2011_@dentallib_Robert_N_Staley

Index 331

closure of, in anterior crossbite, 104, 105–9f, 109 End-to-end occlusion, 8–9, 10
etiology of, 135–36 Essix retainers, 249, 250f, 251f
management with appliances, 139 Euler, Leonhard, 221
maxillary labial frenum and, 137–38, 138f Examination. See Clinical examination
prevalence of, 135, 136t Eyelet arm finger spring, 98, 99f
rotated incisors, 138
thumb-sucking habit and, 138, 143–44, 143f–144f Face profiles, 12, 16f
tooth size, 136–37, 137t Facial plane, 67
treatment of F-curve ruler, for arch length measurement, 34
Finger spring appliances, 98, 111f
with edgewise fixed appliance, 144–48,
145f–149f diastema and, 141–42, 141f–142f
double helical spring, 98, 98f, 100, 104, 109
with finger spring removable appliance, 141–42, eyelet arm spring, 98, 99f
141f–142f helical coil, 153, 154–56, 155f, 156f–162f
lever arm in, 219–20, 220f
with removable loop spring appliances, 139, mushroom spring, 98–99, 99f
139f–140f question mark spring, 98, 98f
for rotating premolars, 213–16, 214f–216f
thumb-habit and, 143–44, 143f–144f S spring, 98, 98f
Digital casts, 19–20 Z spring, 98, 98f
Digital radiograph, analog radiograph vs., 73 Fixed expander appliances, for posterior crossbite,
Direct bonding, of brackets, 236
Distal step, 7f, 8 123–32, 124f–132f
Distraction osteogenesis, 125, 163 Fixed-removable lingual arch, 84, 85f, 86f
Double helical finger spring, 98, 98f, 100, 104, 109 Fixed-removable palatal holding arch, 84, 85f
Dynes, 219 Fixed retainers, 239, 240f–241f
Flame soldering, of wires, 324
Early mixed dentition, 44, 44f Flush terminal plane, 7f, 9
Edgewise fixed appliances, 130–133, 132f, 154–60, FMA. See Mandibular plane-Frankfort horizontal

165–67 plane
anatomic considerations for, 233–34, 233f FMIA. See Frankfort horizontal plane-to-mandibular
for anterior crossbite, 102–3, 102–4f
arch form and, 236–37 incisor angle
arch wires and, 230–31 Force, engineers definition of, 219
bands and, 231 Formability, stress-strain curve and, 321
Frankfort horizontal plane, 67
cementing of, 231–32 Frankfort horizontal plane-nasion-pogonion, 68
fitting of, 231 Frankfort horizontal plane-to-mandibular incisor
removal of, 232
brackets angle (FMIA), 69
bonding of, 232, 236 Fresh extraction sites, 164
placement of, 234–36, 235f, 236f
diastema and, 144–48, 145f–149f Glass ionomer cement, 102, 232
history of, 229, 230f Gummy smile, 12, 16f
lever arm in, 220, 220f
molar tube placement in, 234–36, 236f Hard wire cutters, 254, 254f
separators and, 231 Hawley, C.A., 251
straight wire appliance and, 234 Hawley appliance, 98, 99, 100, 100f, 101f, 111f
tooth rotation in, 225, 225f
tooth translation in, 222–25, 223f, 224f diastema management with, 139
Elastic/proportional limit, stress-strain curve and, Hawley loop pliers, 252, 253, 253f, 254
Hawley retainer, 103, 251, 252f
320, 321f
Electric soldering, of wires, 324–26, 325f with labial bow
Electric welding, of wires, 323–24, 323f and Adams clasp, 251, 252f, 256f, 257, 267f,
Enamel demineralization, 17 275, 276f–283f, 275–76

