ELECTROTREND ISSUE 2

DDISisCcLlaAiImMeErR

ELECTROTREND: An annual Technology Review Magazine Is
Published by the Electrical Engineering Department OF VIVA Institute
Of Technology. Views and opinions expressed in the ELECTROTREND
are those of individual authors and contributors and it not in any way is
reflection of official views or policy of the editors of publishers. This
should not be construed as legal or professional advice. The publishers,
editors and contributors are not responsible for any decision taken by the
readers on the basis of these views and opinions. Although every case is
taken to ensure genuineness of the writing in the publication, the publisher
Electrical Engineering Department VIVA Institute Of Technology, does
not attest to the originality of the respective authors content.

Instructors are permitted to photocopy the articles of non-commercial
purpose with proper

Acknowledgement of the authors.
© 2017, Electrical Engineering Department, VIVA Institute of
Technology, All rights reserved.
Principal: Dr. Arun Kumar.
HOD: Prof. Bhushan Save.
Editor: Prof. Piyali Mondal.
Published by: Electrical Engineering Department, VIVA Institute of
Technology

THE PRINCIPAL DESK

Dear readers,

It is a matter of immense pleasure to know that Electrical Engineering
department has taken keen interest to create a common platform for the
faculty and students to go beyond the class room activities, to explore new
possibilities and collaborate with technology dynamically. I am confident
that this magazine will give impetus to research culture amongst students
and faculty with emphasis on entrepreneurship.
I congratulate the entire editorial team for their hard work and dedication
in giving requisite shape to this magazine.
I hope this magazine will inspire passion among the faculty and students.
I wish them all the very best for their future endeavors as well.

FROM HOD’S DESK

Dear Readers,

Learning is a continuous process. Throughout life a human being remains
student. Based on the same, Department of Electrical Engineering of
VIVA Institute Of Technology is glad to present in front of you a new
technical magazine “ELECTROTREND”. In this we encourage our
students and faculty members to present articles on new technologies in
engineering going on all across the world. Now days the technology
changes with rapid speed; due to which it’s impossible for anyone to
survive with his existing knowledge for long term without upgrading to
recent trends. It seems to be very important to be in touch with recent
trends in engineering. To achieve this effectively faculty members and
students needs to be motivated to read and write article based on new
technology in engineering. “ELECTROTREND” is platform provided
by department of Electrical Engineering to explore hidden talent is faculty
and students. The department of electrical engineering also focuses on
high level of teaching quality during lectures and practices. We also
encourage students to participate in workshops, conferences, STTP and
technical competition. “ELECTROTREND” will help student to grow
in all aspects of electrical engineering such as Power system Analysis &
Protection, Renewable Energy & its sustainability, Smart grid
Technology, Advance trends in Electrical engineering and so on. At last I
wish to congratulate all members who have participated for making this
magazine successful.

Vision of the Institute

Viva Institute of Technology strives to impart total quality education by means of equip
Students with knowledge and skills in their chosen stream, inculcate cultural and ethical
Values, identify hidden talents, provide opportunities for students to realize their full
Potential and thus shape them into future leaders, entrepreneurs and above all good human
Beings.

Mission of the Institute

To develop the standard of the institute above bench mark level, providing students with
Advanced knowledge and latest technology in the chosen discipline by tapping their hidden
And obvious potential, molding them into good and responsible citizens by playing a
Meaningful role in industry and society.

Department Vision

The vision of Electrical Department is to build up a research identity in all areas of Electrical
Engineering uniquely. Through core research and education the students will be prepared as
The best professional engineers in the field of Electrical Engineering to face the challenges in
Such disciplines.

Department Mission

The Electrical Engineering Department imparts high quality teaching, research and services
That provide students a supportive environment. The department makes the best effort to
Promote intellectual, ethical and technological environment to the students. The department
Involves the desire and ability of lifelong learning in the students for pursuing successful
Career in engineering.

CONTENTS

SR NO ARTICLE

1 REDUCING ELECTRICAL ENERGY LOSSES IN BUILDINGS
2 HOW TO TACKLE WITH THE SURGE IN ENERGY DEMAND
3 FIBER OPTIC CABLE
4 AC/DC CONVERTER
5 FORWARD FLY-BACK CONVERTOR
6 ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING
7 RUBBER DAM
8 MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT USING BAVKHALS (PONDS)
9 OVER CURRENT PROTECTION IN AC POWER SYSTEMS
10 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

11 EFFECT OF CARBON FOOTPRINTS ON ENVIRONMENT

12 MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMICS GENERATOR
13 VORTEX BLADELESS TURBINE
14 PROPULSION SYSTEM (AC LOCOMOTIVE 7000 SERIES)

REDUCING ELECTRICAL In many cases, a financial penalty charged by
ENERGY LOSSES IN the energy distributor (whose installations are
BUILDINGS also overloaded by the reactive power
consumed by their customers), the
The first priority of electrician is saving of calculation of which varies according to the
electrical energy in terms of cost; the first country and the distributor.
approach is to try to reduce electrical losses
in buildings. If designed is not suitable or Reactive power generators:
adapted to user needs, the network is a cause The solution to this problem is to install
of energy loss and at the same time will not reactive power generators/capacitor, either
provide power quality and availability. closers to the loads which consume it or at
Let’s observe three ways to reduce electrical selected points on the electricity supply
energy losses in building network.
Compensation is on the low voltage part of
1. To improve the power factor the electricity supply network and
2. To reduce the harmonic ratio sometimes, in the case of more powerful
3. To reduce heat losses on the electricity installations, on the medium voltage part.
supply network Correct compensation enables the operation
of an installation to be maintained at a power
Improvement in power factor factor of higher than 0.93, which is regarded
Reactive power is filled in the magnetic as satisfactory.
winding of loads such as motors and by It is also undesirable to leave the
fluorescent lighting. The current circulating compensation calculated for maximum
in the conductors increases although the same loading permanently connected, as there is a
level of active power is being used. risk of “over compensation” leading to over

