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THE DETERMINANT OF 5S IN FINANCIAL DOCUMENTS SYSTEM
AT GOVERNMENT OFFICE
Nur Tasha Sharizan Binti Mat Zaini1 & *Shakirah Binti Mohd Saad1
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research aims to investigate the determinant of 5S in handling financial documentation
system in government office. The financial documents have its own uniqueness in terms of
security and confidentiality, besides acting as evidence. The issues in government offices
regarding documentation management are always being associated with ineffectiveness and
limited resources. This exploratory study aims to identify whether the 5S elements which
originated from the Japanese manufacturing industry practices, can be applied to solve
problems in handling financial documentation system in government offices. This study was
conducted by distributing the questionnaires to the office staff using random sampling
method taking a sample of 21 respondents, using Likert scale questionnaires. Frequency
analysis was used to analyse this exploratory study. The findings collected strongly support
that all the 5S elements are relevant as the determinants of financial documentation system in
government office. Comprehensive data collection techniques can be applied in the future to
support this study.
Keywords: Seiri (Sorting); Seiketsu (Standardize); Seiso (Shine); Seiton (Set in order);
Shitsuke (Sustain)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Financial documents which are the output of financial transactions, such as bank cheques,
payment slips, and bills have to be processed and stored daily. In local government offices,
the manual system is still being practised. This contributes to low productivity in process of
keeping, searching, and managing the financial records. The documentation room is used to
allocate all financial documents for a period of time before it can be disposed. It was reported
by the internship student that the documentation room was full and unorganised. This has led
to the wastage of resources in handling the documents and low productivity due to the time
consumed in managing the documents. It is highlighted that it is useless to conduct an audit
to evaluate and verify the security without first putting in a systematic process to manage the
documents involved to protect it appropriately and adequately (Vroom & von Solms, 2003).
5S is a technique from Japan, developed by Takasi Osada. The technique consists of five
steps stated in the Japanese language, which are Seiri (sort), Seiton (set-in-order), Seisou
(shine), Seiketsu (standardise), and Shitsuke (sustain). ‘Sort’ means to eliminate all
unnecessary and irrelevant materials in the workplace, while ‘set in order’ is placing
everything in a designated location so that they can be quickly accessed or retrieved and
returned quickly in the same location. ‘Shine’ means cleaning up the workplace, while
‘standardise’ implies that personnel must measure and maintain cleanliness, and finally,
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‘sustain’ refers to discipline and making sure it stays in order (Ebuetse & Doggett, 2018).
Hirano (1995) improvised the 5S technique by stating that the 5S is not only limited to clean
up. 5S is the principles to create a systematic, standardised and maintaining a good
environment for all the employees. Supported by findings from various research, it has been
proven that 5S is the pillar on all other quality control systems to produce an organised, clean,
efficient, and high-quality workplace (Islam et al., 2016). The 5S technique would strongly
support the objectives of an organisation to achieve continuous improvement in performance
and productivity (Singh et al., 2014). 5S becomes the fundamentals to eliminate waste and
strengthening the organisation’s bottom operations (Ramdass, 2015), which leads to the
reduction of searching time, better safety, health, and cleanliness, thus creating a safe and
productive work environment (S. Gupta & Chandna, 2019).
Contemporary research indicates that 5S is an effective tool for improvement of
organisational performance, regardless of the organisation’s type, size, production or service
(Randhawa & Ahuja, 2017). However, Gutiérrez Rodríguez et al. (2009) brought up
questions on whether the concept of the quality of the services provided can be transferred
from the private sector to the public sector.
This exploratory study will look into the possibility of 5S to be the stepping stone in
increasing the productivity in government offices.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
5S can be referred to as basic fundamental steps of quality which can be implemented in any
sector or organisation, however strong internal support is essential for its success (Randhawa
& Ahuja, 2017). It has become a part of all other quality tools, such as Total Productivity
Maintenance (TPM), Kanban system, quality circles, kaizen and lean (Randhawa & Ahuja,
2017).
Seiri (sort) is the first 'S'. The items which are occasionally used are moved to a more
organised storage area outside of the work area. Items which are completely unnecessary are
disposed (Shaman Gupta & Jain, 2014). The purpose of this action is to remove the mess and
free up space and allow the organisation of the necessary items (Kabiesz & Bartnicka, 2019).
The supplies, instruments, facilities, and the necessary details for carrying out the activities
can be found by adequate sorting.
The second ‘S’ is Seiton which is ‘set in order’. This ensures that the correct items are
prepared properly and neatly, so that they can be quickly retrieved and returned to their
original positions after use. It is important to place things correctly at this stage to eliminate
unnecessary movement, and for employees, disassembly tools are convenient and convenient
(Kabiesz & Bartnicka, 2019). The main goal is to establish a daily workspace and reduce the
time lost when searching for materials, thereby improving performance.
The third ‘S’ is Seiso (shine) focuses on the cleaning. Daily cleanliness is a must-have for a
better work area. More comfortable and safer workplace is ensured in the third ‘S’(Shaman
Gupta & Jain, 2014). In order to perform successful tasks, it is important to establish and live
in a safe daily work environment. This is because dust, dirt, and waste are the source of
indiscipline, inefficiency, poor manufacturing and work injuries.
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Seiketsu (standardise) defines the standards by which personnel must measure and maintain
cleanliness (Patel & Thakkar, 2014) to develop best practice standards in the workplace and
ensure that the standards are compiled and ensure that the workplace is always safe and clean.
The last step is Shitketsu (sustain) which is about self-discipline. Employees must be trained
and disciplined to practise 5S system continuously so that the habits and culture spread within
the organisation (Patel & Thakkar, 2014). Cavaglieri & Juliani (2016) in their study, applied
the Lean office in document file management. The findings from the study showed that
efficiency of resource utilisation and a systematic way of keeping documents including
storage design, resulted in the improvement of working environment and increased customer
satisfaction through 5S as part of the Lean elements (Cavaglieri & Juliani, 2016).
3.0 RESEARCH METHOD
In this study the data was collected through Likert scale questionnaires which were
distributed to 21 staff using the random sampling method in government office. The primary
data gathered was transformed into figures in order to generate an analysis of the result.
Frequency analysis was used to analyse this study.
4.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The questionnaires consist of two parts, which are the demographic and Likert scale
questionnaires. Demographic findings showed that most of the respondents were female and
the highest range of age was between 31-40 years old and their work experiences in the office
was around 5 to 10 years.
4.1 Sorting
The results have shown that the majority of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed with
the overall sorting questions. The highest sorting percentages were on removing the
unwanted items from the workplace and sorting is helpful in organising the storage of needed
items and files with a percentage of 47.62% and 57.14%, respectively. 52.38% of the
respondents agreed that sorting had ensured systematic labelling and signing the required
direction and place. This supports the study of Kabiesz & Bartnicka (2019) where the
purpose of this action is to remove the mess and free up space and allow the organisation of
necessary items. It is also to prevent losing documents and easy to reach them.
4.2 Set in order
Based on the results of set in order, most of the respondents agreed with a percentage of
47.62% that second ‘S’ had prevented mix-up of items and it effectively helped in achieving
30 seconds of retrieval of documents. 42.86% strongly agreed that the second ‘S’ has
arranged the item according to the principles. This supports the study of Kabiesz & Bartnicka
(2019) that stated the correct placement of things is important to eliminate unnecessary
movement and the removal of tools was easy. This also can shorten the time of seeking
documents.
4.3 Shining/Cleaning
The results have shown the majority of the respondents agreed with the overall shining
questions. The highest shining percentage was on shining facilitated correction of minor
problems at workplace with the percentage of 52.38%. 42.86% of the respondents agreed that
shining helped imbibing the principle and ensure the cleanliness even at the most people do
not usually notice. This supports the study of Shaman Gupta & Jain (2014) that the most
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comfortable and safest workplace is ensured in the third ‘S’. It also always keeps the
workplace clean and easy to check besides improving the work environment by reducing
workplace accidents.
4.4 Standardise
The results have shown that majority of the respondents strongly agreed with employees
maintaining the practice. The highest standardise percentage was on standardise of
maintenance, storage of files or records with the percentage of 52.38%. Standard procedures
of consolidations of the first 3S have been established appropriately and the displays
communicate safety, quality, and productivity information pertinent to the area of display.
where both have the same percentage of 47.62%. This supports the study of Patel & Thakkar
(2014) who stated that personnel must measure and maintain cleanliness. The requisite
processes are set in place to ensure the continuity of these good practice at the workplace.
4.5 Sustain
The results showed that the majority of the respondents strongly agreed with the last step.
The highest percentages were 57.14%, 52.38%, and 42.86%. The respondents strongly agreed
that sustain had been helpful in performing work, realisation of envisioned organisation
quality norm and facilitated to improve communication amongst employees. This supports
the study of Patel & Thakkar (2014) who stated that training employees discipline for
practicing 5S continuously so that the habit and culture stays within the organisation. It will
maximise the awareness and morale, and minimize some of the arising errors.
All the findings have proven that the 5S elements are an effective tool for improvement of
organisational performance, regardless of organisation type, size, production or service.
ACKNOWLEDEMENT
The authors wish to thank Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah Branch for the
financial support in publishing the extended abstract. The authors would also like to thank for
the support provided by their Internship Advisor in the office and all the respondents who
participated in the survey.
REFERENCES
Government, P. S. (2021, January 18). Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Pulau Pinang. History
of SUK. https://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/psukppp
Cavaglieri, M., & Juliani, J. P. (2016). LEAN ARCHIVES: O emprego do Lean Office na
gestão de arquivos. Perspectivas Em Ciencia Da Informacao, 21(4).
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5344/2726
Ebuetse, M., & Doggett, M. (2018). Analysis of the 5S technique: Case study of a surveying
laboratory. Medical Technology View project Technology Management Body of
Knowledge View project. September.
Gupta, S., & Chandna, P. (2019). Implementation of 5S in scientific equipment company.
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3), 107–111.
https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.C3894.098319
Gupta, Shaman, & Jain, S. K. (2014). The 5S and kaizen concept for overall improvement of
the organisation: a case study Shaman Gupta Sanjiv Kumar Jain. International Journal
of Lean Enterprise Research, 1(1), 22–40.
Islam, M. I., Rahman, T. T., Jayantha Rajkumar, M. P., & Ahmed, A. (2016). Applying 5S
method on trims store’s documentation system in an apparel industry. Proceedings of
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the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management,
8-10 March, 991–1001.
Kabiesz, P., & Bartnicka, J. (2019). 5S system as a manner for improving working conditions
and safety of work in a production company. Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production
Engineering, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/mape-2019-0050
Patel, V. C., & Thakkar, D. H. (2014). Review on Implementation of 5S in Various
Organization. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications.