332 Index

Hawley retainer (continued) for fixed W spring appliance in primary dentition,
and arrow clasp, 267 126f
and ball clasp, 267–71, 267f–271f
and c-clasp, 271, 272f–275f for Hawley appliance with finger and loop springs,
111f
mandibular, 251, 252f
maxillary, 251, 252f for invisible retainer, 244f
wraparound, 251–52, 252f for lower acrylic posterior bite plate, 104f
Headgear, 231 for lower lingual arch with adjustments loops,
Helical coil finger spring, 153, 154–56, 155f,
87f
156f–162f for lower Shamy molar uprighting appliance, 160f
Helical uprighting spring, 169–71, 170f for mandibular Hawley retainer with c-clasps

forces generated by, 170f, 171 soldered to the distal and labial bow loops,
treatment with, 171–72, 171f–172f 301f
Hixon and Oldfather prediction method, 44–45 for maxillary Hawley appliance for anterior
revised, 45–47, 46f, 47f crossbite, 101f
Horizontal plane, tooth movement to, 217–18, 217f for maxillary Hawley retainer with Adams clasps,
Hour glass ridge, 163 256f
Hybrid-glass ionomer cement, 232 for maxillary Hawley retainer with labial bow and
Hyrax RMEder, 130, 131f Adams clasps, 276f
for maxillary Hawley retainer with labial bow and
Ideal occlusion, 3–4, 3f c-clasps, 272f
IMPA. See Mandibular incisor-to-mandibular plane for maxillary Hawley with ball clasps, 268f
for maxillary modified Hawley retainer with labial
angle bow soldered to Adams clasps, 282f
Incisor(s) for maxillary modified Hawley retainer with labial
bow soldered to ReSta clasps, 290f
anteroposterior position, tooth size-arch length for maxillary modified Hawley with labial bow
analysis, in adult, 36 soldered to c-clasps, 273f
for maxillary modified Hawley with labial bow
crowding of, prevalence of, 76, 76t, 77t soldered to ReSta clasps, 284f
distance, to anterior vertical lines, 69, 70f, 70t for maxillary modified wraparound Hawley
inclination, tooth size-arch length analysis, in retainer with ReSta clasps, 291f
for maxillary split acrylic expander, 121f
adult, 36 for modified rapid palatal expander, 130f
rotated, diastema and, 138 for Nance holding arch, 81f
Incisor liability, 43, 75 for quad helix expander, 128f
Inclination, 218 for removable appliance with two finger springs,
Indirect bonding, of brackets, 236 142f
Informed consent, 17 for removable appliance with two loop springs,
Intermolar width measurements, in posterior labial bow, and ball clasps, 140f
for removable W spring expansion appliance,
crossbite, 114 118f
Invisible thermoplastic retainers, 243, 244f–249f, 249 for standard mandibular Hawley retainer with
Iowa notation system, for angle classification of labial bow and occlusal rests, 295f
for tooth positioner, 242f
malocclusion, 10 for trans-palatal arch, 83f
Iowa Prediction Method, 45, 48, 50 for upper Shamy molar uprighting appliance, 155f
Landmarks, on radiographs
for lower arch, 48, 51f, 52f anatomic, 65, 65f
standard error of estimate, 44, 45t, 48, 50 cephalometric, 65–66, 66f
for upper arch, 48, 49f, 50f Late mixed dentition, 53
Irregularity Index, tooth size-arch length analysis vs., Lateral cephalometric radiographs, 64
Lateral functional shift, 115
37

Kutzal bur, 307, 308f

Laboratory prescriptions
for bonded retainer, 240f
for Essix retainer, 250f

Index 333

Lateral incisor correction, in anterior crossbite, with severity rating of, 11
removable maxillary appliance, 104, 105–11f, subdivision, 9–10
109 Mandibular Hawley retainer, 251, 252f
Mandibular impression, 20–21
Law of inertia, 218 Mandibular incisor-to-line Nasion-Point B, 69, 70f
Laws of motion, 218–19, 226–27, 226f Mandibular incisor-to-mandibular plane angle
Leeway space, 43, 75
Lever arm, 219–20, 220f (IMPA), 69, 69t
Light-cure acrylic, acrylic retainers with, 301–2 Mandibular plane, 67
Line of arch, 7 Mandibular plane-Frankfort horizontal plane
Lingual arch
(MPFH or FMA), 68
active, side effects of, 86, 86f Mandibular plane-sella-nasion plane (MPSN), 68
fixed-removable, 84, 85f, 86f Mastery learning, 177–78
lower loop Maxillary appliance, removable

failure of, 92, 92f diastemaclosure in anterior crossbite with, 104,
laboratory prescription and construction of, 105–9f, 109

