CONCRETE LABORATORY DCC10022 DIPLOMA KEJURUTERAAN AWAM JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH TEACHING MODULE: NORIKA BINTI KARIM SHARIFAH ADAWIAH BINTI SYED AHMAD KHAIRUNNISA ISLAMI AMBOTOLA
DCC 10022 Concrete Laboratory Teaching Module : NORIKA BINTI KARIM SHARIFAH ADAWIAH BINTI SYED AHMAD KHAIRUNNISA ISLAMI AMBOTOLA
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from, Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah. second edition Published by: POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH Semambu, 25350, Kuantan, Pahang. Tel : 09-5655300 Faks : 088-5663104 Website http://www.polisas.edu.my/
DCC10022 Concrete Laboratory KHAIRUNNISA ISLAMI AMBOTOLA 13 years experience of teaching in Civil Engineering Department ACADEMIC BACKGROUND UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA Master in Civil ENgineering Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU Diploma in Civil Engineering NORIKA BINTI KARIM 21 years experience of teaching in Civil Engineering Department ACADEMIC BACKGROUND UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Master in Civil ENgineering UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA Diploma in Civil Engineering Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering 19 years experience of teaching in Civil Engineering Department SHARIFAH ADAWIAH BINTI SYED AHMAD ACADEMIC BACKGROUND UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA Master of Technical and Vocational Education Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering SYNOPSIS REACH US! CONNECT WITH US! This book provides the students with an understanding of the fundamental concept of practical works and principles relating to concrete works. Civil Engineering Department Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Semambu. 25350, Kuantan, Pahang TELEPHONE NO. : 09-5655300 FAXS: 09-5663104 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] email: [email protected]
CONTENTS 01 General Rules for Workshop Safety 02 Course Outline 03 Rubric Softening Point Test Sieve Analysis Test Sand Segregation Test Slump Test Compressive Strength Test 04 Lab Sheet Experiment 05 References
1 Clean up all spills immediately. 8 Shut down your machine before cleaning, repairing or leaving it. 6 Keep hand tools in good condition. 5 Check electrical equipment for defects before using. 3 Do not wear loose clothing or jewellery around machinery. 7 Observer and practice the safety procedures established for the job. 2 Ensure all machine guards are in place before use. Be sure everyone is in clear before starting equipment. 4 General Safety for Workshop Safety 12 Always wear PPE's. 9 Practice good housekeeping. 10 Report all unsafe conditions. 11 Observe No Smoking regulations.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE OUTLINE 1. NAME OF COURSE BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY COURSE CODE DCC10022 2. SYNOPSIS BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY covers a basic concept of practical works and principles regarding the brickworks and concrete works including the safety exposure in workshop. This course emphasizes the related brick laying using mortar mixing 1:3 and student needed to complete a selected mini project. As for concrete works the method of statement for concrete which referred is BS1881. The cement to be used throughout the work shall be Portland cement obtained from an approved manufacturer that comply with MS 522. Fine and coarse aggregates shall comply with MS 29. All testing specification were referred by MS EN 206. This course also need students to participate actively in teamwork during the practical activities. 3. CREDIT VALUE 2 4. PREREQUISITE/ CO-REQUISITE (IF ANY) None 5. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO): Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: CLO1 Perform practical activities using appropriate tools and techniques for concrete works with safety awareness (P3, PLO 5) CLO2 Complete a selected mini project on brickworks through group participation. (P5, PLO 5) CLO3 Participate actively in a teamwork during practical activities (A3, PLO 9) PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO): PLO 5 : Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools to welldefined engineering problems, with an awareness of the limitations (DK6). PLO 9 : Function effectively as an individual, and as a member in diverse technical teams. 6. ASSESSMENT METHOD: The course assessment consists of: i. Continuous Assessment (CA) – 100% ii. Final Examination (FE) – None Assessment Quantity Percentage (%) Workshop practical 2 50% Project 2 50%
