm E| ZmQ>H$ V ZµO_ _| ~oV, JrV, Sš>mohr‹S>m,
bmSš>m, VamB©b, µJµOb E| n§OH$‹S>m dµJ¡ah AMr dÄm{Z
Wm.

68

qgYr ~šmobrA Oy§ Ah_w H$hm{U`y§ : JXmB©A Omo ß`mbmo. {gH§$Xar ~™V hþOo `m Xmam
Omo BµH$~mb, A{h‹S>r ha hmbV _| nwaµOmoa {~`mZ
1) AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ A_abmb {hL>mao mUr E| AgamBVo BµOhma bmB AX~w {hHw$ ~hVarZ
dgrbmo Amh.o
2) A{hgmZ _§Xr Jmoq~X "_mëhr'
AX~r ~šmobrA Oy§ {b`mµH$Vy§
3) {_{b{H$`V B©ída M§Ð
1) AX~r µOw~mZ Chm MB~r, O§qh _| haµ\$Z E|
4) Šbo_ Zmam`U "^maVr' bµâµO{Z Om AmdmµO; ~X AmdmµO Z na gwarbm E|
ñdmXr hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z.
5) {dgm[a`m§ Z {dga{Z bmoH$ZmW OoQ>bo
2) AX~r µOw~mZ _| BñVbmh E| _whmdam, Ve~rhÿ§ E|
6) lr Jm§d _Zmoha MwKw nhmH$m KUm hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z; OoHo$ V_m_ µHw$XaVr
ZµOma{Z E| añ_w{Z admO{Z _m¡Oy~ _mÊhþ{Z Or
7) _wh_X am_ H$saV ~šm~šmUr V~r`V E| gw^mC Or VO©_mZr H§$Xm Am{h{Z.

8) _wh_X JmSš>rA dmamo am_ n§OdmUr 3) AX~r ~šmobrA _| Xw{Z`m Or ha{hH$ eB Om Zmbm
E| _mZm bmB bµâµO _m¡OyX hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z. OoH$Sš>qh
dYrH$ OšmU {H$Wo H§$qh Zmbo Or ImoQ> hÿ§Xr Amho V Chm ~šmobr
˜werA gm§ {~šE h§Ym§ A{h‹S>m bµâµO h{W H$ao
Agm§ Or _mXar µOw~mZ qgYr, AX~r ~šmobr hþAU nyamAmo H§$Xr Amho.
gm§ JSš>mo JSšx> Xw{Z`m Oo gwY[a`b ~šmo{b`w{Z _m§ {hH$
Amho, O§qh _| AX~r E| gm{hVH$ ~šmobr hþAU Oy§ 4) AX~r µOw~mZ _| {hH$ _mZm bmB KUm bµâµO E|
{b`mµH$Vy§ E| ˜y{~`y§ _m¡OyXw Am{h{Z. {hH$ bµâµO Oy§ KUoB© _mZmD§$ Wt{X`y§ Am{h{Z.

~šmo{b`w{Z Om {µH$ñ_ : 5) AX~r ~šmobrA _| OwµO~ H$aU E| hµO_ H$aU Or
VmµH$V hÿ§Xr Amho. Chm n§qhOo µO˜rao E| ˜µOmZo _m§
1) Am_ ~šmobr : OoH$m {gµ\©$ ~mh_r amãVo dmar ~šmobr {~š`{Z ~šmo{b`w{Z Io _XX H$aU _| H§$Oygr H$moZ
Amho, O§qh dgrbo {hHw$ BÝgmZ n§qhOm CY_m E| H§$Xr Amho E| {~Zm H§$qh h~šH$ Oo _XX dR>Uw {~
OµO~mV H§$qh {~ {~šE§ gmJšr ~šmobr OšmU§X‹S> e™g Eo~ H$moZ g_P§Xr Amho.
VmBª nhþMmE gKo Wmo.
6) AX~r ~šmobrA _| ì`mH$aU Oo Cgyb{Z Omo nyamo
2) AX~r ~šmobr : OoH$m ~mh_r amãVo Oy§ ˜y{~`y§ E| nyamo ™`mbw H$`mo d|Xmo Amho.
˜gmo{g`Vy§ aIU gm§ JSš>mo JSšx> AX~ E| gm{hV _|
{nU _mbm_mb hÿ§Xr Amho. AX~r ~šmobrA _| Chmo 7) AX~r µOw~mZ _™gyg {W`b Zo_{Z nQ>m§X‹S> hb§Xr
g^w gm_mZw _m¡OyX hÿ§Xmo Amho; Cho g^w _m§S>mU Amho.
_§{T>`b hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z, {O{Z gm§ AX~r JwbµOma
_| ~hma noB© BªXr Amho. _{hZV H$erA Om AmoµOma A{h‹S>r Vah qgYr ~šmobrA _| Bho g^w {b`mµH$Vy§
hþO{Z `m ga_m`oXma{Z Oy§ e`y§, emhr V™Vw hþOo _m¡OyX Am{h{Z, OoHo$ Io{g {hH$ emhÿH$ma AX~r
`m µJa~V Omo V™Vmo, ~mXemhr V™V hþOo `m ~šmobr hþAU Omo XOm} AVm H${Z {W`y§!

69

qgYr AXr~ : · _wÝer CYmam_ Wm§daXmg
_wÝer CYmam_ Wm§daXmg gZ² 1833 B©. _|
· ^oê$_b _haM§X AmSš>dmUr h¡Xam~mX _| OšmAmo. hþZ A§J«oµO{Z Oo ewê$AmV Xm¡a
_| Ho${Vam B© {H$Vm~ {bIr qgYr Zgwa Io
^oê$_b AmSš>dmUr gZ² 1875 B©. _| h¡Xam~mX _mbm_mbw H$`mo. hþZ A§J«oµOr ~šmobrA Omo {nU
(qgY) _| n¡Xm {W`mo. BãVXmB© E| goH§$S´>r Vmbr_ Bb_ {nam`mo E| H$í_ra Oo Am°µ\$sg _| _wbm{µO_V
CVo B© daVmBª; {OVo gmYy emoIram_ AmSš>dmUr E| Ho$B©. hÿ "Aa~r-qgYr gyaV˜Vr' R>m{hU dmar
VmamM§X em¡µH$sam_ AmSš>dmUr g§X{g CñVmX hþAm. H$m_oQ>rA Omo {hHw$ _oå~a {nU hþAmo. hþZ Oy§
CÝh{Z Or µHw${~©`V _| ^oê$_b qgYr AX~ E| VgZrµ\$mV (aMZmD§$) "Xw{Z`m Or Vmar˜', "amB
˜mg Vmoa emh AãXm„Vrµ\$ {^Q>mB©A Oo _Vmbo {Sš>`mM Omo {µH$ñgmo', "VmoVo Zm_mo' E| Hw$Pw {~š`m
Sš>m§h§ amµJ~ {W`mo. hÿ _moa˜, _hµH$µH$ E| _m{ha {µH$ñgm _ehÿa Am{h{Z.
{bgm{Z`mV hþAmo. hþZ "µJar~' V˜bg gm§ Hw$Pw
eBa d emBar {~ Ho$B©; ˜mg Vmoa ~šma{Z bmB 
{b{I`b JrV, OrA§ V "_y§ Io H§$qh Wo Ira
{n`ma`mo....' E| "dµŠV Mdo AmC§ ~mXemh' dµJ¡ah.

^oê$_b AmSš>dmUrA Om _ehÿa emhH$ma
Am{h{Z "µH$Xr_ qgY', "nhmH${Z Or nr‹T>',
"qgYr ì`mH$aU' E| "qgYr ~šmobrA Or Vmar˜'
dµJ¡ah. hþZ {dahmL>o ~B{X ~å~B©A AMr n§qhOmo
Am{e`mZmo A{Sš>`mo na {µOÝXJrA gmU{g dµ\$m
H$moZ Ho$B© E| hÿ OwbmB 1950 B©. _| hµH$ gm§ {hHw$
{W`mo.

70

1. {hHw$ eV©w _Zmoha MwK

_Zmoha MwK, "AmH$medmUr' _wå~B© ñQ>oeZ Vo qgYr goŠeZ Oo àmoJ«m_ EŠµOrŠ`y{Q>d Am°µ\$ga Vmoa {˜X_mV
A§Om_w {Sš>{Z`y§ E| qgYr H$ëMa Io µ\$amoµJw {Sš>`U bmB h[a _w_{H$Z H$mo{ee H§$Xo CVm§ [aQ>m`a_oÝQ> daVr. hþZ
Oy§ Ho${V[a`y§ B© H$hm{U`y§ ao{S>`mo Vm§ Z{ea Wr Mw{H$`y§ Am{h{Z E| g§X{g Q>o H$hmUr g§J«h "ZAm| `wJw', "amV
JwµOar d|Xr' E| "AHo$br' {nUw _¡XmZ-E-AX~ Vo µOhÿa nµOra {W`b Am{h{Z.