Ramdass, K. (2015). Integrating 5S principles with process improvement: A case study.
Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology,
2015-Septe, 1908–1917. https://doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2015.7273045
Randhawa, J. S., & Ahuja, I. S. (2017). 5S – a quality improvement tool for sustainable
performance: literature review and directions. International Journal of Quality and
Reliability Management, 34(3), 334–361. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-03-2015-
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Singh, J., Rastogi, V., & Sharma, R. (2014). Implementation of 5S practices: A review.
Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 2(3), 155–162.
https://doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2014.5.002
Vroom C., von Solms R. (2003) Information Security: Auditing the Behaviour of the
Employee. In: Gritzalis D., De Capitani di Vimercati S., Samarati P., Katsikas S. (eds)
Security and Privacy in the Age of Uncertainty. SEC 2003. IFIP — The International
Federation for Information Processing, vol 122. Springer, Boston, MA.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35691-4_35
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ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING STRESS (ODLS): STRESSORS AND
COPING STRATEGIES
*Yong Azrina Ali Akbar1, Nik Ramli Nik Abdul Rashid 1, Wan Shahrul Aziah Wan
Mahamad1 & Mohd Najmie Osman1
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 has huge impacts on human around the world. There are many restrictions, and the
new standard of procedures (SOP) must be following. The closedown of universities forced
the implementation of online distance learning (ODL). Unconsciously it contributes to stress
among universities students. There are two types of stressors which are academic stressors
and psychosocial stressors. Academic stressors have emerged from scholarship requirements,
family-related pressures, competition in the class, financial burden, frequency of and
performance on examinations, broad curriculums, sudden changes in the syllabus and
assessments, the quality of the classes, technical issues with online applications, the difficulty
of learning online, excessive study workload and not be able to perform well in examinations.
In comparison, psychosocial stressors are anything that translates to a perceived threat that
cannot be controlled over, such as time constraints, Distraction from family members,
unconducive study space, poor internet connection, improper gadget for ODL, and fear of
infection of Covid-19 virus. Students need to take effective methods and techniques to cope
with their stress. There are three suggested techniques to be implemented: self-management
technique (for examples, gardening, physical exercise, listening to music), seeking support
from others such as family members and friends, and Islamic perspective (Dua, solah and
remember Allah).
Keywords: Online distance learning (ODL); Online distance learning stress (ODLS);
Academic stressor; Psychosocial stressors; Stress management
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Today, the world is stricken by one of the most significant public health risks, Covid-19. A
substantial number of schools, colleges, and universities had to be closed down due to the
infections spreading around for quite a while now. The outbreak had spread to many different
countries such as Malaysia, the United States, China, Korea, and many others. The speed of
the epidemic's spread was so swift to the point that many parties were not ready for any
sudden changes, especially in the education systems. Malaysia was in the third wave of the
COVID-19 pandemic and has caused 1200 death as of March 11. Daily cases are still high
but in a downward trend. The cases are expected to decline and stabilize in May due to the
vaccination process (KKM, 2021). Another year for university students to confront online
distance learning (ODL) has been implemented to control the spread of the virus (Jaffri,
2021). ODL has some negative impacts on students' learning (Cao et al., 2020; Duraku &
Hoxha, 2020; Onyema et al., 2020). According to Amir et al. (2020), students experience
stress in online distance learning compared to classroom learning. Thus, the Ministry of
Higher Education decided to permit 6 categories of students to return to campus, including
students with internet access problems in their hometown (Idris, 2021) because of the
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difficulties students face during online class and causes stress (Ariffin, 2021). Stress is an
adaptive response to situations perceived as challenging or threatening to well-being
(McShane & Glinow, 2018). Prolong of stress may contribute to serious health problems such
as high blood pressure, heart disease, and other illnesses, including mental disorders such as
depression or anxiety (Bethesda, 2013). Chronic stress may lead to the autonomic nervous
system overactive, which likely to body damage (Elizabeth Scott, 2020b).
The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that contribute to the student's Online Distance
Learning Stress (ODLS) and methods that could effectively address the emotional problems
related to it. Another novel contribution of this study is to explore the personal religious
(Islamic) worldview posited to positively augment the relationship between ODLS and the
identified mitigating stress management approaches. This study also attempts to address
student's difficulties during ODL to University awareness. In addition, this paper also
necessary for telco companies to improvise their internet speed and other related services.
The government also can alert on the effectiveness of ODL implementation.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Online Distance Learning Stress (ODLS)
Sundarasen et al., 2020 found that the sudden move to online class increases the stress level.
The study conducted by Mihall (2021) shows a significant increase in stress around
academics. In Bangladesh, there was a higher level of stress due to online learning during the
pandemic (Hasan & Bao, 2020). Moawad et al. (2020) found that uncertainty of online
learning contributes to high-stress level among college students. The implementation of
online distance learning (ODL) leads to experiencing stress and burnout among students
(Chandra, 2020). Force adoption of online teaching and learning methods started to give rise
to anxiety and depressive symptomology among undergraduate students (Fawaz & Samaha,
2021). The long duration of exposure to computer usage for online distance learning (ODL)
associated with increased anxiety level (Khouja et al., 2019) and moderate-to-severe
depression (Madhav et al., 2017), which indicates symptoms of stress.
Davide Carneiro et al. (2017) found that students' behaviour changed where they become less
efficient and sloppier when under online distance learning stress (ODLS). Students also feel
hopeless, low self-esteem, motivation dropped, and hurt student's mental health in ODLS
(Fuentes, 2020). Visnjic et al. (2018) explored that intense usage of smart devices among
university students for ODL can influence mental health problems. Moreover, some students
quit the study because of ODLS (Zain, 2020). Online distance learning stress (ODLS) is
stress faced by students in an online distance learning (ODL) journey that cause behaviours to
change (Fuentes, 2020) and showed stress symptoms such as depression and anxiety (Khouja
et al., 2019; Madhav et al., 2017).
2.2 Stressor of Online Distance Learning (ODL)
University students scored significantly higher in terms of stress levels than students from
intermediate and secondary schools (AlAteeq et al., 2020). Academic and psychosocial
domains as the primary stressor for them (Shah et al., 2010).
2.2.1 Academic Stressor
Academic pressure becomes the most significant stress in a student's life (China Youth Social
Service Centre, 2008). An academic stressor may emerge from scholarship requirements,
family-related pressures, competition in the class, financial burden (Misra & Castillo, 2004),
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frequency of and performance on examinations, and broad curriculums (Shah et al., 2010).
Students' concern about sudden changes in the syllabus and assessments, the quality of the
classes, technical issues with online applications, and the difficulty of learning online also
become their stressors (Son et al., 2020). Liu and Tein (2005); Zhang et al. (2001); Li and
Zhang (2008) stated that students experience stress on study workload and not be able to
perform well in examinations, thus cannot fulfil their parents and teacher's expectations.
2.2.2 Psychosocial Stressors
Psychosocial stress anything that translates to a perceived threat to social status, social
esteem, respect, acceptance within a group; threat to self-worth; or a threat that cannot be
controlled over (Elizabeth Scott, 2020a). Besides, it also due to time constraints for self,
family, friends, and entertainment (Shah et al., 2010). Students are not comfortable with
ODL, thus lead to a rise in the level of stress (Raj & Fatima, 2020). Distraction from family
members, especially younger kids and babies, makes it harder for students to concentrate on
their studies (Borneo post, 2021). Some students do not have a spacious house conducive to
studying (Borneo post, 2021; Chipsmore, 2020). Plus, students become stress when their
parents do not understand that they are having online classes and have to finish all the
assessments given by lecturers. They are possibly got scolded and cynically claimed as lazy
because they only stay in the room for a long time (Ariffin, 2021) and are not involved in
household chores (Son et al., 2020). Cullen et al. (2020) argued that students become more
stressed due to home confinement, economic instability, lack of in-person contact with
lecturers and classmates, and fear of infection. During COVID-19, some parents get laid off
or receive pay cuts, leading to financial difficulties in their family (Son et al., 2020). The
advancement of gadgets helps to smoothen ODL, but some students cannot afford to buy
laptops or Wi-Fi, which then causes them to be left out in classes (Chipsmore, 2020). Poor
internet connection and limited internet data also become student's stressor during ODL
(Mathew & Chung, 2021). Internet connection becomes worse when heavy rain thus distracts
the online learning process (Ariffin, 2021). Students would be satisfied with ODL when their
internet access, connection, and speed are good or excellent (Basuony et al., 2020).
2.3 Stress Management
Students need to take effective methods and techniques to cope with their stress. Untreated
stressors can compound over time, subsequently leads to even greater levels of stress. Most
students use self-management techniques to release their stress, such as relaxing hobbies,
physical exercise, listening to music, going through social media, and playing with pets. At
the same time, some seek support from others, such as family members and friends (Son et
al., 2020). Kassymova (2018) suggested that students and educators must have systematic
professional learning in mental health. Besides, having adequate numbers of trained mental
health professionals in universities would also help to reduce the number of stressed
students.
Islam advises to turn each stress, anxiety and depression into Dua, solah and remember Allah.
"The ones who believe and their hearts are peaceful with the remembrance of Allah. Listen;
the hearts find peace only in the remembrance of Allah" (Holy Quran 13:28). Rani et al.
(2013) found that worship activities or ibadat make humans experience a deep feeling and
calmness. Truly state in Holy Quran surah Ghafir verse 60 "Your Lord says, call on Me, and I
will answer you; those who are too proud to serve Me will enter Hell humiliated."
According to Andrade and Radhakrishnan (2009), prayer will provide health benefits,
including mental health, because prayer is a unique form of meditation. Prayer may produce
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a clinically significant reduction of stress and promote positive mood states (Jain et al.,
2007). Kow et al. (2020) believed prayer as a stress and pain remedy conducted the Hospital
Mesra Ibadah course at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA) to help patients perform
prayer. Students have to be patience and keep praying to Allah as in Surah Al-Baqarah verse
45, "seek help through patience and prayer. It is indeed exacting, but not for those who are
humble in their hearts".
3.0 CONCLUSION
COVID-19 pandemic brings 360-degree changes in life, including education method, which
is ODL throughout universities. Unconsciously, it contributes stress to students. Academic
and psychosocial stressors can cause a decline in academic performance. Without good
mental health, students cannot focus on studying and performing well in examinations and
assessments. Lecturers and family members must give support; thus, ODL can be
implemented successfully, and students get good grades. Prolong stress can harm students.
Therefore, stress management is a must. Students can do many activities to release stress,
such as physical exercise, sharing problems with trusted people, and asking for help from
God. Understanding the stressor enable students to use effective strategies in managing stress.
