The Train Book

HOW SIGNALS WORK . 299

SEMAPHORE SIGNAL TECHNOLOGY

Semaphore signal systems began to be introduced in the 1840s and consisted Telegraph Morse key sounder, 1875 The Morse
of two pivoting arms or “blades” and a “spectacle” holding two coloured glass telegraph used a single electric
lenses. As the arm moved, the lenses moved in front of a light source, The telegraph transformed railway signalling, current switched on or off to send
initially an oil lamp, to allow the signals to be seen at night. On the top arm allowing messages to be sent ahead of trains for a series of dots and dashes.
the lenses were red and blue, the blue combining with the yellowy flame of the first time. The most successful telegraph
the oil lamp to make green. On the bottom arm the lenses were yellow and system was invented by Samuel Morse in 1835.
blue. Once electric lights were used, the blue lenses were changed to green.
Morse’s first apparatus used a pendulum
Red, square-ended device, but his partner, Alfred Vail, suggested
arm is horizontal, using a lever and armature to print a code
meaning “stop” of dots and dashes – the precursor to Morse
code. The system was patented in 1840 and
adopted for railway signalling and general use.
Thousands of miles of telegraph lines were
strung alongside the railways, connecting the
US east and west coasts in October 1861.

POINTS

The points mechanism is a key component of any railway. Invented by English
engineer Charles Fox in 1832, the simplest system used a pull rod activated by a
lever. This adjusted movable track sections (points) to direct a train onto a curve,
taking it away from the main line. Switching the points was a task performed
by a signalman, but most points are now operated electronically.

Yellow distant Yellow warning Main line open Branch line closed Changing points
warning arm arm is raised, No signal for Retracting the pull
indicates branch line Point B rod closes Point A
“proceed with meaning “all clear” closed and opens Point B,
caution” Switch stand the train wheels then
or lever following the tracks
round onto the branch
Pull rod line, which will then be
extended open, while the main
line will be closed.

Point A open

Stop Proceed with caution All clear Modern points
When the upper arm is With the upper “stop” arm When both the upper and Modern points systems are
horizontal, it means stop. raised and its light green, lower arms are raised and now controlled electronically,
The lower arm is a “distant” the train can proceed, but both lights show green, allowing for more complex
warning, telling the driver the lower distant warning it means that the line traffic operations at busy
that the train may have to arm is still telling the driver ahead is clear. The driver sections of connecting track.
stop at the next signal. to be cautious as the next can proceed safely at
Both arms horizontal signal may require the normal speed until they Red “stop” light instructs
means stop. train to stop. arrive at the next signal. Train A not to enter this
block of track
Green “all clear” light Green “all clear” light Two yellow “preliminary Yellow “caution” light
tells Train A to proceed tells Train A to proceed caution” lights instruct instructs Train A that it Green “all clear” light
into next block of track into next block of track Train A that it must expect must expect to stop at instructs Train B to proceed
to stop in two signals’ time next signal into the next block of track

Train B

300 . HOW RAILWAYS WORK

Radstock North
Signal Box

Before the days of automated signalling centres, signalmen
managed the movement of trains from local signal boxes. The
Radstock North signal box once controlled the trains on the old
Great Western Railway North Somerset Line in the UK, and was
restored at Didcot to represent an original box from the 1930s.

WHETHER IT WAS TO CONTROL a stop signal or to switch a passing train but over time signalling became more mechanical, using levers housed in the
onto a different track, signal boxes once served as the control hubs of a rail signal box and positioned next to the track. The manually operated signal boxes
transport system. The boxes ensured that trains operated safely over the were often raised to accommodate the movement of the lower part of the levers,
correct route and in accordance with the scheduled timetable, and also and to allow the signalman a clear view of the surrounding track. Nowadays,
provided the signalman with a warm and dry working environment. The with the advent of electronic signalling technology, traditional signal boxes
earliest railway signals were given by hand, or with the issuing of tokens, have largely been replaced with centrally managed signalling control centres.

INTERIOR 1

The signal box contains numerous levers set inside a frame
mounted on a beam beneath the floor. The levers are painted
according to their function. The large wheel operates the level
crossing, and the instruments on the shelf above the levers
indicate whether or not different sections of the line are clear.
The key token instrument offers a safety measure to ensure
no two trains are ever on the same line on a collision path.

1. Overview of signal box interior 2. Token equipment for branch line (left)
and main line (right) 3. Shelf containing block instruments and telegraph
equipment 4. Close-up of three-position block instruments 5. Control
levers: red for signals; blue for operating locks and gates; black for
controlling points 6. Large wheel and levers for operating level crossing
7. Wicket gate levers 8. Top of levers with release mechanisms 9. Brass
plate denoting signal controlled by lever 10. Framed diagram of signalling
system at Radstock North 11. Bell tapper to send coded messages to
the next signal box 12. Signal levers 13. Single line electric key token
instrument 14. Hoops used to pass tokens to drivers 15. GWR clock
16. Lamp allows signal box operation at night 17. Coal-fired stove

2

34

RADSTOCK NORTH SIGNAL BOX . 301

6

57

89 12
10 11

13 14 16

EXTERIOR

The signal box is built right next to the level crossing and the
railway, with the track connected to the box by complex
interlocking mechanics. Each lever inside the box connects to
a series of metal pulleys, chains, pivots, and rods that either
change a signal, switch a point, or open and close a gate.

17

15

302 . HOW RAILWAYS WORK

How Steam Locomotives Work

The power of steam has long been recognized as a potential Richard Trevithick, began experimenting with high-pressure
energy source and as early as the 1st century CE steam-powered steam engines. These could be made small enough to be
devices appeared in the writings of Hero of Alexandria. It wasn’t mounted on wheels and, for the first time, steam could be used
until the dawn of the industrial era, however, that effective ways for propulsion. Trevithick’s first engine ran on roads, but in 1803
were found to harness steam power. In 1712 English ironmonger he built a steam locomotive for the Pen-y-Darren colliery that
and inventor Thomas Newcomen developed a steam-powered ran on iron track. Within 30 years the railway revolution had
pump to clear water from mines. Stationary engines such as begun, providing transport for the masses, and steam was to
Newcomen’s became mobile when another English engineer, power the world’s railways for more than a century.

CREATING STEAM POWER STEAM LOCOMOTIVE COMPONENTS Tender handbrake
Applies the tender
To generate steam, hot gases pass from the firebox The essential principles of steam power remained the same
furnace along tubes that run through the boiler, where throughout the steam age, although locomotives grew more brakes when the
they are surrounded by water. The hot “fire tubes” boil sophisticated. Early steam engines had just one fire tube, for handle is turned
the water and steam collects at the top of the boiler. This example, but Stephenson’s Rocket had 25 and later locomotives
is referred to as “saturated steam” and a regulator valve had 150 or more. Depending on its job – shunting, hauling Coal space
controls the rate at which it is fed into the main steam freight, or a passenger express – a locomotive had to deliver Coal goes from here
pipe. Superheater pipes then typically boost the steam its power in different ways using more pistons or more driven to the firehole via the
temperature to give it even more energy before feeding wheels, but the basics remained largely the same. fireman’s shovel or an
it to the cylinders, where it expands to drive the pistons. automatic feed system
Exhaust steam is released through the blast pipe to the TENDER
chimney, helping to draw hot gases along the fire tubes.

Main steam Superheater element pipes
pipe
Steam Regulator valve
pipe Chimney
Safety Water
valve

Valve Valve rod
Piston rod

Blast Boiler Air flow
Cylinders pipe Firebox

KEY Superheated steam
Steam exhaust Hot gases
Saturated steam

Water filler Water tank Water float Brake rigging
Allows water tank Supplies water to Indicates Transmits pressure to
pipes that feed water level in the brake blocks on
to be filled from the boiler water tank each wheel
top of tender

STEAM PROPULSION Steam feed High Steam exhaust Low
pressure steam out
Water from the boiler is heated to produce pressure steam in
Valve

steam, which is then superheated and

transferred at high pressure via the steam

pipe to the cylinder. Entering the cylinder

through a valve, the high-pressure steam

Stoking the firebox pushes a piston which, in turn, drives Cylinder Piston
The fireman feeds coal into the firebox when the engine is the series of rods and pivots that turn the
running, but the fire will have been lit many hours before to driving wheel, thus converting linear 1 Outward stroke High-pressure steam is fed via a valve
raise the temperature slowly and avoid damaging the boiler. motion to rotation. into the front of the cylinder where it expands and pushes
the piston, which rotates the wheel by half a turn.

HOW STEAM LOCOMOTIVES WORK . 303

INSIDE THE CAB Steam chest Boiler pressure
pressure gauge gauge
Most steam locomotives had a crew of Gauge glass shows
two: fireman and driver. The driver was Vacuum brake boiler water level
in charge and controlled the locomotive pressure gauge
using the regulator (which acts like a Exhaust steam water
throttle), the reverser, and the brake. Blower control injector control
Watching his gauges and looking out Steam heating
for trackside signals, the driver regulated Live steam water pressure gauge
the train’s speed. The duties of the injector control Whistle lever
fireman were to maintain a good supply
of steam by stoking the fire, and an Vacuum brake Cylinder drain
adequate level of water by checking lever cock lever
the gauge glass. The fireman used the
injector control to force water from the Regulator Fireman’s seat
tender into the boiler. With the driver, (throttle)
he would also keep an eye out for Reverser Firebox door
trackside signals, especially on curves.
handle

Driver’s seat

Oil can
warming tray

Fire tubes Main steam pipe Boiler Blast pipe Piston valve
Carry hot gases from the Carries saturated steam The fire tubes are Draws exhaust steam Supplies steam either to the
firebox through the boiler surrounded by water in front or back of the cylinder
to the superheaters the boiler which they up the chimney
to heat the water heat to produce steam Cylinder
Chimney Collects steam from
Firebox Steam dome Regulator valve Expels exhaust steam the steam pipe to
Supplies heat Directs rising Controls the flow and boiler gases from push the piston
to the fire tubes steam into the of saturated steam
main steam pipe from the boiler the smokebox Smokebox
LOCOMOTIVE Collects hot gases
Steam pipe that have passed
Takes the superheated through the boiler

steam to the cylinder

Brake shoe Driving wheel Superheater element Coupling rod Connecting rod Piston
Grips directly onto the wheel Linked to other driving Reheats saturated steam to Links the driving Transfers piston Moves forwards or
wheels to receive power produce superheated “dry” wheels so that they movement to the backwards inside
to slow the locomotive from the piston and give steam at high temperature all turn together driving wheels cylinder when
even traction to the rail steam expands
Firebox grate Steam exhaust
The fireman shovels
coal here from the cab

Steam exhaust Valve rod Steam feed Steam
enters back of cylinder

Piston rod Piston Moves in Piston Ready for
return direction next outward stroke
2 Exhaust The wheel is connected to the valve
via a series of rods. These open the valve to allow 3 Return stroke The movement of the valve also allows 4 Exhaust Once the wheels have made another half turn,
the steam, which has now lost pressure, to escape. high-pressure steam to enter the back of the cylinder, the valve allows spent steam to escape and fresh steam
allowing the return phase of the stroke to begin. to enter, and the cycle begins again.