87f–91f lateral incisor correction in anterior crossbite with,
passive 104, 105–11f, 109

insertion of, 83–84 Maxillary Hawley retainer, 251, 252f
side effects of, 86, 86f with labial bow, 251, 252f, 254–255, 256f–267f,
Lingual holding arch, lower, 55 257
passive, 75–76, 76f and Adams clasp, 256f, 257, 267f, 275,
Lip position 276f–283f, 275–76
apart at rest, 16f and arrow clasp, 267
normal relaxed, 16f and ball clasp, 267–71, 267f–271f
Loop (arc) spring appliances, 109, 110f, 111f and c-clasp, 271, 272f–275f
diastema and, 139, 139f–140f
Maxillary impression, 21
Malocclusions, angle classification of, 6–10. See also Maxillary incisor roots, inclination of, anterior
Occlusion(s)
crossbite and, 97
Class 1, 6–7, 6f Maxillary incisor-to-line A-Pog, 69, 70f
in mixed dentition, 7, 7f Maxillary incisor-to-mandibular incisor angle, 69,
in primary dentition, 7, 7f
problems, differentiation of, 180–211, 69f
181f–211f Maxillary incisor-to-S-N plane angle, 69, 69f
super, 8f, 9 Maxillary labial frenum, diastema and, 137–38, 138f
Maxillary molar bands, cusp of Carabelli and, 231
Class II-III subdivision, 10 Maximum intercuspation, 5
Class II Me. See Menton
Measurements
incisor dental compensations in, 10
in mixed dentition, 7f, 8 dental, 68
in primary dentition, 7f, 8 skeletal, 68
subdivision, 9 Menton (Me), 67
super, 9 Mesial step, 7, 7f
Class II-1, 6f, 7–8 Mesiodistal-vertical parabolic shell, tooth movement
Class II-2, 8, 8f
Class III, 8f, 9 to, 216–18, 217f
incisor dental compensations in, 10 Mixed dentitions
in mixed dentition, 9
in primary dentition, 9 Class I malocclusion in, 7, 7f
subdivision, 9–10 Class II malocclusion in, 7f, 8
super, 9 Class III malocclusion in, 9
Iowa notation system for, 10 dental cast analysis in
rules for assigning, 10–11
arch length analysis, 55
arch length measurements on casts, 54–55, 54f
Iowa Prediction Method, 48, 50
measurement instruments and guidelines, 55

334 Index

Mixed dentitions (continued) Neo Sent alloy, 320
nonerupted canine radiographic enlargement, 45 Newton, Isaac, 218
nonerupted canine width prediction, 44–45, 44f,
45t laws of motion, 218–19, 226–27, 226f
premolar radiographic enlargement, 45 Newtons, 219
premolar width prediction, 44–45, 44f, 45t Nickel-titanium wires, 318t, 320
proportional equation prediction method, 53–54
radiograph image problems, 53 alloy arch, 230
revised Hixon-Oldfather prediction method, stress-strain curve for, 321, 321f
45–47, 46f, 47f Nitinol Classic, 320
Tanaka and Johnston prediction method, 54, 54t Nitinol SE, 320
tooth size-arch length analysis, 43–44
Occlusion(s)
early, 44, 44f centric, 5–6
late, 53 end-to-end, 8–9, 10
tooth size-arch length analysis in, 43–44 ideal, 3–4, 3f
uprighting molars in, 153 normal, 4, 4f
Modified rapid maxillary expander (modified RME), in primary dentition, 4–5, 5f
radiographs, 61, 61f, 62f
125–32, 129f–132f
Modified RME. See Modified rapid maxillary Open-bite, 40f, 42
Or. See Orbitale
expander Orbitale (Or), 66–67
Modules of elasticity, of stress-strain curve, 320, Orthodontics