7. TEACHING SCHEDULE: Topic No. Topic/Content Recommended Contact Hours Assessment Method Week 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY This topic covers the elements to be considered in the brickwork and concrete laboratory. Then recognize the workshop work principles. 12 hours Lecture W1 – W4 2.0 BRICKWORKS This topic conducts various types arrangement for brick wall and finishing work. Work within a group and show ability to work in team to complete assigned tasks during practical work sessions. 15 hours practical Project 1 Project 2 W5 – W9 3.0 CONCRETE WORKS AND LABORATORY This topic conducts standard testing for concrete material, fresh concrete and hardened concrete. Demonstrate active participation and cooperation within a group. 15 hours practical Workshop practical 1 Workshop practical 2 W10 – W14 8. REFERENCES Main : 1. British Standards 1881 (2015). Testing Concrete. The British Standard Institution. 2. Colin Fearn. et. al. (2014). The City & Guilds Textbook: Level 1 Diploma in Plastering. City & Guilds. 3. Jon Collinson, (2012). Brickwork and Bricklaying: A DIY Guide. Crowood Press. 4. https://www.astm.org/Standards/cement-and-concretestandards.html 5. Malaysian Standard EN 206 (2016). Concrete – Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity (Third Revision). Department Of Standard Malaysia. Additional : 1. Peter Cartwright, (2002). Bricklaying. McGraw-Hill Education. 2. P. Kumar Mehta and Paulo J.M. Monteiro, (2014), Concrete: Microstructure, Properties and Materials, 4th Edition. McGraw Hill. 3. Theodore Marotta. et. all. (2010). Basic Construction Materials (8th ed.), United Kingdom. Pearson Prentice Hall. 4. R. Dodge Woodson, (2011). Concrete Portable Handbook. Butterworth-Heinemann. Prepared by: ……………….………………………… ( ) Verified by: …………………………………………………. (Tandatangan dan Nama TP(A)/TP/KJ/KPro/KUPA/KK)
4 Description of Rubrics Criteria POOR (1) FAIR (2) EXCELLENT (5) MARKS P1 Usage of Tools Student is not able to both identify and use tools Student knows and is able to identify necessary tools for completion of the task without major prompting Student knows and able to identify necessary tools to complete the task / 5 Housekeeping Very proactive and show good initiatives of necessary information / theory / lab sheet / materials etc before producing a video presentation Proactive and show good initiatives of necessary information / theory / lab sheet / materials etc before producing a video presentation Lack of necessary information / theory / lab sheet / materials etc before producing a video presentation / 5 Laboratory Technique Measurements, skills or techniques are incomplete, inaccurate and/or very imprecise Measurements, skills or techniques are somewhat inaccurate and imprecise. Measurements, skills or techniques are both accurate and precise and may show some innovation. /5 x 2 P3 Quality of Work Provide complete task/project with more than 4 requirement Provide complete task/project with 4 or less requirement Provides work of higher quality with no requirement / 5 Display of Results Not genuine results with too far from theoretical prediction. Outcomes are included but not label Not genuine results with too far from theoretical prediction. Outcomes are included but missing the important labels An excellent genuine results with relevant from theoretical prediction Clear and reliable outcomes with complete labels /5 Safety Culture Proper safety precautions are consistently missed; Proper safety precautions are often missed Proper safety precautions are displayed very consistantly / 5 /35 *40 % TOTAL Student knows and is able to identify necessary tools for completion of the task with some assistance Show acceptable necessary information / theory / lab sheet / materials etc before producing a video presentation Show few necessary information / theory / lab sheet / materials etc before producing a video presentation Measurements, skills or techniques are mostly accurate. Measurements, skills or techniques are accurate with reasonable precision Provide complete task/project with 2 or less requirement Provides high quality work with 1 or less requirement Not genuine results but not too far from theoretical prediction. Outcomes are included but missing some labels A good genuine results with relevant from theoretical prediction. Clear and reliable outcomes but missing some labels Ability to display adequate safety culture/behavior throughout the practical session Proper safety precautions are generally displayed P3 Ability to display the appropriate response after completing the task Proper safety precautions displayed most of the time Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task DP3 : Can Be Solved in Standardized Ways DP5 : Extend of Applicable Codes Rubrics for Practical Works (Concrete Laboratory) DCC10022 BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY ASSESSMENT TOOL (%) : PRACTICAL WORKS (40%) CLO2 - Complete a selected mini project on brickworks through group participation PLO5 Modern tools usage : Apply appropriate technique, resource and modern engineering and IT tools to well-defined engineering problems, with an awareness of the limitations (DK 6) DP1 : Depth of Knowledge Required Taxonomy Domain/Level P2 P3 P3 DK6 : Practical Engineering Knowledge Ability to construct diagrams/ tables/ graphs/ models Student knows and is able to identify necessary tools for completion of the task with less assistance This rubrics is designed to assess practical works for Concrete Laboratory Works MODERATE (3) GOOD (4) Ability to recognize the necessary tools and use to complete the task