goR> bN>_UXmg _wå~B©A Oo qgYr OJšV _| aOšx _wå~B©A Wr Amho. _m§, _w§qhOr nËZr E| YrA
_w{‹S>gw bo{I`mo d|Xmo Amho. _wå~B© E| ~¢Jbmoa _| n§qhOy§ gOZr, {hH$ hmoQ>b _| a{h`m n`m Am{h`y§.
no{S>`y§ AW{g. Sš>ogmda gm§ Y§Yo _| ML>mo H$_m`mo AWmBª. gOZr, BÝQ>a AmQ²>©g bmB n‹T>r ahr Amho. hþZ
~m§Xam _| nmbr {hb Vo AR> H${_a{Z Or n§qhOr Or n‹T>mB©A Or _y§Io {MÝVm Amho. _wå~B©A
B_maV, _moQ>a Jm{Sš>`y§, Zm¡H$a MmH$a; _{Vb~w V _mZ O{h‹S>o eha _| _H$mZw {_bUw Sš>mT>r Sšx>Ir Jšmpëh
emZ Or qµOXJr _mUo a{h`mo Amho. bN>_r _mVm ^{b Amho. Vy§ Oo _y§Io BZ {Sš>g _| _XX H$at V Vw§qhOr
V hþZ Vo Sš>mT>r _{ha H$B© hþOo na B©ída Io{g J¥hñVrA dSš>r _{ha~mZr WtXr.''
Oo gwI Im§ dm§{P`bw a{I`mo Amho. hþZ Or µOmb
drh gmb AJšx {gH$sbYo nwQ> amoeZ Io OÝ_ Sš>tXo amoeZ, àmoµ\o$ga Io nyar H$mo{ee Omo {Xbmgmo Sš>oB©
gmg| gImbr Wr doB© hþB©. bN>_UXmg Mmho hm, V n§qhOo Ka _mo{Q>`mo, na gOšmo Sš>th§þ CZ _gAbo Vo
~šr emXr H$ao OrdZ Omo AmZ§X _mUo gKo hm, na gmoMtXmo a{h`mo. amV Omo nrC E| nwQw> J{Sš>Or _mZr
_mQ>oOr _mC Oo XwI{Z Omo drMma H$ao hþZ Am`b ImB© a{h`m hþAm. Amo^m[a`y§ bhdm[a`y§ Jšmpëh`y§ H§$Xo
AZoH$ gwPmd _moQ>mE N>{Sš>`m. amoeZ Io hþZ H$Sš>qh amoeZ àmoµ\o$ga JwaZmUu Omo _gAbmo n§qhOo nrC
{~ _mC Or H$_r _{hgyg {W`Uw H$moZ {Sš>Zr. amoeZ A{Jš`m§ a{I`mo E| nmU B© gwPmdw {Sš>Zmo V N>mo Z àmoµ\o$gé
V hþZ Oo A{I`w{Z Omo Zyé Amho. hþZ{Z Oo _H$mZ Oo {~š{Z H$_a{Z _| AMr aho. àmoµ\o$ga
gm{h~ Or naoemZr {~ Xya Wr d|Xr E| {hZ gwZgmZ Ka
amoeZ, {hZ dµŠV _wå~B©A Oo _ehÿa H$m°boO _| _| H$m Mhb nhb {~ Wr nd§Xr. go{R> {hH$ {_ÝQ>
~r.E. (B.A.) Oo {S>J«r BåVhmZ bmB n‹T>r a{h`mo Amho. bmB Hw$Pw gmo{M`mo na amoeZ Oo Mohao Vo CXmgr {Sš>gr
amoeZ, {eH$b Omo gwhþUmo, µH$X Omo {S>Kmo, ~XZ Omo amoeZ Io Z H$moZ H$ao g{K`mo. {~šE§ Sš>th§ B© àmoµ\o$ga
nyamo nZmo E| H$gaVr OdmZ Amho. H$m°boO Oo ñQy>S>§Q> Omo n[adma AMr goR> bN>_UXmg Oo AmbremZw
H$mC§{gb Omo brS>a Amho. H$m°boO Omo ha àmoµ\o$ga B_maV Oo J«mC§S> µ\$bmoa Oo {~š{Z H${_a{Z _| Wm§B©H$mo
{hZ gm§ ß`ma H§$Xmo Amho E| ha {dÚmWu {hZ Oo gSš> _| {W`mo.
gSšx> Sš>tXmo Amho.
CE§ B© {W`mo OrA§ amoeZ gmo{M`mo hmo. gwZgmZw
{hH$ Sš>th§ H$m°boO Oo qgYr {S>nmQ>©_oÝQ> Oo àmoµ\o$ga Ka _| Mhb nhb Wr doB©. gdob gw~wh Omo OSš>qh
JwaZmUrA amoeZ Io n§qhOo H${_ao _| gSš>m`mo E| Io{g gOZr VmZnwao Vo g§JrV Omo [a`mµOw H§$Xr hþB© E| gwa
n§qhOmB©A dmao ZmoA _| M`mBª, à^mVr AmbmntXr hþB© VSš>qh OšUw goR> bN>_UXmg
Omo Ké {hHw$ _§{Xa ~UOr nd§Xmo hmo. goR> {nUw n§qhOo
""{_ñQ>a amoeZ! _w§qhOr ~Xbr nyZo _m§ {h{V

71

{~ñVao Vo boQ>o boQ>o g§JrV Omo AmZ§Xw _mUtXmo hmo. na n§qhOo OdmZ nwQ> gm§ H${h‹S>mo grZmo gmho! {hH$
H$Sš>qh H$Sš>qh {~ñVao Oo nmgo _| a{I`b n§qhOr Sš>th§ goR> gm{h~ amoeZ Io n§qhOo nmgo _| dohmao V_m_w
nËZrA Oo µ\$moQ>mo gm§ ê$h [ahmU H§$Xo Md§Xmo hmo ""amoeZ Z_m©B©A gm§ Io{g M`mo, ""nwQ> amoeZ! Vy§ _w§qhOr {hZ
_mC! hrC gwa à^mVr ~šxYt noB©. drh gmb{Z Im§ nmoB g_yar gån{VA Omo AHo$bmo dm[agw Amht. _m§ V_m_w
{hZ Ka _| hrC à^mVr gwa Jy§{O`m Am{h{Z. Vy§ hþB©A§ _{hZV H$ao hrC Y§Ymo A{Sš>`mo Amho. Bhmo hmUo VmoIo
Omo amoµOw gw~wh Omo gdob CWr gwI_ZrA Omo nmRw> B© g§^m{bUmo Amho. _m§ {Sš>gm§ doR>mo V Hw$Pw _hrZ{Z
H§$Xr hþB©A§. Ho${Vamo Z AmZ§X BªXmo hmo.'' Im§ Vy§ Y§Yo Sš>m§hþ§ bmnadmh WtXmo n`mo dÄmt. hþZ
N>moH$arA Io _XX H$at n`mo, gwR>r Jšmpëh Amho, na
go{R> V gw~wh Omo 9.00 ~Oo n§qhOmo Ké N>Sš>tXmo CZ Or {~ H$m hX hþAUw KwaOo. Vmo àmoµ\o$ga Io OJšh
hmo E| amV Omo 9.00 ~Oo Y§Yo Vm§ _moQ>§Xmo hmo. ~mµH$s {Sš>`U bmB {µOXw H$`mo, _m§ Vw§qhOr {Xb aIr E| hm
amoeZ E| gOZrA Oo Q>hH${Z _m§ gOšmo Sš>thþ§ Ké n`mo H$B©. na hm{U {dMm[a`m§ n`mo V em`X _y§Io Chm
Jy§O§Xmo ah§Xmo hmo. nadmÝJr Z {Sš>`Uw Kwa~r hþB©.''

dµŠVw JwµOa§Xmo a{h`mo. amoeZ ~r.E. nmg H$ao dÄmr amoeZw H§$Yw PwH$mE g^w ~šxY§Xmo a{h`mo. Hw$Pw dµŠVw
nrC gm§ Y§Yo _| ~šm§h§ ~šobr {W`mo. gOZrA Oo n‹T>U _| Vagr nrC Sš>m§h§ _w˜m{V~ WtXo M`mBª, ""~m~m! _m§
éMr K{Q> na g§JrV gmYZm gm§ _mohþ dYrH$ hmo{g. Aìhm§ gm§ gOZrA ~m~{V JšmëhmBU dmamo hmo{g.
g§JrV OJšV _| ML>mo Zmbmo H${T>`mo hþAmBª. hµâVo _| ~š hm{U Aìhm§ ˜wX B© Jšmpëh N>o‹S>r Amho V _m§ Aìhm§ Io
`m Q>o àmoJ«m_ dSš>{Z hmb{Z _| S>štXr Amho. Ho${V[a`w{Z ~šxYmBUw Wmo Mm{h`m§ V _m§ gOZrA Io ß`ma H$[a`m§
{µ\$ë_w{Z _| ßbo~¡H$ {~ {Sš>Zr AWmBª E| {H${V[a`w{Z Wmo. _m§ n§qhOo ß`ma Omo AÄmm§ gOZrA gm§ {~ BµOhmé
{µ\$ë_w{Z bmB ßbo~¡H$ bmB H$m§Q´>¡ŠQ> ghr H$`m H$moZ H$`mo Amho. _m§ {hZ gm§ OëX emXr H$aUw
AWmBª. h_oeh A˜~mé{Z Oo gwa{˜`w{Z _| {hZ Omo Mm{h`m§ Wmo.''
Zmbmo a{h`mo Amho. gOZrA Oo g§JrV OJšV _|
CÝZVrA bmB àmoµ\o$ga gmh~ Omo hWw K{Q> na amoeZ go{R> bN>_UXmg nwQ> dQ>m§ hrC Iw{b`mo ~`mZw
Omo ghmamo dYrH$ Amho. amoeZ Zm¡OdmZ Amho. Y§Yo ~šxYr {hH$ {IU bmB XhbOr d`mo. {Jbmg _m§ ~š
Or gyP ~šzP AW{g. H§$qh gm§ H${h‹S>rA arV noe Tw>H$ nmUrA Om nr nwQ> Io M`mBª, ""Vw§qhOmo {X_mµJ
AMOo. BZ Omo Io{g hþZé Amho E| g^ Im§ dYrH$ V R>rH$ Amho! Vy§ CZ N>moH$arA gm§ bmD§$ bhUw Wmo
gOZr E| àmoµ\o$ga gmh~ Omo hþZ _| nyamo {dídmg Amho. Mmht OoH$m _oam{gU ~UOr MwH$s Amho. Iwb-Am_
gOZr H${h‹S>mo H$m§Q´>¡ŠQ> ghr H$ao; H§$qh Im§ Ho${Vam ñQ>oO Vo dohr noB© JšmE E| Py_o. npãbH$ Oo Vm{‹S>`w{Z
n¡gm dR>o; H${h‹S>o Sš>th§ {hZ Oo amJš{Z Or [aH$m{S>ªJ dOšmBU Vo noB© _wñH$amE E| ZmµO Z˜am H$ao. Chm N>moH$ar
{WE; CÝh{Z g{^Zr Jšmpëh`w{Z Omo µ\o$gbmo amoeZ B© WtXr _w§qhOr Zy§h§! Z H$Sš>qh {~ Z! Vy§ gOZrA gm§
H§$Xmo hmo. bmD§$ bhU Omo ™dm~w {dgmao N>{Sš> E| gw^mUo Im§
AMr n§qhOo Y§Yo Vo dohþ.''
gOZr V amoeZ Omo ghmamo nmE g§JrV OJšV _|
VŠ‹S>mo VŠ‹S>mo g\$bVm Or Sš>mH$U M‹T>§Xr doB©; na amoeZ Omo _w§hþ§ Q>m_Ur hUr d`mo. nrC Io Wmoamo
gm{JšE dµŠV amoeZ Sš>thm| Sš>th§ d`mo n§qhOo Y§Yo Sš>m§h§ V§XrA gm§ Odm~ {Sš>ZmBª, ""~m~m! gOZr {hH$
bmnadmh WtXmo. {hZ Or Chm bmnadmhr goR> H$bmH$ma Amho. hþZ g§JrV Or gmYZm H$B© Amho.
bN>_UXmg Io Ho${Va{Z Sš>th§{Z Im§ IQ>H$s ahr hþB© g§JrV OJšV _| {hZ Omo ˜mg _wµH$m_ Amho. àmoJ«m_

