Geol
345
(Spring
2014)
Lecture
18
Strike-‐Slip
Regimes
Ch.
18,
p.
355-‐363
1.
Strike-‐Slip
Faults:
Strike-‐slip
faults
are
usually
vertical
and
have
slip
vectors
parallel
to
the
Earth’s
surface.
They
form
straight
fault
traces,
unaffected
by
topography.
Motions
are
either
right-‐lateral
(dextral)
or
left-‐lateral
(sinistral).
[Fig.
18.1.
Strike-‐slip
faults
are
vertical
and
have
slip
vectors
parallel
to
the
Earth’s
surface]
2.
Transfer
Faults:
Strike-‐slip
faults
can
act
as
transfer
faults
that
connect
other
structures
(normal
faults,
thrust
faults,
dikes,
veins,
rift
segments,
etc.).
[Fig.
18.2-‐4.
Strike-‐slip
faults
behaving
as
transfer
fault]
3.
Transform
Faults:
One
type
of
transfer
fault
is
found
along
a
plate
boundary
and
is
called
a
transform
fault.
These
faults
connect
adjacent
spreading
ridge
segments
or
subduction
zones.
[Fig.
18.5.
Transform
faults
can
accommodate
offsets
between
spreading
ridges]
[Fig.
18.6.
Varieties
of
transform
faults]
4.
Transform
Faults:
Transform
faults
can
be
>1000
km
long
and
may
present
significant
earthquake
hazards
where
they
come
on-‐land.
e.g.
San
Andreas
fault,
California;
North
Anatolian
fault,
Turkey
[Fig.
18.0.
The
San
Andreas
is
a
transform
fault]
5.
Transcurrent
Faults:
Major
strike-‐slip
faults
entirely
contained
within
continental
lithosphere
are
transcurrent
faults
or
wrench
faults.
They
are
unconstrained
at
their
ends.
[Fig.
18.7. Transcurrent
fault
that
soles
into
a
subduction
zone]
[Figure.
Examples
of
(a)
a
transform
fault
and
(b)
a
transcurrent
fault.
(Twiss
&
Moores,
2007)]
6.
Kinematics
of
Strike-‐Slip
Faults:
Strike-‐slip
faults
may
have
complex
surface
geometries
comprised
of
multiple
fractures.
These
commonly
form
an
en
echelon
pattern
with
the
step
sense
dependent
on
the
slip
sense.
[Fig.
18.8.
En
echelon
shear
fractures
along
a
strike-‐slip
fault
trace
(from
Riedel’s
clay
experiments)]
[Figure.
En
echelon
veins
(tension
fractures)
produced
by
shearing]
7.
Kinematics
of
Strike-‐Slip
Faults:
As
described
earlier,
shear-‐related
fractures
have
specific
orientations
relative
to
the
shear
direction:
R-‐shears:
these
are
Riedel
shears
at
~20°
to
the
fault
with
the
same
shear
sense.
1
Geol
345
(Spring
2014)
Lecture
18
R’-‐shears:
conjugate
Riedel
shears
at
~80°
to
the
fault;
opposite
slip
sense.
P-‐shears:
opposite
rotation
sense
to
R-‐shears;
~10°
to
fault;
same
slip
sense.
T-‐fractures:
pinnate
tension
fractures
at
~45°
to
fault.
Also
get
normal
faults.
Folds
and
stylolites:
form
perpendicular
to
contraction
direction.
[Fig.
18.9.
A
range
of
Riedel
shear
fractures,
extension
features,
and
contractional
features
can
indicate
the
shear
sense
along
a
strike-‐slip
fault
zone]
8.
Kinematics
of
Strike-‐Slip
Faults:
A
mirror-‐image
pattern
is
produced
by
the
opposite
sense
of
slip.
[Figure.
Riedel
shear
arrays]
9.
Strike-‐Slip
Fault
Geometries:
Similar
to
normal
and
thrust
faults,
strike-‐slip
faults
can
be
segmented
at
the
surface,
resulting
in
small
steps
along
the
fault
trace.
[Fig.
18.0.
Segmented
trace
of
the
San
Andreas
fault]
10.
Strike-‐Slip
Fault
Geometries:
Depending
on
the
sense
of
step
and
sense
of
slip,
the
steps
may
be
extensional
(releasing)
or
contractional
(restraining).
[Figure.
Releasing
steps
occur
where
the
sense
of
step
mirrors
the
sense
of
slip.
If
they
are
opposite,
a
restraining
step
occurs.
Twiss
&
Moores
(2007)]
11.
Strike-‐Slip
Fault
Geometries:
Restraining
steps
result
in
contractional
strike-‐slip
duplexes
(thrust
faults
and
folds);
releasing
steps
produce
extensional
strike-‐slip
duplexes
(normal
faults).
[Fig.
18.13.
Extensional
and
contractional
strike-‐slip
duplexes]
12.
Strike-‐Slip
Fault
Geometries:
Strike-‐slip
duplexes
are
broad
zones
of
deformation
that
fan
upwards
towards
the
surface
to
form
flower
structures.
[Fig.
18.15.
Flower
structures
in
strike-‐slip
duplexes]
13.
Strike-‐Slip
Fault
Geometries:
An
example
of
extension
in
a
releasing
step
is
given
by
Death
Valley.
These
low-‐
lying
areas
are
also
called
pull-‐apart
basins.
[Fig.
18.14.
Death
Valley
formed
in
a
releasing
step]
14.
Pull-‐Apart
Basins:
Pull-‐apart
basins
can
form
sag
ponds
or
lakes
at
a
small
scale,
or
large
rhomb-‐shaped
sedimentary
basins
at
the
crustal
scale.
[Figure.
Pull-‐apart
basins]
2
Geol
345
(Spring
2014)
Lecture
18
15.
Restraining
Bend:
The
Big
Bend
along
the
San
Andreas
fault
is
a
restraining
step
/
bend.
[Figure.
Restraining
bend
along
the
San
Andreas
fault]
3