304 . HOW RAILWAYS WORK

How Diesel Locomotives Work

The first diesel engine was demonstrated in 1893 by the German power from the crankshaft to the wheels. A diesel engine can
engineer Dr. Rudolf Diesel, who went on to build the first be very powerful; those used in ships can be over 50,000 hp
reliable example in 1897. A diesel engine works by drawing air – railway applications are more typically 2,500–4,500 hp. Early
into the cylinders and compressing it to increase its pressure diesel locomotives introduced in the 1930s and ‘40s were
and temperature. Diesel fuel is then injected into it and the cheaper to operate than steam locomotives, especially where oil
resulting combustion produces energy that pushes a piston, was plentiful, because they needed far less manpower. Today
which drives a crankshaft. Different transmission systems diesel-powered trains are used worldwide, particularly on less
(electric, mechanical, and hydraulic) are used to transfer the busy lines where electrification is not economical.

DIESEL-ELECTRICS power in turn operates the traction motors, which are reliable AC (alternating current) power supplied by an
fitted to the wheels or axles of the train. Diesel-electric alternator instead of a DC generator. The AC power
Most diesel locomotives (and some diesel multiple locomotives are different from electric locomotives – from the alternator was passed through a rectifier to
units) have electric transmissions, and are called they carry their own power plants rather than relying transform it to DC electricity to power the traction
“diesel-electric”. In a diesel-electric, the power output on an outside supply of electricity. motors. Advances in traction inverter technology
in the diesel engine uses a transmission system to in the 1980s and 1990s allowed the AC supply to
convert mechanical energy produced by the engine Diesel-electrics originally ran on DC (direct current) power the motors directly, using a system known
into electrical power. This is achieved by using the power supplied by a generator, but developments in as three-phase supply.
engine crankshaft to power a generator (more recently technology in the 1960s allowed for the use of more
an alternator) to produce electricity. This electrical

Electric control cubicle Silencer Air intakes Turbocharger
Contains electrical controls Reduces engine noise Filtered intakes for air Generates extra horsepower from the
engine using hot exhaust gases
in the exhaust for the engine and
other systems Engine
Rectifier Produces mechanical power
Converts the AC power Alternator through internal combustion
output of the alternator Converts rotary
mechanical power Radiator fan
to DC output from the engine to Part of the cooling system
electricity to power
the motors to remove excess heat

Flexicoil suspension Braking equipment cabinet Air compressor Fuel tank Battery box
Between locomotive body Contains electro-pneumatic Compresses air for A diesel locomotive Contains batteries
use in braking and must carry enough
and bogies to minimize braking equipment for diesel fuel to last used to start the
unsprung weight whole train electrical cooling each journey engine and operate
on-board equipment

HOW DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES WORK . 305

DIESEL-MECHANICALS Final Cab Driving Air
compressor
A mechanical transmission on a drive controls
diesel locomotive consists of a direct Compressor
mechanical link between the diesel gearbox drive belt
engine and the wheels. There are two
types of mechanism to achieve this. Radiator
In a direct-drive type mechanism, the fan
engine is connected to the axles via
driveshafts, differentials and gearing. Fluid Radiator
The second type is the coupling coupling fan belt
rod-drive which is used on rigid
locomotives that have no pivoting Diesel engine SHUNTER
bogies. To maintain efficient
adhesion, coupling rods are attached Gearbox Driveshaft Driving wheels A shunter or switcher is a small railroad
to the outer sides of the wheels of Counterbalance Coupling rod locomotive used for moving trains safely
all the powered axles, powering all between storage yards and passenger
of the wheels at once. stations. Shunters also assemble freight
trains before a hauling locomotive takes
over. Many shunters are diesel-mechanical
locomotives as they do not need to be
capable of high speed.

Controls Alternator Turbocharger Radiator fan DIESEL-HYDRAULICS

AC Radiator Diesel-hydraulic locomotives have similarities to their diesel-mechanical cousins,
Diesel engine but while most diesel-mechanical locomotives or diesel-mechanical multiple units
Rectifier are only capable of relatively slow speeds using low-powered engines, diesel-
hydraulics are able to operate at higher speeds with much more powerful engines.
DC This is because they have a torque converter instead of a gearbox. The torque
converter contains a thick, viscous fluid inside a rotary impeller system to transfer
Air Fuel Traction power based on the amount of speed and power the engine is producing. German
compressor tank motor designers favoured diesel-hydraulics after World War II and large numbers were
built; locomotives were even built for export as far afield as the USA and Asia.
How it works
The diagram above shows how power is transferred Bogie Exhaust Main air
from the diesel engine to the traction motors on the reservoir tanks
wheels, through the alternator and rectifier.

Traction motor blower Luggage area
Fan to cool down traction Space at rear of power
motors on this side of car to store luggage
the locomotive

Diesel Fuel tank Cooling coil for Batteries
engine air compressors

Guides help Turbine Torque converter
control flow blades A torque converter contains
hydraulic fluid that acts within
of fluid Impeller rotating elements. One element,
Drive from blades the impeller, is driven by the
rotary power output of the diesel
engine engine. The impeller blades drive
the fluid onto the turbine blades,
Fluid filling driving the turbine round and
port passing rotary force – or torque –
on to the wheels. Extra torque
is required when starting a
locomotive; less torque is needed
to maintain a constant speed.

Drive to
wheels

Bogie Traction motor Main air reservoirs Fluid emptying KEY
Specially designed for Powers the train using Contain air for braking port Driving impeller
high-speed operation electricity generated and other uses Turbine (driven)
by the alternator; one Fixed guide vanes
fitted to each axle Flow of fluid

306 . HOW RAILWAYS WORK

How Electric Locomotives Work

In Europe, electric trains were initially developed as a more of choice for subways, helped greatly by the introduction of
efficient alternative to steam and early diesel locomotives. multiple-unit train control in 1897. In the US, electrification
The first electric locomotive ran in 1879 in Berlin, Germany. of a main line was first used on a 4-mile (6.4-km) stretch of the
However, much of the impetus for the switch to electric Baltimore Belt Line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, although
traction was driven by the increasing use of railway electrification was confined to urban areas with dense traffic.
tunnels, especially in urban areas. In 1890 the first working The introduction of alternating current as a power supply
underground system opened in London using electric enabled longer and heavier trains to be operated by electric
locomotives, and electricity soon became the power supply locomotives and also increased their speed and efficiency.

ELECTRIC TRAINS Electric locomotive Air-conditioning unit Air reservoirs
components Provides air conditioning Supplies air for traction motor
Like diesel-electric locomotives, electric trains employ electric motors For an electric locomotive blowers and other compressed-
to drive the wheels but, unlike diesel-electrics, electricity is generated that is powered via catenary, for driver’s cab and air-cooled electrical equipment
externally at a power station. The current is picked up either from the pantograph picks up the electrical equipment
catenaries (overhead cables) via a pantograph, or from a third rail. As they power supply and transfers it
do not carry their own power-generating equipment, electric locomotives to a transformer, where it is
have a better power-to-weight ratio and greater acceleration than their converted to the correct
diesel-electric equivalents. This makes electric trains ideal for urban routes voltage to power the traction
with multiple stops. They are also faster and quieter than diesel-powered motors attached to each
trains. The world rail speed record is held by an electric train – a specially wheel. This power allows
converted French TGV which achieved 3571⁄4 mph (574.8 km/h) in 2007. the locomotive to move.

Motor blowers Circuit Catenary
Main rectifier breaker

Compressor Pantograph
Cooling fans

3-phase Auxiliary Main transformer Main inverter 3-phase
AC motor AC motor
rectifier
Auxiliary inverter

How it works KEY Smoothing choke Air compressors
In the three-phase AC electric locomotive above, the High-voltage AC current from catenary Smooths the DC electric Feed the traction motor
AC power supply is converted to lower-voltage DC Converted lower-voltage DC current supply to ensure consistency
power by the transformer and rectifiers. Inverters Converted lower-voltage AC current of supply to the motors blowers that help keep
then convert this power back to AC – but at the same the engine cool
lower voltage – to supply power to the motors.

THIRD RAIL Rail Power rail
Sleeper Insulator
Many subway and light rail systems use a third
power rail as a method of power supply because Protective cover
it is cheaper to install than overhead lines and is
relatively efficient. A shoe extending from the Third-rail layout
train makes contact with the power rail, and The power rail lies on insulators
conducts electricity to the train. The system mounted on sleepers, and sits
has the advantage that many trains can use it alongside the running rails used
at the same time, disengaging when they no by the wheels of the train.
longer need power. The power rail carries a
high current that is potentially fatal to humans
and animals that come in contact with it, so
measures are taken to minimize the risk of
contact, especially in stations and depots.

HOW ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES WORK . 307

OVERHEAD LINES Insulator Booster
transformer
Electric trains that collect their current from
catenaries (overhead cables) use a power-collector Contact
device such as a pantograph, bow collector, or wire
trolley pole. The power collector is in contact with
the lowest overhead wire – the contact wire. Mast
Normally made from copper or aluminium, the
contact wire is designed to carry several thousand Dropper
amps of current while remaining in line with the Catenary
track and withstanding hostile weather conditions.
The mechanics of power-supply wiring is not as Running Pantograph
simple as it looks. The contact wire’s tension has to rail The pantograph is kept in contact with the
be kept constant; to negotiate curves in the route, overhead line using a spring or an air-pressure
for example, the wire has to be held in tension device. Its contact strips are designed so that
horizontally while it is pulled laterally. The they do not get hooked up over the top of the
overhead wire is deliberately mounted in a zig-zag contact wire as the train moves along.
pattern to avoid wearing holes in the pantograph.

Main control cabinet Rheostatic brake unit Pantograph Insulator
Contains thyristor-based controls Contains brake grid Collects power from Protects locomotive and
to convert AC supply to DC overhead cables using crew from high-voltage
required by traction motors resistors which dissipate carbon-tipped head power collected by the
heat generated by the pantograph
traction motors Motor contactor cubicle
Controls and regulates power
fed to the traction motors

Main air reservoir Field control cubicle Traction motor Traction-motor blower Three-axle bogie
Air supply for train Contains electrical control Provides the propulsion to move Provides air cooling for All axles have traction
braking system equipment for this end of the motors mounted on motors attached and
the locomotive – fitted to each the bogie below are powered
the locomotive axle with integrated gearbox

Transformer (behind battery box)
Reduces voltage of electricity
supplied by overhead cables to a
suitable voltage for traction motors

Protective Fixing Protective Power rail
cover cover Fixing

Shoe on train Sleeper Shoe on train Protective
cover
Shoe contact Power rail Shoe on
Trains are fitted with a “shoe” that Insulator Shoe on train
collects current from the power rail. train
The simplest design is known as the
“top contact”, with the pick-up shoe Power rail
sliding along the top part of the
power rail. However, the smallest Power rail
amount of snow or ice on the
exposed rail can render it ineffective. Insulator
Side contact offers more protection
from the elements, but bottom Sleeper Sleeper Sleeper
contact is superior because it makes BOTTOM CONTACT
contact with most of the rail and is TOP CONTACT TOP CONTACT WITH COVER SIDE CONTACT
unaffected by bad weather.