6 Description of Rubrics Criteria POOR (1) FAIR (2) EXCELLENT (5) MARKS A3 Initiative Lack of initiative and have less interst on team enggagement Show few initiatives to provide the needed help for the team satisfaction and enggagement Very proactive and show great initiative to provide the needed help for the team satisfaction and engagement / 5 A2 Helpfulness Not helpful Helpful when asked Very helpful all the time /5 Quality of Work Lack of quality work produced Produced quality of work below minimun standard Produce high quality work beyond the required standard /5 Teamwork Team demonstrated litle teamwork. Team demonstrated fairly teamwork. Team showed excellent teamwork. / 5 Work Distribution Most work was done by 1 member of team. Most work was done by 1 or 2 member of team. All team members shared the task equally and utilizing abilities of each team member. / 5 /25 *10 % Show acceptable initiatives to provide the needed help for the team satisfaction and engagement proactive and show good initiatives to provide the needed help for the team satisfaction and engagement Very helpful sometimes Very helpful most of the time TOTAL A3 Ability to complete work with the quality of work that reflects the expected achievements Team members seldomly shared the task equally and did not utilize abilities of each team member Most members shared the task equally and utilize abilities of each team member. Produce acceptable quality work within the minimum standard Produced good quality according to the quality standard A3 TEAMWORK ASSESSMENT Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal Team showed moderate teamwork. Team showed good teamwork. This rubrics is designed to assess practical works and mini project for Brickworks and Concrete Laboratory Taxonomy Domain/Level MODERATE (3) GOOD (4) INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT Rubrics for Individual and Teamwork Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement DCC10022 BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY ASSESSMENT TOOL (%) : MINI PROJECT/ PRACTICAL WORKS (10%) CLO3 - Participate actively in a teamwork during practical activities PLO9 Individual and Teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as member in diverse technical teams
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DCC10022- BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY NAME REGISTRATION NO. PROGRAM / GROUP PRACTICAL WORK DATE CLO PLO DP1 DP3 DP4 DP5 CLO 1 Perform practical activities using appropriate tools and techniques for concrete work with safety awareness. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 2 Complete a selected mini project on brickworks through group. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 3 Participate actively in a team work during practical activities PLO9 - - - - CLO1 PRACTICAL (P3) Usage of Tools Ability to recognize the necessary tools and used to complete the task Housekeeping Ability to display the appropriate response after completing the task Laboratory technique Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Quality of Work Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Display of Results Ability to construct diagrams/ tables/ graphs/ models Safety Culture Ability to display adequate safety culture/behavior throughout the practical session TOTAL P3 (40%) ____ × 40% = 35 CLO3 INDIVIDUAL (A3) Initiative Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Helpfulness Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Quality of Work Ability to complete work with the quality of work that reflects the expected achievements CLO3 TEAMWORK (A3) Teamwork Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal Work Distribution Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal TOTAL A3 (10%) _____ × 10% = 25 TOTAL SCORE (P3) + (A3) /50 Disemak oleh: (tandatangan dan cop)
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY SOFTENING POINT TEST OBJECTIVE To determine the amount of water required for normal consistency / standard consistency according to a specific procedure. PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment is to determine the normal consistency of standard paste cement using Vicat apparatus. That means this test is intended to be used to determine the amount of water required to prepare hydraulic cement pastes for testing. THEORY The standard consistency of cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate at a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould. This consistency of cement test is performed to determine the amount of water content that is to be added in cement to attain standard consistency. The test for consistency cement gives us the workability of cement. Excessive addition of water in cement result in an increase in water cement ration and loses in strength when it hardens. While if less water is added than required, will results in loss of strength. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Equipment i. Analytical balance ii. Measuring cyclinder iii. Vicat Apparatus with plunger and mould iv. Stop Watch v. Trowel vi. Spatula vii. Non-porous plate Material 1. Cement 2. Water