72

{Sš>E Wr. n§qhOo hµH$ Om n¡gm dR>o Wr. CZ _| Aìhm§ ""amoeZ! H${h‹S>{Z ™`mb{Z _| µJwëVmZ Amht!

Io H${h‹S>mo EoVamµO Amho. AOšx `wJw ~X{b`mo Amho. Agm§ Io AOšx {hH$ Sš>th§ bmB I§S>mbm h{bUmo Amho.

OSš>qh H$mëh g§JrV µ\$µH${V H$moR>{Z, _§Xa{Z `m ^wbOr d`mo Amht N>m! _m§ V V`ma Wr AmB© Am{h`m§.''

XaJmhþ{Z Oo MB{Z Xrdmé{Z VmBª _{hXyX hmo E| g§JrV amoeZ {N>aHw$$^ao n§qhO{Z ™`mb{Z Or Xw{Z`m Im§

Vo {H${Z Wmoa{Z Omo _moê$gr hµHw$ bo{I`mo d|Xmo hmo; ~šm{ha Am`mo E| M`mBª, ~{g AY ŠbmH$ _| V`mé Wr

VSš>qh hmUo Chmo g§JrVw g^mJ¥h{Z, _{hµ\$bw{Z E| ho{R> AMm§ Wmo.''

ñQ>mo{S>`mo _| Jšm`mo dÄmo Wmo. hm{U Chmo g^w Adm_ Or H$ma amoeZ hbmE a{h`mo hmo. gOZrA gm§
{damgV Amho. H$bmH$ma Io V H$bm ào{_`w{Z Or Jšmpëh`w{Z Omo {gb{gbmo Omar aI§Xo M`mBª,
bh {d M‹T> _| A{MUmo B© nd§Xmo. Bhmo Aìhm§Io N>mo
Wmo IQ>Ho$! gOZr Aìhm§ Or Zy§h§ {WE V§qh bmB ""gOZr! _m§ H$mëh Im§ ML>mo naoemZw Am{h`m§.
Aìhm§Io µ\$˜wé hþAUw KwaOo.'' ~m~mo gmBª _y§ Vo Sš>mT>mo ZmamµOw Amho.''

goR> bN>_UXmg n§qhOo nwQ> Or b§~r VµH$ara ""N>mo?''
~šxYr CWr I‹S>mo {W`mo. d|Xo d|Xo nwQ> Io M`mBª,
gOZrA nw{N>`mo. amoeZ R>ha gm§ n§qhOo {nVm
""nwQ>! g§JrV V Vw§qhOr _mC {~ {gIr hþB©. lr gm§ {W`b dmVm©bmnw AIé ~AIé gOZrA Io
JšmBªXr hþB© V n§qhOo Ka Oo A§Xa. gdob gw~wh ~`mZ H$ao ~šxYm`mo. gOZr amoeZ Io ~šxY§Xr ahr E|
Omo CWr Jwa~šmUr JšmBªXr hþB©. em_ Omo ^JšdmZ gmoMtXr ahr. I§S>mbm nhþMU VmBª {hHw$ AIé {~
Or _yVuA A{Jš`m§ Sš>r`mo ~šmao _ram E| gyaXmg H$moZ ~šmo{b`mBª.
Om ^OšZ JšmBªXr hþB©. _y§Io Ka _| Zw§h§ KwaOo, Z
ñQ>oO H$bmH$ma.'' I§S>mbm _| hmoQ>b _| _mZr ImBªXo gOZrA Oo
A{I`w{Z _| AZmoIr M_H$ hþB© E| hþZ Oo Mn{Z Vo
go{R> {hH$ {IU bmB éH$`mo. Hw$Pw gmo{M`mBª E| {Zambr _wñH$amhQ>. M`mBª
dar JšmëhmBU Omo {gb{gbmo Omar a{I`mBª,
""amoeZ Vy§ V S>anmoH$ {ZH$V|! _Z B© _Z _| _y§ gm§
""Vmo M`mo V Vy§ hþZ N>moH$arA gm§ emXr H$aUw ß`ma H$at Wmo E| ß`ma Omo BµOhmé {~ ZWmo H$ao
Mmht Wmo. ^br H$[a nmU _y§ Io H$mo EoVamµO gKt. Vy§ Oo _w§qhOmo hWw nH$‹S>o _y§Io àmonmoµO H$at
H$moZ Amho. haH§$qh Io n§qhOr qµOXJr OrAUr hm V _m§ em`X nmJb ~UOr ZMU ewê$ H$ao
Amho. hm! na _w§qhOmo {hHw$ eV©w Amho. gOZr N>{Sš>`m§ hm. ˜¡a! Vw§qhOo BZ AZmoIo T>§J gm§
emXrA Im§ nmoB H$Sš>qh {~ npãbH$ _| àmoJ«m_ H$`b BµOhma {~ _w§qhOo VZ ~XZ _| ˜werA
H$moZ Sš>tXr E| Z B© {µ\$ë_ _| JšmBU bmB H$mo Or bha n¡Xm H$B© Amho.''
H$m§Q´>¡ŠQ> ghr H§$Xr. Vy§ gOZrA Io CZ bmB
amµOr H$a E| _y§Io hþZ Oo µ\o$gbo Im§ dm{µH$µ\w$ gOZrA amoeZ Omo hWw nH${‹S>`mo E§ CZ Io {gH$
gm§ Mw_§Xo M`mBª,

H$a.'' ""~mµH$s Jšmpëh ahr _w§qhOo npãbH$ _| Z JšmBU

go{R> bN>_UXmg n§qhOo gwåhU dmao H$_ao _| Or, gm dSš>r Jšmpëh Z Amho. {hZ gÝgma _|
h{b`mo d`mo. amoeZ ML>mo dµŠVw CVo B© ™`mb{Z _| Hw$Pw nmBU bmB Hw$Pw {Sš>`Umo {~ ndo Wmo. _m§
doR>mo a{h`mo. {~šE Sš>th§ gw~wh Omo amoeZ Mm§qh nr a{h`mo Vw§qhOmo ß`mé nmBU bmB E| Vw§qhOo ˜w{e`w{Z
hmo V gOZr hþZ Oo H$_ao _| {K‹S>r AmB©. bmB n§qhOmo g^w Hw$Pw µHw$~m©Zw H$aU bmB V`mé

73

Am{h`m§. npãbH$ _| Z JšmBU H$m dSš>r VµH$mµOm Vaµ\$ Im§ gOZrA bmB BëVOm Om AmdmµO B© AmdmµO
V H$moZ Amho! _m§ BªX‹S> AmV©dma Vo A§Yoar ñnmoQ²>©g hþAm. goR> bN>_UXmg CZ g_yao _mhmob bmB _Z B©
H$m°ånboŠg _| [a{W`b àmoJ«m_ Im§ nmoB H$Sš>qh _Z _| nmU Io OdmãXmé _{hgyg H$ao a{h`mo hmo.
{~ npãbH$ _| H$moZ JšmBªX{g. Bhmo EobmZ _m§ n§qhOo H$E Vo neo_mZw Wr a{h`mo hmo. Hw$Pw H$aU bmB
gw^mUo A˜~mé{Z _| H$ao Wr N>{Sš>`m§. Vy§ {hH$ hþZ Oo {ddoH$ Io{g _O~yé H$`mo. go{R> ñQ>oO Vo VH$‹S>mo
_{ha~mZr H$a. _w§qhOo Am˜arZ àmoJ«m_ _| VH$‹S>mo M‹T>r d`mo E| dÄmr gOZrA A{Jš`m§ ~rh§Xo
n§qhOo ~m~m Io µOê$a dR>r A{M{O.'' M`mBª :