Students become more productive without stress.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express special thanks and gratitude to the Management of UiTM
Cawangan Kedah for the training fund. The authors also feel grateful to Bizfame 2021 for
this opportunity and thankful to editors and anonymous reviewers.
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depression, anxiety, and stress in university students. International Journal of
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THE MEDIATING ROLE OF COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE ON
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND HOTEL PERFORMANCE: A
PROPOSED THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
*Dian Aszyanti Atirah Mohd. Asri1, Ainul Mohsein Abdul Mohsin 2 & Norzuwana
Sumarjan3
1Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Pulau
Pinang Branch, Permatang Pauh Campus, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
2School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
3Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor
Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Competitive Intelligence (CI) is an interpretive outcome of collecting and analyzing external
data and converting it into useful information to understand the business environment and
recognize opportunities and threats. That being mentioned, this study looked into the
theoretical bases and practices in competitive intelligence practices on hotel performance.
The primary goal of this study is to build a theoretical framework that develops the role of CI
in the relationship between organizational culture and hotel performance. Little is known
about CI’s practices in the relationship between Organizational Culture and Hotel
performance in the Malaysian hotel industry. A three-phased process is employed to create
this framework where the first stage involves a detailed examination of the literature related
to Competitive Intelligence and Hotel performance. The second stage consists of enhancing
the framework by including organizational culture as a factor influencing hotel performance.
The final phase explains Competitive Intelligence as a mediator between the relationship of
Organizational Culture and Hotel performance. The use of Resource-Based Theory and
Knowledge-Based theory and its justifications among studies on CI is highlighted. This
quantitative study will propose a questionnaire survey to the top-level management. The
cross-sectional research will use purposive sampling to 240 Four and Five-star hotels
obtained from the Ministry of Tourism, Arts, and Culture Malaysia (MOTAC). The study
will be analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings of the study are intended to
encourage scholars to focus more on the dynamism of organizational culture on improving
Hotel performance by inserting CI as a strategy tool.
Keywords: Competitive intelligence; Hotel performance; Organizational culture; Hotel
industry
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PERCEIVED QUALITY INFLUENCE ON BUMIPUTRA CONSUMERS’
PURCHASE INTENTION OF GLOBAL BRANDS
*Farah Merican Isahak Merican1 & Nizar Nazrin2
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch,
Malaysia
2Faculty of Art and Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Perak Branch, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Malaysian consumers love their global brands. Global brands in Malaysia are widely
recognized by the public and these brands continuously lead the Malaysia’s Top 100 Brands.
To understand better what makes consumer’s purchase global brands, this study aims to
examine the correlation between perceived quality and consumers’ purchase intention
towards global brands. Data was collected from 159 Bumiputra respondents by adopting the
convenience techniques. Literatures of this research focused on research that found
correlation between perceived quality with consumers’ purchase intention. The result of this
research showed that perceived quality is a significant factor behind a consumers’ global
brand purchase intention. The result also showed that there is a positive correlation between
perceived quality and consumers’ purchase intention. As most global brands are always
perceived to be superior at quality and having better guarantees than other products, this
result was expected. This research concluded that that consumers’ purchase intention of
global brands among Bumiputra is mainly due to their judgement towards the brand quality.
Perceived quality is a significant factor to be studied as it can be persuasive and attractive by
its own nature and does not fail to influence consumers of global brands.
Keywords: Bumiputra; Consumers’ Purchase Intention; Developing market; Global Brands;
Perceived Quality
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Global brands have long penetrated the Malaysian consumer market. Brands like Samsung,
Panasonic, Nestle, Apple, and Sony are some brands that are widely recognised by the public
and becoming household names. This has proven that Malaysian consumers love their global
brands. Malaysian consumers are the consumers of the developing market. They are said to
favour the global brands compared to the local brands. These global brands, for example,
continue to lead Malaysia’s Top 100 Brands (2018-2019). These brands were also reported to
have made themselves as top brands to a seemingly large number of consumers. Additionally,
these brands did not encounter any problems in growing their presence in the Malaysian
consumer conscience.
What motivates the consumers to prefer these global brands? Findings in a study by Sze et al.
(2012) validated that the perceived quality of global brands tends to be a strong indicator for
consumers’ purchase intention. Their findings also indicated that the quality seeks by
consumers is synonymously tied to the global brands. Findings like this and many other
authors confirm that perceived quality is directly influencing the consumers’ purchase
intention. Our perception of product quality has long been our purchasing indicator. Thus, we
emphasize this ideology during our purchase intention stage.
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Lee et al. (2019) conducted a study in skincare products to understand consumers’ purchase
intention among Malaysian university students. Their research focused on four brand equity
controlling components by Aaker, which are brand awareness, brand association, perceived
quality, and brand loyalty. Their study explored the effect of these components on
consumers’ purchase intention. The result of their study revealed that all the variables
correlated positively with consumers’ purchase intention. They also concluded that among
the four components tested, perceived quality was the most substantial factor that influences
the likeliness to acquire skincare products.
In addition, Noorlitaria et al. (2020) reported in their study that perceived quality has a
significant effect on brand loyalty and consumers’ purchase intention. They continued to
conclude that when consumers of fast-food restaurants have positive and high perceived
quality towards the restaurant, they tend to patronize the restaurant more frequently. It is
suggested that perceived quality is regarded as an overall assessment of consumer purchasing
intention and is understood as the source of satisfaction. After using the products, the rise or
fall of consumer’s purchasing intention is based on their satisfaction (Saleem et al., 2015).
This paper examines the influence of perceived quality on consumers’ purchase intention of
global brands. This study hypothesizes that perceived quality affect significantly onto the
consumers’ purchase intention towards the global brands. This study contributes to the
literature by studying the Bumiputra consumers who are residing in Kedah. Many researchers
have identified the factor that predicts the intention to purchase global brands is related to
cultural differences. However, there is little evidence of investigation among specific
segments, like the Bumiputra. In Kedah, the Bumiputra market is about 80 per cent,
indicating it to be a significant segment to be investigated.
2.0 METHODOLOGY
The researchers collected data from 159 Bumiputra respondents from various backgrounds.
The research was conducted by following the convenience sampling technique. Pearson
Correlation and a simple regression test were applied to facilitate the prediction of perceived
quality’s impact on consumers’ purchase intention towards global brands.
3.0 FINDINGS/RESULTS
The results of the study showed that perceived quality is a significant factor behind a
consumer’s global brand choice. The result showed that perceived quality and purchasing
intention is positively correlated with a correlation score of 0.568**. As most global brands
are always perceived to be superior at the quality and having better guarantees than other
products, this result was expected.
Table 1
Correlation of Perceive Quality and Customers’ Purchase Intention
Perceive Quality Purchase Intention
Perceive Quality Pearson Correlation 1 .568**
.000
Sig. (2-tailed) 159 159
.568**
N .000 1
159
Purchase Intention Pearson Correlation 159
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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4.0 CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS
Based on the result, the researchers believe that the consumers’ purchase intention of the
global brand among the Bumiputra is mainly due to their judgment towards the brand’s
values or the attributes. Thus, perceived quality can be persuasive and attractive by its nature
and does not fail to influence the consumers of global brands. In general, perceived quality is
significant in influencing which product that will be considered and selected at the end. In
this study, it is deduced that the consumers of developing market are inclined towards global
brands, and little attention was focused on other factors, such as purchasing power of these
consumers. Thus, further research is recommended.
REFERENCES
Lee, J.E., Goh, M.L. and Mohd Noor, M.N.B. (2019). Understanding purchase intention of
university students towards skin care products. PSU Research Review, 3(3), 161-178.
https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-11-2018-0031
Noorlitaria, A.G., Pangestu, F. R., Fitriansyah, Surapati, U., & Mahsyar, S. (2020). How does
brand awareness affect purchase intention in mediation by perceived quality and brand
loyalty? Journal of Critical Reviews, 103-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.02.20
Samadi, F. (2019). Malaysia’s Top 100 Brands: Global Brands Dominates.
https://www.campaignasia.com/article/malaysias-top-100-brands-global-brands-
dominate/453551
Saleem, A., Ghafar, A., Ibrahim, M., Yousuf. M., & Ahmed, N. (2015). Product Perceived
Quality and Purchase Intention with Consumer Satisfaction. Global Journal of
Management and Business Research, 15(1), 21-28.
Sze, Y.H., Ong, L.T., Wang, P. I., Tay, T.P., & New, C.P. (2012). Global Versus Local
Brand: Perceived Quality and Status-Seeking Motivation in The Automobile Industry.
http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/160/1/DerekOngGlobalLocalBrandPerceivedQualityandS
tatus-SeekingMotivationintheAutomobileIndustry
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAN MANUFACTURING PRACTICES
AND SUSTAINABILITY: MEDIATING ROLE OF MANUFACTURING
PERFORMANCE
*Mohd Zulfabli Hasan1, Mohd Norhasni Mohd Asaad 2 & Rosman Iteng2
1Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, Perlis, Malaysia
2School of Technology Management & Logistic, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kedah,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Lean manufacturing practices (LMP) is considered as a manufacturing philosophy that can
lead to a global manufacturing performance when adopted and carefully implemented in the
organisation. It gives the manufacturers a competitive advantage by enhancing the economic,
environmental, and social positions. In line with that, this study aims to examine the
relationship between LMP and sustainability among Malaysia’s manufacturing organisations.
Specifically, it aims at investigating the mediating role of manufacturing performance (MP)
on the relationship between LMP on sustainability. This study is motivated by the
sustainability issue of previous research that needs to be further investigated for the good of
the organisations. Besides, further exploration is also needed on the impact of lean
manufacturing on long-term sustainability. In this case, sustainability in production is seen as
the leading feasible solution that needs to be explored. Consequently, this study integrates
both the Resource Based View (RBV) and the Stakeholder Theory to map and position the
possible relationships between the variables in the conceptual framework. The study applies
the quantitative method where questionnaires are developed through an extensive literature
review. The population size for this study is 2368 firms, based on the Federation of
Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM). In this study, the unit of analysis embodies the middle up
to the top management of the selected firms. The survey questionnaires were randomly
distributed to a sample of 335 manufacturing organisations in Malaysia, with a 30.4 percent
response rate. The data collected were analysed using PLS-SEM. The results indicated i) a
positive relationship between LMP and SUS, ii) a positive relationship between LMP and
MP, iii) a positive relationship between MP and SUS, iv) a mediating role of MP between
LMP on SUS. Generally, LMP and MP positively improved sustainability, showing that these
are the important elements that should be seriously considered by practitioners.