321f anchorage concept in, 226, 226f
Molar(s). See also Premolars decision making guidelines, 179–80, 180f
diagnosis, 3–18
permanent, loss of, mesial tipping of, 162–63, 163f force delivery, 219–21, 220f
primary, premature loss of, 77–78, 77f records, 11–12
second screening, 178, 179f
tooth movement with. See Teeth
impaction of, 164–65, 164f treatment planning, 3–18
loss of, 165 wires, 317–20
tooth size-arch length analysis, in adult, 36–37
third, tooth size-arch length analysis, in adult, austenitic stainless steel, 317–19, 318f, 318t,
319f
36–37
uprighting, in mixed dentition, 153 beta-titanium, 318t, 320
Molar(s), first, 162 as cantilever beam (finger spring), 322, 322f
loss of, 165 cobalt-chromium-nickel, 318t, 319–20
electric soldering of, 324–26, 325f
tipping prevention of, 164 electric welding of, 323–24, 323f
lower, ectopic eruption and tipping of, 158–60, flame soldering of, 324
nickel-titanium, 318t, 320
159f physical properties of, 320–22, 321f–322f
permanent, ectopic eruption of, 151–53, 152f sizes of, 322, 322t
upper, ectopic eruption of, 153–57, 153f–158f stress-strain curve of, 320–21, 321f
Molar tube, placement of, 234–36, 236f as supported beam (arch wire), 322, 322f
Moment, 220 Orthoform I tapered arch form, 236
MPFH. See Mandibular plane-Frankfort horizontal Orthoform II square arch form, 236
Orthoform III ovoid arch form, 236
plane Orthoform L.A. arch form, 236
MPSN. See Mandibular plane-sella-nasion plane Overbite, 3
Mushroom finger spring, 98–99, 99f in anterior crossbites, 96
measurements, diagnostic setup and, 40, 40f, 41t,
Na. See Nasion
Nance palatal holding arch, 55, 79, 80f, 81f, 154, 42

157, 158f
Nasion (Na), 66
Natural arch forms, 236

Index 335

Overjet, 3, 40f, 41t, 42 definition of, 113
buccal, 113 intermolar width measurements, 114
measurements, diagnostic setup and, 40, 40f, 41t, patients age and, 114
42 prevalence of, 113, 114t
treatment of, 116
Palatal arch, 55 unilateral, 115–16
active, side effects of, 86, 86f vertical dimension, 116
fixed-removable, 84, 85f Posteroanterior cephalometric radiograph, 72–73,
insertion of, 83–84
Nance, 55, 79, 80f, 81f, 154, 157, 158f 72f, 73f
passive, side effects of, 86, 86f Premolars

Panoramic radiographs, 57–61, 58f, 60f radiographic enlargement, 45
Passive lingual arch rotation of

insertion of, 83–84 finger springs for, 213–16, 214f–216f
side effects of, 86, 86f histologic study with dog, 213–16, 214f–216f
Passive lower lingual holding arch, 75–76, 76f width prediction, 44–45, 44f, 45t
Passive palatal arch, side effects of, 86, 86f Pretreatment records, for Class I problem
Perforated trays, 20
Periapical survey, radiographs and, 57, 58f differentiation, 180–94, 181f–195f
Periodontal status, clinical examination and, 12 Primary dentitions
Plane(s)
buccolingual Class I malocclusion in, 7, 7f
Class II malocclusion in, 7f, 8
lever arm in, 220, 220f Class III malocclusion in, 9
tooth movement to, 217–18, 217f normal occlusions in, 4–5, 5f
on cephalometric radiographs, 67–68 Problem list, 14f, 16–17
facial, 67 Proportional equation prediction method, 53–54
Frankfort horizontal, 67 Prosthetic restoration, teeth repositioning before,
horizontal, tooth movement to, 217–18, 217f
mandibular, 67 172, 173f–174f, 175
Ramus, 68 Pterygomaxillary fissure (Ptm), 67
Sella-Nasion, 67 Ptm. See Pterygomaxillary fissure
Planes of space, tooth movement and, 216–18, 217f
Pliers Quad helix, 125, 127f–128f
bird beak, 252–53, 253f, 254 Question mark finger spring, 98, 98f
Hawley loop, 252, 253, 253f, 254
three-prong, 252, 253–54, 253f Radiograph(s)
Pog. See Pogonion analog, digital vs., 73
Pogonion (Pog), 67 anatomic landmarks, 65, 65f
Point A, 67 cephalometric
Point A-nasion-point B, 68 angles and distances, 68
Point B, 67 landmarks and, 65–66, 66f
Porion, 67 lateral, 64
Positioners, for teeth, 239, 242, 242f, 243f lateral tracing, 71–72, 72f
Posterior crossbite norms, treatment and goals, 70t, 71
angle classification in, 114 planes, 67–68
bilateral, 115–16 point locations on, 66–67
buccolingual inclination of posterior teeth, 114–15 posteroanterior, 72–73, 72f, 73f
correction of, 116 conebeam, 62, 62f–64f
with fixed expander appliances, 123–32, dental angles, 69, 69f
digital, analog vs., 73
124f–132f image problems, in dental cast analysis in mixed
with removable appliances, 117–23, 117f–123f dentitions, 53
incisors distance to anterior vertical lines, 69, 70f,
70t