AmV©dma Sš>thþ§ gOZrA Oo g§JrV Omo AmZ§Xw ""_w§qhOr YrC! _y§Io _m°µ\w$ H$[a. _m§ Vw§qhOo A{Jš`m§
_m{UU bmB hµOma{Z _| _mÊhÿ Am`b hþAm. ha H§$qh ea_gmé Am{h`m§. g§JrVw V Vw§qhOr AmË_m Amho. _m§
Or µOw~mZ Vo {hH$ B© dmUr hþB© V gOZr JšmBUw ~§X AmË_m Io na_mË_m Im§ AbJš g_Pr a{h`mo hmo{g.
N>mo Wr H$ao! g§JrV B© "gË`_² {ed_² gw§Xa_²' Amho. Vw§qhOo g§JrV
µO[aE hµOma| _mÊhþ{Z Io {hH$ B© dµŠV B©ídar Xe©Zw
gOZrA CZ Sš>thþ§ ˜y~ Jšm`mo. hþZ Oo ha Vmb Vo àmßV {WE Wmo. _m§ hW ~šYr VmoIo AµOw© Wmo H$[a`m§ V
_mÊhÿ _Vdmbm Wr Py_U bJšm. àmoJ«m_w nyamo {W`mo. Vy§ n§qhOmo µ\o$gbmo dmng dRw>.''
hµOma{Z _| Am`b npãbH$ {hH$ B© AmdmµO _|
nwH$m[a`mo, ""gOZr n§qhOmo µ\o$gbmo dmn{g dRw>.'' gOZr AmoN>m§Jê§$ Sš>oB© AMr amoAU _| N>Q>H$s.
Ho${V[a`w{Z g§ñWmC{Z Oo ~m{ZH$ma{Z ñQ>oO Vo AMr go{R> bN>_UXmg Io{g nm~šmoh gm§ n§qhOo ^mHw$a _|
hW ~šYr gOZrA Io AµOw© H$`mo V Adm_ Io n§qhOo g_mE N>{Sš>`mo.
µ\$Z Im§ _hê$_w Z H$[a. _{Vb~w V gOšo _¡XmZ Vo ha

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

aOšx _w{‹S>gw = dSš>mo _mÊhÿ VµH$mµOm = Kw[aO _ram{gU = ˜mZXmZr JmBH$m
µJwëVmZw = _íµJybw, éYbw nm~šmohþ = ß`mé gmg| gwImbmo {W`Uw = JwµOmao dÄmUw
bmD§$ bhUw = emXr H$aUw AmoqN>Jmê§$ {Sš>`Uw = µOmoa gm§ amoAUw
Q>m_Ur hUUw = H$m{d‹S>OUw gwa{˜`w{Z _| AMUw = _ehÿa {W`Uw
neo_mZ {W`Uw = bOšr {W`Uw
74

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr - 1
1) go{R> bN>_UXmg {H$Wo ah§Xmo hmo?
2) àmoµ\o$ga JwaZmUrA Omo Hw$Qw>§~w {H$Wo Wm§B©H$mo Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
"goR> bN>_UXmg nwQ> dQ>m§ hrC Iwb`mo {~`mZw
{W`mo? ................. Z ñQ>oO H$bmH$ma.'

3) bN>_UXmg Omo Ké _§Xé H$sA§ ~UOr (1) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo.
n`mo?
AJšo : hmUo :
4) g§ñWmC{Z Oo A_bXma{Z gOZrA Io g§JrV ñWmZ g§JrV ñWmZ

H${h‹S>mo AµOw© H$`mo? (2) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ Cho bµâµO Jšmopëh`mo O{Z _| "H$mé'
5) bN>_UXmg Io H${h‹S>r Jšmpëh IwQ>H$s ahr nN>m‹S>r bJšmBU gm§ bµâµOw R>ho Wmo.
{_gmb - "H$bmH$mé'
hþB©?
emhÿ AXm µO™_ g§JrV
6) amoeZ A{Jš`m§ bN>_UXmg H${h‹S>mo eV©w amOm X`m ^JšVr
a{I`mo? Am{˜a µH$µO© {MÌ

gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- (3) Jmob _m§ _wZm{g~ BñVbmh IUr brH$ {Sš>Zb
1) amoeZ naoemZw N>mo {W`mo? bµâµO{Z ~{Xam§ H${_ Am{U`mo :-
2) bN>_UXmg gOZrA Io n§qhOmo µ\o$gbmo
emXr H$aUw,
dmn{g dR>U bmB N>mo M`mo? H$m{d‹S>Or dÄmUw, ZmµOw hþAUw
gwdmb 3. H§$qh H§$qh Io M`mo :-
Sš>H$s dÄmUw, ˜we {W`Uw
1) ""_w§qhOr ~Xbr nwZo _m§ {h{V _wå~B©A Wr
1. V§qh bmB Vìhm§ Io µ\$˜wé hþAUw KaOo.
Amho.'' 2. amoeZ Q>m_Ur hUr d`mo.
3. Vy§ CZ N>moH$arA gm§ bmD§$ bhUw Wmo Mmht.
2) ""drh gmb{Z Im§ nmoB© {hZ Ka _| hrC 4. go{R> bN>_UXmg Chmo Iw{b`mo {~`mZw ~šxYr {hH$
à^mVr gwa Jy§{O`m Am{h{Z.''
{IU bmB X{hbOr d`mo.
3) ""em`X _y§Io Bhm nadmZJr Z {Sš>`Uw Kwa~r

hþB©.''
4) ""{hZ gÝgma _| Hw$Pw nmBU bmB Hw$Pw

{Sš>`Umo ndo Wmo.''

5) ""g§JrVw V Vw§qhOr AmË_m Amho. _m§ AmË_m
Io na_mË_m Im§ AbJš g_Pr a{h`mo

hmo{g.''
gwdmb 4. {µOX {bImo :-

OdmãXmé, qµOXJr, V{H$‹S>mo
gwdmb 5. AXXw ~Xbm`mo :-

A˜~ma, Sš>mH${U, _h{µ\$by§, VµH$ara
gwdmb 6. {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :-

CXmgr, bmnadmhr, XwIw, dµŠVw

75

(4) ~«¡Ho$Q> _m§ gmJšr _mZm dmam bµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb _íµJybr - 2
^[a`mo :-

1. IZw, nbw, ........ ({_ÝQ>, goH§$S>, ŠbmH$)
2. nmUr, Obw, ........ (Zré, gÝgmé, YaVr) (1) ~«¡Ho$Q> _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO H${_ AmUo Ow{_bm R>mho
{bImo.
3. H«$moYw, H$md{‹S>, ...... (ào_w, µJwñgmo, X`m)

4. Y§Ymo, dmnmé, ....... 1. _y§ {hHw$ gyµ\w$ Am§Xmo. (KUm)
(Zm¡H$ar, dm§XH$mB©, H$mamo~ma)

5. nwQw>, gnyVw, ......... (µ\$µOªXw, nrC, ^mC)

6. Sš>rAmo, ~Vr, ........ ({MamµJw, amoíZr, D§$X{h) 2. amOoe {hHw$ _moé {Sš>R>mo. (S>ob)

(5) ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµâµO My§S>o H$m°b_ nyam 3. Agm§ gw^mUo nyZo d|Xmgt. (H$mëh)
H$[a`mo :-

npãbH$ nmUr `wJw Odm~w 4. {dOoVm gH©$g _| emhr X[admµOm {Sš>R>m.
ñQ>oO H$bmH$mé _moê$gr (X[admµOmo)

ñQ>mo{S>`mo gmYZm Zw§h§ àmoJ«m_w

A§J«oµOr bµâµO qhXr bµâµO 5. Agm§ ha amoµOw A™~ma n‹T>§Xm Am{h`y§.
.............. .............. (Vìhm§)
.............. ..............
.............. .............. 6. amOm Mmoa Io gµOm {Sš>Zr. (gµOmD§$)
.............. ..............



76

2. ì`mHw$bw Z{µOê§$, ì`mHw$bw dmUr H$bm àH$me

H$bm _moVr àH$me (OÝ_ 1934) Zm{db Zdrgm, H$hmUrH$ma Vmoa _ehÿé Amho. hþZ Om _w»` Zm{db
Am{h{Z "{hH$ {Xb hOµ mé Aa_mZ', "ereo Or {Xb' E| "h`mVr hmVo {Z a'o . hZþ Io "AmguA AmS>šm'o Zm{db Vo
gm{hË` AH$mX_rA Omo BZm_ {~ {_{b`bw Amho. "_waH$ E| __Vm' hþZ Oo H$hm{U`w{Z Omo _O_yAmo Amho.
ho{R> {Sš>Zb H$hmUrA _| ñÌr E| ~šma Oo ^mdZm Io bo{IH$m AgéXma T>§J _| BµOhm[a`mo Amho.