Keywords: Lean manufacturing practices; Manufacturing organisations; Manufacturing
performance; Sustainability
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SERVICE QUALITY GAP AND PATIENT SATISFACTION: A
CASE OF PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN KEDAH
Rafidah Nasrul1, Ainun Mardiyah Osman2 & *Jamaludin Akbar3
1Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital, Kedah, Malaysia
2Social Security Organization (SOCSO), Malaysia
3Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kedah Branch,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses service quality gap, and patient satisfaction of a public hospital
in Kedah. The objective of the study is twofold: 1) To measure the service quality gap based
on SERVQUAL dimensions namely responsiveness, assurance, reliability, empathy,
and tangible of six outpatient clinics such as Ophthalmology, Orthopaedic, Ear, Nose &
Throat (ENT), Medical (MOPD), Surgical (SOPD), and Obstetrics & Gynaecology (O&G),
and 2) To investigate how the service quality gap affects patient satisfaction. The
questionnaire was distributed to 375 patients and 355 (94.7%) are complete and usable. The
data was analysed by measuring the gap between experience and expectation. The findings
reveal positive gap in tangible dimension for all clinics. However, the other dimensions show
negative gap across all clinics except SOPD for empathy. Interestingly, patients of all clinics
satisfy with the service quality of the clinics even though four of the five dimensions indicate
negative gap. The service quality-satisfaction grid shows all clinics fall in very good and
excellent quadrant. The possible reason of which the patients still satisfy with the service of
the clinics although the services do not meet the patients’ expectation is due to small negative
gap between the patient’s expectation and experience.
Keywords: Gap analysis; Patient satisfaction; Public healthcare; Service Quality
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SOCIAL MEDIA USE (SMU) AND GRATIFICATION AMONG
SCHOLARS: A REVIEW
*Zuraidah Arif1 & Abd. Latif Abdul Rahman1
1Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA,
Kedah Branch, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Nature of Social media characteristic is a based on current media technologies with
emphasizing on user-generated content and interactivity. Previous literature studies on
measuring the social media use (SMU) construct are unidimensional and typically from the
standpoint of the traditional information system (IS) use and perspective. However, since the
nature and characteristics of current social media are more advanced than traditional
characteristic of IS, thus indicating the idea that is widely applied to measure SMU. This
seems insufficient and needs to redefine due to user-generated content characteristic. Thus, it
should be done based on the context of the social media use. This paper applied the
systematic literature review (SLR) approach to access the related papers from Scopus
Database. After a screening process of excluding non-empirical literatures and restricted
access to full text, duplication of literatures with a total of 145 literatures are reviewed as to
identify the constructs and dimensions of social media use. The study identifies six
dimensions of SMU namely System, Information Organization, Promotional, Hedonic,
Cognitive and Social, and they are meant to understand the usage of social media based on
the context.
Keywords: Social media; Social media use; User-generated content
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SUSTAINABLE SUBURBAN SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICE FOR
HAPPIER HOUSEHOLDS: DEVELOPING THE S4H2 MODEL FOR
BATU KAWA
*Boo Ho Voon1, Muhammad Abang Azlan2, Grace, I. Phang3, Vloreen Nity Mathew1 &
Kelvin, T.H. Goh1
1Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sarawak Branch, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak
2Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak
3Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
*Correspondence E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Sustainable socio-economic development is crucial for mankind and it has received good
attentions of nations worldwide. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) of United
Nations have been the preferred key performance indicators (KPIs) for many governments
and authorities, at different levels, for the community-desired development for sustainability.
The emerging economies, including Sarawak, have allocated increasing amount of financial
and non-financial resources for sustainability initiatives to serve and care for their citizens
and households in the fast developing and dynamic suburb of Kuching City periphery. Many
organizations and individuals in the public and private sectors have been recognizing the
needs and opportunities of implementing sustainability practices in their operations in order
to achieve the desired outcomes for better development service quality to the targeted
stakeholders. This paper presents the preliminary research and plan to identify the various
sustainability strategies and initiatives for sustainable socio-economic development and
household happiness for Batu Kawa. The tripple-bottom lines including the natural,
economic, and social dimensions of sustianbility required equal and concurrent emphasis.
The voices and views of the various households are useful in co-creating the shared values
for sustainability. Household-oriented analyses are essential to understand, prioritize and
suggest for the right sustainable development strategies, tactics and action plans respectively
for the various strategic and comprehensive socio-economic service domains (including the
household economics, agriculture and marketing, infrastructure and utilities, tourism and
hospitality, education and human resources, safety and security, succession planning,
spirituality, morality and others) towards high income and better quality of life for
sustainability.
Keywords: Batu Kawa; Household happiness; Socio-economic service; Suburban
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MEDIATING EFFECT OF CUSTOMER KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING ON
ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION
*Khalid Abdul Wahid1, Radwan Kharabsheh2, Rachel Barker3, Tri Susantari4 & Sirilak
Ketchaya5
1Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kelantan, Malaysia
2Applied Science University, Bahrain
3University of South Africa, South Africa
4Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
5Suan Sunandha Rajabhat, Bangkok, Thailand
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In today global economy firms are becoming more dependent on their intangible assets rather
than tangible assets. As such market knowledge has become one of the most important
strategic resources for organizations. Moreover, the ability to effectively manage and transfer
such knowledge within an organization can help to improve organizational innovation.
Especially, the ability to manage market knowledge through customer knowledge
management (CKM) and knowledge sharing can positively affect innovation outcomes.
However, the use of CKM and knowledge sharing (KS) has not been very popular in SMEs.
This study aims to investigate the effect of market knowledge on organizational innovation.
More importantly, the study examines the mediating effect of CKM and KS on the
relationship between market knowledge and organizational innovation. SmartPLS version
3.8.2 was used to analyze data collected from 204 SMEs. The study found a positive effect of
market knowledge (customer, competitor and supplier) on organizational innovation
(innovative products and services, process innovation, market identification and behavioral
change) More importantly, the study found that both CKM and KS mediate the relationship
between market knowledge and organizational innovation. The results also show that KS
contributes more to creating innovation in an organization.
Keywords: Customer knowledge management; Innovation; Knowledge sharing; Market
knowledge
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THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE TOWARDS
EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT THE UTILITIES SECTOR
*Nur Shafini Mohd Said1, Raghadah Yusof1, Siti Rapidah Omar Ali1, Khalid Amin Mat1 &
Nasiha Abdullah1
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Terengganu
Branch, Dungun Campus, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The study investigated the influence of organizational culture towards employee performance
at utilities sector. The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationships between factors
that influence employee performance, which are employee participation, openness to
communication and reward systems among employees of utilities sector. The researchers
have selected the employees working at the utilities sector as the study population, which
included 134 employees. A set of questionnaires has been used to collect and analyze data
and distributed via Google Form to respondents. The statistical analyses were performed
using version 23 of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). In order to identify the
impact of organizational culture among employees at this sector, the Correlation and Multiple
Regressions analyses were used. The results showed that there is a strong relationship
between independent and dependent variables. The results also indicate that the three
hypotheses were accepted. The researchers hope that the results will also provide benefits to
the organization.
Keywords: Employee participation; Employee performance; Openness to communication;
Reward systems
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DETERMINANTS OF RECYCLING INTENTION AMONG
PUBLIC UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN TERENGGANU
*Hani Sakina Mohamad Yusof1, Sofiah Ngah1, Suzila Mat Salleh1, Siti Fatimah Mardiah
Hamzah1 & Noor Hafiza Mohammed1
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Terengganu
Branch, Dungun Campus, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Recycling is a government programme and initiative designed to assist in reducing problems
that exist in Malaysia today, such as pollution and waste products in landfills. Students’ skills
and awareness would also improve as a result of recycling. Recycling is a critical issue today
because of the waste generated by human growth and development. As the rate of waste
increases, so does the need for a disposal site. This is due to the huge capacity of solid waste,
which necessitates a lot of room. Malaysia’s rapid population expansion, particularly in
metropolitan areas, as well as urbanisation and economic expansion, have raised per capita
income and solid waste generation. As a result, the purpose of this study is to investigate the
relationship between factors influencing recycling intention among Terengganu public
university students. The findings of this study would then aid in determining the percentage
of the factors studied toward recycling intention among students. According to the findings of
the study, there is a substantial association between attitude, subjective norm, and perceived
behavioural control and recycling intention.
Keywords: Attitude; Perceived behaviour; Recycling; Subjective Norms; Theory of Planned
Behaviour
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STRESSORS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG
STUDENTS IN A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY IN MALAYSIA
*Siti Rapidah Omar Ali1, Nur Shafini Mohd Said1 & Khalid Amin Mat1
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Terengganu
Branch, Dungun Campus, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Considerable stress can lead to range of issues that adversely influence a student’s well-
being. Mental illness among youth is apparently a major problem worldwide nowadays.
This study tried to examine the relationship between stressors namely academic stress,
financial, social support, and environmental stress on psychological well-being among
undergraduate students. A sample of 350 self-administered questionnaires were distributed
to undergraduate students in a public university in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The
study has adopted convenience sampling method. Pearson correlation has been used to
analyze the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. Finding
shows that all the stressors’ elements have positive relationship with the psychological well-
being with very low correlation. Social support stress indicates moderate, positive
correlation with the psychological well-being. Multiple regression analysis displays that
only social support stress significantly influences psychological well-being while other three
variables have been found not significantly influenced psychological well-being. Hence,
only hypothesis three was accepted while the others were rejected.
Keywords: Psychological; Public university; Stressors; Well-being
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MAPPING PUBLICATION TRENDS IN APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGY TOPIC
*Saida Farhanah Sarkam1 & Khairul Akmaliah Adham2
1,2Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Negeri
Sembilan, Malaysia
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Melaka
Branch, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Appropriate technology is highly adaptable and friendly technology for use by specific
targeted consumers. The technology might benefit the targeted users, especially the
marginalised community, to improvise their quality of life, including their economic
condition. At the aggregate level, utilising the technology will result in poverty alleviation.
For the peasant farmers, the technology might help them become more productive and
economical, which will contribute to a better food security level for the nation at the end of
the long supply chain. Thus, understanding the appropriate technology topic is important for
scholars and policymakers. However, there is a lack of systematic review of appropriate
technology topic in the literature. The study aims to present the publication trends in
appropriate technology topic using R-software package for bibliometric analysis. The
findings are presented by identifying the selected publication trends in the Scopus database,
which suggests future research avenue for appropriate technology topic.