308 . GLOSSARY

Glossary Brake rigging Class
The system of rods and levers that connect A group of locomotives built to a common
Adhesion Bar-frame locomotive the brake controls to the brake blocks on design. Can also refer to the level of
The frictional grip between the wheels of a A lighter weight steam locomotive originally each wheel. passenger comfort and service provided on
locomotive and the rail of a track, which is developed by Edward Bury in 1838, which a particular train or carriage, e.g. first class.
affected by axle weight. Particularly had a frame made of bars rather than plates. Brake van
important when a locomotive is starting. This type was adopted as standard in the US. A railcar at the back of a train that provides Class 1 railroad
braking power for goods trains and A US mainline railway that has annual
Air brake Bell code accommodation for the train guard. Known carrier operating revenues of more than
A braking system that uses compressed air A language using bell signals to describe in the US as a caboose. $250 million.
as its operating medium. To apply the brake, trains used by signallers to receive and
the compressed air is released into a pass on trains. Branch line Classification light see Marker light
cylinder, pushing a piston and spring that A secondary railway line that branches
push the brake block against the wheel. Bell tapper off a main line, serving local stations. Classification yard see Marshalling
A device used to tap out bell signals yard
Air cushion between signallers. Broad gauge
A “spring” of air used in modern Any gauge in which the rails are spaced Co-Co
suspension systems. Big end more widely than the standard gauge Refers to any diesel or electric locomotive
The larger crankpin end of a connecting of 4ft 8½ in (1.435 m); for example, that has two triple-sets of powered axles.
Alternating current (AC) rod, bigger than the crosshead end as the Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s 7-ft ¼-in See also Bo-Bo, Wheel arrangement
An electric current that reverses its direction stresses are greater. (2.14-m) gauge.
of flow rapidly at regular intervals. The rate Coal space
at which it reverses per second is the Blanket Buffer The portion of a steam locomives tender
frequency, and is calculated in cycles, or An optional layer in the formation of track, A device that cushions the impact of rail that carries coal to fuel the firebox. The rest
Hertz (Hz). See also Direct current (DC) the blanket is made of coarse material, and vehicles against each other. of the tender carries water for the boiler.
supports the layer of ballast.
Alternator See also Ballast, Formation, Subgrade Buffer stop Collector shoe
An electromechanical device that converts The structure at the end of a track that A power collection device attached to
mechanical energy into electrical energy in Blastpipe stops a train from travelling any further. an electric train that picks up electricity
the form of alternating current (AC). Used A pipe that conveys exhaust steam from Known in the US as a bumper post. from an electrified third rail that runs
in diesel-electric and electric locomotives. the cylinders up the chimney of a steam alongside the running track.
locomotive. This creates a partial vacuum, Bullhead rail
Articulated locomotive increasing the flow of air passing through A type of rail developed in the UK, in Compound locomotive
A locomotive (often steam) with two the firebox. which the top half of the rail mirrors the A steam locomotive that uses two sets of
or more engine units mounted on the same bottom half. This design was intended to cylinders, the second powered by exhaust
frame but pivoted so that they can move Block make rails last longer. Once the running steam from the first.
independently of each other. This allows In signalling terms, a section of track that side is worn out the rail can be turned
them to transition through curves despite sits between two signals. Trains cannot over and reused. Compression ignition
a long wheelbase. enter the block if the first signal is “stop”. The process of using heat from compression
Bumper post see Buffer stop to ignite and burn fuel in an internal
Articulated train Bo-Bo combustion engine. Compression ignition
An interconnected train set with cars that A common axle configuration that Bunker engines are known as diesel engines, and
are each linked together by a single, describes a locomotive that has two groups An enclosure used to store coal at the back differ from spark ignition engines that use a
pivoting bogie. of twin-set powered axles. See also Co-Co, of locomotive not followed by a tender. spark plug to ignite fuel.
Wheel arrangement See also Diesel
Ashpan Bus connector
Located beneath the firebox of a coal- Bogie On an electric multiple unit train, the Conductor see Guard
powered steam locomotive, this pan collects A set of pivoted wheels attached to equipment that transfers the electricity
the ash and cinders that fall through the suspension components placed at the supplied by the catenary from one unit Conjugated valve gear
grate of the firebox. front or rear of a locomotive to give to the next. The operation of a valve on a steam
guidance and added support. Known locomotive cylinder by means of levers
Atlantic in the US as a truck. Cab driven by the motion of the valve gear on
A steam locomotive with a wheel The control room of a locomotive, housing two other cylinders. Used by Sir Herbert
arrangement of 4-4-2 – four leading wheels Boiler the engine crew. Nigel Gresley on the three-cylinder
on two axles, four powered and coupled The part of a steam engine in which steam locomotives he designed for the Great
wheels, and two trailing wheels. First seen is produced and circulates. The boiler must Cabin car Northern and the LNER in the UK.
in 1880, it was also called a Milwaukee, be filled with water almost to the top. The A railway car used by railway workers to
after the Milwaukee Road, which used the water is generally heated by fire tubes, monitor track conditions. It is usually Connecting rod
type for its high-speed passenger operations. producing steam, which builds to a high attached to the end of a train. On a steam engine, a connecting rod links
pressure. The fireman ensures the boiler the piston rods to the crankpins of the
Axlebox is sufficiently filled with water. Caboose see Brake van driving wheels. In some early electric
A metal casing housing the bearing in which locomotives, the connecting rods linked
the end of an axle rotates. Boilerman see Fireman Cant the crankshaft with the driving wheels.
The angle of elevation of a rail, relative to
Axle load Boxcar see Van vertical or to its partner rail. Known in the Consolidation
The fraction of a vehicle’s weight that is US as superelevation. A locomotive with a 2-8-0 wheel
carried by a given axle. Tracks are designed Brake arrangement. It has two leading wheels on
to carry a maximum axle load. A locomotive has a set of brakes to slow it Car, carriage, coach one axle, followed by eight powered and
down, and is normally fitted with an Various terms that describe a passenger- coupled driving wheels on four axles.
Ballast additional control that engages brakes carrying rail vehicle. Introduced in the 1860s, it was popular in
The bed of stone, gravel, or cinders on along the length of the train via the brake the US and Europe as a freight hauler.
which a rail track is laid. Sleepers are rigging. Brakes are activated by air, steam, Catenary
bedded into the ballast to support the rails. or a vacuum. See also Air brake, Vacuum Originally referring to the wire that Container
See also Blanket, Formation, Subgrade brake supported the conductor wire of an A metal freight box that can be packed
overhead electrification system, the term with goods, sealed, and then transported by
Banker Brake block catenary now applies to the entire specially adapted trains, trucks, and ships.
An extra locomotive that is coupled to a The friction material that is pressed against overhead wire arrangement. Also known
train to help it climb a steep section of track. a wheel to slow a train down when the as overhead lines and overhead wires. Coupler, Coupling
Known in the US as a helper. brake is applied. The mechanism for connecting rail vehicles
Chimney together. Methods are standardized across
The opening in the top of the smokebox a single railway to allow any rolling stock
through which exhaust gases and steam to be coupled together. Known in the UK
escape. Known in the US as a smokestack. as a coupling, and in the US as a coupler.

GLOSSARY . 309

Coupling rods Double-heading Fire tubes Guard
The driving wheels along each side of a steam The use of two locomotives, with separate Tubes running between a steam A member of a train’s crew who performs
locomotive are linked together by coupling crews, at the head of a train. locomotive’s firebox and smokebox. Hot ticketing duties. The guard looks after
rods, also known as side rods. Coupling the gases drawn through the fire tubes heat parcels and other freight in the guard’s van,
wheels spreads the power and reduces the Driving wheels the water surrounding the tubes. and may also be responsible for the brakes.
possibility of wheels slipping. The powered or driven wheels of a Known in the US as a conductor, a term
locomotive that provide traction. Flange which is increasingly used in the UK.
Cowcatcher see Pilot The projecting lip on the inside edge of a
Dynamic breaking wheel that guides the wheel along a rail. Handcar see Pump trolley
Crank In electric and diesel-electric locomotives
The part of a steam locomotive that and multiple units, the electric traction Flat-bottomed rail Helper see Banker
transmits power from the piston to the motors can be used as generators that act The standard rail used today, which takes
driving wheels via connecting rods. as brakes to slow down the train. Excess the form of a T-shape with a wide, flat base. Horsepower (hp)
energy may be dissipated as heat through A unit of power equal to 550 foot-pounds
Crankpin brake grid resistors (this is known as Footplate per second (745.7 watts). Used to express
A large steel pin that is pressed into the rheostatic braking). On an electric train, The floor of a locomotive driving cab the power produced by steam, diesel, or
wheel centre. On steam engines, the driving the excess energy may also be absorbed where the crew stands. Footplate can also electric locomotives.
wheels are driven by rods that transmit back into the power supply system (this refer to the entire cab.
force to the wheels through the crankpins. is known as regenerative braking). Hot box
Formation Term for an axlebox that has overheated
Crankshaft Dynamometer The substructure of a track on which the due to inadequate lubrication or too
In steam locomotives, a shaft that acts upon A device (also called a dyno) used for sleepers and rails are laid. See also Ballast, heavy a load.
cranks to convert the linear motion of the measuring force, torque, or power. On the Blanket, Subgrade
piston into rotary motion. This rotary railways, dynamometer cars are used to Injector
motion drives the wheels. measure a locomotive’s speed. Freight A device that feeds water into the boiler
A term used to describe trains transporting of a steam locomotive against the pressure
Crosshead Ejector finished goods and raw materials. It can of steam in that boiler.
The point of connection between the piston Part of a vacuum brake system. The ejector also refer to the load of materials or
and the connecting rod that, along with the evacuates the brake pipe to create a products that are being carried. Interchange
slidebars, keeps the piston rod in line as it vacuum, which releases the brakes. A railway station where passengers can
moves in and out of the cylinder. Funicular railway transfer from one train to another that
Electrics Used on tram, cliff, and industrial lines, follows a different route. Known in the
Cutting Refers to all locomotives, multiple-unit funicular railways use cables or chains to US as a transfer.
A channel dug through a hillside to enable trains, and railcars that draw the electric move vehicles up and down slopes.
a rail track to maintain a shallow grade. power for traction from an external source. Interlocking tower see Signal box
The electric supply is either picked up from Gangway
Cylinder a conductor rail placed beside the track, or A flexible structure provided at the ends Intermodal container
An enclosed chamber in which a piston from a caternary. of coaches to provide access from one A term used to describe a freight container
moves to produce power that is transmitted coach to another. that can be transferred from one mode of
to the wheels. On a steam locomotive, the Elevated railway transport to another, such as from a train
piston is made to move by the force of A railway built on raised platforms. Garratt locomotive to a lorry or a ship.
high-pressure steam acting against it. Examples are the former Liverpool An articulated steam locomotive with a
Overhead Railway in the UK and part boiler in a central frame and two engines Inverter
Diesel of the New York Subway in the US. on separate frames at each end. A piece of electrical equipment on a
Unlike petrol engines, diesel engines use diesel-electric or electric locomotive that
compressed air, rather than a spark, Embankment Gas turbine converts direct current (DC) power supply
to ignite the oil that fuels them. On a A raised pathway across a depression in A type of internal combustion engine that into an alternating current (AC) supply.
locomotive, the transmission of power from the landscape that enables a rail track to uses high-temperature, high pressure gas
a diesel engine to the wheels may be by maintain a shallow gradient. to generate energy. Both US and Russian Jacobs bogie
electric, mechanical, or hydraulic means. railways are now experimenting with gas Designed by German railway engineer
See also Compression ignition Engine turbine-electric locomotives (GTELs), Wilhelm Jakobs, this is a type of bogie used
The power source of a locomotive, driven which use a gas turbine to drive an on articulated railcars and tram vehicles.
Diesel-electric by steam, electricity, or diesel. Steam electric generator or alternator. The bogie is placed between two car body
Any locomotive, multiple unit, or railcar locomotives may also be referred to as sections, rather than underneath, so that
that utilizes the diesel-electric system. steam engines. Gauge the weight of each car is spread on one
In a diesel-electric, mechanical power The distance between the inside running half of the bogie.
generated by combustion is converted Exhaust edges of the rails of a track. Many gauges
into an electric charge in a generator or The used steam and combusted gases are used in different countries and on Journal box
alternator, and this electricity powers motors produced by either a steam or a diesel different railways. Also denotes a visual The housing in which the end of an axle
that drive the axles. locomotive. display of readings for steam, pressure, etc. turns on a bearing.