AOšx Vw§qhOy§ ì`mHw$bw ZµOê§$ {Sš>gr, _w§qhOr __Vm CZ nyaUVm Vo nhþVr hþB©, Omo VmoIo g^H$s A{I`w{Z
amoB© ahr Amh; na _m§ Vw§qh{O`w{Z ZµOé{Z _| A{I`y§ dgrbo B© g_Pm`mo hmo{_.
ZWr AQ>H$m`m§. Z OšmU _w§qh{O`w{Z A{I`w{Z Or
ì`mHw$ëVm {~ Vw§qhOy§ A{I`y§ PQ>o dR>{Z E| dYrH$ CZ Sš>th§ _y§Io AZoHw$ `mX{Jar`y§ Am`y§ hþ`y§. Vw§qhOo
ì`mHw$b ~UOr dÄm{Z! _Zw ^aOr ^aOr Wmo AMo{_ OÝ_ Oo Sš>th§ Im§ dR>r CZ Sš>th§ VmBª, Vw§qhOr g_yar
V Hw§$S> nmgramo ~š bw‹S>H$ bm‹S>o Wr N>{Sš>`m§, OrA§ VmoI OrdV _w§qhOo A{I`w{Z A{Jš`m§ Var AmB© hþB©. Vw§qhOmo
H$b Z ndo. gw~wh Im§ dR>r VmoIm§ nmU Io {bH$m`mo OÝ_ {W`mo hmo {hH$ ~agmVr amV _|. [a_{P_ ~agmV
AW{_ E| ˜mgw H$ao {bH$m`mo AW{_ n§qh{O`w{Z dgr ahr hþB©. H$mar amV nyar Wr E| à^mV Wr V {~
A{I`w{Z Io; N>mo V {hH$ Sš>th§ Vmo M`mo hmo... N>m§`b H$H$a{Z H$maU AmH$mg _| D§$X{h hþB©. à^mV
n¥ÏdrA Or JmoX _| AmB© hþB©. _hmZw, {dembw YaVrA
""Vw§qhOy§ A{I`y§ haH$mo ^md µOm{ha H$aU Or JmoX _|. A{h‹S>o B© dµŠV Vmo _w§qhOr JmoX ^ar hþB©;
bmB H$mµ\$s Am{h{Z. Vmo ~am~a _y§Io H$Sš>qh na OoVar _hmZVm, OoVar {dembVm n¥ÏdrA Or JmoX
_ma H$mZ {Sš>Zr Amho. A_m Vmo H$Sš>qh _| Amho AmoVar _hmZVm, AmoVar {dembVm _y§ d{Q>
µOw~mZ gm§ H$md{‹S> H$mZ H$B© Amho, V {~ hþB© {H$Wo! bo{H$Z Bhm Jšmpëh _Ämm§ Wr V Vy§ AmE§, _y§
b§K§Xo b§K§Xo XwI `m H$md{‹S> ^[a`y§ ZµOê§$ {hH$ AZÝV Omo{V O{Jš`b {Sš>R>r. gmo{M`w{_ : ~šm{ha
CN>bo d|Xr Amht V _m§ H§$~r CW§Xmo Ho$Vamo Z A§YH$mé Amho, na hmUo Chmo Z ah§Xmo, N>mo
Am{h`m§. g_Pr d|Xmo Am{h`m§ V H$m {_‹S>oB© Omo Vy§ Am`mo Amht. gho{b`w{Z E| _mBQ>{Z Io Md§Xr
˜Vm H$B© AW{_. Vmo ˜wer {~ h_oeh hþ`{g, ""hrC Jm¡V_ ~šxYw Amho. D§$X{h V‹S>o amoeZr
A{I`w{Z dgrbo B© µOm{ha H$B© Amho. _w§qhOo \${hbmBªXmo. Xw{Z`m Io emÝVrA Omo n¡µJm_w Sš>tXmo.''
H$m{_`m{~`w{Z Omo ~šxYr Vw§qhOy§ M_H§$X‹S>
A{I`y§ {Q>_U bJš§{X`y§ Am{h{Z. Vw§qhOo gho{b`y§ _g˜ar H$ao {Ib§{X`y§ hþ`y§ E| Md§{X`y§
A{I`w{Z _| Bhmo N>m Amho, A_m!'' hþ`y§, ""hr Jm¡V_ Amho! hoVamo Wmo emoa _MmE!'' VSš>qh
Vw§qhO{Z {nV{H$‹S>{Z Mn{Z Omo A_¥V nrA§Xo Md§Xr
Vy§ BÝQ>a Oo BåVhmZ _| nmg Wr Am`mo hþE|, VSš>qh hþA{g, ""Jm¡V_ Z§T>o hÿ§Xo emoa Z _MmBªXmo hmo N>m!''
Bho bµâµO M`m hþ`B. _w§qhOmo gwVbw A{^_mZ CZ
dob OmJšr C{W`mo hmo. _y§ A{h‹S>r B© _mC ~{UOU {hH$ Sš>th§ µ\$˜wa {dMm§ H§$Yw D$Mmo H$ao gho{b`w{Z
bmB gmYZm H$B© hþB©; na OšmVw{_ ZWo V Bhm gmYZm {dM_| M`w{_, ""_m§ {hZ Io H$Sš>qh {~ _ma H$mZ

77

Sš>tX{g. ~šma Io _maU _m§ n§qhOr K{Q>VmB© Wr g_Pm§. Vw§qhOo A{I`w{Z Om Jšmo‹T>m nrA§Xo, _y§ Vw§qhOo _Wo
_m§ éJšmo Io{g haH$m Jšmpëh g_PmBªX{g, g§X{g ah~ar Vo hWw Kw_mE M`mo, ""N>mo Z dÄmt! µOê$a d{ÄmOmB§.
H§$X{g, na n§qhOmo Hw$Pw {~ _W{g _‹T>tX{g H$sZ. éJšmo MC : A_m, _m§ Vn _| Z d|Xw{g.''
Hw$Pw {~ H$aUw MmhtXmo V CZ Om µ\$mBXm E| ZwµŠgmZ
g_PmE Io{g {~šdmQ>o Vo N>Sš>o Sš>tX{g E| ^bw n§qhOr CZ ~m{X, Vy§ dSš>mo Wr dE§ V {~ Md§Xmo hþE§, ""A_m,
g_Pr gm§ XwéñV dmQ> dR>o.'' Vy§ ˜werA gm§ _moH$b Sš>tXrA§ V d|Xw{g Z V Z.''
CZ Im§nmoB, {~šE Xµ\o$.
gho{b`y§ {Ibr Md§{X`y§ hþ`y§, ""~šma Io _ma H$sA§
Z H${T>~r! H$Sš>qh H${H$ Wr Io{g µOê$ar qN>^tXtA Vy§ _¡{Q´>H$ _| hþE§ {à{b_ Oo BåVmhZ Im§ Wmoamo
E| H$Sš>qh _W{g Hw$Pw _‹T>tXtA {~ µOê$a.'' AJšx _| VmoIo XmXqh gdm gm¡ ˜Mu {hH$ dmM dR>r
{Sš>Zr. Vy§ ˜werA _| Z n`mo _mn|. Wmoam Sš>th§ B© H$sZ
na _w§qhOmo {µOXw µH$m`_. {µOXw Mdm§ `m A{^_mZ JwµO[a`m V Vy§ dmM n§qhOo {hH$ XmoñV Io {H${Z Sš>th§{Z
Mdm§! bmB Sš>oB© AmE§. hÿ em`X H$mo BåVhmZ Sš>oB© a{h`mo hmo.
_y§Io AMo M`wB, ""ñHy$b _| {H$ar noB© E| ~rhr doB©.
Bhmo A{^_mZ, Chmo {µOXw IUr {µOÝXJr KmaU {hH$ XmoñV Oo nrC Io dmMw{Z Omo XwH$mZ Amho, gmo
bJš{g. gMw MdU doR>r Am{h`m§ V nmU gm§ {~ XmoImo Io{g _am_V bmB Sš>oB© Am`mo Am{h`m§.''
Z H§$X{g. H$Sš>qh Sš>mT>r {eeXa {~ Wr hÿ§X{g. em`X
g~wé {dÄmmE µJwñgmo {~ H$ao {dPm§ hm... na _w§qhOmo {Q>{Z MB{Z Sš>th§{Z ~m{X Vw§qhOm Chmo XmoñVw Am`mo,
A{^_mZ _y§ Vo nhamo Sš>tXmo B© a{h`mo. Vy§ Ka _| hþE§ H$sZ. _y§Io dmM Sš>oB© M`mBª, ""... AMo V
{Sš>Omo{g. BåVhmZ _| µOê$aV noB© gmo daVr_mÝg.'' hÿ
Vy§ Sš>h{Z ~šmah{Z gmb{Z Omo hþE§. {hH$ Sš>th§ OSš>qh h{b`mo d`mo. _y§Io OšUw Zm§J Sš>§{J`mo. nrbr Wr d`{g.
VmoIo hbH$mo Vnw hmo, VSš>qh Vy§ ñHy$b Oo {nH${ZH$ Vo Vy§ E| _y§ gm§ Hy$‹S> JšmëhmBª! Am{˜a N>mo! _m§ VmoIo _ma
dÄmU Omo {µOXw H$ao doR>|. _y§ VmoIo g_Pm`mo, ""{Sš>gw, {Sš>`m§ hm V XmoñV Io dmM N>mo Sš>oB© Am`mo Amht!
_y§ Vmo bmB g^w V`m[a`y§ {~ H$`y§ Am{h{Z, na Vnw
AWoB©. AOš H$ao Z dÄmw.'' _Z _| Sš>mT>r ~o Amam_r hþB©. Mdm§ : VmoIo _y§gm§
Hy$‹Sx> JšmëhmBU Or µOê$aV N>mo _hgyg Wr!
_w§qh{O`w{Z A{I`w{Z _| XwIw V µOê$a {bH$bw
hÿ§Xmo em`X BZ H$ao B© n§qhOmo gm_mZ gho‹S>tXo Vmo da amV Omo Vy§ AmE§ E| _w§qhOy§ A{I`y§ {Sš>gr X{hbOr
da {bH$s _y§ Sš>m§h§ {Zhm[a`mo {~ {WE. E| CZ XwI Io dE|. Chmo _m§ {~ g_Pr d`{g. `H$X_ nmUw g§^mbo
g_P`mo {~ {WE V {~ OoSš>{Z Or g§JV Omo bmo^w CZ daVw{_. Q>o~b Vo _mZr nmE a{I`{_. Vy§ XmXqh Io
C_« _| Vy§ H$sA§ Wo N>Sš>o gKE|! Vy§ {µOXw H$ao h{b`mo dE§! Zo_ _y{O{~ gSš>o AmE§. _mZrA Vo Vìhm§ gm§ doR>{g. na
XmXqh Io {~ OSš>qh ˜~a noB© V Sš>mT>mo H$md{‹S>`mo. _m§ ImYw{_ H$sZ. M`w{_ : Wmoar VH$brµ\$ AW{_,
g§X{g H$md{‹S> ghr d`{g. em_ Omo OSš>qh Vy§ _moQ>r ImBªX{g H$mZ. XmXqh Io MB© N>{Sš>`mo hmo{_. hþZ
AmE§ VSš>qh Vnw d{Y`bw hþ`wB. BªXo B© AMr _y§Io ImBU bmB µOmoa H$sZ ^[a`mo. Vìht ~šoB© OSš>qh ImB©
qM~‹S>E§ E| M`wB, ""Vy§ _Vm§ amBª A_m! A{JšVo _m§ C{W`m, VSš>qh _y§ {~ëHw$b gmYmaUw Z_yZo VmoIo dmM
{nH${ZH$ Vo Agwbw Z d|Xw{g.'' Sš>oB© M`mo, ""Vw§qhOmo XmoñVw Sš>oB© d`mo, M`mBª BåVhmZ