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY Figure 1: Vicat apparatus diagram PROCEDURE 1. Weight 400g of cement and mixed with measured quantity of water based on 28% from cement weight using trowel. 2. Apply thin layer of oil to inner surface of the mould. Fill the Vicat’s mould resting upon non-porous with the paste. 3. Slightly shake the mould horizontally to dispel the air present in the paste. 4. Smoothen the top surface of the paste with a trowel so that it is levelled with the top of the mould. 5. Place the mould together with the non-porous plate under the rod bearing the plunger. 6. Gently lower the plunger till it touches the top surface of the cement paste in the mould. 7. Release quickly the plunger allowing it to sink in the cement paste. 8. The amount of penetration was measured. 9. If the penetration of plunger in the paste is less than 33 to 35mm from the top of the mould, prepare the trial paste with the increasing percentage of water. 10. Repeat the same test procedure as mentioned above until the plunger penetrate to a depth of 33 to 35 mm from the top or 5 – 7 mm from the bottom of the mould. 11. Then calculate the standard consistency of cement.
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY Precautions 1. The experiment should be conducted at room temperature of 25°C to 30 °C at a relative humidity of 90%. 2. The cement paste must be properly mixed and placed in the test specimen within a maximum time of 4±1/2 min from the instant when cement and water were initially brought in contact. 3. Plunger should be cleaned during every repetition and make sure that it moves freely without any vibration. 4. For all the trial mix, take fresh cement. ANALYSIS OF DATA The percentage of water was calculated by using the formula: Percentage of water (%) = [Water amount/ Cement weight] x 100% The percentage standard consistency of cement was calculated by using the formula: Standard consistency of cement = Weight of water x 100% Weight of cement Observation Table for the standard consistency test is given below: Type of cement: ………………………………. Trial No. Wt. of Cement (g) Percentage Water(%) Water Amount(g) Penetration (mm) Remarks 1 2 3 **REPEAT the experiment if your result did not achieve 33 – 35mm within 35% of water content. Standard consistency (P): ________ %
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY DISCUSSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DCC10022- BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY NAME REGISTRATION NO. PROGRAM / GROUP PRACTICAL WORK DATE CLO PLO DP1 DP3 DP4 DP5 CLO 1 Perform practical activities using appropriate tools and techniques for concrete work with safety awareness. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 2 Complete a selected mini project on brickworks through group. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 3 Participate actively in a team work during practical activities PLO9 - - - - CLO1 PRACTICAL (P3) Usage of Tools Ability to recognize the necessary tools and used to complete the task Housekeeping Ability to display the appropriate response after completing the task Laboratory technique Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Quality of Work Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Display of Results Ability to construct diagrams/ tables/ graphs/ models Safety Culture Ability to display adequate safety culture/behavior throughout the practical session TOTAL P3 (40%) ____ × 40% = 35 CLO3 INDIVIDUAL (A3) Initiative Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Helpfulness Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Quality of Work Ability to complete work with the quality of work that reflects the expected achievements CLO3 TEAMWORK (A3) Teamwork Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal Work Distribution Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal TOTAL A3 (10%) _____ × 10% = 25 TOTAL SCORE (P3) + (A3) /50 Disemak oleh: (tandatangan dan cop)