Diesel-hydraulic Express train Gauge glass Kriegslok
Any locomotive, multiple unit, or railcar A train that stops only at certain larger A vertical glass tube in a steam locomotive Short for Kriegslokomotive, this is a German
that utilizes the diesel-hydraulic system. stations on its route in order to arrive at its cab that indicates the water level in the war locomotive. Built in large numbers
In a diesel-hydraulic, power generated by final destination faster. boiler and firebox. during World War II, they were cheap and
combustion is passed through a torque easy to build, easy to maintain, and could
converter that transfers power to the wheels Firebox Generator withstand extreme weather conditions.
based on the amount of speed and power The section at the rear of a steam An electromechanical device that converts
the engine is producing. locomotive boiler that houses the fire that mechanical energy to electrical energy in Leading wheel
heats the water in the boiler. Fuel is fed the form of direct current (DC). A wheel located in front of the driving
Diesel-mechanical into the firebox from the cab, and the wheels of a steam locomotive that provides
Any locomotive, multiple unit, or railcar generated heat is fed through the boiler Gondola see Open wagon support but which is unpowered.
that utilizes the diesel-mechanical system. by the fire tubes.
In a diesel-mechanical, power generated by Grade, Gradient Level crossing
combustion is transferred directly to the Firehole The slope of a track. Known in the UK as A location where a railway crosses
wheels by means of driveshafts, gearing, The aperture in the firebox of a steam gradient and in the US as grade. a road or path at the same elevation.
and differentials. locomotive through which coal or other Known in the US as a grade crossing
fuel is fed by the fireman. Grade crossing see Level crossing or a railroad crossing.
Direct current (DC)
An electric current that flows in a constant Fireman Grate Level junction
direction. Alternating current (AC) has A crew member responsible for keeping the A grille of firebars at the base of a firebox A railway junction where multiple lines
significant advantages over direct current firebox of an engine fed with coal or other upon which the fire rests. The gaps in the intersect, crossing the path of oncoming rail
in terms of transforming and transmission. fuel. Also known as a stoker or boilerman. grille allow in air to assist the fire. traffic at the same elevation.

310 . GLOSSARY

Light rail engine to have a multitube boiler – with Pullman car Safety valves
A form of rail transport typically operating 25 copper tubes instead of a single flue A luxury railway carriage. Pullmans were In a steam locomotive boiler, relief valves
within urban environments. Light rail or twin flue. initially introduced in the US by George that are set to lift automatically to allow
vehicles (LRVs) include streetcars and trams. Pullman in 1865 as sleeping cars on steam to escape if the boiler pressure
Multiple unit (MU) long-distance trains. exceeds a set limit.
Link valve gear A term used in diesel and electric traction
A design of valve gear, designed at the that refers to the semi-permanent coupling Pump trolley Saloon
Stephensons’ locomotive works in 1842. of several powered and unpowered vehicles A small, open railway vehicle propelled by A luxurious railway carriage used as a
to form a single train. its passengers, often by means of a hand lounge, or with private accommodation.
Livery pump. Known in the US as a handcar.
Distinctive colours, insignia, and other Narrow gauge Sandbox see Sanding
cosmetic design features of a rail vehicle. Any railway with a gauge narrower than Rack railway
the standard 4ft 8½ in (1.435 m). A railway with an additional toothed Sanding
Loading gauge rack-rail. A train or locomotive running on The application of sand between the wheel
The dimensions that a rail vehicle must not Oil firing the railway is fitted with a cog that lines tyres and the rails to increase grip and
exceed, to avoid collisions with trackside A method of firing a steam locomotive with the teeth on the rail, enabling it to prevent wheelslip. The sand is piped from
objects and structures. Different countries using oil as fuel. climb slopes that would be impossible a sandbox, which is often situated on top
have different loading gauges. for a normal train. of the boiler.
Open wagon
Locomotive An open-top piece of rolling stock used Railcar, railmotor Saturated steam
A wheeled vehicle used for pulling trains. to transport loose materials such as ore A self-propelled passenger vehicle, usually Steam that has yet to be superheated to
Steam and diesel locomotives generate their and coal. Known in the US as a gondola. with the engine located under the floor. remove any remaining water droplets.
own power, while electric locomotives Also known as “wet steam”.
collect electricity from an external source. Overhead lines or Overhead wires Railway standard time
see Catenary Before the introduction of railway Semaphore signalling
Maglev train timetables, different places in the same A system that relies on pivoting arms to
A train that works by being levitated above Pacific country often had their own local time. relay a signal to drivers. The angle of each
and propelled over special tracks by A locomotive with a wheel arrangement In the 1840s, railways began to introduce pivoting arm tells the driver whether the
electromagnetic force. Maglevs produce of 4-6-2. It has four leading wheels on a standardized railway time to avoid signal is “stop”, “caution”, or “all clear”.
virtually no friction, and are very quiet two axles, six powered and coupled driving confusion caused by local time differences.
in operation at high speed. wheels on three axles, and two trailing Shoe see Collector shoe
wheels on one axle. The Pacific was a Rectifier
Main line common type of steam passenger locomotive A piece of electrical equipment on a Shunter
An important railway line, often running during the first half of the 20th century. diesel-electric or electric locomotive that A small locomotive used for moving trucks
between major towns or cities. converts an AC power supply into a DC or wagons around in a marshalling yard.
Pantograph power supply. They are also used alongside Known in the US as a switcher.
Marker light An assembly on the roof of an electric railways to convert traction current.
Particularly in the US, a light that was used locomotive or electric multiple-unit Shuttle
to signal the status of the train to other power car that draws current from an Regenerative brake see Dynamic A railway service that operates between
drivers. Green marker lights indicated a overhead wire (catenary). Also known braking two stations, often without intermediate
regularly scheduled train; white marker as a current collector. stops. A common use of shuttle services is
lights indicated an extra train; and red Regulator to take passengers between airport termini,
marker lights attached to the final car Passenger train A lever used by the driver of a steam or from an airport to a city centre.
indicated the end of the train. Red lights are A train with carriages intended to transport locomotive to control the supply of
still used in tail lights around the world people rather than goods. These trains steam to the cylinders. Known in the Side rods see Coupling rods
today. Also known as a classification light. travel between stations at which passengers US as a throttle.
may embark or disembark. Siding
Marshalling yard Reverser A section of track off the main line used
A place where freight trains are assembled, Passing loop, passing siding Mechanism with a wheel or lever that for storing rolling stock.
or where freight wagons for different A position on a single-track railway where controls the forward and reverse motion
destinations are moved to the correct train. trains travelling in opposite directions can of a steam locomotive. Signal
Known in the US as a classification yard. pass each other. Known as a passing loop A mechanical or electronic fixed unit with
in the UK and as a passing siding in the US. Rheostatic brake see Dynamic an arm or a light that indicates whether
Metre gauge braking a train should stop, go, or use caution.
A railway track with the inside of its rails Permanent way
3 ft 3 in (1 m) apart. The rails, sleepers, and subgrade of a Rolling stock Signalling token
railway line. The term comes from the fact A term used by railway companies to refer A token used in old signalling systems.
Metro that temporary lines were laid during to the collection of vehicles that run on The token was collected by the train’s crew
Internationally, a name that is popularly railway construction, which were then their railway. at the beginning of a block of track. The
used for an underground rapid transit replaced by a “permanent way”. token was returned to the signaller at the
system – a type of high-capacity rail public ROD other end of the “block” of track. This
transport in urban areas. Generally known Pilot Stands for the Railway Operating Division system ensured that at any time, only one
as a subway in the US. Each system has its A sloping plate or grid fitted to the front of the British Royal Engineers, who train would be travelling within a block.
own name, such as London Underground, of a locomotive; it is designed to push maintained the railways in theatres
New York Subway, and Paris Métro. obstructions off the track. Known in of war during World War I. Signaller, signalman
the US as a cowcatcher. In the UK, a person employed by a railway
Monorail Running board, running plate to manage and operate the points and
A railway system based on a single rail. Piston The footway around a locomotive’s engine signals on a section of track from a signal
A monorail is often elevated above the The cylindrical assembly that moves back- compartment or boiler. box. Known in the US as a towerman; in
ground, and built in urban areas. and-forth inside each cylinder of a steam or the US the term signaller denotes a signal
diesel engine. The movement of the piston Running gear maintenance worker.
Motion provides mechanical power, which is The parts involved in the movement of an
In railway terminology, the collective term transferred by various means to the wheels. engine. Includes wheels, axles, axleboxes, Signal box
for the piston rods, connecting rods, and bearings, and springs. A control room in which the movement of
valve gear of a locomotive. Piston rod trains is controlled by means of signals and
The rod linking the piston in a cylinder Running shed blocks, ensuring trains travel safely and to
Motive power depot see Running with the crosshead. An old name for a motive power depot, schedule. Known in the US as a tower or
shed where locomotives are stored, repaired, interlocking tower.
Points and maintained when not in use.
Multitube boiler A track mechanism at the point where two Sleeper
A locomotive boiler with multiple tubes, tracks diverge that allows a train to move Saddle tank The cross-piece supporting the rails, made
which revolutionized steam locomotive from one track to another. Known A tank locomotive that has the water tank out of wood, concrete, or steel. Early
design. Stephenson’s Rocket was the first in the US as a switch. mounted on top of the boiler. railways also used stone sleeper blocks.