336 Index

Radiograph(s) (continued) S. See Sella
lateral cephalometric tracing, 71–72, 72f SARME. See Surgically assisted rapid maxillary
occlusion, 61, 61f, 62f
panoramic, 57–61, 58f, 60f expansion
periapical survey, 57, 58f Sealants, for bracket bonding, 232
skeletal angles and distance, 68f, 69f Self-etching primers, for bracket bonding, 232
Sella (S), 66
Ramus plane, 68 Sella-Nasion plane, 67
Range, stress-strain curve and, 321, 321f Sella-nasion-pogonion (SNPog), 68
Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) appliances, 114 Sella-nasion-point A (SNA), 68
Recovery heat treatment, austenitic stainless steel Sella-nasion-point B (SNB), 68
Separators, edgewise fixed appliances and, 231
wires and, 319, 319f S finger spring, 98, 98f
Reflective judgment process, to analyze diagnosis Shamy molar uprighting appliance, 153, 154–56,

and treatment, 178 155f, 156f, 158–59, 160f
Reflex Metrograph, for arch length measurement, 34 SI. See Super I
Removable appliances SII. See Super II
SIII. See Super III
for anterior crossbite, 97–102, 98–101f Silver solders, 324
maxillary Skeletal

diastemaclosure in anterior crossbite with, 104, angles and distance, 68f, 69f
105–9f, 109 measurements, 68
Sliding T-square, 23
lateral incisor correction in anterior crossbite Smile, gummy, 12, 16f
with, 104, 105–11f, 109 SNA. See Sella-nasion-point A
SNB. See Sella-nasion-point B
for posterior crossbite, 117–23, 117f–123f SNPog. See Sella-nasion-pogonion
Resilience, stress-strain curve and, 321 Solders
Retainer(s) electric, 324–26, 325f
flame, 324
acrylic, 301–2, 302f–307f silver, 324
with cold-cure methylmethacrylate, 301–2 Split acrylic expander, removable, 120–23, 121f–123f
finishing/trimming of, 307, 308f–314f, 313–15 Stainless steel wire, stress-strain curve for, 321, 321f
with light-cure acrylic, 301–2 Standard arch form, 236
polishing of, 307, 308f–314f, 313–15 Standard error of estimate, 44, 45t, 48, 50
with thermoformed acrylic, 301–2 Straight face profile, 16f
Straight wire appliance, edgewise fixed appliances
design of, 251–52, 252f
Essix, 249, 250f, 251f and, 234
fixed, 239, 240f–241f Stress-strain curve, 320–21, 321f
Hawley, 103, 251, 252f
for beta titanium wire, 321, 321f
mandibular, 251, 252f for cobalt-chrome-nickel wire, 321, 321f
maxillary, 251, 252f, 254–255, 256f–267f, 257 elastic/proportional limit, 320, 321f
wraparound, 251–52, 252f formability and, 321
Hawley, with labial bow modules of elasticity of, 320, 321f
and Adams clasp, 251, 252f, 256f, 257, 267f, for nickel titanium wire, 321, 321f
range and, 321, 321f
275, 276f–283f, 275–76 resilience and, 321
and arrow clasp, 267 for stainless steel wire, 321, 321f
and ball clasp, 267–71, 267f–271f of wires, 320–21, 321f
and c-clasp, 271, 272f–275f yield point, 320, 321f
invisible thermoplastic, 243, 244f–249f, 249 Study casts, 19
wire bending skills and, 252–55, 253f, 255f pouring of plaster, 22
practice exercises for, 254–55, 255f trimming, 22–29, 23f–30f
Retention plan, 15f, 17
Rigid bodies
displacements of, 221, 221f
purely translated, 222
RME. See Rapid maxillary expansion appliances
Root resorption, 17

