By: Nuur Irsalina Aisya binti Marhaddi (S71670) UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU KAUNSELING PENYALAHGUNAAN BAHAN (COU3203) Lecturer’s name : Miss Nurul Atiqah binti Ab Raji Group : K1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. Definitions of Substance Abuse Reasons of Drug Abuse Types of Drugs Symptoms of Substance Abuse Ef ects of Drug Abuse Prevention of Drug Abuse Treatment for Drug Abuse References 07. 08.
...the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. (Substance Abuse I WHO I Regional Office for Africa, 2024) Definitions of Substance Abuse ...refers to excessive use of a drug in a way that is detrimental to self, society, or both. (Griffin, 1990)
(NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms, n.d.) ...a cluster of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms associated with the continued use of substances despite substance-relate problems, distress, and/or impairment, such as impaired contol and risky use. The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs or alcohol for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts. Substance abuse may lead to social, physical, emotional, and jobrelated problems. (Substance Use, Abuse, and Addiction, n.d.)
Reasons of Drug Abuse Genetic Predisposition Individuals with a family history of addiction may be more vulnerable to developing substance use disorders themselves as they grow up. Biological Factors Certain substances can directly affect brain chemistry, leading to physical dependence and addiction. For example, drugs like opioids or alcohol can create changes in the brain that make quitting difficult.
Trauma and Stress Experiencing trauma, such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, or the sudden loss of a loved one, can increase the risk of substance abuse as individuals seek to numb or escape from distressing emotions Environmental Influences Growing up in an environment where substance abuse is prevalent can influence an individuals lives. This includes exposure to substance use within the family, peer pressure, and societal norms that condone or encourage substance use.
Drugs used for any pain management. Effects : Internal organs damage such as kidney damage Stomach ulser Heart problems Constipation Trouble forming clots in the blood - lead to excessive bleeding Examples: Aspirin and Acetaminophen Types of Drugs Stimulants Analgesics Drugs or substances used in order to get energy or feel pleasure. Effects : An increased sense of well-being, euphoria, excitement, and alertness Increases in motor activity Insomnia Reduce appetite Examples: Caffeine and Cocaine CAFFEINE ASPIRIN
Drugs used to relief pain, but can also have serious risks and side effects. Effects : Sedation Dizziness Nausea Physical dependence Respiratory depression Examples: Morphine and Methadone. Drugs that lower the neurotransmitter levels and reduce the arousal or stimulation in various parts of the brain. Effects : Reduced inhibitions Enhanced mood Reduced anxiety and stress Blackouts and memory loss Unconsciousness Examples: Alcohol and Barbiturates: Opioids Depressants BARBITURATES MORPHINE
Hallucinogens Psychedelic drugs that potentially change the way people taste, smell, hear, see and feel; also affect mood and thoughts. Effects : Feelings of euphoria Anxiety Hallucinations Loss of coordination Increased heartbeat Examples : Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and Ecstasy (MDMA) MDMA cANNABINOIDS Every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis Sativa plant. The three types of cannabinoids that people use are recreational, medicinal and synthetic Effects : Impaired body movement Difficulty with thinking and problem-solving Impaired memory Hallucinations (when taken in high doses) Delusions (when taken in high doses) Examples : Hashish and Marijuana MARIJUANA
Symptoms of Drug Abuse PHYSICAL SIGNS Tremors or shaky hands Sudden weight loss or weight gain Slurred speech PHYSICAL HEALTH ISSUES Chronic cough or respiratory problems Gastrointestinal issues (nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain)
PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNS Hallucinations or delusions Sudden mood swings (irritability, aggression, or extreme moodiness) Anxiety or paranoia BEHAVIORAL SIGNS Neglecting responsibilities at work, school, or home Increased secrecy or withdrawal from family and friends Loss of interest in activities or hobbies that were once enjoyed
Effects of Drug Abuse Physical Health Mental Health Kidney damage Liver damage Respiratory problems Cardiovascular issue Depression Schizophrenia Anxiety Memory loss Psychosis
Social and Behavioral Effects Addiction and Tolerance Overdose and Death Strained relationship with family and friends Tendency to engage in aggressive activities Taking higher doses for more effects Repetitive use of drugs in daily life - inability to function well without help from drugs Coma Permanent organ damage Death