GLOSSARY . 311

Known in the US as a tie or crosstie. The Subgrade Traction motor Vertical cylinder
term “sleeper” can also describe a coach or Ground prepared to give a consistent An electric motor that uses incoming Vertically mounted cylinders used in early
train that provides beds for passengers on gradient to tracks that will be laid above it. electrical energy to power the axles. Used locomotives such as the Stephensons’s
overnight or long-distance journeys. See also Ballast, Blanket, Formation in both diesel-electric and electric traction. Locomotion No.1 and, later, in specialized
forms of shunting engines and narrow-
Sleeping car Subway see Metro Tractive effort gauge locomotives.
A carriage with beds where passengers can A measure of a locomotive’s pulling power;
sleep while travelling. Sleeping cars were Supercharging the effort that it can exert in moving a Wagon
first introduced in the US in the 1830s. A way of introducing more air into the train from standstill. This force is calculated A general term for a rail vehicle that
cylinders of a diesel engine, by using a by measuring the energy the locomotive carries freight.
Slidebars turbocharger to force air through the inlet exerts on the rails. See also Traction
On a steam locomotive, slidebars combine valves at higher than atmospheric pressure. Walschaerts valve gear
with the crosshead to guide the movement Trailer, trailer car A form of link motion valve gear first
of piston rods. Superelevation see Cant A passenger vehicle in a multiple unit that patented in 1844 by Egide Walschaerts,
has no power traction equipment, and a Belgian engineer. It was widely used in
Slip coach Superheated steam which is powered by the vehicles that Europe, being easier to maintain and
A coach that could be uncoupled from a Steam that has been raised in temperature are attached to it. lighter than Stephenson’s link valve gear.
moving express train and braked to a halt and volume by adding extra heat as it It first appeared in the US in 1876 and was
at a station. This allowed passengers to passes between the boiler and the cylinders. Trailing wheel also used extensively there.
disembark without halting the main train. This dries the steam by turning remaining A wheel located behind the driving wheels
water droplets into gas, thus delivering of a steam locomotive that provides support Water column, water plug
Smoke deflectors more power. but which is unpowered. A hollow pole fitted with a hose and
Metal sheets attached to the smokebox connected to a water supply for filling
to funnel air upwards, forcing smoke and Switch see Points Train locomotive water tanks. Water columns
steam emitted from the chimney away Passenger or freight vehicles coupled may be fitted onto cranes with movable
from the cab to improve visibility. Switcher see Shunter together and travelling as one unit along arms to allow water to be supplied to
a railway line. Trains can be self-propelled locomotives on either of two adjacent
Smokebox Tail light or locomotive-hauled. tracks. Known in the UK as a water
The leading section of a steam locomotive The lamp at the rear of a train. In the UK, column, and in the US as a water plug.
boiler assembly that houses the main steam a train is not complete without a red rear Transfer see Interchange
pipes to the cylinders, the blastpipe, the warning light. See also Marker light Westinghouse brake
chimney, and the ends of the firetubes. Ash Transmission A widely used automatic air brake invented
drawn through the firetubes collects here. Tank locomotive In a diesel locomotive, the method by in the 1870s by US engineer George
A steam engine that carries its fuel and which power is transmitted from an engine Westinghouse. Universally adopted in the
Smokestack see Chimney water on its chassis rather than in a tender. to an axle or the wheels. Transmission may US, it was also developed worldwide.
The water is often held in side tanks or in be electrical, hydraulic, or mechanical.
Spiral saddletanks that encase the boiler. Wet steam see Saturated steam
A railway formation in which tracks cross Truck
over themselves as they ascend a mountain. Telegraph (electric) A small rail wagon. Also, the US term Wheel arrangement
A communication system developed in for a bogie. A method of classifying locomotives by the
Splasher the 1830s that used electrical impulses distribution of different types of wheels.
A semi-circular guard used to enclose the travelling through wires to send messages. Turntable For steam locomotives, Whyte notation
top section of a large-diameter driving It became the standard instrument of A device for rotating rail vehicles so they is a common system. Diesel and electric
wheel. Often fitted when a wheel protrudes railway communication worldwide. can travel back in the direction they came locomotives and powered cars are
above the running board of a locomotive. from. Largely obsolete today. categorized by the number of powered
Tender and unpowered axles that they have.
Standard gauge A vehicle attached to a steam engine that Twin-track railway The unpowered axles, which often carry
Rails spaced 4 ft 8½ in (1.435 m) apart. carries the fuel and water. A railway that runs two tracks along the the leading and the trailing wheels, are
Standard gauge is the most commonly used same line, each track taking trains in listed numerically, while the powered
gauge worldwide. Designed by Robert Third rail opposite directions, rather than both axles supporting the driving wheels are
Stephenson for the first inter-city railways, A system that provides an electric train directions being serviced by a single track. given an alphabetical description. See also
it is also known as Stephenson’s gauge. with power through a conducting third rail Bo-Bo, Co-Co, and Whyte notation.
set alongside the running tracks. The power Underground see Metro
Steam chest is collected via a shoe attached to the train. Wheel unit see Bogie
The internal part of a locomotive’s cylinder USATC
block where the valve chamber connects Three-phase system An abbreviation that stands for United Wheelset
with the steam supply and exhaust pipes. A system that enables a steady supply of States Army Transportation Corps. An assembly that consists of two wheels
AC current without fluctuations to power Locomotives built in the US for the attached to an axle on a rail vehicle.
Steam dome traction motors, enabling higher traction USATC were shipped to Europe for
A chamber on top of the barrel of a steam power to be achieved. use by the Allies in World War II. Whyte notation
locomotive’s boiler where superheated A classification of steam locomotive wheel
steam collects and is directed to the Throttle see Regulator Vacuum brake arrangements that is based on the number
cylinders through the steam pipe. A type of brake that is held off by a partial of leading, driving, and trailing wheels. For
Tie see Sleeper vacuum and applied when air is let into example, a wheel arrangement of 4-4-0
Steam locomotion the system. Vacuum brakes were used in would denote a locomotive with four
Steam locomotion is founded on the Tilting train the UK because, unlike air brakes, they leading wheels, four driving wheels,
principle that when water is heated above A train that can lean into bends, enabling did not require a separate pump. and no trailing wheels.
its boiling point, it turns to steam and its it to travel faster around curves without
volume becomes 1,700 times greater. If this passenger discomfort. Valve Yard
expansion takes place within a sealed vessel In a steam locomotive, valves co-ordinate An area off the main line used for storing,
such as a boiler, the pressure of the steam Tower see Signal box the movement of steam into and out of the sorting, loading, and unloading vehicles.
will become a source of energy. cylinders. In a diesel engine, valves control Many railway yards are located at strategic
Towerman see Signaller fuel intake and expulsion of exhaust gases. points along a main line. Large yards may
Steam pipe have a tower from which marshalling
The pipe that connects the steam dome to Track Valve gear operations are controlled.
the steam chest in the cylinder block. The permanent fixtures of rails, ballast, Linkages that connect the valves of a
fastenings, and underlying substrate that steam locomotive and control the
Stoker see Fireman provide a runway for the wheels of a train. movement of the valves.

Streamliner Traction Van
A locomotive or train set that incorporates In railway terms, a force that relies on A flat-bottomed freight wagon with
streamlining into its shape to provide friction between a wheel and a rail to sliding doors on each side. Known in
reduced air resistance. generate motion. See also Adhesion the US as a boxcar.