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST OBJECTIVE To determine the particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate which is called gradation. PURPOSE To achieve high level of strength for concrete, good workability of aggregates contained in the concrete mixture has to be graded. So that the size of aggregate contained within the concrete mix has the right proportion and achieves the fixed limit. THEORY The aggregate being used in a concrete mixture must be three times the volume of concrete. Aggregate can have an influence on the characteristics of concrete such as durability and workability. The use of aggregate can make concrete more stable and last longer. Aggregates are classified into two categories :- i. Fine aggregates/sand - Passing sieve 5 mm Ø ii. Coarse aggregates - Retained sieve 5 mm Ø According to MS 30 phase D (i) and (ii) sets the content and size of aggregates that must be present in a concrete mix base on the grading limit, such as JKR/QC/AO2/89. This method describes the procedure for determining the relationship between the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregate. The aggregate most of which passes IS 475mm sieve is classified as fine aggregate and retained on 4.75mm sieve is classified as coarse aggregate can be obtained. A sample may be well graded, poorly graded or uniformly graded. APPARATUS 1. Pan Balance 2. Sieve Set 3. Mechanical Sieve Shaker 4. Container – Pan 5. Aggregate 6. 500 gm of sand
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY PROCEDURE 1. Take a sample of coarse aggregate that has been dried. 2. Nest the sieves with the largest size opening at the top and the smallest size opening at the bottom. Ensure that every sieve is clean. 3. Weigh and note the starting weight of each sieve. 4. Place the sample in the top sieve of a stack of sieve. 5. Shake the stack for 10 minutes at a preset speed. 6. When shaking is complete, take each sieve one at a time and weigh this segment of sample. 7. Record the weight and calculate the percent of sample remaining in each sieve. 8. Repeat the same procedure for the different material i.e. sand/aggregate. RESULT (EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION) 1. Table of Calculation Sieve Size Sieve Weight Sieve + Aggregate Weight Weight Retained Cumulative Weight Retained Cumulative % Weight Retained Cumulative Percentage Passing 20 mm 0 0 0 100 14 mm 0 0 0 100 10 mm 6 6 ((6/15)*100) = 40 (100-40) = 60 6.3 mm 5 (6+5) = 11 ((11/15)*100) = 73.3 (100-73.3) = 26.7 2.35 mm 4 (11 + 4) = 15 ((15/15)*100) = 100 (100-100) = 0 Pan - - 100 0 TOTAL 15 KG 313.3 0
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY 2. Fineness Modulus Fineness Modulus can be used to indicate the fineness of aggregate/sand. Types Fineness Modulus (FM) Fine Sand 2.2 – 2.6 Medium Sand 2.6 – 2.9 Coarse Sand 2.9 – 3.2 Fineness Modulus = Cumulative Percentage Weight Retained 100
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY RESULT Table 1: Coarse Aggregate Sample: 5 kg Sieve Size Sieve Weight Sieve + Aggregate Weight Weight Retained Cumulative Weight Retained Cumulative % Weight Retained Cumulative Percentage Passing 20 mm 14 mm 10 mm 6.3 mm 5.00 mm Pan TOTAL If the sieve aperture is not as per listed, make sure replace it with appropriate size but in sequence flow.
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY Table 2: Fine Aggregate Sample: 500g Sieve Size Sieve Weight Sieve + Aggregate Weight Weight Retained Cumulative Weight Retained Cumulative % Weight Retained Cumulative Percentage Passing 2.36mm 1.186mm 300 µm 150 µm 75 µm Pan TOTAL If the sieve aperture is not as per listed, make sure replace it with appropriate size but in sequence flow. Fineness Modulus = Cumulative Percentage Weight Retained 100 =
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS A
AND CONCRETE LABORATORY
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY DISCUSSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY QUESTION 1. Why it is not suitable for all concrete mixture when the amount of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate is fixed? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the importance of aggregate sieve test? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DCC10022- BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY NAME REGISTRATION NO. PROGRAM / GROUP PRACTICAL WORK DATE CLO PLO DP1 DP3 DP4 DP5 CLO 1 Perform practical activities using appropriate tools and techniques for concrete work with safety awareness. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 2 Complete a selected mini project on brickworks through group. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 3 Participate actively in a team work during practical activities PLO9 - - - - CLO1 PRACTICAL (P3) Usage of Tools Ability to recognize the necessary tools and used to complete the task Housekeeping Ability to display the appropriate response after completing the task Laboratory technique Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Quality of Work Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Display of Results Ability to construct diagrams/ tables/ graphs/ models Safety Culture Ability to display adequate safety culture/behavior throughout the practical session TOTAL P3 (40%) ____ × 40% = 35 CLO3 INDIVIDUAL (A3) Initiative Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Helpfulness Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Quality of Work Ability to complete work with the quality of work that reflects the expected achievements CLO3 TEAMWORK (A3) Teamwork Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal Work Distribution Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal TOTAL A3 (10%) _____ × 10% = 25 TOTAL SCORE (P3) + (A3) /50 Disemak oleh: (tandatangan dan cop)