Keywords: Appropriate technology; Bibliometric analysis; Publication trends
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I ONLY BUY BECAUSE I WANT TO: INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL
PERSONALITY AND SOCIALIZATION PROCESS IN SNS ON
CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION
*Azrin Ali1, Rahizah Sulaiman2, Athirah Mohd Tan2 & Hazrita Ab. Rahim3
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor
Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Business and Technology, UNITAR International University Tierra Crest,
Selangor, Malaysia
3Faculty of Business Technology, University Malaysia of Computer Science and Engineering,
Cyberjaya, Selangor
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Human in general are reluctant to be coerced in any acts that is incongruent with oneself.
However, in some situation, one will be in an odd state and find that he or she has committed
an act that is out of ordinary. This research paper is to investigate how far purchase intention
is affected by one’s personality traits and socialization process in social networking services
(SNS). The authors planned and tested a model of purchase intention in SNS. The research
method used was snowball sampling and only SNS users were qualified as respondents. This
study involves subjects (n = 133) from Malaysia finds personality traits as not significant in
impacting SNS users purchase intention. However, socialization process is significant in
influencing SNS users. This finding provides SNS developers insights on the pattern of SNS
users purchases and further support socialization process as a driver that stimulate purchases
among users. Future research should examine a larger sample size and add additional factors
to further interrogate the research model.
Keywords: Personality traits; Purchase intention; Social Networking Services (SNS);
Socialization process
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THE EFFECTS OF SERVQUAL DIMENSIONS TOWARD STUDENTS’
SATISFACTION: A STUDY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN
UITM SABAH
*Nur Zihan Abd Rashid1, Tuan Nur Athirah Nabilah Tuan Ismail1 & Bibianah Thomas1
1Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sabah Branch, Kota Kinabalu Campus, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Service quality is a crucial element in ensuring the competitiveness of various institutions. A
good service quality enhances the reputation of the organization and thus becomes their
added competitive advantage. In higher education institution, service quality allows
continuous satisfaction through good learning experience of the students who happen to be
the primary stakeholders. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze the correlation
between five elements in SERVQUAL dimensions (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness,
assurance, empathy) and the students’ satisfaction. The questionnaires were distributed
among the students in various faculties in UiTM Sabah, using convenience sampling
technique and 250 questionnaires were managed to be collected for analysis. Overall, the
result shows that the students were satisfied with service quality offered in UiTM Sabah, as
indicated by the positive correlation of all five SERVQUAL dimensions with students’
satisfaction. Reliability, responsiveness and empathy dimensions had strong correlation with
students’ satisfaction while, both tangibility and assurance had moderate correlation with
students’ satisfaction. This study is hoped to contribute toward the new knowledge in the
field of service quality especially in higher education institutions. Future research is also
proposed at the final section of this study as to undertake further discovery on new findings
from different perspectives of service quality.
Keywords: Higher education institution; Service delivery; Service quality; SERVQUAL;
Students’ satisfaction
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THE IMPORTANCE OF A GLOBAL MINDSET TO THE MALAYSIAN
FOOD INDUSTRY SMES
*Nurul Ulya Abdul Rahman1 & Norziani Dahalan @ Omar 1
1The School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The food industry in Malaysia is a major contributor to Malaysia’s economic growth even
during the pandemic or economic crisis. It presents numerous opportunities, particularly for
the Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs): (1) increasing business efficiency; (2) enhancing
product quality; (3) increasing production productivity, profit, and market share; (4)
strengthening Bumiputera (native) SME networking; (5) generating competitive advantage.
However, there are several challenges for this industry to remain competitive in the local
market. Previous studies have revealed that internationalization strengthens SMEs
competitiveness and survival prospects. Thus, for SMEs in the food industry to maintain their
business growth and sustainability, the food industry should involve in the international
business transaction through accessing third markets by exporting, investing abroad and
licensing. There are numerous discussions on the internationalization aspect of SMEs that
focus on the capabilities requires to develop international performance, which includes global
mindset. Global mindsets from the aspect of global leadership are crucial in overcoming
barriers to the internationalization, such as increasing the number of skilled workers in
Malaysia. Additionally, the cost of hiring professional and skilled workers is a constraint for
smaller companies to resolve with less financial resources compared to the multinational
companies. Therefore, this study is aimed to improve the Malaysian food industry SMEs’
international performance. This research applied a quantitative approach and involved
hypothesis testing on the relationship between global mindset and international performance.
A cross-sectional study was utilized to collect the data required for the hypothesis testing by
using questionnaire method representing Malaysian participants’ view on internationalization
of SMEs.
Keywords: Food industry; Global mindset; International performance; SME
internationalization
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HUMAN CAPITAL: THE CURRENT SITUATION, CHALLENGES
AND A WAY FORWARD USING THE HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX
(HCI) IN MALAYSIA
*Noorziah Mohd Salleh1*, Jabil Mapjabil2, Imbarine Bujang1 & Norah Tuah3
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sabah Branch,
Malaysia
2Faculty of Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS),
Malaysia
3Faculty of Computer Science & Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sabah
Branch, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The design of the Malaysia Plans (1966-2020) consisted of cohesive strategies with the
primary purpose of developing and improving several areas, such as the country’s economic
growth, self-reliance, unemployment removal, income inequalities reduction, poverty
elimination and economic modernisation. The success of the plans has largely been
determined by the identification of factors that contribute to such areas. One of the key
determinants of a country’s economic success is its human capital. This article examines the
current situation of Malaysia’s human capital, the existing challenges and the way forward.
The discussion is based on secondary data that mainly assessed the unemployment rate of
graduates, the budget allocation of 2020 and the opinions of analysts, as well as data from the
Department Of Statistics Malaysia, 2020. The evidence indicates a higher tendency to
favour physical assets over people. The paper suggests that the government should implement
human capital plans to better mobilise the economic and professional potential of its citizens
by monitoring its HC development using the Human Capital Index (HCI), a measurement
system suggested by the World Bank in 2018. The index measures how much capital each
country loses through its lack of education and health. It was first published in October 2018
by the World Bank and ranked Malaysia 55th out of 157 countries.
Keywords: HR challengers; HRM future; HRM in Malaysia; Human Capital Index
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE IMPACT OF GREEN
PRACTICES ON THE SUSTAINABILITY IN SUPPLY CHAIN FOR
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AMONG ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING FIRM’S
Nurasifa Norddin1, *Mohd Rizaimy Shaharudin1, Jamaludin Akbar1 & Siti Fairuza Hassam1
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study aims to develop an enhanced model of green practices for the company's
sustainability in achieving competitive advantage. This study employed the exploratory and
explanatory research technique to develop the model. Three main methods are the literature
review, interviews, and surveys to investigate green practices on the sustainability impact of a
competitive advantage in Malaysia. The basic decision of the final model is based on the
secondary data and primary data, with the grounded theory of Natural Resources-based View
(NRBV) was used to support the relationships. The study findings are the conceptual
framework which contained three elements, green practices as the independent variable,
sustainability in the supply chain as the independent/intervening variable, and competitive
advantage as the dependent variable. The model predicted the relationship between green
practices and sustainability, the relationship between green practices and competitive
advantage, and the relationship between sustainability in the supply chain and competitive
advantage. It is anticipated that manufacturing firms with higher green practices adoption can
increase sustainability in the supply chain, which eventually attains high competitiveness in
the market.
Keywords: Competitive advantage; Green practices; Sustainability; Supply chain
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Environmental barriers are declining due to the development of new tools, which increase the
ability to communicate, share information and deliver things efficiently and more effectively
(White, 2019). Thus, these reasons provided opportunities for certain firms to gain a
competitive advantage over their competitors worldwide. In addition, the new competitive
environment is more global, focuses on technology and customers, reduces product life
cycles, accelerates market and customer demand, accelerates feedback and delivers high-
quality products and services to customers (Thatte, 2013). Nixon et al. (2011) also indicated
that sustainability would impact the competitive advantage of the company's financial
position. Moreover, the slowdown in adopting green practices in the E&E industry in
Malaysia has led to a lack of competitive advantage in exporting manufacturing (Iranmanesh
et al., 2017). Therefore, this study seeks to reduce the gap by studying the relationship
between green practices and sustainability, the relationship between green practices and
competitive advantage, and the relationship between sustainability in the supply chain and
competitive advantage. In relation to this, Menguc and Ozanne (2005) found that
sustainability in social sustainability leads to improved competitiveness. However, the
literature on manufacturing and performance strategies failed to highlight sustainability in the
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supply chain as a key element in achieving a competitive advantage. This is demonstrated by
the lack of attention paid to sustainability in recent publications, highlighting quality,
delivery, flexibility, innovation and cost as an ambitious production objective. (Shahbazpour
& Seidel, 2006). Also, this study can help manufacturers in identifying the best green
practices that influence the company’s sustainability in the supply chain and ultimately
achieve competitiveness in the marketplace. The policies and strategies being developed
under the 12th Plan are to improve the electrical and electronic industry’s competitiveness and
environmental sustainability, in line with Malaysia’s vision of Shared Prosperity Vision
2030, which aims to boost the country’s economic growth and close the economic divide in
society. To achieve sustainability in an organization and a competitive advantage, the
organization needs to have a stronger relationship in economic, environmental and social
aspects. Hence, the study must determine the relationship between green practices, the
sustainability in supply chain and competitive advantage. This study also aligns with
government aspirations to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, under
SDG goal number 12, responsible consumption and production.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
In this study, the variable described as dependent on competitive advantages, the independent
variable consists of green practices (lean practices, product return practices, product recovery
practices, green purchasing), and the mediating variable consists of sustainability in the
supply chain, as well as the relationship between the variables.
2.1 Competitive Advantage
Competitiveness refers to a company's ability to outperform its competitors in terms of
supplying goods and services efficiently and effectively in response to market needs (Tan et
al., 2019). Competitive advantage can be achieved if the company's practices can enhance
brand reputation, reduce energy consumption, reduce costs and minimize waste, resulting in
improved long-term economic performance (Ali et al., 2019). Furthermore, existing empirical
green practises in supply chain management research literature broadly agree with Rao and
Holt (2005) on the importance of using the three key price or delivery, quality, cost and
measures as competitive measures.
2.2 Green Practices
Green practises are becoming increasingly important for an organization as they lead to
supply chain sustainability and, ultimately, a competitive advantage in the marketplace
(Zailani et al., 2012). According to Cherrafi et al. (2018), implementing lean practices
throughout the supply chain improves economic, environmental, and social performance.
Green practises were previously described as a multidimensional construct in a previous
study. Product returns, for example, are a type of waste that is redirected back to the supply
chain system for further recovery operations via various reuse or recycling processes.
(Shaharudin et al., 2017). Product recovery operations are widely recognized as
environmental practices for end-product processing that helps the product returns,
components and materials process (Gupta et al., 2015). Green purchasing is described as
enhancing the environmental aspects of price and performance criteria when making
purchasing decisions with the primary purpose of reducing the environmental impact on
resources efficiency (Ramakrishnan et al., 2015). The study has conceptualized green
practices as lean practices, product return practices, product recovery practices and green
purchasing.