78

nyamo {W`mo, n§Ðh§ {_ÝQ> IZw doR>mo. Mm§qh nrAmar_m§g. gwR>r E| _{ha~mZw _mC Z Am{h`m§, Z V Vy§ _y§gm§ Hy$‹Sx> Z

nmoB h{b`mo d`mo.'' JšmëhmBª hm!''

Vw§qhOmo M{hamo µOXw© Wr d`mo. Vw§qhOy§ A{I`y§ e_© Vmo {ggH§$Xo _w§qhOr JmoX _| _w§hþ§ {bH$mE M`mo,
Oo ~ma Im§ ho{R> PwH$s d`y§. _m§ CÝh{Z Sš>m§h§ H$mo {~ ""B©E§ Z Amho A_m! B©E§ Z Amho! AbmE N>mo Vmogm§
Ü`mZw Z Sš>oB© hbr d`{g. VmoIo Om{M`w{_ µOê$a nE. Hy$‹Sx> JšmëhmE doRw>{g. g_{P`w{_; dmM ZBª Amho.
Vw§qhOr _y§P E| naoemZr V _y§Im§ {bH$s H$sZ gKr. _Vm§ Vy§ ZmamµOw {WE§.''
Hw$Pw dµŠV ~B{X AMr M`wB, "Vmo _mZr N>mo H$sZ
ImYr A_m! gMw nMw VH$brµ\$ AWoB©!'' AOšx {~ Chmo Sš>thþ§ `mX Amho. Agm§ Jbo {_br
éZmo hmo E| nmoB Vmo {µOXw H$ao _y§Io _mZr ImamB© hþB©.
Vw§qhOo CZ Z§{T>‹S>o Ow{_bo _m§ Ho$Var Z nr‹S>m µOm{hé
Wr ahr hþB©! Ah{‹S>`y§ AZoHw$$ Jšmpëh`y§ {X_mµJ Oo Hw§$Sw>{Z _|
\$h{b`b Am{h{Z. A{I`w{Z _| AQ>{H$`b
_y§ admOr ZmoA _| M`mo, ""Hw$Pw H$moÝho. Vy§ dÄmr Am{h{Z.
n‹Tx>. _m§ Wmoamo H$_w bmho nmoB gwåh§X{g.''
Md§Xm Am{h{Z, _mC Omo ß`ma Ambm Amho. Bhmo
gwåhU bmB _y§ VmoIo BZ H$ao M`mo Omo Z§T>o hÿ§Xo _ÄmtXo {~ _m§ Mdm§ Wr V Vmo OoH$mo ñZohþ _y§Io {Sš>Zmo gmo
Im§ Vw§qhOmo Zo_ Amho V amV Omo gwåhU Im§ AJšx n§Ðh§ {~ Ambm hmo. AOšx {~ Bhm {Zhm`V µ\$˜wa gm§ Mdm§
drh {_ÝQ> _y§ d{Q> dohr _y§Io Sš>th§ Oy§ ˜~ê§$ Mmê§$ Wr. Vw§qhOr lÕm, Vw§qhOo ñZoh _| H$m K{Q>VmB© V _y§ Io
~šxYmBªXmo Amht E| _m§ VmoIo Sš>th§ Om H$‹S>m {_R>m AmµO_yXm ZµOa B© ZWr AMo, nmoB Vmo N>mo {Xb Z§T>r H$B© Amho?
~šxYmBªXr Am{h`m§.
Vy§ B©E§ V H$moZ Wmo g_Pt V A_m _y§Io {Z_m}hr E|
Vy§ h{b`mo dE§ na Vmo n{‹T>`mo H$sZ. Vw§qhOy§ A{I`y§ ~o Odm~Xmé g_P§Xr, Omo nËZrA Oo MdU Vo AbJš
nh[a`mBª JšxP Jšmoh _| E| nmoB µOm{har Vmoa µOmoa µOmoa gm§ Wr a{h`mo Am{h`m§, nËZrA Or _µOu aIU bmB {Q>{Z
~agU b{Jš`y§. Zo_ AZygma, qZS> Im§ AJšx Vmo dQ>m§ _{hZ{Z Oo ZmVo Io, 27 gmb{Z Oo AQy>Qw> ZmVo Im§
nN>m‹S>rA Omo \o$amo H$aU Am`{g V Vy§ _y§Io qM~‹S>r dYrH$ XOm} Sš>oB© a{h`mo Am{h`m§...
nE|. Vmo _w§qhOo Hw$ëho Vo H§$Yw aIr, amoB© M`mo, ""_y§Io
_m°µ\w$$ H$[a, A_m. _y§ dmM {Zñ~V Vmogm§ Hy$‹Sx> Jšmëhm`mo. na Chmo _w§qhOo dmV _m§ {ZH$ar N>mo d`mo! OoH$Sš>qh`
_y§Io _m°µ\w$$ H$[a...'' _mBQ> E| Am¡bmX Omo g§~š§Yw AQy>Qw> Amho V N>m nVr
nËZrA Omo ZmVmo AQy>Qw> Z Amho!
H$m°boO Oo n{ha| gmb _| n‹T>§X‹S> nwQ> Hw$ëho Vo
H§$Yw aIr \$Q>o qh`mA amoB© M`mo; ""{_R>r _mC H$sA§ gMw Wr Mdm§ V VmoIo bOšr {W`U Omo H$mo {~
ghr gK§Xr!'' g~~w H$moÝho. Vy§ {~ëHw$b XwéñV µH$X_w IUr a{h`mo
Amht. {Z_©bm Io Vmo d{Q> ^{b Q>o _hrZm {W`m hþO{Z,
_w§qh{O`w{Z A{I`w{Z _m§ ~š bw‹S>H$ b‹S>r n`m. na VmoIo {hZ gm§ {Z~m{hUmo V OrdZ ^a Amho Z!
_y§ VmoIo Jbo gm§ bJšmE M`mo, ""Vw§qhOmo Sš>mohþ H$moÝho, {O{Z gm§ OrAU _aU Om ZmVm hþO{Z; {V{Z gm§
nwQ>. _y§Io A[a_mZw n§qhOmo Amho. _m§ em`X A{h‹S>r {\$Q>mBUw ZWmo gy§ho. Agt V Xw{Z`m _| ahr ahr 10-15