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY SAND SEGREGATION TEST (FINE Aggregate) OBJECTIVE This test is to determine the bulking factor of wet sand. PURPOSE When mixes are specified by volume, the sand is assumed to be dry. The volume of a given weight of sand, however, varies according to its moisture content. Equal weights of dry and inundated sand have practically the same volume but the same weight of sand in a damp condition can occupy a volume as much as 40% greater. This phenomenon is known as 'bulking'. THEORY BS 1881 stated that the moisture content in the sand will cause the bulking of the volume. Moisture forms a film around each particle and this film of moisture exerts surface tension which keeps the neighbouring particles away from it. Therefore, when no point contact is possible between the particles, this causes bulking of sand. APPARATUS 500 ml measuring cylinder Stirring Rod Tray Scoop
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY PROCEDURE 1. Take a 500 ml capacity of measuring cylinder. Ensure that the measuring cylinder is dry. 2. Filled up the sand into the cylinder at the 2/3 height. Add in the sand slowly but do not compact it. 3. Level the surface of the sand using the rod and record the Volume of lose sand (V1). 4. Remove the sand to a container carefully. 5. Fill up the measuring cylinder to an amount of 250ml with water. 6. Fill the measuring cylinder with half of the sand slowly. 7. Stir using the rod to release the air content. 8. Next, fill the balance of the sand and stir. 9. Now, wait for some time so that the sand can settle. 10. Measure the Volume of saturated sand (V2) and record. 11. Repeat the same procedure for 2 more samples to get average of bulking factor. RESULT (EXAMPLE CALCULATION) Example Observation Sheet – Bulking of Fine Aggregate S. No DESCRIPTION SAMPLE No. SAMPLE I SAMPLE II SAMPLE III (i) Volume of Loose Sand (V1) 350 350 350 (ii) Volume of Saturated Sand (V2) 310 280 300 iii) Buckling of sand 12.9% 25% 16.7% Calculation: = 1 − 2 2 So, the sand bulkage for the above observation is = (12.9 + 25 + 16.7)/3 = 18.2%
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY RESULT Observation Table No DESCRIPTION SAMPLE I SAMPLE II SAMPLE III 1 Volume of Loose Sand (V1) 2 Volume of Saturated Sand (V2) 3 Buckling of sand The average of buckling of sand is =
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY DISCUSSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DCC10022- BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY NAME REGISTRATION NO. PROGRAM / GROUP PRACTICAL WORK DATE CLO PLO DP1 DP3 DP4 DP5 CLO 1 Perform practical activities using appropriate tools and techniques for concrete work with safety awareness. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 2 Complete a selected mini project on brickworks through group. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 3 Participate actively in a team work during practical activities PLO9 - - - - CLO1 PRACTICAL (P3) Usage of Tools Ability to recognize the necessary tools and used to complete the task Housekeeping Ability to display the appropriate response after completing the task Laboratory technique Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Quality of Work Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Display of Results Ability to construct diagrams/ tables/ graphs/ models Safety Culture Ability to display adequate safety culture/behavior throughout the practical session TOTAL P3 (40%) ____ × 40% = 35 CLO3 INDIVIDUAL (A3) Initiative Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Helpfulness Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Quality of Work Ability to complete work with the quality of work that reflects the expected achievements CLO3 TEAMWORK (A3) Teamwork Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal Work Distribution Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal TOTAL A3 (10%) _____ × 10% = 25 TOTAL SCORE (P3) + (A3) /50 Disemak oleh: (tandatangan dan cop)