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2.3 Sustainability in Supply Chain
Sustainability is the supply chain management that plays an essential role to improve the
organization's overall performance and obtaining a competitive advantage (Tan et al., 2019).
Sustainability also refers to the company's economic, social and environmental performance
in achieving market competitiveness (Ali et al., 2019).
2.4 Interview Methodology
The data is retrieved from 3 interviews that were conducted in 3 companies in this context,
and the sampling method is used in selecting the three companies. Sekaran (2013) pointed out
that this method refers to sampling specific types of respondents that the researcher seeks
based on their expertise and control information. In this study, only E&E manufacturing
firms with EMS ISO 14001 certified firms in Malaysia will be selected. Moreover, the study
relates to the Green Practices initiative to lead sustainability performance, achieve
profitability, and eventually achieve market competitiveness.
Regarding the basic reason for using the variables, it is vital to confirm the practices that the
variables may reflect on the real situation in Malaysia, which country will carry out this
research. Therefore, this section aims to identify and define the variables to be represented
and specifically adapted in the context of Malaysia. Within four months, the researcher
approached twenty companies via various modes of communication, such as phone calls and
e-mails. This includes a request for participation made to respondents indirectly through the
researcher's friends who work in the industry. However, due to the busy and heavy workload,
not everyone agrees to participate, and some remain silent without responding to the request.
Only three companies can participate in the interviews after a follow-up and an arrangement
for interviews during office hours or outside business hours.
Table 1
Key Profile for All Companies Participating in the Interview
Items Company A Company B Company C
1999
Year 1995 1993
Established 13,500
Number of 1,500 3,000
Employees Automated
Business Semiconductors Electronic
Type RM2.5 billion
Annual Sales RM27.1 billion RM1.2 billion Medical instrument
Products CMOS logic, high-voltage, mixed- Medical devices, lighting, devices, analytical
signal, radiofrequency, and micro- HVAC, computing, medical instrument & supplies,
devices, lighting and mobile life science, clinical &
electro-mechanical-system communications. diagnostic testing
technologiesICs, Power electronics,
vacuum and leak
ESD Protection Diodes detection, lab
automation
Quality IATF 16949:2016, ISO 9001:2015, ISO 13485:2016, ISO ISO 9001: 2015
Standards IECQ QC 080000, OHSAS 14001:2015, ISO
18001:2007, ISO 14001:2015 MDA 2012: ISO
9001:2015, MD 1722:2011, 14001:2015
NATIONAL FIRE and ISO/IEC OHSAS 18001:2007
27001:2013
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Table 2 Open Code
Excerpt/Extract of Green Practices
No Company R ED PD LP CP PRD PR RC GP RL
1 Silterra Sdn Bhd (A) √ √√ √ √ √
2 SMT Technologies Sdn Bhd (B) √√ √√√√
3 Agilent Technologies LDA (M) Sdn Bhd (C) √ √√√
Percentage (%) 11031 1 3231
Note: R = Remanufacturing, ED = Eco Design, PD = Process Design, LP = Lean Practices, CP = Cleaner
Production, PRD = Product Design, PR = Product Return, RC = Product Recovery, GP = Green Purchasing and
RL = Reverse Logistic.
A summary of the interview on adopting green practices by the company is shown in table
2.2 above. By convention, the following green practices consisted of the top four of the
practices highlighted by the respondents and were considered appropriate to be chosen as
study variables:
i. Lean Practices
ii. Product Return Practices
iii. Product Recovery Practices
iv. Green Purchasing
2.5 Conceptual Framework of the Study
Natural Resources-based View Theory (NRBV)
As environmental competitiveness becomes increasingly essential in business, the natural
resource-based view (NRBV), which evolved from its original theory, is well suited in
explaining the study’s research framework (Tan et al., 2019). The NRBV adds a natural
environment (external environment) as a valuable source of firms that will make firms
competitive. The natural resource-based view (NRBV) explains that combining resources
internally and externally in the supply chain creates a better organizational ability to meet
customer expectations (Tan et al., 2019). The input is represented by the green practices,
followed by the sustainability in the supply chain and the competitive advantage exemplifies
the outcome (output). The green practices significantly influence on the supply chain
sustainability for competitive advantage that is grounded by the (NRBV) theory. According
to this theory, firms will be unique in adopting sustainability in the supply chain and
achieving competitive advantages by exploiting internal resource (such as lean practices,
product return practices, product recovery practices, and green purchasing). This also
signified that competitive advantage could be achieved when sustainability in the supply
chain and green practices are adopted.
3.0 RESEARCH METHOD
The study uses two data sources, journal publication (secondary data) and field interview
(primary data). The first step was identifying the relevant green practices before the
conceptual development framework. A literature review that focused on the green or
environmental supply chain areas has been conducted to determine the latent construct and
the possible gaps for this study. This is used to initiate the foundation of the framework of the
green practice. The quantitative content analysis (secondary data) from the literature study
served as the foundation for the field interview (primary data).
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4.0 RESULTS
The final model results are based on the secondary data and primary data, with the
underpinned theory of Natural Resources-based View (NRBV) was used to support the
relationships. The finding for secondary data is the adoption of ten green practices identified
from the literature review (remanufacturing, eco-design, process design, lean practices,
cleaner production, product design, product return practices, product recovery practices,
green purchasing, and reverse logistics). Next, the data analysis was gathered from in-depth
interviews conducted through semi-structured interviews with three selected manufacturers in
the Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia. Based on the interview with the three
companies selected, not all companies completely practice all ten green practices. It was
discovered that most of the companies are implementing several green practices, but none
carry out all of the practices. By convention from the analysis, the following green practices
consisted of the top four practices highlighted by the respondents. They were deemed
appropriate for the study variables: lean practices, product return practices, product recovery
practices, and green purchasing as independent variables. Hence, the findings of this study
are the conceptual framework which contained three elements, green practices as the
independent variable, sustainability in the supply chain as the independent/intervening
variable, and competitive advantage as the dependent variable. This study proposed that
impact of green practices on the firm’s significantly impact the sustainability in the supply
chain for competitive advantage. In addition, the sustainability in supply chain influences the
firm's competitive advantage. In other words, firms are expected to be in the best position to
achieve profitability and, eventually, market competitiveness by implementing sustainable
operating practices.
5.0 CONCLUSION
The development of the enhanced model of green practices is vital by elucidating valuable
information about the importance of green practices on the firm's sustainability in the supply
chain for competitive advantage. From the interviews field, it is apparent that firms applying
green practices will eventually achieve economic cost savings through waste reduction,
energy usage optimization and less consumption of materials. Social and environmental
sustainability are also prevalent in improving the firm’s sustainability. By achieving the three
bottom line, firms can significantly achieve the greatest performance and eventually achieve
cost, quality and delivery competitiveness in the marketplace.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is supported by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), by the Ministry of
Education Malaysia (MOE) reference number FRGS/1/2018/SS01/UITM/03/05.
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Iranmanesh, M., Zailani, S., Moeinzadeh, S., & Nikbin, D. (2017). Effect of green innovation
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THE EFFECT OF WORK PRESSURE ON TURNOVER INTENTION
AMONG NURSES IN KOTA KINABALU, SABAH: COWORKER
SUPPORT AS A MODERATOR
*Al Gaffrie Mil Kusin1*, Dewi Tajuddin2, Sylvia Nabila Azwa Ambad2 & Hamsinar Hassan3
1Arshad Ayub Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sabah
Branch, Malaysia
2Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sabah Branch,
Malaysia
3Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, Open University Malaysia (OUM), Sabah, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has put nurses in the spotlight as one of the busiest frontliners in
the world. Recently, the Ministry of Health reportedly stated that hundreds of nurses had been
infected by the pandemic. Nursing professionals have been known to experience high
pressuring work that causes an increase in turnover. Based on the nature of their occupation
that commonly requires them to work in a team, coworker support has been described as one
of the factors contributing to a healthier working environment and encouraging nurses to
remain working at health institutions. This study’s objective is to investigate the effect of
work pressure on turnover intention among nurses and the moderating effect of coworker
support. A sample of 200 nurses from various health institutions around Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, are randomly selected to participate in the online survey of this study. Data gathered
then analysed using Smart-PLS. The results showed that work pressure has a significant
positive effect on turnover intention, and coworker support significantly moderates the effect
of work pressure on turnover intention among nurses. This study highlights the importance of
a healthy workplace despite the stressful environment and inspires improvements for the
retention of nurses.
Keywords: Coworker support; Turnover intention; Work Pressure
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DETERMINANTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN
INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS PURCHASE INTENTION TOWARDS
GREEN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN MALAYSIA
*Nurul Labanihuda Abdull Rahman1, Nor Aida Iwani Hafidzin1, Wan Mohd Yaseer Mohd
Abdoh1 & Farah Lina Azizan1
1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Perlis Branch,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, green residential building is known to preserve all natures from the destruction by
human activities. However, there are several factors that contribute to lack of awareness
among customers in understanding and accepting the green technologies in residential
building. So, this quantitative study aimed to examine the determinants of psychological
factors in influencing the customers purchase intention towards green residential building in
Pulau Pinang. The study explored several factors such as consumer purchase intention,
attitude, environmental concern, financial risk and perceived value towards green residential
buildings. By investigating these factors, the researcher will know the most significant factor
contributing to consumer purchase intention. A total of 109 respondents had participated in
this study. They were students and staff from civil engineering UiTM Permatang Pauh, Pulau
Pinang They were required to complete a questionnaire on study skills. SPSS version 22 was
used for statistical analysis in this study. To simplify and characterise the data, descriptive
methods were applied. Descriptive statistics and correlation testing were used in the final
analysis. The findings found that attitude, environmental concern, financial risk and
perceived value had indicated a strong positive correlation in which all hypotheses were
accepted. Hence, housing developer and government would have a better understanding on
the customers’ characteristics and the factors which influence the purchasing green
residential building in Malaysia.
Keywords: Attitude; Consumer purchase intention; Environmental concern; Financial risk;
Perceived value
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CAN THE PERFORMANCE OF MALAYSIAN CEOS BE PREDICTED
BY THEIR FACES?