A particular number of this inductive load voltages which can damage the installation
involving a phase shifting of the current and
the voltage in the electric supply installation. and the equipment.
The cos angle between the voltage and 2. Reduce the harmonic ratio
current of this phase shifting is called the “Harmonics” (currents or voltages with a
power factor: cos φ = PF. frequency which is a multiple of the 50Hz
For cos φ = 1, the current and the voltage are operating frequency) are generated by certain
in phase and the current is minimal. “non-linear” equipment, in particular those
The greater the deviation from this ideal containing electronic components like
value, the greater the degradation of transistors in domestic equipment,
operation with the following five computers, inverters, variable speed drives,
consequences: etc. They are highly imposed on the current
Overloading and overheating in the or voltage in the supply network.
transformer winding and a reduction in the These harmonics travel upstream on the
respective active power. network and create dirt for all other
An end-of-line voltage drop which can equipment, some of which is very sensitive
induce abnormal operation of certain elements. They are also the cause of energy
sensitive devices, losses due to the Joule effect.

“model D” contactor-circuit breaker unit on a
20 A motor- starter consumed a steady 20 W,
a new model only require 7 W.

The quality of electrical power (wave form, UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
frequency, etc.) requires that these harmonics According to the characteristics inverter
be reduced or eliminated, to do this, filters are efficiency varies of the load supplied (in
installed which are adapted to the network particular the power factor): modern
and the equipment in the building, their technologies have allowed a significant
design requires highly specialized study improvement in inverter efficiency (which
.3. Reduce heat losses on the electricity rises in importance as the power factor
supply network increases) of about 10% to 15% compared to
These losses are produced by current flowing older systems.
through all parts of the electricity supply Depending on the power of the secure
network in the building. network, it is therefore possible to make
The replacement of old apparatus or appreciable savings by replacing old
equipment by more modern applications can inverters.
significantly reduce these losses:
Distribution Transformers (up to 3 MVA) BY, PROF.
Technical developments in physical PRATIK MAHALE
materials and in specific laminations can
reduce no-load losses from 15% to 20%
irrespective of whether the transformer is of
the oil-filled or dry type.
Electrical switchboards and enclosures
Research into distribution architectures has
made it possible to reduce conductor
lengths by approximately 45%, thus
reducing energy losses due to the Joule
effect (see figure 1). There is a possibility of
savings electricity through the option of the
electrical switchgear integrated into the
switchboard.
This is the specific case of contactors, which

often appear in some numbers in automatic

systems, for example, whereas the old

HOW TO TACKLE WITH THE (338.0 billion short tons), the fifth
SURGE IN ENERGY DEMAND largest coal reserves in the world.

As the thirst of power grows day by day. Will Fig. Various fossil fuels from Earth’s crust
supply of electricity in the coming time be  A big problem is how to tackle with
enough to full fill the need of all? What about the immediate hike in electricity
the quality of the electrical energy generated? demand. There are still about 1 billion
Are they environment friendly? As scientist people who do not have access to
thinking about these and other questions. electricity. By 2030 India’s energy
Here’s a look at the big challenges facing on consumption will have increased by
the energy front…. 50%.

 Every day, human beings consume
more than a million tera joules of
energy. Roughly equivalent to what
we would use if all 7.5 billion people
on earth boiled 70 kettles of water
around the clock.

Fig. Energy Consumption Fig. Energy demand in India by 2030

 Over half of our electricity generation  Presently cooling is a hot issue.
from fossil fuel which is extracted Scientists said “the greatest challenge
from deep within the earth’s crust. is approximately 17% of energy is
Coal mining in India began in 1774 going to be cooling”. The growth of
when John Sumner and Suetonius
Grant Heatly of the East India
Company commenced commercial
exploitation in the Raniganj
Coalfield along the Western bank
of Damodar river. As on 31 March
2015, India had estimated coal
reserves of 306.6 billion metric tons

the middle class in India will see for
air conditioning.

Answer to all above challenges is Renewable
energy. Around a fifth of the world’s primary
energy supply comes from renewable sources
like wind, solar, hydro and geothermal. The
sector is expected to continue growing by 2.6
% each year until 2040. Worldwide, solar
energy production grew by 50% in 2016.

Fig. Renewable energy BY, PROF.
But questions remain the same due some ANOJKUMAR
limitations in renewale energy sources.
YADAV
 One challenge is that we can not store
electricity in large quantities yet. This

 limits how much renewable energy
can be used practically.

 Without energy storage only about
10% of power can come from solar.