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY SLUMP TEST OBJECTIVE Concrete slump test is to determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the work. Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of concrete during construction. PURPOSE Get the consistency of concrete mix by measuring the slump after deformed as a frustum cone in the site or laboratory to assure that the concrete mix components ratios are accurate. It is the simplest test to achieve concrete quality control in mixing stations and in the sites. THEORY Generally concrete slump value is used to find the workability, which indicates water-cement ratio, but there are various factors including properties of materials, mixing methods, dosage, admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump value. Under the BS 1881, there are 3 methods to test the workability of concrete mixture. This method gives the indication of the quality of concrete with respect to consistency, cohesiveness and the proneness to segregation. The workability of concrete alone cannot assure the quality because it depends on the compacting method either by hand or vibrator. APPARATUS
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY PROCEDURE PREPARATION OF CONCRETE MIX 1. Prepare quantity of mixture based on mix proportion 1:2:4 and total concrete is 14.4kg. 2. Mix the cement, fine and coarse aggregate thoroughly and add the required quantity of water in it. 3. When the mix is ready, proceed with the slump tests. SLUMP TEST 1. Before commencing the test, the plat base and inner surface of the mould is wiped with a damp cloth. 2. The slump cone is placed centrally on the plate with the small opening facing upward. 3. The slump cone is filled with concrete in 3 layers, each layer tamped lightly 25 times with steel rod in definite pattern, working from outside into the middle. 4. Top up the cone till it overflows. Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling action. 5. Cleaned off the plate base from any of concrete excess. 6. The cone is slowly raised vertically by the handles and allowed to fall in 5 to 10 seconds. 7. Turn the cone upside down and place the rod across the up-turned cone. 8. The slump is measured by using the ruler (difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of the subsided concrete). 9. All slumps must be measured and recorded (if the sample slumping still persist due to shear/collapse the test should be repeated). If the slump still persist, measure the height and types of the slump. 10. Repeat the above procedure by using different water cement ratio. NOTE: The above operation should be carried out at a place free from vibrations or shock and within a period of 2 minutes after sampling.
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY DIAGRAM Types of Concrete Slump Test Result Consistency Slump (mm) Very Dry 0 Very Stiff 0-15 Stiff 15-25 Plastic Stiff 25-50 Plastic 50-100 Liquid 100-150 Very Liquid 150-200
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY RESULT MIX PROPORTION: _______________________ Quantity of cement Quantity of fine aggregate Quantity of coarse aggregate Calculation sample: The slump (Vertical settlement) measured shall be recorded in terms of millimetres of subsidence of the specimen during the test. Test No. Water cement ratio Slump (mm) Consistency Type of slump Sketch finding 1 2 3 Average
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY DISCUSSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY QUESTION 1. What is the ideal value of slump? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. How much time one should take to raise the cone? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain types of concrete slump test below. True Slump Zero Slump Collapsed Slump Shear Slump
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DCC10022- BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY NAME REGISTRATION NO. PROGRAM / GROUP PRACTICAL WORK DATE CLO PLO DP1 DP3 DP4 DP5 CLO 1 Perform practical activities using appropriate tools and techniques for concrete work with safety awareness. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 2 Complete a selected mini project on brickworks through group. PLO5 DK6 / / CLO 3 Participate actively in a team work during practical activities PLO9 - - - - CLO1 PRACTICAL (P3) Usage of Tools Ability to recognize the necessary tools and used to complete the task Housekeeping Ability to display the appropriate response after completing the task Laboratory technique Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Quality of Work Ability to display adequate skills and precision to complete the task Display of Results Ability to construct diagrams/ tables/ graphs/ models Safety Culture Ability to display adequate safety culture/behavior throughout the practical session TOTAL P3 (40%) ____ × 40% = 35 CLO3 INDIVIDUAL (A3) Initiative Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Helpfulness Ability to show great initiatives and actively involved in a team engagement Quality of Work Ability to complete work with the quality of work that reflects the expected achievements CLO3 TEAMWORK (A3) Teamwork Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal Work Distribution Ability to share tasks to complete the team goal TOTAL A3 (10%) _____ × 10% = 25 TOTAL SCORE (P3) + (A3) /50 Disemak oleh: (tandatangan dan cop)