*Tamer Elsheikh 1, Hafiza Aishah Hashim1, Nor Raihan Mohamad1 & Ferdinand Gul2,3
1Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia
2Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
3Deakin University, Australia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The appointment of a new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is one of the toughest decisions,
which may determine the future of the company. This decision depends on many factors and
is subject to many studies and theories. Recently, the CEO characteristics, his behavior and
the relation of CEO attributes with firm performance have brought large interest to the
researchers. Previous literatures have studied various aspects of CEOs’ behaviors and styles
including overconfidence, integrity, military experience, criminal record, and religious
beliefs, among others. However, to date, the complete knowledge of a CEOs’ behaviors and
styles still uncharacterized. One of the characteristics that gain huge interest is the facial
appearance of CEO. Biologists called the structure of the face as “honest signal” so that,
useful information for the future can be predicted reliably using this honest signal. We predict
that the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), testosterone level, and masculine behaviors for
CEOs could form a new view about the corporate outcome. We propose the use of fWHR as
a real indicator that is difficult to manipulate, counterfeit or change its dimensions’ despite
being available to everyone (facial photos) for helping the shareholders of companies in the
selection and preference of valid managers by discovering the relationship between the facial
structure ratio and the performance of the companies in Bursa Malaysia.
Keywords: CEO; fWHR; Masculinity; Performance; Testosterone
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A TWO-STAGE PILOT STUDY IN COVID-19 VACCINATION
READINESS
Fahirah Syaliza Mokhtar 1, Zamri Chik2, Ahmad Munir Mohd Salleh1, Muhammad Abi
Sofian Abdul Halim1, Rusnifaezah Musa3 & Noor Muthmainnah Hamdul Hadi4
1Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Terengganu, Malaysia
2 Terengganu Strategic & Integrity Institute, Terengganu, Malaysia
3Aimst University, Kedah, Malaysia
4Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 vaccination program in Malaysia is an effort launched by the Malaysian
government as a means of containing the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
and ending the outbreak in Malaysia by developing herd immunity among its citizens and
non-citizens. A major effort will be required from health agencies, non-governmental
organizations, industries, national and also state governments. In some states, low vaccination
rates have resulted in outbreaks of COVID-19, while also impeding the government’s efforts
to achieve its aim. The goal of this study is to establish the antecedents of COVID-19
vaccination acceptability in which to establish the data’s reliability and validity, where a two-
stage pilot study was conducted. Several antecedents were identified, examined, and analysed
using SPSS software. All constructs were investigated and the items were validated, in which
the first stage pilot test was low. The elimination of more than 20% of the items indicated that
item validity had been violated. The second pilot tests produced high internal consistency of
above 0.7 of the minimal value for Cronbach alpha after further improvement.
Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccine Readiness; Due diligence; Factor analysis; Knowledge;
Religiosity
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ZAKAT ONLINE CAMPAIGNS USING CREATIVE ANIMATION ON
SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS: YOUTHS’ ACCEPTANCE
Norbayah Mohd Suki1, Norazah Mohd Suki2* & Muhammad Faiz Hussin Shokri3
1Institute of Creative Industry Management and Sustainable Culture, School of Creative
Industry Management and Performing Arts, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kedah,
Malaysia
2Institute of Sustainable, Growth and Urban Development, Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate
School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kedah, Malaysia
3Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah (LZNK), Kedah, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Muslims are obliged to make a contribution to the less fortunate through zakat,
which is one of the means of wealth distribution. However, very few studies have
investigated the behavioural intention of users toward social media networks that use creative
animation for zakat online campaigns to promote zakat awareness in developing nations. It is
believed that the rich contents via creative animation could attract the youth to engage with
zakat. This research examines the key factors that influence the behavioural intention of
youths to accept the zakat online campaigns that use creative animation via social media
networks. Data were analysed via Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 18 to test
the covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) technique. The results reveal
that social influence has the greatest significant impact on the behavioural intention of youth
to accept the zakat online campaigns that use creative animation via social media networks.
The youth indicated that officers in zakat institutions have promoted zakat by using creative
animation via social media networks to enhance their understanding of zakat. The use of
social media networks and creative animation as the online campaign tool by zakat
institutions has great potential to increase the engagement of working youth as zakat payers.
The zakat institutions should hence be more innovative and utilise creative animation in their
zakat online campaigns via social media networks to promote zakat awareness. Directions for
future research are also provided.
Keywords: Behavioral intention; Effort expextancy; Performance expectancy; Social
Influence; UTAUT
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FOSTERING STUDENTS’ CREATIVITY IN ANIMATION PROJECTS: AN
APPLICATION OF DESIGN THINKING PROCESS
*Norbayah Mohd Suki1, Norazah Mohd Suki2 & Humera Imtiaz2
1Institute of Creative Industry Management and Sustainable Culture, School of Creative
Industry Management and Performing Arts, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kedah,
Malaysia
2Institute of Sustainable, Growth and Urban Development, Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate
School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kedah, Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research aims to assess the key factors that influence the application of design thinking process
(DTP) to foster students’ creativity in animation projects. Data were analyzed using Pearson
correlation analysis via the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The results
revealed that effort expectancy of DTP had the strongest influence on students’ creativity in animation
projects. The students expressed that applying the DTP strengthened their creativity in animation
projects due to its user-friendly features. Other contributing factors include facilitating conditions, and
performance expectancy. As students are the potential digital social innovators, academia should
highlight the needs of developing creative capability through providing content rich curriculum to
promote digital social innovation. Direction for future research is also furnished.
Keywords: Behavioral intention; Effort expectancy; Performance Expectancy; Social Influence;
UTAUT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Communications Content and Infrastructure (CCI) National Key Economic Areas
(NKEA) enlisted nurturing Malaysia’s creative content as the first Entry Point Projects
(EPP). This denotes the crucial need for the academia to develop human capitals’ capabilities
of generating creative content since students can be the digital social innovation agents to
foster creativity within Malaysia context. Limited research has been done in nurturing
students’ behavioural intention and actual usage of design thinking process (DTP) in creative
animation Hence, this research aims to assess the key factors that influence the application of
DTP to develop students’ creativity in animation projects. The findings of this study endow a
significant contribution to the management of higher learning institutions in developing
strategies to positively influence students’ creativity in animation projects
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
This research is guided by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
(UTAUT) model by Venkatesh et al. (2003) which assess individual’s intention to use a
technology. The model proposed that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating
conditions, and social influence affect behavioural intention. Behavioural intention is termed
as, “a person’s subjective probability that he or she will perform the behaviour in question”
(Venkatesh et al., 2003, p. 451). Preceding scholars noted that behavioural intention in usage
of technology affect individuals’ consumption behaviors (Rather & Hollebeek, 2021; Suki &
Suki, 2013; Vahdat et al., 2021; Venkatesh et al., 2003).
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Performance expectancy is referred to “the degree to which an individual believes that using
the system will help him or her to attain gains in job performance” (Venkatesh et al., 2003, p.
447). Performance expectancy contributes to the behavioural intention of individuals to
perform a behavior (Nordhoff et al., 2021). Effort expectancy is defined as, “the degree of
ease associated with the use of the system” (Venkatesh et al., 2003, p. 450). Consumers
approach the technology with different expectations from different types of technology
(Tarhini et al., 2021). Facilitating conditions refer to, “the degree to which an individual
believes that organisational and technical infrastructures exist to support use of the system”
(Venkatesh et al., 2003, p. 453). Previous studies have noted that the influence of facilitating
conditions on behavioral intention is significant (Fatimah, et al., 2021; Venkatesh et al.,
2003).
Social influence is defined as, “the degree to which an individual perceives that important
others believe he or she should use the new system” (Venkatesh et al., 2003, p. 451).
Individuals tend to refer to the people in their surroundings toward decrease their anxiety
attached to using of new innovation (Suki & Suki, 2016). Attitude refers to the, “evaluation
by an individual of how favourable or unfavourable an act is” (Ajzen, 1991). Their attitude
and purchase intention are correlated as they rely to credible information in making decision
(Cruz-Cárdenas, 2021). Based on this above-mentioned discussion, this study put forth that
(i) performance expectancy, (ii) effort expectancy, (iii) facilitating conditions, (iv) social
influence, and (v) attitude toward use of the DTP have a positive effect on students’ creativity
in animation projects
3.0 RESEARCH METHOD
A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 400 respondents via the purposive
sampling method among undergraduate students at a higher learning institution in Northern
Malaysia. This size of sample exceeded Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, and Tatham’s (2010)
threshold that is a sample size of between 30 and 500 is adequate. Of the total sample size,
300 questionnaires were usable for analysis, constituting a valid response rate of 75% of
which females outnumbered males by 56:44. In regards of age, more than three-quarters of
the participants (79%) were 18 to 20 years old, while 20% were 21 to 23 years old. Thirty
measurement items, that represented six factors, designed on a five-point Likert scale,
ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) were adopted from Venkatesh et al.
(2003). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis via the Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the key factors that influence the
application of DTP to develop students’ creativity in animation projects. Table 1 details the
inter-construct correlations and reliability analysis of the six factors. None of the correlation
coefficients topped the threshold of 0.700 recommended by Hair et al. (2010), signifying an
adequate internal reliability consistency and discriminant validity. Most importantly, effort
expectancy had the strongest influence on students’ creativity in animation projects. This is
trailed by facilitating conditions (inspected in H3), and performance expectancy.
The other significant factors that followed suit were social influence and attitude toward use.
Students expressed that applying the DTP with its user-friendly features strengthened their
creativity in animation projects and involved minimal effort. This result is consistent with the
findings of Tarhini et al. (2021). As such, the UTAUT model is “a useful tool for managers
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needing to assess the likelihood of success for new technology introductions and helps them
understand the drivers of acceptance” (Venkatesh et al., 2003, p. 425).
Table 1
Inter-construct Correlations and Reliability Analysis
Statistical Analysis 1 2 3 4 56
Correlation Coefficients 0.528** 0.579** 0.551** 0.478** 0.381** 1.000
Cronbach’s Alpha 0.734 0.818 0.799 0.784 0.773 0.745
Mean 4.523 4.611 4.572 4.687 4.139 4.042
Std. Deviation 0.681 0.713 0.709 0.617 0.552 0.517
Notes: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); (1) Performance Expectancy, (2) Effort
Expectancy,
(3) Facilitating Conditions, (4) Social Influence, (5) Attitude toward Use, (6) Behavioural Intention.
5.0 CONCLUSIONS
As students are the potential digital social innovators, academia should highlight the needs of
developing creative capability through providing content rich curriculum to promote digital social
innovation. Future research should increase the sample size and cover regions beyond
Malaysia to improve the generalisability of the findings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The financial support for this work was made available by the Universiti Utara Malaysia allocated to
Geran Penjanaan under SO Code: 14591.
REFERENCES
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision
Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Cruz-Cárdenas, J., Guadalupe-Lanas, J., Ramos-Galarza, C., & Palacio-Fierro, A. (2021). Drivers of
technology readiness and motivations for consumption in explaining the tendency of consumers
to use technology-based services. Journal of Business Research, 122, 217-225.