312 . INDEX

Index Baldwin Locomotive Works Bombardier cab interiors continued
Baldwin ALCO narrow gauge 131 ALP45 DP 267 Deltic prototype 190–1
All general page references are given in italics. Baldwin Class DS-4-4-660 179 Omneo Régio2N 292 DHR B Class No.19 88–9
References in bold refer to main entries. Baldwin Old Ironsides 30 Traxx 253 DR No. 18.201 235
Baldwin S12 switcher 180 Zefiro 380, 292 DR No. 52.8184-5 “Kriegslok” 175
A Baldwin “Spider” 131 GWR Auto Trailer No. 92 102
Baldwin Switcher 130 Bonnie Prince Charlie 210 IR Class WP No. 7161 209
accidents 104 early diesels 157 Borsig, August 56 Javelin No. 395017 287
Acela Express 265, 279 SR Class Ps-4 134 Borsig No.1 56 King Edward II 139
Adams, William 64 VGN Class SA No. 4 113–7 Boston subway 64 Mallard 155
Adelaide, Queen 53 Box Tunnel (Wiltshire) 48 Merchant Navy Class No. 35028 Clan Line
Adler 24–5 ball signals 298 Boxley Whitcomb 30-DM-31 178 273
ADtranz ballast 296 Braithwaite, John 17 Merddin Emrys 81
ballastless track 296 brake vans 146, 108–11 modified DR V100 227
C-100 260–1 Baltimore & Annapolis Railroad, B&A GE brakes 297 N&W J Class No. 611 203
DE AC33C 251 Bridgewater Canal 23 N&W GP9 Class No. 521 185
AEG 224 70-ton switcher 180–1 Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn (BVZ) 252 Palace on Wheels 259
Aerolite (NER Class XI, No. 66) 98–9 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) 13, 28, 29, Brighton Belle 270, 274, 276, 277 Reading MU No. 800 165
Agenoria 17 Britain see United Kingdom Rocket 21
air brakes 35, 297 36, 72, 306 British Pullman 270–7 steam locomotives 303
airport railways 261 B&O Atlantic 30 British Rail see British Railways Thatcher Perkins 41
Akbar (IR Class WP No. 7161) 204, 206–9 B&O Bo Switcher 125 British Railways (BR) 169, 186, 245 VGN Class SA No. 4 117
Akkuschleppfahrzeuge (ASFs) 237 B&O Class B No.147 Thatcher Perkins 37–41
Alexandra Docks (Newport & South Wales) B&O Class P-34 No. 9523 223 Beeching Report 221 cabooses, H&BT No. 16 108–11
Railway Co. Saddletank No. 1340 98 B&O F7 Class 180–1 BR Class 4MT 210 Cail, Jean-François 46
Alexander III, Tsar 122 B&O “Grasshopper” John Hancock 31 BR Class 05 186–7 Caledonian Railway (CR)
Alstom 193, 282 B&O L Class No. 57 Memnon 36 BR Class 7 Britannia 211
Citadis tram 261 B&O Lafayette 31 BR Class 08 186 CR 812 Class 98
Prima II 267 electric trains 95 BR Class 9F 210–11 CR No.123 62–3
Alta Velocidad Española (AVE) 246 GM EMD GP40 223 BR Class 14 236 Engine No.17 62
alternating current 306, 308–9 Baltimore Belt Line 306 BR Class 42 187 Races to the North 62
American Car & Foundry Company, AFC battery locomotives 144, 237 BR Class 58 250 Calgary transit C-train system Siemens S200
three-dome tanker 147 “Battle of Britain” Class Light Pacific BR Class 70 No. 20003 196 293
American Civil War 36, 38, 133 locomotives 198 BR Class 91 253 California Zephyr 43
American Locomotive Company (ALCO) 105, Bavarian Class S3/6 104 BR Class 92 252–3 Camden & Amboy Railway 24
134 Beattie, Joseph 45 BR Class 108 187 “Camelback” (SRR A-4 Class) 76
Amtrak 43, 221, 228 Beeching, Dr Richard 221 BR Class AL1/Class 81 197 Canada 31, 56, 61, 74–5, 146, 157, 250–1, 260
Acela 279 Beeching Report 186, 221 BR Class EM1/Class 76 197 Canadian Central Railway 74
Amtrak Class HHP-8 253 Beijing to Hong Kong high-speed line 265 BR Type 5 Deltic D9000 Class 55 228–9 Canadian National Railways (CN) 229, 250
Amtrak GE Genesis 250 Belgium 131, 151, 198, 248 BR GM EMD Class 66 251 CN Class U-4-a 157
Amtrak Siemens American Cities Sprinter see also Société Nationale des Chemins de BR HST Class 253/254 229, 241 Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) 61, 74–5, 223
BR Type 1 Class 20 187 CP T1-C Class Selkirk 146
ACS-64 293 fer Belges (SNCB) BR Type 4 Class 40 187 Canterbury & Whitstable Railway 24
Amtrak Superliner 241 bento boxes 279 BR Type 4 Class 47 222 Cape Government Railway (CGR), CGR
Penn Central/Amtrak Metroliner 240–1 Berlin BR (W) Gas Turbine No. 18000 186–7 Class 7 83
Turboliner 221, 228 BR(W) Brake Third Carriage 216–7 Cape Town to Wellington Railway 57
Amur Line 122–3 division of 221 Deltic 188 carbon dioxide emissions 292
Andrew Barclay Industrial 199 electric tramway 91 logo 136, 271 cargo efficiency 293
Angadh (XE Class) 146 Hauptbahnhof 280–1 Mark III sleeper 241 carriages 52–3, 216–7, 240–1
Argentina 56 U-Bahn F-type train 260 Mark IIIB First Open 241 Art Deco-style 157
Arlberg-Orient-Express 140 Untergrundbahn 95, 260 broad gauge 35, 48, 50–1, 66–7, 120–1, 146 British Pullman 270, 274–7
Armstrong, George 64 Berlin–Potsdam Railway 56 Brocken Railway 268–9 comfort of 217
Art Deco 129, 156, 157, 275 The Best Friend of Charleston 13, 28 Brookwood Cemetery 65 DHR B Class No. 19 89
articulated steam locomotives 95 Beyer Peacock & Co. 95, 121, 210, 211, 212 Broun, Sir Richard 65 Director’s car 30
artillery, railway-mounted 133 Beyer-Garratt 95 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 35, 48–9 GWR Auto Trailer No.92 100–3
Asia Express 156 Class NG G16 211 atmospheric railway 44, 45 GWR broad gauge 51
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe No. 138 212–15 broad gauge 48, 50, 66 Javelin No. 395017 288–9
Railway 241 TGR K Class Garratt 121 Brunel, Marc 48 L&BR Queen Adelaide’s Saloon No. 2 52–3
Atlantic (B&O) 30–1 BG Type 1B N2T Muldenthal 47 Budapest Metro 64, 95, 260 London locals 64–5
atmospheric railway 45 Bhor Ghat Railway 57 car 124 London underground 55
ATO (Automatic Train Operation) 237 Bienvenüe, Fulgence 106 Budd Company, Budd RDC railcar 181 Maryland coach 31
Auriol, President 277 Big Bertha (Dicke Bertha) 133 Buddicom, William 47 Nova Scotia coach 31
Australia 56, 121, 129, 156–7, 238–9 “Big Boy” (UP Class 4000) 9, 169, 204–5 Buehrig 157 Orient Express 140, 141
Austria 46, 112, 113, 121, 133, 196, 261 Big Four 12, 186 Buenos Aires Western Railway 56 Palace on Wheels 254–9
auto coaches 100–3 “Black Five” (LMS Class 5MT) 142 Bugatti, Ettore 157, 158 Prince of Wales’s Coach 82
automatic trains 237, 260–1, 265, Blackie (Hawthorn No.9) 57 Bugatti railcar (autorail) 152, 158–9 Rocket 18, 21
290, 293 “Blackjack” 159 Buick Ma&Pa Car No. 101 161 self-propelled 99
Automatic Warning System (AWS) 284 Blaenau Ffestiniog 78, 83 Bulleid, Oliver 170, 198, 270 The Blue Train 194
AVE see Alta Velocidad Española Bloomer, Amelia 53 “Bullet Trains” 158, 221, 228, 230–1, 264 see also cabooses; coaches
BLS Ae 4/4 196 Bury engine 25 cars (automobiles)
B Blücher 26 Bury, Edward 25, 44 Draisine 236
“Blue Tigers” (ADtranz DE AC33C) 251 business travel 8 Ma&Pa car No. 1 161
Baghdad Railway 112 Blue Train see The Blue Train 194–5 ownership 221, 222, 236
Baikal see SS Baikal Bluebell Railway 268–9 C pump cars 161
Baikal-Amur Magistral 221, 245 BNSF freight train 293 reliance on 9
Baldwin, Matthias 30, 114 bobbers 108 cab interiors Cascade Tunnel (Washington State) 124
Bockwaer Railway 47 Beyer-Garratt No. 138 215 Catch Me Who Can 13, 14, 16
C&PA Snow Plow 71 catenary 306, 307

INDEX . 313

Cavalier (N&W) 200 Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ) Cravens Stock Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) continued engines continued
cemetery railways 65 coach 240 DR V22.09 (Class 171/172) 236 how electric locomotives work 306–7
Central Pacific Railroad (CP) 35, 42, 43 DR V60 D (Class 105) 236–7 how steam locomotives work 302–3
Cornishman (GWR) 66–7 DR V300 (Class 132) 237 Napier Deltic D18-25 188
CP No. 60 Jupiter 37 Coronation Class (LNER) 150 Reko-Wagen 241
CF de l’Est Crampton, No. 80 Le Continent Coronation Scot (LMS) 151 English Electric
Coudersport & Port Allegany Railroad DeWitt Clinton 29 0-4-0 Battery Locomotive N788 144
46–7 Diesel, Rudolph 304 Deltic prototype 169, 186, 188–91
CF de l’Ouest Buddicom Type 111 No. 33 (C&PA), Snow Plow 68–71 diesel-electrics 304–5
cowcatchers 36 diesel-hydraulics 305 Enterprise express 250
Saint Pierre 47 Crampton, Thomas 46 diesel-mechanicals 305 Ericsson, John 17
Chance, Fred 169 crane tanks 77 diesels 129, 158–61, 169, 170, 178–87, 221, Erie Lackawanna Railway, GM EMD Class
Channel Tunnel 245, 246, 248–9, 253, 265, Cravens Stock 240
crew, steam locomotives 303 222–3, 228–9, 236–7, 250–1, 266–7, 293 SD45 222–3
284 Crewe Works 44 first 95 Eurofima 240
Rail Link 248, 265 “Crocodiles” (Krokodils) 160 forerunners of 95 Eurostar 245, 248–9, 284
Chapelon, André 135 Cumberland Valley Road, CVR No. 13 Pioneer how diesel locomotives work 304–5
Chat Moss 23 and oil crisis 252 Class 373/1 246
Cheltenham Flyer (GWR) 150 36 Direct-Orient-Express 140 Evening Star (BR Class 9F) 210–11, 221
chemicals 216 Cuneo, Terence Tenison 220 Director’s Car (1828) 30 Experiment 29
Chemin de Fer de la Baie de la Somme 268 Currier & Ives 72–3 disc brakes 297 Express d’Orient 140, 141
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 229 cut-and-cover method 55 District Railway 64 express freight 143
Chesapeake & Western, Baldwin Class Cygnus Carriage 276 DR Coach No. 100 65
DS-4-4-660 179 Czechoslovakia 222, 224 dock railways 76, 77, 98, 199, 236–7 F
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Mumbai) 61, “Dong Feng” (Chinese DF4) 223
280–1 CSD Class 363 252 Doppelstockwagens 217 Fairlie, Robert Francis 76, 78
Chicago & North Western Railroad 43, 223 double disc signals 298 Fairy Queen (EIR No.22) 56–7
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, D double-decker (duplex) trains 283, 292 “Ferkeltaxi” (DR V22.09) 236
CB&Q Pioneer Zephyr 159 draisines, motorized 236 Ferrocarril Chihuahua-Pacifico,
Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad 43 D-Day landings 170, 171, 177 Drehström-Triebwagen 124
Chicago, South Side Elevated Railroad 260 dairy wagons 143 Dripps, Isaac 24 “El Chepe” 268
China 146, 205, 222, 223, 224, 245, 246, Dalhousie, Lord 57 driverless trains 260–1, 290, 293 Ferrovie dello Stato (FS)
Dandy Car No.1 53 drivers, steam locomotives 303
265, 278 Danggogae Station (Seoul) 280 Drummond, Dugald 96 FS Class 740 105
Class SL7 156 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) 57, 61, Drysllyn Castle (GWR) 134–5 FS Class ETR 197
DF4 (“Dong Feng”) 223 Dubai Metro 265, 280–1, 290–1 FS Class ETR 200 161
China Railways 268–9 Dubai Rail Link (DURL) 290 FS Class ETR 500 253
CRH2A 278 DHR Class B 83 Dublin, Luas Alstrom Citadis tram 261 Ffestiniog Railway 212
CS Class QJ 205 DHR Class B No.19 84–9 Duchess of Hamilton (LMS) 150–1 FR Double Fairlie No. 10 Merddin Emrys
Chinese labourers 43, 74 Davis, Phineas 30 Dudley, Earl of 17
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works 205, 206 de Glehn, Alfred 104 Dunn, Albert 275 76, 78–81
Christie, Agatha 9 Dean, William 130 Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge FR Prince 44–5
Churchill, Sir Winston 276 Delaware & Hudson Canal & Railroad 13, Railroad 268 FR Single Fairlie Taliesin 83
Churchward, George Jackson 95, 97, 99 29 Durant, Thomas 42 Fiennes, Gerard 245
Circum Baikal Line 123 Deltic prototype 169, 186, 188–91, 228, 304 DWA Class 670 railcar 251 Financial Centre metro station (Dubai) 280–1
Citadis trams 261 Deltics 188, 228 Fire Fly (GWR) 50
City & South London Railway (C&SLR) 64 Denver & Rio Grande Railroad 120 E fireboxes
C&SLR electric locomotive 65 “Derby Lightweight” trains 187 double 78, 79
C&SLR “Padded Cell” 64 Derwent (S&DR No. 25) 52 East Coast Main Line 62, 150 stoking 302, 303
City of Truro (GWR City Class No. 3440) 97 Deutsche Bahn (DB) 245, 251 Races to the North 62 fireless locomotives 44, 66, 157
Clan Line 270–7 DB ICE 1 247 firemen 303
class travel 47, 64, 89, 217 DB ICE 3 278–9 East Germany 169, 192, 193, 211, 217, 222, first class 47, 217
Class V36 Shunter 170 Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) 169, 210, 245 224–8, 232–7, 240, 245, 252 First Transcontinental Railroad 34–5, 42–3
Climax locomotives 113 DB Class 23 210 flanged wheels 297
coaches DB Class E03/103 229 see also Deutsche Reichsbahn Flèche d’Or 135
broad gauge 51 DB Class E41/141 197 East Indian Railway (EIR) Fliegender Hamburger (DR Class SVT 137) 158
early US 30–1 DB V160 Class 218 223 Flying Hamburger (DR Class SVT 137) 158
GWR Auto Trailer No. 92 100–3 DB V2000 (Class 220) 192 EIR Class XT/1 145 Flying Mail 72–3
Prince of Wales’s Coach 82 DB VT11.5 (Class 601/602) 193 EIR No.22 Fairy Queen 56–7 Flying Scotsman (LNER) 134, 135, 148–9
see also carriages DB VT98 (Class CC6500) 193 EIR No.1354 Phoenix 121 food, perishable 8, 143, 146–7, 216, 217
coal mines 76, 144, 146, 199 Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) 129, 142, 169, 245 Edmondson, Thomas 125 Forster, E.M. 95
Cold War 221, 245 DR Acid Cannister Wagon 217 Edward Bury & Co 25 Forth Bridge 61, 94
Collett, Charles B. 134, 135, 136, 142, 143, DR Class 01 135 Edward VII, King 82 Foster, Raistrick & Co. 17
144, 145, 199 DR Class 03.10 151 Egypt 26 Fowler, Henry 134
colour signals 298–9 DR Class 05 150 Einheitskleinlokomotiven 161 Fowler, John 44
Columbine (GJR) 44–5 DR Class 41 143 ekiben 279 “Fowler’s Ghost” 44
commuters 8, 64, 216, 260–1, 266, 292–3 DR Class 44 146 electric bus connectors 163 Fox, Charles 299
Compagnie du Nord 135 DR Class No. 52.8184-5 “Kriegslok” 169, electric trains 61, 90–1, 95, 124–5, 148, 158–65, France 13, 28–9, 46–7, 56, 95, 104, 105, 106–7,
Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits 140
compound engines 96, 104 171, 172–5 260, 169, 196–7, 221, 222–3, 228–9, 129, 130–1, 133, 134–5, 169, 171, 196,
compression ignition oil locomotives 95 DR Class 65.10 211 236–7, 246–7, 252–3, 266–7, 278–9, 198–9, 221, 228–9, 245, 246–9, 265,
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur 9 DR Class 99.23-24 211 282–9, 292–3 282–3, 292
concentration camps 9, 169, 177 DR Class 99.73-76 145 how electric locomotives work 306–7 see also Société Nationale des Chemins de
conductors, cabooses 108–11 DR Class 243 252 Electro-Motive Division 251 fer Français (SNCF)
conjugated valve gears 148 DR Class Kö 161 Elevated Railway (New York) 61, 118–9 freight trains 9, 98–9, 130–1, 142–7, 170–1, 177,
container transport 223, 236, 293 DR Class SVT 137 Fliegender Hamburger 158 Elizabeth II, Queen 276 180, 187, 192–3, 199, 212, 216–7, 221,
continuous braking 146 DR Class V100 222, 224–7 Empire State Express 62, 63 222–3, 236–7, 250–1, 252–3, 266–7, 293
convict labour 122, 123 DR Class V180 222 engine room, Deltic prototype 190 diesel locomotives 304
Cook, Thomas 35 DR Class VT18.16/Class 175 228 engines express freight 143
Cookham Manor (GWR) 143 DR EO4 160 armoured 131 Union Pacific Railroad 42–3
Cooper, Peter 13, 29 DR No. 18 201 232–5 battery-powered 144, 237 freight yards 144
DR V15 (Class 101) 193 how diesel locomotives work 304–5 Friendship Train 171
Fruit Growers Express, FGEX fruit boxcar
146–7