PPrreevveennttiioonnooff DDrruuggAAbbuussee Education and Awareness Early Interventions Promoting Healthy Lifestyles Media Literacy Encouraging engagement in positive activities such as: sports arts hobbies Promoting knowledge of risks and consequences of drug abuse: school programs community campaigns Identifying early risk factors to prevent from early use of substances : childhood trauma mental health disorders Teaching critical thinking skills against normalization of drug abuse through: social media entertainment
Parental Involvement Supportive Communities Regulating Access Treatments and rehabilitations Parents get educated deeply of substance abuse and taking actions in preventing from the beginning or at home. Building a strong support systems network: family neighborhood schools workplace Implementing stricter policies to restrict access to drugs by taking into account such as ; age gender Taking rehabilitation or treatments to reduce the usage of drugs in life such as; • Therapy • Support system
TREATMENT FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE Therapy Various types of therapy can help with the underlying causes of withdrawal and addiction: • Motivational Therapy • Cognitive-behavioral Therapy MEDICATIONS Certain medications can help to manage any withdrawal symptoms or addictions: • Opiods - Buprenorphine • Alcohol - Disulfiram/Naltrexone Buprenorphine
Detoxification Support Groups Outpatient Treatment The process of clearing the substance from the body - medical supervision to manage withdrawal symptoms. The programs like Narcotics Anonymous (NA) provide peer support and encouragement for maintaining sobriety Offer therapy and support while allowing individuals to continue living at home and attending work or school Peyote
REFERENCES Definitions of Substance Abuse Griffin, J. B., Jr. (1990). Substance abuse. Clinical Methods - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK319/#:~:text=As%20used%20in%20this %20discussion,physical%20dependence%20and%20psychologic%20dependen ce. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. (n.d.). Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/substanceabuse Substance use, abuse, and addiction. (n.d.). https://www.apa.org. https://www.apa.org/topics/substance-use-abuse-addiction Substance abuse | WHO | Regional Office for Africa. (2024, May 13). WHO | Regional Office for Africa. https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/substanceabuse Drug addiction (substance use disorder) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022, October 4). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112 Types of Drugs Reasons of Substance Abuse Cannabis (Marijuana) DrugFacts | National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024, March 21). National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/cannabis-marijuana Commonly Used Drugs Charts | National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024, March 21). National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/researchtopics/commonly-used-drugs-charts Depressants - Alcohol and Drug foundation. (n.d.). https://adf.org.au/drugfacts/depressants/ myDr.com.au. (2024, January 11). Hallucinogens: what are the effects? https://mydr.com.au/addictions/hallucinogens-what-are-the-effects/ Opioid complications and side effects. (2008, March 1). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18443635/#:~:text=Common%20side%20effect s%20of%20opioid,%2C%20tolerance%2C%20and%20respiratory%20depressio n. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Analgesics. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/21483-analgesics Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). (1999). Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the brain and Behavior. Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576548/#:~:text=The%20immediate%2 0psychological%20effects%20of,and%20may%20result%20in%20insomnia.
Symptoms of Drug Abuse Substance Abuse Signs & Symptoms | Aurora Health Care. (n.d.). Aurora Health Care. https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/behavioral-healthaddiction/substance-abuse/signs-symptoms THE END Treatments for Drug Abuse Mhc, L. M. (2024, April 26). Substance abuse treatment types & therapy programs near me. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment Effects of Drug Abuse Gateway Foundation. (2024, February 26). Physical & Mental effects of drug abuse | Chicago, Illinois. https://www.gatewayfoundation.org/about-gatewayfoundation/faqs/effects-of-drug-abuse/ Prevention of Drug Abuse Drug use prevention. (n.d.). United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/prevention/