79

gmb hÿ§Xmgt. dSš>r Jšmpëh V Jwb emo^rA Io naUmBU Vmo ~šma{Z dm§Jwé IoQ>mo H$ao M`mo, ""A_m, Bho
Omo ~mé Amho. Vy§ B© ~šxYmB, {O{Z h`mVrA Omo ~mé bµâµO dmn{g dRw>. hÿA A{h‹S>r H$mÝho. dSš>r Jšmpëh
hoVam gmb I§`mo Amho, go Z§T>r Odm~XmarA Im§ {S>Ošr V VmoIm§ E| XmXm Im§ AbJš Wr N>m _m§ ahr gK§Xw{g!''
d|XmŸ!
_y§ V _waH$s IUr _m{R> H$B© hþB©. AOšx {~ VmoIo
{Z_©bm Yma ahUw Mmho Wr N>mo Omo hÿA AHo$br _waH$s _moH$b Sš>tX{g. VmoIo Agwbw amoAUw H$mZ
ahr Amho. dSš>mo Ké ZWmo dUo{g, V R>rH$ Amho. ^bo Sš>tXw{g. VmoIo N>Sš>tXo _Z _| H$mo {~ XwIw Z WtXw{_.
Z aho. hÿA gwR>r Amho, Ka J¥hñVr g§^mbU Oo bmBµHw$ _w§qhOm bm`m gOm`m {W`m Am{h{Z. Vy§ bmBµH$sA
Amho. éJšmo JSšx> ahUw ZWr Mmho. _w§qhOmo _Zw XwIr Wr bJšmo Amht. {hHw$ gmb {~ Zmnmg {W`U Im§gdmB
a{h`mo Amho. _Z _| hmhmH$mé Amho na {gµ\©$ OwXmB©A Vmo S>m°ŠQ>ar nmg Ho$B©. AOšx Vy§ BÝgmZ{Z Omo h_XX© E|
H$maU. {Z_©bm Io ~wamo ZWr g_Pm§. {Z_©bm Oy§ Ho$ ghr _mZm _| S>m°ŠQ>a ~{U`mo Amht. Vmo _w§qhOm g^w
Jšmpëh`y§ _y§Io ng§X H$moÝh{Z V nmoB N>m! _y§Io `mX ˜wdm~ nyam H$`m Am{h{Z. VmoIo {Z_©bm O{h‹S>r
Amho V _w§qh{O`y§ {~ {H$V[a`y§ Jšmpëh`y§ _w§qhOo ggw Io _mohUr, VmoIo {Xb OmZ gm§ MmhtX‹S> E| H$bmH$ma
ng§X Z Am`y§ hþ`y§, nmoB BZ H$ao {Z_©bm OoH$mo ñWmZ OrdZ gm{WU {_br Amho. N>mo a{hOr d`mo Amho
_w§qhOo _Z _| nmVmo Amho, V§qh Vm§ {H$ar ndo, gmo {W`Umo ~mµH$s Omo VmoIo N>Sš>tXo XwIr {W`m§! Vy§ gwIr OrdZ
H$moÝho. Bhmo Z§T>r Q>hr E| dSš>r Q>hrA Omo Q>H$é V hb§Xmo Kmat, bmBµH$sA ^[a`mo BÝgmZ {WE§, BZ Im§ dYrH$
BªXmo. _y§ Mm{h`mo {~ N>m hmo!

Vmo OSš>qh n{hat n{hat _y§Io M`mo hmo, ""A_m, Vy§ gm_mZw g‹S>mo ~šYr a{h`mo Amht. A{I`y§ Vw§qhOy§
{Z_©bm H${h‹S>mo Z gwR>mo Jšm`mo! µJµO~ Omo Jbmo AW{g'' Pw{H$`b Am{h{Z. _mpÝgH$ {N>H$VmU g~{~, Vw§qhOo
E| dar Wmoar Xoa Vagr _w§qhOo Jbo _| ~šm§hÿ§ {dPr M`wB©, Kmo_m{Q>`b Mohao Vo OoHo$ aoImD§$ Am{h{Z, go _m§ {Sš>gr
""A_m, {Z_©bm Omo Zmbo B© H${dVm aIUw KwaOo. hÿA ahr Am{h`m§. ghr ZWr gKm§ Vw§qhOmo Bhmo XwIw.
˜wX H${dVm Amho, g§JrVw Amho...''
VmoIo `mX Amho V {hH$ Xµ\o$ OSš>qh _m§ {gJ«rA
_y§ V§qh dµŠV B© g_{P`mo hmo V ß`ma Or Bhm d{Q> ~rhr aYtXo H$mo JrVw JšmE ahr hþA{g V Vmo AMr
bha OoH$m Vw§qhOo _Z _| C^ar hþB©, gm Am{˜a dYr M`mo hmo, ""A_m, Vy§ amJšx ~am~a ZWr JšmBª. Bhmo amJšx
{Z_©bm Vo N>m§BOr d|Xr. OSš>qh Vmo {Z_©bm gm§ emXr B©E§ Z na hrA§ Amho.''
H$aU Omo é˜w Sš>oIm[a`mo, VSš>qh B© _y§ VmoIo M`mo hmo,
""nwQ>, hÿA Vw§qhOo {Xb _| g_mBOr doB© Amho V nmoB Vmo XwéñVw VwHy§$ MB© ~šxYm`y§ E| _y§ Jšm`mo Chmo
_w§qhO{Z Me_{Z Vo; na hÿ Agm§ Im§ KUm _W^am JrVw.
Am{h{Z. {hZ{Z Oo ahU Omo XOm} Agm§ Im {\$[a`bw
Amho. hÿA JSšx> ahU ng§X Z H§$Xr, N>mo Omo g§X{g V§qh Sš>th§ B© _y§ Vw§qhOr ah~ar µH$~yb H$B© hþB© E|
gw^md _| ˜wX_wp™V`mar {~ KUr Amho; na Bhm nH$ _Z B© _Z _| gmo{M`mo hmo{_ V gOšr C_« Bhm dmQ>
AW{_ V Vmogm§ AbJš ahr, AmµOmX ahr, hÿA gwR>mo dR>§X{g. AOmE _moh E| _mVmnwUo Oo A{^_mZ d{g
Ké R>mho gK§Xr.'' Wr OoH$Sš>qh H$m µJbVr H$ao {~ doR>{g E| Vy§ g_PmBªX|
E| Md§X|, ""A_m, Vy§ µJbV Amht, Bhm Jšmpëh H$mÝho,

80

hrA§ Amho.'' V ˜werA gm§ µH$~yb H§$X{g. _Z Io _w§qhOm Jwb, Yma {W`U Or Jšmpëh Vo Agm§
H$m Jšmpëh ~war {~ bJš§X{_ V B©E§ g_P§X{g V µO_mZmo J{Sš>Or gmo{M`mo Amho E| µ\o$gbmo H$`mo Amho. nmoB hr
A{JšVo n`mo dYo E| Vy§ OoH$mo Mdt Wmo gmo ZE§ µO_mZo XwIw N>mo! AOšx {~ Oo __Vm d{g Wr amoB© dohm§ E| _w§qhOm
_yOy~ µOê$a R>rH$ hÿ§Xmo. Bhm {dídmg aIr, Chm Jšmo‹T>m Vmo bmB amoH$ Wr nd{Z V {hH$dma dar MB{O,
Jšmpëh ˜werA gm§ µH$~yb H§$X{g E| Vw§qhOo gwI _| ""A_m, Vy§ µJbV Amht. VmoIo _waH$s _moH$b {Sš>`Uw
H$Sš>qh {~ {d{KZw Z {dP§X{g. Vw§qhOr g_P _| Kw[aOo.'' E| _m§ Vw§qhOr ah~ar µOê$a µH$~yb H§$X{g.
n§qhOrA g_P Im§ {µO`mXh ^amogmo aI§X{g N>mo V Md§X{g, ""dÄmw nwQ>, eb gw{I`mo aht. A{JšVo dYw.
BÝgmZ Or g_P VaµH$s noB© H$ao. Vy§ Amht E| Vw§qhOo A{Jš`m§ h`mVrA Or emhamh
Amho!''

bµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo e{eXé {W`Uw = bOšr {W`Uw
Mohamo µOX© {W`Uw = e_©gma {W`Uw
{N>H$VmU = Q>{H$amC bm`m gOm`m {W`Uw = H$mo{eey§ H$må`m~ {W`Uw
ì`mHw$ëVm = ~oM¡Zr
bw‹S>H$ bm‹S>Uw = amoAUw 81
˜Vm {W`Uw = µJbVr H$aUw

Aä`mgw

gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- (3) BñVbmh{Z Or _mZm {bIr Ow{_b{Z _|
1) bo{IH$m Or __Vm N>mo amoB© ahr hþB©? H${_ Am{U`mo :-
2) ~šmbH$ Omo OÝ_w H$h{‹S>`w{Z hmbVw{Z _|
˜Vm H$aUw Mohamo µOX© {W`Uw
{W`mo?
e{eXé {W`Uw bm`m gOm`m {W`Uw
3) bo{IH$m nwQ> Oo OÝ_ Vo N>m gmo{M`mo?
4) _mC nwQ> Or ah~ar H$Sš>qh µH$~yb H$B©? bw‹S>H$ bm{‹S>Uw

gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- (4) {µOX {bImo :- XwéñV
1) Jm¡V_ _mC Oo A{I`w{Z ~m~{V N>m H$må`m~w OÝ_w
XwIr
gmo{M`mo?
_íµJybr
2) nwQw> dmM dmng {_bU Vo e_©gma N>mo {W`mo?
3) _mC n§qhOo nwQ> Io {Z_©bm ~m~{V N>m Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
Md§Xm Am{h{Z; _mC Omo ß`mé Ambm Amho ..........
g_PmE Wr? .............. go Z§T>rA Odm~XmarA Im§ {S>Ošr d|Xm?

gwdmb 3. H§$qh H§$qh Io M`mo :- (1) {Q>Hw§$S>o _m§ {µOX{Z Om Omo‹S>m Jšmopëh`mo.
1) ""_w§qh{O`w{Z H$må`m{~`w{Z Omo ~šxYr
Vw§qh{O`y§ M_H§$X‹S> A{I`y§ {Q>_U bJš§{X`y§ Hy$‹Sx>, µJ¡a XwéñV, _aUw
Am{h{Z.'' Z§T>r, gMw, dSš>r,
2) ""hoVamo Wmo emoa _MmE.''
3) ""^bw n§qhOrA g_P gm§ XwéñV dmQ> OrAUw, Odm~Xmar,
dR>o.'' µJ¡a Odm~Xmar,
4) ""BåVhmZ _| µOê$aV noB©, gmo daVr_mÝg.'' XwéñV

gwdmb 4. (1) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :-

naoemZr e_w©

Odm~Xmar ah~ar

h_XXu

(2) AXXw ~Xbm`mo :- (2) {Sš>Zb Ow{_b{Z Io "hmH$mar', "ZmH$mar' E|
_Wmo `mX{J[a`y§ "gdmbr' _| {dahm`mo.
amOšx Jšmo‹T>mo 1. _mC Omo ß`mé Ambm Amho.
Jšmpëh`y§ 2. N>m n{V nËZrA Omo ZmVmo AQy>Q> Amho?