314 . INDEX

Furka Cogwheel Steam Railway 268 Great Western Railway (GWR) continued hoppers 146 journeys, great continued
Furka Oberalp Bahn 252 GWR 2800 Class 99 horse-drawn railcars 53 Indian Pacific 238–9
Furness Railway, FR No.3 “Old Coppernob” 44 GWR 2884 Class 147 howitzers 133 Orient Express 140–1
Fury (L&MR) 22–3 GWR 3700 Class or City Class 97 HSB Halberstadt railcar 251
GWR 4000 Class or Star Class 97 Hungary 64, 95, 124, 133 Jubilee Coach No.353 65
G GWR 4575 Class Prairie Tank 145 Hunslet Engine Co. 210 Jupiter (CP No.60) 37
GWR 5600 Class 144 Jupiter (L&MR) 22–3
Garbe, Robert 104 GWR 5700 Class Pannier Tank 145 Hunslet Austerity 198 Jura-Simplon Railway 95
gas-turbine powered trains 221, 228 GWR Auto Trailer No. 92 100–3 Lilla 77 Juratovic, Jack 157
Gatwick, ADtranz C-100 260–1 GWR Castle Class Drysllyn Castle 134–5 Linda 77
gauge 296 GWR Corridor Composite carriage Huntingdon & Broad Top Mountain Railroad K
No. 7313 216 & Coal Co., H&BT Caboose No.16 108–11
battle of the gauges 35, 48, 51 GWR Dean Goods 130 Huskisson, William 21 Karlsruhe, tram-train 245
broad 35, 48, 50–1, 66–7, 120–1, 146 GWR Firefly Class Fire Fly 50 hydroelectric power 160 Keretapi Tanah Melayu (Malaysia) 251
conversion of GWR 66 GWR Hall Class Hinderton Hall 142–3 Kerr Stuart, KS Wren Class 120
metre 224, 296 GWR Iron Duke Class Iron Duke 50 I Kiesel, William 134
standard 26, 35, 48, 51, 66, 120, 296 GWR Iron Duke Class Lord of the Isles 51 King Edward II (GWR No.6023) 135–9
see also narrow gauge GWR Iron Duke Class Sultan 50–1 I-class No.1 56 Klein-Linder articulation 130
geared locomotives 113 GWR Iron Mink Covered Wagon 98–9 Iarnród Éireann, IÉ Class 201 250 “Klondyke” (GNR Class C2) 96–7
General Electric 125, 180, 250, 251 GWR King Class King Edward II 135–9 Illinois Central Railway 217 Komsomolskaya Station (Moscow) 280
General Motors 178–9, 180 GWR Manor Class Cookham Manor 143 Imlay, Richard 31 Krauss, Georg 46
Electro-Motive Division (EMD) 182, 250, GWR Modified Hall 199 India 35, 61, 82, 83, 84–9, 112, 120, 145, 146, “Kriegslok” (DR No. 52.8184-5) 169, 171,
GWR Rover Class 51, 66–7
251 GWR Steam Railmotor No. 93 99, 100 160, 171, 204–9, 245, 254–9 172–5
GM EMD Class SD45 222–3 GWR streamlined railcar 158 Indian Class EM 112 Kruckenberg, Franz 158
GM EMD GP40 223 GWR “Toad” brake van 146 Indian F Class 82 Krupp 133, 145
The General (W&A No. 39) 36 Radstock North Signal Box 300–1 Indian Pacific 238–9 KVB (Contrôle Vitesse par Balise) 284
generator car (Palace on Wheels) 259 and standard time 63 Indian Railways
genocide 9, 177 L
George V, King 150 Green Arrow (LNER Class V2) 143 IR Class AWE 171
German Wagon AG (DWA) 251 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 63 IR Class WL 205 ladder track 296
Germantown & Norristown Railroad 30 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel 129, 134, 135, 143, IR Class WP Pacific No. 7161 204, 206–9 Lafayette (B&O) 31
Germany 13, 24, 30, 31, 35, 46–7, 56, 77, 90–1, IR Class YG 205 lamps, signal 298
148, 150, 152 Indian SPS 120 Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, LYR Wren
95, 104, 105, 112, 120–1, 124, 129, 130–1, “Greyhounds” (LSWR T9 Class) 96 “Indusi” safety gear 232
133, 134–5, 142–3, 145, 147, 150–1, 156, guard’s compartment (Palace on Wheels) 259 industrial design 156, 157 77
158, 160–1, 169, 170–5, 177, 192–3, 197, Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad, GM Class E7a industrial railways 76–7, 98–9, 113, 199, Landwührden (Class G1 No.1) 46
210–11, 217, 222–9, 236–7, 240, 245, 236–7, 267 “Large Bloomers” (LNWR) 52–3
246–7, 251–2, 260, 278–9, 293 178–9 Inner Mongolia 204, 205, 245 “Le Capitole” (SNFC Class CC6500) 228, 229
see also Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB); Gwen Carriage 276 “Inter-city” travel 18, 221, 240, 241 Leipzig Station 129
Deutsche Bahn (DB); Deutsche Reichsbahn InterCityExpress (ICE) 245, 247 Leipzig to Dresden Railway 31, 35
(DR) H intermodal freight transport 223, 236 Lend-Lease programme 170, 198
Gernroder-Harzgerode Railway, GHE T1 international services 140–1, 248–9, 282 Lew (L&B) 144–5
(Triebwagon) 160 Hackworth, Timothy 17, 31, 52 interoperable locomotives 266 Liège-Guillemins Railway Station 280–1
Giant’s Causeway &Bushmills Railway Halske, Johann 91 Invicta 24 light rail systems 245, 265, 292–3
268–9 handcars 161 Ireland 240, 250, 261 light signals 298–9
Gilbert, Rufus 119 Hardwicke (LNWR “Improved Precedent” see also Iarnród Éireann; Córas Iompair Lightning Express 72–3
Glacier Express 252 Éireann Lilla (Hunslet) 77
Gladstone (LB&SCR B1 Class) 62–3 Class No.790) 62 Iron Duke (GWR) 50 Lima Locomotive & Machine Co., Lima Class
Golden Arrow 271 Harvey, Charles 119 Italy 26, 105, 160, 161, 197, 253
Gölsdorf, Karl 112, 113 Harzer Schmalspurbahnen 251 after 2000 278, 282 C Shay 121
Gölsdorf “Harzkamel” (modified DR V100) 224–7 see also Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) Lincoln, Abraham 42, 72
Class 170 112 Hawksworth, Frederick W. 199, 217 Ivatt, Henry 96 Linda (Hunslet) 77
Class 310 113 Haydarpasa Terminus (Istanbul) 280–1 lines
Gooch, Daniel 50, 66 headlamps 151 J
Gotthard Railway 158, 159, 160 Heavy Gustav (Schwerer Gustav) 133 closures 221, 236
Gotthard Tunnel 61 Hedley, William 13, 16 Jamaica 56 electrification 197, 306
grade (gradient) 296 Heeresfeldbahn 130 Japan 60, 61, 82, 169, 221, 228, 230–1, 264, high-speed 245, 246, 265
Grand Central Terminal (New York) 61, 280–1 Heisler, Charles L. 113, 157 modernization 245
Grand Junction Railway (GJR) 44 Heisler 2-truck geared locomotive No.4 113 265, 278–9, 282 Link, O. Winston 200
Columbine 44–5 Henry Oakley (GNR Class C2 Small Atlantic Class SL7 156 Lion 25
“Grasshoppers” 30, 31 Japan National Railways literature, trains in 9
Gratitude Train 171 No.990) 96–7 JNR Shinkansen Series 0 228, 230 Liverpool (L&MR) 22–3
Great Central Railway, GCR Class 8K 130 Henschel metre-gauge 130–1 JNR Shinkansen Series 300 230–1 Liverpool & Manchester Railway (L&MR)
Great Eastern Railway (GER) 64 heritage railways 9, 268–9 JR N700 Shinkansen 279 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22–3, 24, 25, 26–7
GER S56 Class 65 Hero of Alexandria 302 Japan’s No.1 82 Locomotion No. 1 13, 16–17, 26
Great Indian Peninsular Railway 57, 112 hi-rail vehicles 161 Javelin No.395017 282–9 Loewy, Raymond 157
GIPR Class WCP 1 160 Hiawatha expresses 156 Jefferson, Thomas 13 London & Birmingham Railway (L&BR) 26
Great Northern Railway (GNR) 148 High Level Bridge (Newcastle) 26 Jennie (KS Wren Class) 120 L&BR Queen Adelaide’s Saloon No.2 52–3
GNR Class C2 Small Atlantic 96–7 High Speed 1 (HS1) 248, 265, 282, 284 Jervis, John B. 28–9 London & North Eastern Railway (LNER)
GNR Stirling Single Class 62 High Speed Train (HST) 221, 228, 229, 241 Jessop, William 297
Races to the North 62 high-pressure water-tube boilers 148 Jews, deportation of 9, 177 148, 150
Great Western Railway (GWR) 13, 25, 35, 48, high-speed trains 9, 221, 228–31, 245–9, 253, Ji-Tong Railway 205, 245 LNER Class A3 135, 152
134, 142, 150 jiggers 161 LNER Class A4 Mallard 150–5
GWR Auto-trailer No. 92 100–4 265, 278–9, 282–9 “Jintys” 144 LNER Class C1 Large Atlantic 97
broad gauge 50–1, 66–7 Hinderton Hall (GWR) 142–3 John Bull 24–5 LNER Class P2 150
Broad Gauge Coach 51 historic railways 268–9 John Hancock (B&O “Grasshopper”) 31 LNER Class V2 Green Arrow 143
coat of arms 101 Historical Logging Switchback Railway 268 Johnson, Samuel W. 96, 97 London & North Western Railway (LNWR)
GWR 633 Class 64 Hitachi 284 journeys, great LNWR “Improved Precedent” Class 62
Hitler, Adolf 9 The Blue Train 194–5 LNWR “Large Bloomers” 52–3
H.K.Porter Inc. 178 LNWR Pet 45
Holden, James 65 Races to the North 62