A fiber optic cable is a network cable that Working:
contains strands of glass fibers inside an
insulated casing. They're designed for long Fiber optic cables carry communication
distance, very high performance data signals utilizing pulses of light engendered
networking and telecommunications. by minuscule lasers or light-emitting diodes
(LEDs).The cable consists of one or more
strands of glass, each only scarcely thicker
than a human hair. The center of each strand
is called the core, which provides the
pathway for light to peregrinate. The core is
circumvented by a layer of glass called
cladding that reflects light inward to eschew
loss of signal and sanction the light to pass
through bends in the cable. The two primary
types of fiber cables are called single mode
and multi-mode fiber. Single mode fiber uses
very thin glass strands and a laser to engender

Compared to wired cables, fiber optic cables
provide higher bandwidth and can transmit
data over longer distances. Fiber optic cables
support much of the world's internet, cable
television and telephone systems.

light while multi-mode fibers use LEDs.

Single mode fiber networks often use Wave forfend it from electromagnetic
Division Multiplexing (WDM) techniques to interference. While this shielding
increment the amount of data traffic that can avails, it is not adequate to obviate
be sent across the strand. interference when many cables are
strung together in close proximity to
each other. The physical properties
of glass and fiber cables eschew most
of these issues.

WDM sanctions light at multiple different BY, PROF.
wavelengths to be coalesced (multiplexed) MUKESHKUMAR
and later dissevered (de-multiplexed),
efficaciously transmitting multiple MISHRA
communication streams via a single light
pulse. Byrne's Law: In any electrical
circuit, appliances and wiring
Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables will burn out to protect fuses.

 Fiber optics have a higher capacity.
The amount of network bandwidth a
fiber cable can carry facilely exceeds
that of a copper cable with kindred
thickness. Fiber cables rated at 10
Gbps, 40 Gbps and even 100 Gbps
are standard.

 Since light can peregrinate much
longer distances down a fiber cable
without losing its vigor, it diminishes
the desideratum for signal boosters.

 Fiber is less susceptible to
interference. A traditional network
cable requires special shielding to

AC/DC CONVERTER Compliance is Compulsory!

Circuits often require an integrated AC When you plug in anything to a mains plug
power source as the optimum strategy to socket, it must comply with legal certification
reduce size, cost or due to application specific standards in the country it will be used in.
needs. Understanding the key concepts More than this, it must have been tested and
associated with conversion and the practical certified to do so – an expensive process. This
alternatives available is a good start towards is to ensure it is safe, does not interfere with
a successful design. other people or contribute noise to the AC
main power lines.
Safety First!
When the AC source is a mains power socket, What is an AC/DC Converter?
great care must be taken to ensure an Electric power is transported on wires either
implementation is safe to use. Without as a direct current (DC) flowing in one
exception, this subsystem should be designed direction at a non-oscillating constant
and implemented by a qualified expert. If voltage, or as an alternating current (AC)
possible, use a preapproved off-the-shelf flowing backwards and forwards due to an
plug pack. oscillating voltage. AC is the dominant
method of transporting power because it
offers several advantages over DC,

BY, PROF.
SUSHANT KUMAR

FORWARD FLY-BACK is used in this system. Discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) occurs because
CONVERTOR switching ripple in inductor current or
capacitor voltage causes polarity of applied
A series connected forward–flyback (SFFB) switch current or voltage to reverse, such that
in the output with dc–dc switching converter the current- or voltage-unidirectional
is designed. That means the secondary assumptions made in realizing the switch are
outputs are connected in series to a multi violated. Here, since the single-ended
winding converter which solves the diagram of the converter is suitable for very
disadvantages like of isolation. Series small power capacity compared to other
connected forward–flyback converters bridge type techniques, it mostly has low
(SFFB) transfer the required energy to the current level with higher output voltage,
load through a multi winding transformer no allowing a discontinuous conduction mode
matter whether the main switch is turning ON (DCM).
or OFF. This has an advantage which
supplies more power to the load as compared Operating principle of proposed system
to any other single-ended isolation schemes. The operating principle of the proposed
Hence the SFFB converter is a single-ended system is shown in four modes.
The proposed system of the proposed DC-DC
converter system is as shown in Fig.1. The  Mode 1
primary has switching voltages which is
obtained with the help of a single main The fig. 3 shows the first mode of operation.
switch. In the secondary side, there is a part When the switch (P- MOSFET) is turned on
where forward converter and the flyback by giving the
converter, both are separated by transformer
winding with the help of number of turns. supplied input voltage current flows through
the magnetizing inductance along with the
primary winding Np. As forward secondary
coil Nfw is in phase with the primary side, the
primary current is transferred to it.
Since, the fly back converter coil Nfb is out of
phase with the primary, it becomes reverse
biased, the current does not get transferred.
Now, with the help of the diode Dfw ac is
rectified to dc which the load requires. The
freewheeling diode is also reverse biased.
Hence the process flow can be shown as Dfw
- Lout – Load – Icfb – Icfw.

Proposed SFFB converter

The output on the secondary side are
connected in series to boost the output
voltage. A discontinuous mode of conduction

:

 Mode 2

When the switch Q is turned OFF, the The fourth mode of operation. In this mode,
magnetizing current flows in the opposite all the energy in Lm is also discharged. Thus,
direction. Since, Fly back converter was out the forward flyback converter gets
of phase it becomes forward biased and the demagnetized. The, rectifier diodes are also
forward converter becomes reverse biased. reverse biased.
The energy stored in Lout is transferred to the
load with the help of freewheeling diode.  Mode 4
Also, the magnetic energy stored in Lm is
also transferred to the load. Thus, the
freewheeling current starts decreasing slowly
and also in Lm. The process flow in this mode
is Dfb – Dff – Lout – Load – Idfb & Icfb.