3. VmoIo bOšr {W`U Omo H$mo{~ g~~w H$moÝho.

4. nmoB Vmo N>mo {Xb Z§S>r H$B© Amho?

82

(3) Qw>H$a _m§ ho{R> {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> (5) {_{b`b bµâµO{Z _m§ Cho bµâµO My§S>o {bImo {O{Z
bµâµO Jšmoëho {bImo :- _| "{Za' `m "~o' A{Jš`m‹S>r bJšmE gKOo Wr.
{_gmb : {Z_m}hr E| ~o Odm~Xma
1) Zma = ..................

2) [aíVmo = .................. bOš, AX~w, {d{KZw
3) qµOXJr = .................. Agé, JwUw, Xmoew,
4) OwXm = ..................
Amam_r, B©_mZw

(4) {Sš>Zb {hXm`V _m¡Oy~ µO_mZ ~Xbm`mo. 
1. Vy§ {~bHw$b XwéñVw µH$X_w IUr a{h`mo Amht.
(µO_mZ hmb _| ~Xbm`mo)
2. go Z§S>rA Odm~XmarA Im§ {S>Ošr d|Xm?
(µO_mZ _mµOrA _| ~Xbm`mo)
3. Bhmo _w§qhOo dmV _m§ {ZH$ar d`mo.
(µO_mZ _wñVµH$~b _| ~Xbm`mo)
4. Md§Xm Am{h{Z.
(µO_mZ _mµOrA _| ~Xbm`mo)

83

S>m°ŠQ>a ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a

OÝ_ : 14 Aàob 1891 B©.
Xho mÝV : 6 {S>gå~a 1956 B©.
nrC : am_Or _mbmoOr gH$nmb
_mC : ^r_m~šmB© gH$nmb
Oµ mb : g{dVm Aå~oS>H$a
Amb¡ mX : `ed§V Aå~oS>H$a

n¡µJm_ :

· Cho Vmar˜ R>mho Z Wm gK{Z, OoHo$ Vmar˜
Io {dgmao N>{Sš>{Z Wm.

· n‹T>mo, JSšx> {W`mo E| Am§XmobZ H$mar ~UOmo.
· _m§ CZ Y_© Omo nmoBbJšx Am{h`m§ OoH$mo

AmµOmXJr, ~am~ar E| ^mB©Mmamo goImao Wmo.
· {µOÝXJr dSš>r hþAU Im§ D$Mr hþAUw KwaOo.
· _m§ H§$qh {~ g_mO Or VaµH$sA Omo n¡_mZmo,

CZ g_mO Oo Am¡aVw{Z Or VaµH$sA _m§ g_P§Xmo
Am{h`m§.

84

qdXwa

µ\$ AIa Or am§{X µ\$

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) _y§Io n§qhOo Xoe Vo ............... Amho.
2) A§J«oµO{Z gZ² 1843 B©. _| qgY ............. H$B©.
3) OSš>qh VmoIo .............. {_bo V \$moZ µOê$a H${O.
4) ............... Z H$a, g^w H$_ amg Wr d|Xm.
5) Agm§ Io a§J, OmVr, Y_© _| H$mo{~ .............. Z aIUw KwaOo.

µ\$Vh,
µ\$µHw©$$, {µ\$H«w$, µ\$µO©w,

µ\$˜wé, µ\w$g©V,
µ\o$gbmo

\$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) g^w dmhU .............. IwbU Omo BÝVµOmé H$ao a{h`m hþAm.
2) .............. _gmbo Omo {hHw$ {µH$ñ_w Amho.

3) ^JšV qgh Io A§J«oµO{Z ............... {Sš>Zr.

4) .............. WrC, AOm`mo dµŠVw Z {dÄmmB.
5) amOoe Io V {hH$ h§{Y {dhUw ZWmo AMo, Sš>mT>mo ............ AW{g.

\$ \$méhmo,
\$mgr, \$mQ>Hw$, \w$aVw,

\w$aUmo, \$moQ>m,
\${WH$mo

85

I AIa Or am§{X I

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) Agm§ Io _wH${_bw ............. ImBUw KwaOo.
2) dmar nZmo ............. hÿ§Xmo Amho.
3) Omo .............. nrE gmo dra {WE.
4) {haU Oo XwZ _| ............. g_m`b hÿ§Xr Amho.
5) Agm§ Io ............. Im§ dYrH$ ~MV Sš>m§h§ Ü`mZ {Sš>`Uw KwaOo.

In{V,
Ihþamo, ImYmo, Iré,
I‹S>I~šrVmo, IñVyar,

IQ>mBUw

˜ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) ~war g§JV Omo Agé ............... WtXmo Amho.
2) MµH$_µH$ Oo ............. Amho bmoh Io {N>H$Uw.

3) hmb _| ............ _mÊhþ{Z bmB AbJš Hw${g©`y§ hþ`y§.

4) _y§Io ............... Amho V _m§ Ad{g H$må`m~w WtXw{g.
5) ZmQ>H$ Oo ............ {W`U Vo g{^Zr Vm{‹S>`y§ dOšm`y§.

˜ ˜am~w,
˜Ë_w, ˜mae, ˜mgw,
˜m{g`V, ˜m{Var,

˜~aXma

86

H$ AIa Or am§{X H$

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) ............. _m§ H$n‹S>mo V¡`ma WtXmo Amho.
2) .............. Or gy§h§ bmOdm~w Amho.
3) ............. ~r_mar V_m_ ˜m¡µ\$ZmHw$$ Amho.
4) goR> haXmg_b Io Y§Yo _| ............... YHw$ bJšmo.
5) ˜mg dU{Z Oo {Jš^ _m§ ................ V¡`ma H$`mo d|Xmo Amho.

H$mBZmV,
H¡$Ýga, H$nh,
H$mR>r, H$mnmar,
H$m[aZm_mo, H$mµJµOw

µH$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) Ý`mnmo nhþMmBªX‹S> Io .............. MB~mo Amho.
2) Agm§ I| ha {hH$ ............ _ÄmUw KwaOo.

3) OXrX Omo {µOXw Amho .................

4) ............. _| dSš>r eŠVr Amho.
5) Z§T>m dSš>m µ\o$gbm H$amBU bmB _mÊhÿ .............. d{Q> d|Xm Am{h{Z.

µH$ µHw${XaV,
µH$m~y, µH$m{gXw,
µH$mµOr, µH$m`Xmo,
µH$ãµOw, µH$Xr_w

87

~ AIa Or am§{X ~

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) Agm§ H$mëh JšmoR> Or .................. {Sš>R>r.
2) .............. Or ZµOa V_m_ VoµO hÿ§Xr Amho.
3) B©amZ Oo ............... µJar~{Z Om µH$µO© _m°µ\$ H$`m.
4) ............. _| µHw$dV ~™ew OwµOm hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z.
5) EoSš>mo .............. Z IUw, W{H$Or nd§X|.

~mXemhþ,
~m~, ~mµOma,
~mXm_r, ~šmé,
~mµO, ~marHw$

^ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) ^mC Oo nwQ> Io ................. MB~mo Amho.
2) {H$a‹S>r Am_ Vmoa ............. Vo hb§Xr Amho.

3) {hH$ {~šE _| ............... aIU gm§ _wëHw$ VaµH$s H$ao Wmo.

4) µO_rZ _| ............ {dPU gm§ Chm CnOmD$ ~UOo Wr.
5) Agm§ Io n§qhOr .............. µH$~yb H$aUw KwaOo.

^ ^mB©Mmamo,
^mo{b‹S>mo, ^mB{Q>`mo,

^mL>mo, ^mUw,
{^{V, ^wb

88

J AIa Or am§{X J

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) ................. _| {dQ>m{_Z "E' hÿ§Xmo Amho.
2) Jm§B ............... ImBªXr Amho.
3) _w§qhOmo ~¢H$ _¢ZoOa gm§ ................ {W`mo.
4) g§^mb, {Sš>gr hbw, A{Jš`m§ ............. AWoB©.
5) am_XrZ nwQ> Or H$må`m~rA Vo ................... {W`mo.

Jw{µ\$VJy
Jmhþ, JmSš>mo, JwµOé,

Jn, JOa,
J{XJX

µJ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) V_m_ KUr Cg g~{~ grVm ............. ImB© ho{R> {H$ar noB©.
2) ............. ZµO_ Omo {hHw$ {µH$ñ_w Amho.
3) gZ² .................. B©. Im§ AJšx ^maV Xoe A§J«oµO{Z ho{R>`m§ ............. hmo.
4) H$Sš>qh H$Sš>qh BÝgmZ n§qhOo ™`mb{Z _| .............. Wr d|Xmo Amho.
5) Zm¡H$é ............. {ZH$Vmo, O§qh g~{~ Io{g Zm¡H$ar {dÄmmBUr noB©.

µJ µJXmé,
µJµHw©$, µJar~,
µJµOb, µJe, µJwbm_w,
µJwëVmZ

89