Fatimah, F. A. T. I. M. A. H., Rajiani, S., & Abbas, E. (2021). Cultural and individual characteristics
in adopting computer-supported collaborative learning during covid-19 outbreak: Willingness
or obligatory to accept technology? Management Science Letters, 11(2), 373-378.
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis:
A global perspective. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Nordhoff, S., Malmsten, V., van Arem, B., Liu, P., & Happee, R. (2021). A structural equation
modeling approach for the acceptance of driverless automated shuttles based on constructs from
the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and the diffusion of innovation theory.
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 78, 58-73.
Rather, R. A., & Hollebeek, L. D. (2021). Customers’ service-related engagement, experience, and
behavioral intent: Moderating role of age. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60,
102453.
Suki N. M., & Suki N. M. (2013). Examining students' attitudes to the mobile phone as an educational
tool. Education Research: Challenges, Training Techniques and Improvements, (pp. 33-45).
Suki, N.M., & Suki, N.M. (2016). Structural relationships in the embedding of role-play games in a
class for Japanese language proficiency: Towards a unifiedview. Technology, Knowledge, and
Learning. doi:10.1007/s10758-01 -9294-8
Tarhini, A., Alalwan, A. A., Cao, D., & Al-Qirim, N. (2021). Integrating emotional attachment,
resource sharing, communication and collaboration into UTAUT2 to examine students'
behavioural intention to adopt social media networks in education. International Journal of
Technology Enhanced Learning, 13(1), 1-23.
Vahdat, A., Alizadeh, A., Quach, S., & Hamelin, N. (2021). Would you like to shop via mobile app
technology? The technology acceptance model, social factors and purchase intention.
Australasian Marketing Journal, 29(2), 187-197.
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Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information
technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
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THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF DECENT WORK FOR SOCIAL
SUSTAINABILITY
*Nor Tasnim Syahera Rasak1, Mohd Rizaimy Shaharudin1 & Nur Zainie Abd Hamid1
1Faculty of Business & Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to propose a conceptual framework to study the decent work pillars for social
sustainability. Under the SDGs 8, decent work and economic growth play an important role
as an opportunity for employees to express their concern, organize, and participate in the
decision-making that may affect their lives and be fair in services for both genders (women
and men) as well. Nevertheless, annual cases reported that the employer had terminated
employees without any substantial reason from the organization's view. In this context, four
pillars of decent work suggested by the International Labour Organization – employment
creation, social protection, rights at work, and social dialogue have been used to identify the
concrete variable to be tested with the new outcomes (social sustainability). Many previous
researchers used different variables to support their outcomes as the decent work itself has
been inconsistently conceptualized with different dimensions. Therefore, the purpose of this
paper is to conceptualize the decent work variables.
Keywords: Decent work; Social sustainability; Sustainable development goals
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Decent work means that everyone has the opportunity to find work that is productive, pays a
fair wage, job security and social protection for families, as well as providing/offering better
opportunities for self-development as well as social integration. The vision for decent work is
to promote economic growth, productive employment and fairness work to everyone as
highlighted in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
The United Nations has set up 17 interlinked goals (known as SDG) in 2015 that need to be
protected and completed in order to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the
year 2030. However, the agenda progressed slowly even before the COVID-19 pandemic
(International Labour Organization, 2020). The pandemic is worsening and deepening pre-
existing inequalities, exposing weaknesses in social, political, economic, and ecological
systems, and enhancing the pandemic's effects (ILO,2020). In Malaysia, the Economic
Growth Cluster comprises of goals 8, 9, 17, which focused on encouraging internal and
international collaboration to promote social sustainability among industry players and
achieving full employment for long-term economic growth. The SDGs 8 contained decent
work and economic growth that focused on promoting both gender rights and to prevent them
from falling into poverty. Industry, innovation and infrastructure fell within SDGs 9 which
aims to implement no damage environment, opportunity for everyone to have access to the
internet, electricity and quality education, while SDG 10 focuses on partnerships for the goals
that support organization and people in order to achieve the goals and having fair trading
condition for producer and worker (DOSM, 2019). These goals are expected to bring
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achievement in the form of full and productive employment and decent work for both women
and men in the world by 2030.
Stuart et al. (2016) in their study, explained that decent work comprises of five dimensions:
pay, health and safety, work–life balance, terms of employment and the intrinsic
characteristics of work/satisfaction. Consistently, in the following year, Duffy et al. (2017)
highlighted that decent work includes five components which are safe work environment,
access to health care, adequate earnings, hours that allow for free time and rest and
organizational values that are congruent with family and social values. In contrast, Mark et
al. (2020) in their study used a unique set of decent work principles such as pay, conditions,
contracts, management and representation. As evident in a study by Duffy et al. (2016), many
studies in the past used different variables to support the outcomes. That is why decent work
have been inconsistently conceptualized with different dimensions. This happened because
the study in decent work is relatively new, with most of them are still exploring and are at the
theory building stage. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the decent work
variables.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Decent Work Variables
In general, decent work is a multi-dimensional with different concepts from various
perspectives (psychological: work motivation, physical and mental health). Nevertheless,
many prevailing studies in the past have utilized the four agendas or pillars of the decent
work including several studies by Duffy and Bluestein (2019). By looking at the suitability
of the four pillars, this study proposed (employment creation, rights at work, social protection
and social dialogues) as the main variables to represent the decent work construct in the
study.
2.1.1 Employment Creation
Employee creation is a construct for decent work, and employee opportunities (EO) is a
dimension under employee creation that focuses on alternative jobs available, giving workers
a choice, as well as personal and professional enhancement. This progress means both
prospects to improve remuneration and professional development (as an employee or
entrepreneur). Supported by Lerche (2012), employee creation is concerned with securing
employment, and the quality and choice of work. Companies have shown the efforts to
provide opportunities for people in need of work to find jobs in both the formal and informal
sectors, including self-employment, unpaid family work, and wage employment. Hasan et al
(2018) stated that the sustainability and growth of the sector is important for economic
development and continued employment of workers.
2.1.2 Social Protection
Social protection refers to the workers’ and families’ perceptions of being socially protected
in the case of illness or unemployment, through a system of social security and the prospect
of a decent retirement. This dimension expresses the workers’ expectation of what society
will or can do in the long term to recognize or repay the worker for the committed effort at
work (Ferraro et al. 2015). It also acknowledges the need for workers to reduce insecurity
associated with possible job and livelihood losses, including precarious employment, pension
and termination of employment (ILO, 2015). These are necessary conditions for a decent job
and women workers in the any sector need to be examined.
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2.1.3 Rights at Work
Pereira et. al (2019) highlighted that the rights at work are the dimension which expresses the
way decent work measures to what extent the work context presents values such as dignity,
participation, freedom, non-discrimination, trust and procedural and interactional justice.
Agreed by Roessler et al. (2012) that rights at work are underpinned by basic human rights in
accordance with ILO conventions. Women and men need equal opportunities and treatment
at work, including the absence of discrimination at work and access to work, and the ability
to balance work with family life (Riguer, 2008)
2.1.4 Social Dialogue
Social dialogue refers to any negotiations, discussions or decision-making where the
employees were given a chance, not only to participate, but also to voice their opinions on
various issues related to work and organization (Balwant, 2015). Most of the business owners
and managers explained that the alternative way of engaging in social dialogue was to
renegotiate employment contracts for workers (Sardana, 2018). Supported by Riguer (2008),
employees should be well treated with respect at work, free to express their concerns and able
to take part in decision-making on their terms and conditions of work.
3.0 CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed the four pillars of decent work based on the ILO suggestion:
employment creation, social protection, rights at work and social dialogue in order to
investigate the outcomes of variables. These pillars are frequently utilized in the previous
studies and has the potential to become more relevant in many concepts of research. In
addition, as decent work itself did not have concrete variables to be tested in any study, this
paper proposed the four pillars to conceptualization the decent work variables.
REFERENCES
Duffy, R. D., Allan, B. A., England, J. W., Blustein, D. L., Autin, K. L., Douglass, R.
P., Ferreira, J., & Santos, E. J. (2017). The development and initial validation of the
Decent Work Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(2), 206
https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000191
Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A., & Autin, K. L. (2016). The psychology of
working theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63, 127-148.
Ferraro, T., Pais, L., and Dos Santos, N. R. (2015). Decent work: An aim for all made by
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Hassan, M. U. Iqbal, Z. Malik, M. & Ahmad, M. I. (2018). Exploring the role of
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Khan, S. I., Bartram, T., Cavanagh, J., Hossain, M. S., & Akter, S. (2018). Decent work” in
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the ready-made garment sector in Bangladesh. Personnel Review. doi:10.1108/pr-01-2018-
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Lerche, J. (2012). Labour Regulations and Labour Standards in India: Decent Work? Global
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with chronic illnesses. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 28(3), 29-34.
Roessler, R. T.; Hawley, C. E.; McMahon, B. T. (2012). Employment Discrimination
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LESSON FROM PANDEMIC: HOW COVID-19 HAS CHANGED THE
WORKFORCE? GIG WORKS OR NOT?
*Purnomo M Antara¹, Kamarudin Othman², Khairul Azfar Adzahar2, Siti Fairuza Hassam2 &
Mohd Fazil Jamaludin2
¹Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam
Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch,
Malaysia
*Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in Malaysia's unemployment rate to 5.3% in May
2020 compared with only 3.2% in early 2020. The unemployment rate among youth is always
higher than the overall workforce. The gig works found to be an alternative job during and
after the pandemic, especially for GiGen (Graduating iGeneration). The "own-account
worker" number increased for the first time in August 2020, driven by the economic stimulus
package introduced by the Malaysian government. However, the acceptance of GiGen
towards working in the gig economy sector is still questionable. This paper aims to
conceptualise the Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction (IMBP) to predict, change and
reinforce the iGeneration behaviour to choose the gig economy sector after graduation. An
elicitation study was performed to identify the factors forming GiGen's attitude, perceived
norm, and self-efficacy to do gig works. The open-ended online survey was conducted with
35 final year undergraduate students using purposive and snowball sampling. A total of 617
beliefs elicited and categorised into themes. Four rules were compared to choose the final set
of salient beliefs, which resulted in five salient outcome beliefs, three salient injunctive norm
beliefs, three descriptive norm beliefs, and nine salient efficacy beliefs chosen. Then, all
beliefs conceptualised into the IMBP constructs. Finally, the intervention was conceptualised
to change or reinforce the target behaviour among GiGen. This paper is expected to advance
the gig economy sector by predicting, changing, and reinforcing the GiGen behaviour to
choose the gig works after graduation.
Keywords: Gig Economy; GiGen; iGeneration; Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction;
Salient Beliefs
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