 Mode 3

The third mode of operation. In this mode, the The fourth mode of operation. In this mode,
forward converter starts to work in all the energy in Lm is also discharged. Thus,
discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). the forward flyback converter gets
Here, all the energy in Lout has been demagnetized. The, rectifier diodes are also
discharged, and the freewheeling diode Dff reverse biased.
becomes reverse biased.

Simulation results of proposed SFFB
converter

The simulation, the reading of the multi
meter and the output of the oscilloscope is
shown for SFFB converter:

A pre-regulating DC - DC converter of a BY, PROF.
series forward flyback converter for CHITRALEKHA VANGALA
multistage systems has been proposed. The
operation of single-ended forward–flyback
contributes to the high-density power
delivery of the transformer along with
galvanic isolation and the series connected
output is quite a beneficial to the
enhancement of the output voltage.

ENERGY EFFICIENT Installation of Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFLs) In Place Of Incandescent
LIGHTING Lamps

Electric lighting is a major energy consumer. Compact Fluorescent Lamps use a different,
Enormous energy savings are possible using more advanced technology than incandescent
energy efficient equipment, effective light bulbs and come in a range of styles and
controls, and careful design. Using less sizes based on brand and purpose. They can
electric lighting reduces heat gain, thus replace regular, incandescent bulbs in almost
saving air-conditioning energy and any light fixture including globe lamps for
improving thermal comfort. Electric lighting the bathroom vanity, lamps for recessed
design also strongly affects visual lighting, dimming, and 3-way functionality
performance and visual comfort by aiming to lights. CFLs use about 2/3 less energy than
maintain adequate and appropriate standard incandescent bulbs, give the same
illumination while controlling reflection and amount of light, and can last 6 to 10 times
glare. longer. CFL prices range from $4 to $15
depending on the bulb, but you save about
Lighting is not just a high priority when $25 to $30 per bulb on energy during the
considering hotel design; it is also a high lifetime of the bulb.
return, low-risk investment. By installing
new lighting technologies, hotels can reduce
the amount of electricity consumed and
energy costs associated with lighting.

There are several types of energy efficient
lighting and affordable lighting technology.
The following are a few examples of energy-
saving opportunities with efficient lighting.

When looking to purchase CFLs in place of BY, PROF.
incandescent bulbs, compare the light output, KAVITA MHASKAR
or Lumens, and not the watts. Watts refers to
the amount of energy used, not the amount of “We have 100 million cells interconnected in
light. In other words, if the incandescent bulb our brain. They communicate with each other
you wish to replace is 60 Watts, this is equal
to 800 Lumens. To get the same amount of through electrical signals.”
light in a CFL, you should look to find a CFL
that provides 800 Lumens or more (equal to
about a 13 watt fluorescent bulb). Use the

table below to easily figure the conversions.

Add Lighting Controls Such As Photo
Sensors or Time Clocks

Photo sensor controls monitor daylight
conditions and allow fixtures to operate only
when needed. Photo sensors detect the
quantity of light and send a signal to a main
controller to adjust the lighting. Photo sensors
are commonly used with outdoor lighting to
automatically turn lights on at dusk and off at
dawn, a very cost-effective control device.
This helps to lower energy costs by ensuring
that unnecessary lighting is not left on during
daytime hours. Photo sensors can be used
indoors, as well. Building areas with lots of
windows may not require lights to be on all of
the time. Photocells can be used to ensure
fixtures operate only when the natural light is
inadequate by either controlling one light
fixture, or a group of lights. The table below
demonstrates the cost savings from day light
controls.

RUBBER DAM  Rubber dams do not have leaking
seals that tend to be an issue with
A rubber dam is a very flexible rubber other gate structures
bladder. It is permanently anchored to a
reinforced concrete foundation. They are  Rubber dams work well in cold
basically used as water controlling structures temperatures – no need to de-ice, no
that can be inflated by air or water. After the jamming of mechanical parts
bladder is deflated, the air or water inside
comes out and it becomes flat. Rubber dams  No lubrication of moving parts, no
are used in a wide variety of applications, painting required
Such as
 A rubber dam can easily adapt to
 irrigation potential differential settlement of the
 water storage foundation
 power generation,
 flood prevention and control  Easily absorbs impact, shock, and
 erosion control vibration
 groundwater recharge
 tidal barriers Sectional view of Rubber dam
 navigation
 sewage treatment

Advantages of Rubber Dams include

 Considerable savings on cost of
materials

 Construction and installation are
much quicker and simpler compared
to conventional gate structure

 Low comparative operation and
maintenance costs

 Rubber dams can be fully deflated to
pass high flows without any
obstruction

 Simple and inexpensive operating
system

 Rubber dams are high volume / low
pressure systems, so high pressure
compressors are not needed

Inflated and deflated Rubber dam

Some of the important application of Rubber
dam is

 Sustainable Water Resources
Planning and Management

 Environmental / Eco-Friendly
Waterfront Revitalization

 Economical Small Scale Hydro-
Power Generation

 Flood Prevention and Control
 Drinking Water Diversion Dam
 Flashboard Replacement for

Reservoir

 Flood Pumping Station

BY, PROF.
PIYALI MONDAL

MICRO HYDRO POWER
PLANT USING BAVKHALS

(PONDS)

Vasai -Virar, is located at west side comes
under the green zone. According to
geographical topography mountain ranges
are seen in the east and the elongated sea
shore in the west. So the rainwater directly
drains into the sea. Vasai -Virar, area is the
entrapment region near the Vaitarna creek in
north, Bhayander creek in south is an
abundant source of saline water, but there
was no sure resource of potable water.