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBES OBJECTIVE To determine the strength and workability of concrete mixture. PURPOSE Concrete is used mostly for structural purposes such as foundations, columns, beams and floors and therefore must be capable in taking the loads that will be applied (unless you’re just after a large paperweight!). One of the methods of checking its fit for purpose is to carry out a concrete cube test which measures the compressible cube strength of the concrete and relates directly to the required design strength specified by the designer. Also it is usually a minimum requirement from the client to provide evidence of cube test results to ensure compliance with the designers requirements. THEORY To determine the concrete fulfils the required specification, 2 types of testing to be conducted are Wet Concrete Testing such as slump, compacting factor and Vebe Consistency while hard concrete testing such as cube test and beam flexural strength. Hard concrete test were conducted at the age of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after curing. The concrete strength increases according to the age and the strength increment will continue for sometimes. Nevertheless, for most of the work, the concrete strength on the 28 days is set as standard even though it might be determined at a much earlier or longer period. The increment rate of the concrete strength will depend on the temperature and moisture during hardening process. APPARATUS
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY PROCEDURE PREPARATION OF CONCRETE MIX 1. Prepare quantity of mixture based on mix proportion 1:2:4 and total concrete is 9.3kg. 2. Mix the cement, fine and coarse aggregate thoroughly and add the required quantity of water in it. Prepare for 3 sample cubes. 3. When the mix is ready, proceed with the compressive strength of concrete cubes tests. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBES 1. The mould that will be used in the cube test must be cleaned internally using the wire brush. 2. The interior surfaces of the assembled mould is required to be thinly coated with grease oil to prevent adhesion of concrete. 3. Pour the ready mixed concrete with certain mix proportion into the mould in 3 layers and each layer must be tamping 35 times using the tamping rod @ bar. Fill up the mould until overflow and levelled the surface using the hand float. 4. The concrete will be left for 24 hours setting. 5. Record the date of the mixture for every cube and submerged all the 3 cubesin the curing tank and test on the 7, 14 and 28 days. 6. Before placing in the water, the cube must be weighted while it is dry and record. 7. When the cube is fully matured it shall be weighted again and record. 8. Place the cube to be tested at the center plate of the compression machine. Ensure both plates are in contact with the lower surface of the concrete plate. 9. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously till the specimen fails. 10. Record the maximum load applied to the specimen. 11. Observe the appearance of cracks and note the type of failure. 12. Repeat the above step using the other cubes. Record the result accordingly. Calculation and Expression of Result Calculate the compressive strength of each by dividing the maximum load by the crosssectional area. DIAGRAM Note: All four exposed faces are cracked approximately equally, generally with little damage to faces in contact with the platens.
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS A RES Cube Size : 150 mm x Cube No. Date of Cube Made Date of Testing Age During Testing Cube 1 2 3
AND CONCRETE LABORATORY ULT x 150 mm x 150 mm e Weight (kg) Fail Load (kN) Compressive Strength (kN/mm2 ) Failure Diagram
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY DISCUSSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
DCC 10022 – BRICKWORKS AND CONCRETE LABORATORY QUESTION 1. Why the inner surface of the mould shall be coated with the grease oil? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. How can the value of standard deviation describe the strength and quality of the concrete? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES British Standards 1881 (2015). Testing Concrete. The British Standard Institution. Colin Fearn . et. al. (2014). The City & Guilds Textbook: Level 1 Diploma in Plastering. City & Guilds. Jon Collinson, (2012). Brickwork and Bricklaying: A DIY Guide. Crowood Press. https://www.astm.org/Standards/cement-and-concrete-standards.html Malaysian Standard EN 206 (2016). Concrete – Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity (Third Revision). Department Of Standard Malaysia. Peter Cartwright, (2002). Bricklaying. McGraw-Hill Education. P. Kumar Mehta and Paulo J.M. Monteiro, (2014), Concrete: Microstructure, Properties and Materials, 4th Edition. McGraw Hill. Theodore Marotta. et. all. (2010). Basic Construction Materials (8th ed.), United Kingdom. Pearson Prentice Hall. R. Dodge Woodson, (2011). Concrete Portable Handbook. Butterworth-Heinemann.