Index 337

Summary of findings, 16–17 TMD. See Temporomandibular joint disorder
Super I (SI), 10 TMJ. See Temporomandibular joint
Super II (SII), 10 Tooth. See Teeth
Super III (SIII), 10 Tooth size-arch length analysis
Supported beam (arch wire) wire, 322, 322f
Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in adult, 33–37
curve of Spee, 34, 36, 36f
(SARME), 114 factors influencing, 34–37
incisor anteroposterior position, 36
TAD. See Temporary anchorage device incisor inclination, 36
Tanaka and Johnston prediction method, 54, 54t Irregularity Index vs., 37
Teeth measurement of, 33–34, 34f, 35f
second and third molar evaluation, 36–37
anteroposterior relationships of, 6
canine. See Canine teeth in mixed dentition, 43–44
crowding of, 55 Tooth size-arch length discrepancy (TSALD), 14f,
lower anterior alignment, anterior crossbite and, 97
molars. See Molar(s); Premolars 17, 33
movement of TPA. See Trans-palatal arch
Trans-palatal arch (TPA), 82, 82f, 83f
biomechanics in, 216–18 Treatment plan, 15f, 17
to buccolingual planes, 217–18, 217f Treatment records, for Class I problem
to horizontal plane, 217–18, 217f
to Mesiodistal-vertical parabolic shell, 216–18, differentiation, 180–94, 181f–195f
TSALD. See Tooth size-arch length discrepancy
217f Turn schedule, of modified RME, 126
planes of space and, 216–18, 217f
three-dimensional, in two-dimensional figures, Undermining resorption, 213
Unilateral posterior crossbite, 115–16
221–222
positioners for, 239, 242, 242f, 243f etiologies of, 115–16
repositioning of, before prosthetic restoration, true, 116
Uprighting molars
172, 173f–174f, 175 in mixed dentition, 153
rotation of with Shamy appliance, 153, 154–56, 155f, 156f,

in anterior crossbite, 97 158–59, 160f
in edgewise fixed appliances, 225, 225f
size of, diastema and, 136–37, 137t Vertically long face, 16f
translation, in edgewise fixed appliance, 222–25, Vertically normal face, 16f
Vertically short face, 16f
223f, 224f Vertisquare, 23
widths of
Welding, electric, of wires, 323–24, 323f
in normal occlusion, 41t, 42 Wire(s), 317–20
premolars, 44–45, 44f, 45t
Temporary anchorage device (TAD), 172 arch, 230–31
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), clinical nickel-titanium alloy, 230
titanium-molybdenum alloy, 230–31
examination and, 12
Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), 12 austenitic stainless steel, 317–19, 318f, 318t, 319f
Thermoformed acrylic, retainers with, 301–2 bending skills with, 252–55, 253f, 255f
Three-dimensional tooth movements, in two-
practice exercises for, 254–55, 255f
dimensional figures, 221–222 beta-titanium, 318t, 320
Three-prong pliers, 252, 253–54, 253f
Thumb-sucking habit, diastema and, 138, 143–44, stress-strain curve for, 321, 321f
as cantilever beam (finger spring), 322, 322f
143f–144f cobalt-chromium-nickel, 318t, 319–20
Tilt axis, 213
Titanium-molybdenum alloy arch wires, 230–31 stress-strain curve for, 321, 321f
T-loop uprighting spring, 165–67, 166f electric soldering of, 324–26, 325f
electric welding of, 323–24, 323f
forces generated by, 167–68, 167f
treatment with, 168–69, 168f–169f

338 Index Wire turret, 254, 254f
Wraparound Hawley retainer, 251–52, 252f
Wire(s) (continued) W spring expander
flame soldering of, 324
nickel-titanium, 318t, 320 fixed, 123–25, 124f, 125t, 126f
stress-strain curve for, 321, 321f removable, 116–19, 117f–120f
physical properties of, 320–22, 321f–322f
sizes of, 322, 322t Yield point, stress-strain curve and, 320, 321f
stainless steel, stress-strain curve for, 321, 321f
straight, 234 Z finger spring, 98, 98f
stress-strain curve of, 320–21, 321f
as supported beam (arch wire), 322, 322f