Bavkhal is a circular pit dug to store rain The Bavkhal has following characteristics.
water. Generally Bavkhal in Maharashtra are
circular in shape where as in Rajasthan,  Maximum utilization of slope for easy
Gujrat and Haryana its square shaped called water accumulation.
as Bhavdi.
 Shady trees in surroundings to
minimize evaporation from sunlight.

 Trees like ‘bhend’ and ‘karanj’ are
planted in surrounding which holds soil
firmly.

 Surface area covered by tree fall
Soft clay edges of bavkhals helped to
sip the rain water

 Basalt rock in base acts as aquifer do
not allow the water to sip in the
ground.

These bavkhals can be used to set a micro
hydro power plant. Also water generated in

generation of electricity can be further used as
a source of potable water for domestic
purpose. Because of this plant the automatic
conservation of bavkhal can be done.

Impure water tank stores the water which is
drawn from bavkhals. It also store the water
which is used for household purpose such as
dish washing, cloth washing and bathing etc.
Solar pump is a motor used to draw water
from bavkhal using solar energy.

Solar water distillatory generates vapors of BY, PROF.
water. As vapors contains pure water only,
that vapors can be condensed to extract pure RAHUL
water. ABHYANKAR

Micro hydro power plant will generate
electricity using this pure water and used
water can be stored into the tank for
household purpose.

This plant is very significant in all the ways
as it uses solar energy. So one time
investment and lifelong working is available.
It works only in day time hence water level
of bavkhal can easily be maintained.
In this way this plant can solve two social
issues of power generation in small scale as
well as conservation of water resources.

OVER CURRENT This places a short-circuit across the supply-
PROTECTION IN AC transformer winding.
POWER SYSTEMS

In this article, we will cover types of Voltage relationships of the three supply lines
overcurrent, what overcurrent protection from the secondary of a single-phase
devices are, and their place in an electrical
circuit. Voltage relationships of the four supply lines
from the secondary of a three-phase AC
Types of Overcurrent commercial or industrial service power
transformer
The three major categories or types of
overcurrent are overload, short-circuit, and Ground-Fault Overcurrent
ground-fault. Ground-fault overcurrent is also a short-
circuit condition that normally affects only
Overload Overcurrent one of the circuit conductors and the

An overload occurs when an electrical circuit,
whether by the original design of a new circuit
or by modification of an existing circuit, is
required to convey load current in excess of the
rated-load ampacity of the circuit conductors.

For example, a 20-amp branch circuit is
modified with an additional lamp, which
increases the load current to 22 amps: this
would be a circuit overload.

Overload conditions can occur at the service,
feeder, or branch-circuit level of a building's
electrical-power distribution system. An
electrical overload overcurrent also occurs
when a motor is mechanically overloaded.

Short-Circuit Overcurrent

Short-circuit currents are high-magnitude fault
overcurrent’s place a low resistance in parallel
with the impedance of the connected load(s).
Short-circuit overcurrent normally involves an
accidental cross-connection of at least two
circuit conductors (supply and return).

grounded metal raceway or electrical These three principal components are
distribution or utilization equipment supplemented with a means of ON/OFF
enclosure. control and a means of limit control. Both
types of control restrict the amount of current
Ground-fault overcurrent can occur only if that can flow in the circuit. The means of
the electrical power distribution system of the ON/OFF control is normally in the form of a
building or structure is referenced to earth switch (either manual, automatic, electronic,
ground. “Reference grounding” requires the or electromechanical). The means of limit
common connection of one end of one or control is normally an overcurrent protective
more of the single-phase AC transformer device, which at the electrical-power
windings (wye transformer configuration) to distribution level is a fuse or circuit breaker.
a grounding-electrode system, creating both
grounded and ungrounded circuit/supply
conductors.

Overcurrent Protection

If an OCPD is located downstream from the
supply, the overcurrent protection is
technically subdivided with short-circuit,
ground-fault protection located upstream, as
well as separate overload protection located
downstream. The fuses or circuit
breakers located downstream provide full
overcurrent protection for any circuits or
equipment located on their load side while
providing only overload protection for their
line- or supply-side circuit.

BY, PROF.
SUNIL SUKNALE

Split overcurrent protection for a transformer
circuit

The form and function of overcurrent
protection device

There are three principal components of an
electrical circuit: a power source, a load, and
a connection between the two.

SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY Need for smart grids in India
IN INDIA I. According to the Ministry of Power,
India’s transmission and distribution
India is steadily venturing into renewable losses are amongst the highest in the
energy resources as wind and solar. As these world, averaging 26 per cent of total
unpredictable energy sources feeding the electricity production, and as high as
grid, it is necessary to have a grid that is 62 per cent in some states.
highly adaptive (in terms of supply and II. These losses do not include non-
demand). A good electric supply is one of the technical losses like theft etc.; if such
key infrastructure requirements to support losses are included, the average losses
overall development; hence, the are as high as 50 per cent.
opportunities for building smart grids in India
are immense. III. India losses money for every unit of
electricity sold, since India has one of
Role of Renewable Energy the weakest electric grids in the
world. Some of the technical flaws in
The above situation makes it imperative to the Indian power grid are - it is a
harness the renewable energy resources poorly planned distribution network,
wherever and whenever possible. Renewable there is overloading of the system
energy is no longer ‘alternate energy’, but components, there is lack of reactive
will increasingly become a key part of the power support and regulation
solution to the nation’s energy needs. It has services, there is low metering
the potential to resolve the decentralized efficiency and bill collection, etc.
energy needs of the remotest corner of the
country. Smart grid technologies

The main fact of renewable resources is that Smart metering/demand side management:
their supply can be intermittent i.e. the supply Smart meters are microprocessor based
can only be harnessed during a particular part devices that provide a two way
of the day, like day time for solar energy and communication capability. They help
windy conditions for harnessing wind homeowners and the suppliers to manage the
energy, also these conditions cannot be respective electricity usage and supply in a
controlled. With such unpredictable energy
sources feeding the grid, it is necessary to
have a grid that is highly adaptive (in terms
of supply and demand). Hence, the
opportunities for building smart grids in India
are immense, as a good electric supply is one
of the key infrastructure requirements to
support overall development.

more efficient and cost effective manner.  Lack of awareness: The level of
With the help of the information provided by understanding of consumers about
such smart meters the power companies will how power is delivered to their homes
have the capability to set up real time pricing is often low. So, before going forward
systems for electricity. and implementing smart grid
concepts, the consumers should be
Micro grids made aware of what a smart grid is,

A micro grid is a cluster of local DERs  Cyber security and data privacy:
(Distributed Energy Resources) and loads in With digitalization of electricity
such a way that an operation is possible infrastructure, the challenge of
within the grid or independent mode. Usually communication security and data
it is connected at the low voltage level but management comes. Since digital
sometimes also at the medium voltage level. networks are more prone to malicious
attacks from software hackers,
Challenges and solutions security becomes a key issue.
 Policy and regulation: No defined
standards and guidelines exist for the BY, PROF.
regulation of smart grid initiatives in PRAJKTA PATIL
India. The current policy and
regulatory frame works were
typically designed to deal with the
existing networks and utilities goals
are achieved at the lowest cost to the
consumers.
 Cost: If smart grids had made easy
business sense, they would have been
the norm everywhere. Cost is clearly
one of the biggest hurdles in
implementing smart grids. Some
older equipment that cannot be
retrofitted to be compatible with
smart grid technologies will have to
be replaced.

EFFECT OF CARBON Effects on water-bodies in the
FOOTPRINTS ON ENVIRONMENT. environment

What is Carbon Footprint? Water is the main source for living. Carbon
dioxide emitted in the atmosphere remains in
Carbon footprint can be defined as the the water for long years and therefore these
amount of carbon-dioxide emitted in the emissions persists in the water body making
environment by an individual during the climatic conditions warm for longer
particular activity such as Greenhouse gases period of time. According to various
released from chimneys of industries and researches as there is change in climate the
electricity generation in power plants, demand towards water will be increasing but
organization and by any product. due to presence of carbons the supply of
water is shrinking day- by- day. The change
 The carbon footprint causes changes in climate also affects the process of rainfall
in the climate and therefore leads to making the rain water pollutant and harmful
different consequences on human life. for the humans.

 Global warming is one of the effects Effects on the food-supply
of carbon footprint.
Change in the atmosphere due to presence of
carbon affects the agricultural industries and
food supply to the humans. Due to acidic
rains, the crops get destroyed and the
growing conditions of the crops are
disturbed. The carbon particles in the
atmosphere increase the temperature and
therefore change the climatic conditions
which are beneficial for growing good crops.

Carbon footprint breakdown of average  Eat local and organic food so
citizen. that the transportation of food
becomes less.
The carbon foot prints are measured in units
of kg or tons of carbon equivalent. There are  Use less energy of pumps and
two parts to measure emitted carbon-dioxide: inculcate drip irrigation for
crops wherever necessary.
1. To measure direct emission of CO2
by burning of fossil fuels for  Avoid emission of CO2 by
electricity generation. using eco-friendly sources
avoiding burning of fossil
2. To measure indirect emission of CO2 fuels.
by manufacturing process and
transportation.  Use Star rating label
appliances for low
consumption of energy.

 Turn off the switches of light
whenever not required.

The solutions to reduce the carbon BY, PROF.
footprint are as follows: BHAVITA PATIL

 We can walk or ride bicycle
for shorter distances
whenever required. This
reduces the emission of CO2
from our vehicles and keeps
us fit.

 Use public transport
whenever required.

MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMICS Ovitz at the Westing-house performed the
experiments on the electrical energy
GENERATOR generation in 1938. Pulsed MHD generator
Khibiny (1976) was designed in seawater by
The demand for electricity is increasing day- taking geophysical into consideration
by-day and the demand for power is greater Rybachy peninsula in the Barenz Sea.
than the energy generated. Present methods Japanese program in 1980’s worked on
of generation of power are not much efficient closed cycle. In 1986, professor Hugo Karl
& it may not be pace with ever increasing Messerle from the University of Sydney
power demand. The Magneto hydro dynamic made research on coal fueled MHD. With the
power generation is one of the ways of huge budget of 20 million dollar the Italian
directly converting the enthalpy of high- program began. Developed countries widely
temperature gas to electrical energy. It is a use MHD system while developing country
unique & highly efficient method of power like India, has MHD in construction in
generation directly from thermal energy Trichy, Tamil Nadu. In association with
utilizing the high temperature conducting BARC (Bhabha atomic research center).
plasma moving through an intense magnetic Russian technologies and associated cement
field with nearly zero pollution. Overall corporation. Having a very simple
efficiency of this type of power plant is nearly construction. MHD is same as the rocket
about 65% but by can be boost up by engine surrounds enormous magnets.
superconducting magnets till 80-85% or Having no moving parts the conductors are
more. It is considerable greater than the other being replaced by the plasma.
non-conventional methods of power have a Electromagnets and superconducting
highest efficiency not more than 35%. Hence magnets are being used. Large amount of
by implementing MHD power system parasitic losses are being reduced by the
separate or combined operation with thermal superconducting magnets. Electrodes being
or nuclear plants, we hope to bring down the placed parallel and opposite to each other.
energy crisis at a high rate. MHD power It operates in high temperature without any
generation is effective simple technique. moving parts.2000 °C plasma temperature in
Magneto-Hydro-Dynamics (MHD, magnet- the duct having plasma in it is constructed
fluid-flow) which studies the dynamics of from the non-conducting materials with high
conducting fluids for electricity generation. temperature. In an MHD generator the hot
Examples of such fluids include liquid gas is accelerated by a nozzle and injected
metals, salt water and plasma. The generator into a channel. An intense magnetic field is
which deals with these is called Magneto being set in the channel by the faradays law
Hydro Dynamic Generator. The actual of induction. An electric fuel is perpendicular
conductors are replaced by ionized gas to gas flow and magnetic field channel. Walls
(plasma) and there is no moving part. Hence of channel are parallel to magnetic field
it has a very high efficiency. Although capital which acts as an electrode, and electric
cost when compared to conventional power current is provided by the generator to outer
plant has huge competition then also cost is circuit where we get output. For each cubic
low. The m faraday pointed the generation of meter of volume is proportional to product of
current by the moving fluid in magnetic field gas conductivity, is the square of gas, square
in 1832. Various proposals of MHD based velocity, and square of strength of magnetic
generations have been emerged by B. Karl field through the gas passes. Through the gas
pass assumable good performance and

reasonable physical dimensions are received, cycle. Bottoming cycle mainly consists of
the conductive plasma has the temperature boiler, super heater and turbine, which
from 1800k i.e. (about 1,500 °C, or 2,800 extract remaining energy of the hot gases.
°F).turbine blades of the gas power plant can Because of this, the generation system can be
be operated at those temperature. Electrical 85-90% efficient or more. And clean and
conductivity from 10 to 50 Siemens can be efficient energy extraction system can be
achieved, basically 1% of mass is being built. In MHD is pollution free energy system
injected to hot gas. That 1% mass is known representing the GREEN ENERGY. Energy
as ADDITIVE and thus, the additive loss is being reduced due to no moving part
materials are potassium carbonate, cesium present. This is simple technology, and more
and alkali material also known as SEED. efficient than the conventional generators.
Cesium has the lowest ionization potential up Having the highest potential to increase the
to 3.894 electron volts, potassium up to 4.341 conversion efficiency up to 55-60%.
electron volts which is less costly. Seed Superconducting magnets play the vital role
material being small, economic operations in boosting the generation output. Fuel is
has proper recovering. Seed pressure of efficiently converted into electrical.
several million pascal is obtained. Advancement in superconducting magnets &
Acceleration of the nozzle ranges from. 1,000 corrosion science can make
to 2,000 meters (about 3,300 to 6,600 feet) commercialization possible. Saving billions
per second. The gas then enters the channel of dollars by fuel using efficiently. The
or duct, where the magnetic field is applied. practical efficiency of this type of power
High intensity magnetic field is needed for generation is about 60%. In upcoming decade
MHD system .basically system has this combined and closed MHD generation
superconducting magnets with 3to5 tesla. supply can be develop and can highly
Electromotive force is perpendicular to the efficient system for power generation. So,
flow and field is set, walls which acts as an development of this type of generation
electrode with magnetic field. 25 Siemens per system is global need.
meter of gas conductivity is available as per
the theory. Average magnetic field of 3 tesla STUDENT,
and average gas velocity of 25000 is
available. 250 million watt per cubic meter RAMCHANDRA DESAI
electrical energy is being supplied at the
channel volume. Methods for ionization are (TE ELECTRICAL)
available differently, for imparting available
energy to gas. Thermal and nuclear method is current
being used for ionization. Potassium Protection in AC
carbonate and cesium plays the vital role Power Systems
adding 1% of total mass to increase the
ionization and conductivity. By 1% of
seeding 90% efficiency in conductivity can
be obtained. MHD system worked with
combined cycle power plant can increase the
efficiency of the conventional power plant.
The plasma state gas can be generated or
induce energy in MHD generator i.e.
Topping cycle and will move to Bottoming

VORTEX BLADELESS multi-code one, where one code is fluid
simulation and other is solid dynamics where
TURBINE both are interacted with the exchange of
surface boundary. In the present project the
Vortex-Bladeless is the Spanish company Alya code, theory is been used in Barcelona
working to produce bladeless wind turbine. Supercomputing Center, to perform the
This turbine tends to reduce existing Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) problem
problems of conventional wind turbines. This simulation for a scaled experimental vortex-
generators are suitable foe wind farms and bladeless device, and a comparison between
offshore areas, due to the presence of high the numerical and experimental results are
intensity winds. The device is composed of a made. The main principle behind bladeless
single structural component, and given its wind generator is the conversion of linear
simplicity, its manufacturing, transport, oscillation of mast to rotational motion.
storage and installation has clear advantages. When the mast gets hit by the wind and the
The new wind turbine design has no moving vortices are formed and rotation to give
parts so the maintenance requirements could electricity in the output. , the mast is fixed
be drastically reduced and their lifespan is with respect to the ground and the mast
expected to be higher than conventional wind contains the threading arrangements in it.
turbines. It can work efficiently in many Bladeless wind turbine can be used in marine
wind operations. Thus, the objective of this off grid systems, industrial applications
project is to reduce and simulate, Fluid- remote telemetry, mobile based stations,
Structure Interaction (FSI) problems. The agriculture, remote power systems great need
Alya code, developed at the Barcelona in the farming sectors, pumping, can be built
Supercomputing Center, is adapted to on small as well as big scale as per the bill,
perform the Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) matching with solar panels can be done, can
problem simulation. Vortex-bladeless is a be used as an alternative when solar is not
Spanish SME (small and medium sized been used, residential battery charging and
enterprise) whose objective is to develop a grid connection, it can be used in telecoms,
new concept of wind turbine without blades providing reliable lighting at off grid areas,
called Vortex or vorticity wind turbine that free renewable energy is been produced, can
uses the VIV. With an aim to reduce the be used for signaling can be combined with
existing problems of conventional generators solar and continuous renewable energy can
it is simple and it is composed of a single be produce power can be supplied for
structural component, in the development of railways as there is lack of electricity.
this new device, the prime importance of
testing different geometrical configurations, STUDENT,
operation conditions and to have energy
production approximation is given. It’s hard SIDDHESH DESAI
to calculate actual results through
experimental work thus, numerical based (TE ELECTRICAL)
calculative work should also be done.
Different approaches and techniques exist to
solve the FSI problems numerically and can
be useful to simulate the VIV phenomena
coming from the Vortex-Bladeless device.
One of these approaches is the staggered

PROPULSION SYSTEM (AC the DC link in case of dynamic behavior of
LOCOMOTIVE 7000 SERIES) the traction system and will dissipate the
braking energy in case the line is not
Propulsion means to push forward or drive receptive during braking. In this case the EP
an object forward. The 25 kV - 50 Hz brake system will take over the braking from
catenary voltage is fed to the primary the electro dynamic brake. The braking
winding of a traction transformer through chopper and brake resistor is designed to
pantograph, main circuit breaker, primary operate for short time only. Each converter
current transformer and a roof cable bushing. has a down chopper feeding in parallel 625 V
Traction transformer has two secondary to the auxiliary converter. In case the
winding an AIRCO (air-conditioning) grounding is not cleared by opening of the
winding. The two secondary windings of the line contactor the main circuit breaker will be
main transformer are connected to 2 nos. of opened. Each traction converter control has
IGBT Traction converters (housed in one two Drive Control Units (DCU’s) and One
traction cubicle) via line and pre-charging Vehicle Interface Unit (VIU). The DCU’s
contactors and supply traction power to the controls the traction converter. The VIU is
propulsion equipment. The AC power from the interface between the “standard” traction
the secondary windings of the main control and the vehicle control of the EMU
transformer is rectified and regulated by a (via train line wires and the Vehicle Bus).
PWM converter unit (FQC) consisting of The DCU’s and VIU are coupled via a
IGBT bridges, and then the regulated DC dedicated high speed traction network (point
power is fed to a VVVF (Variable Voltage to point connection).On the VIU the 5
Variable Frequency) IGBT 3-Phase PWM network interfacing to the Vehicle Bus
inverter unit. Each inverter shall be feeding (MVB) is implemented, as well digital and
two numbers of three phase traction motors analogue in and output channels are
in parallel i.e. Bogie control. The electric implemented. The two DCU’s per channel
brake is regenerative brake. In the electric are Identical; the only difference is the
brake mode, the generated power by traction unloadable software and parameters on the
motors in generator mode is fed back to the PCB’s. Each motor coach will have one
catenary by the VVVF inverters and the traction cubicle. The traction cubicle
PWM converters. The electric braking shall comprises two completely independent
be supplemented with EP brakes by means of traction converters, it’s a modular built
brake blending. The priority shall be for forced air cooled unit.
electrical braking and EP braking will be
supplemented when it is required to meet STUDENT ,
total brake demand. A braking chopper is
foreseen for each traction converter. This INTEZAR ALI
braking chopper will limit the over voltage on
(TE ELECTRICAL)

ELECTROTREND is a magazine of new trends in Electrical
engineering and its broad areas. The magazine Covers various
prospective. It also includes various articles On recent
technologies given by faculties and students of Electrical
engineering department. The editorial board is Very happy for
presenting the Second issue of electro trend.

Magazine Advisor- Prof. Bhushan Save
Faculty Editors - Prof. Piyali Mondal

Student Editors- 1) MOHIT MURKUTE
2) RUPAL WADE
3) RAHUL VAIDYA
4) KINJAL TANK