INDEX . 315

London & South Eastern Railway (LSER), Metropolitan Railway continued Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W) continued Pen-y-darren steam locomotive
LSER Class 395 Javelin 282–9 Met C Class 65 N&W EMD GP9 Class 180 13, 14–15, 16
Met Class A No. 23 52–3 N&W EMD GP9 Class No.521 182–5
London & South Western Railway (LSWR) Met E Class No. 1 98–9 N&W J Class 204 Penn Central Corporation
LSWR 4115 Class 64 Met Jubilee Coach No. 353 65 N&W Pullman Class P2 No. 512 216–17 Penn Central Wagon No. 32367 216
LSWR Class 0298 45 Penn Central/Amtrak Metroliner 240–1
LSWR T9 Class 96 Metropolitan-Cammell 217 Norfolk Southern Railway 182
Midland Railway (MR) 51 Norges Statsbaner AS, NSB Class D13 192–3 Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., PP&L “D”
London, Brighton & South Coast Railway Norris, William 30, 31 fireless 157
(LB&SCR) MR Class 115 96 North British Locomotive Company 131
MR Compound 1000 Class 97 North British Railway (NBR) Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) 62, 108
LB&SCR A1 Class 64–5 Mikados 146 PRR Class A5s 146
LB&SCR B1 Class 62–3 military railways 9, 130–3 NBR Dandy Car No. 1 53 PRR Class B1 161
London Illustrated News 47 milk trains 143 Races to the North 62 PRR Class E7 112–13
London local railways 64–5 Miller, Joaquin 129 North Eastern Railway (NER) PRR Class G5s 134
London, Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS) Milwaukee Road, MILW (Chicago, NER Class XI, No. 66 98–9 PRR Class GG1 4935 159
Milwaukee, St Paul & Pacific Railroad) NER electric locomotive 124–5 PRR Class K4s 134, 157
134, 142, 176–7 Class A 156 NER petrol-electric autocar 124 PRR Class S1 157
LMS 8F 170 mining 76, 113, 144, 146, 212, 293 Races to the North 62 track inspection 151
LMS Class 3F “Jinty” 144 mixed traffic 142–3 North London Railway (NLR), NLR 75 Class
LMS Class 5MT “Black Five” 142 Modernisation Plan (BR) 169, 186, 187, 210 64 Peppercorn Class A1 No. 60163 Tornado 282
LMS Coronation Class 150–1 Mohawk & Hudson Railroad 29 North Star (GWR Star Class No. 4000) 97 Pere Marquette Railway, PMR GM EMD
LMS Diesel Shunter 161 monorails 246 North Star (L&MR) 22–3, 25
LMS Royal Scot Class 134 Morse, Samuel 299 North Western Railway (NWR), SW-1 No. 11 179
London Necropolis Railway 65 Morse code 299 NWR ST 120 permanent way 296
London, Tilbury & Southend Railway, LTSR Moscow Metro 129, 260 Northeast Frontier Railway (NF) 84, 206 Pershing Nord 131
Class 79 99 mountain railways 76, 82, 83, 84–9, 120–1, 125 Northfield, James 238 Pet (LNWR) 45
London Transport, LT Victoria Line 237 multi-voltage electric locomotives 252 Norway 26, 192 petrol locomotives 131, 158
London Underground 35, 44, 64, 237, 260, 306 multiple-unit (MU) trains 100, 162–5, 240, Notesse, Raoul 151 petroleum 216
building 54–5 306 Nova Scotia Coach (1838) 31 Phantom (BR Class 08) 186
Siemens Inspiro metro concept 293 self-powered 292 Novelty 17 Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Shops, P&R
Lord of the Isles (GWR) 51 Mussolini, Benito 160 Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, NTV AGV
Lucille Carriage 274–5 ETR 575 282 Switcher No. 1251 144
Ludwig Railway 24 N Nutting, John Gurney 157 Phoenix (EIR No. 1354) 121
Luftwaffe 177 Nydqvist & Holm AB (NoHAB) 192 Pickering, Edward 57
luxury 140–1, 194–5, 217, 239, 245, N&W Class A 204 piggyback transport 223
254–9, 265 Nagelmackers, Georges 140 O Pioneer 36
Lyd (L&B) 144–5 Napier Deltic engine 188 Pioneer Zephyr (CB&Q) 159
Lynton to Barnstaple line, L&B Lew 144–5 narrow gauge Ocean Liner (GWR) 277 Planet 24
oil prices/crisis 247, 252, 304 Pocahontas (N&W) 200, 216
M around the world 82–3, 120–1 “Old Coppernob” (FR No. 3) 44 points 299
Beyer-Garratt No. 138 212–15 Old Ironsides (Baldwin) 30
McConnell, James 53 DHR Class B No. 19 84–9 Old Patagonian Express, “La Trochita” 268 mechanical interlocking 35
McIntosh, John F. 98 historic railways 268–9 Oldenburgische Class G1 No. 1 Landwührden Poland 193, 199, 252, 283, 293
MacKay, Charles 61 Merddin Emrys 78–81 Polar Star (GWR Star Class No. 4005) 97
Maglev (magnetic levitation) trains 246, 265, military railways 130 46 Polskie Koleje Panstwowe (PKP)
modified DR V100 224–7 Olive Mount Cutting 23, 26
278 specialist steam 76–7 Omneo Régio2N 292 PKP Class EP09 252
Maglev Transrapid prototype 246 see also gauge; metre gauge Ontario & Quebec Railway 74 PKP Class Pt47 199
mail trains 72–3 nationalization 169, 178 Orenstein & Koppel, O&K Feldbahn PKP Class SM30 193
mainline electrification 197 Nelson, Hurst 99 PSK IC Class ED250 283
Mallard (LNER Class A4) 9, 129, 148, 150–5 Netherlands 35 130–1 Port Carlisle Railway 53
Marc Séguin locomotive (1829) 28–9 New Empire State Express 128 Orient Express 61, 140–1 La Porteña 56
Mariazell Railway, Mh 399 121 New South Wales Government Railways, Otavi Railway 212 posters 42, 128, 140, 168, 169, 220, 238, 245,
Marquardt, Ernst 169 NSWG Class C38 157 Oudh & Rohilkand Railway, O&RR Class B 265
Marshall Plan 198 New York power rails 306, 307
Maryland & Pennsylvania Railroad (Ma&Pa) Elevated Railway 61, 118–19 No.26 57 Powhatan Arrow (N&W) 216
Subway 64, 95, 119 overhead lines 307 Prairie Tank (GWR) 145
Car No. 1 161 World Fair (1939) 151 Owl 72–3 Preston Docks Sentinel 236–7
GM EMD Type NW2 No. 81 178–9 New York Central & Hudson River Railroad oxygen masks, for high altitude 265 Prince (FR) 44–5
Maryland Car 171 (NYC&HR) 62 Prince of Wales’s Coach 82
Maryland Coach (1830) 31 NYC&HR No. 999 63 P privatization 245, 282
mass city transit 35 New Zealand Railways (NZR) Promontory Summit (Utah) 34–5, 43
mass production 112–13 NZR Class Ab 134 Pacific Railway Act (1862) 42 golden spike 34–5, 37
mass transport 9 NZR Class K 142 “Pacific” type 104, 105, 134–5, 148, 150, 152, Prussian state railways 95
Matheran Hill Railway 84 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Prussian Class G8 112
Maunsell, Richard 142 Robert Stephenson & Co 24, 26 156, 186, 198 Prussian Class P8 104
MDT/IC No. 13715 217 T&W Metro 261 “Padded Cell” carriage 64 Prussian Class T18 105
meals Newcomen, Thomas 16, 302 Pakistan Railways 251 “Puffer” 14
takeaway, Japan 279 Nicholas II, Tsar 122, 123 Palace on Wheels 245, 254–9 Puffing Billy 13, 16
see also restaurant cars Night Ferry 271 Pannier Tank (GWR) 145 Puffing Billy Railway 268–9
mechanical interlocking 35 Nord Compound 104 panorama lounges 278 Pullman
Memnon 36–7 Nord Pacific 135 pantographs 306, 307 Car 35
Merchant Navy Class No. 35028 Clan Line Nordhauen-Wernigerode Railway, NWE Paris Class 216
270–1 Mallet 120–1 see also British Pullman
Merddin Emrys (FR Double Fairlie No. 10) 76, Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W) 1895 crash 104 Pullman, George Mortimer 35
78–81 N&W ALCO T6 (DL440) Class 180–1 Métro 64, 95, 106–7 pump cars 161
metre gauge 224, 296 N&W Budd S1 sleeper 216 Paris à Orléans Railway, PO Pacific 105 Purves, Libby 265
metro systems see cities by name N&W Class J No.611 200–3 Park, John C. 64
Metroliners 240–1 Passchendaele (NZR Class Ab) 134 Q
Metropolitan Railway 35, 64, 260 Pearson, Charles 55
building the Tube 54–5 Pearson, Drew 171 quarries 76, 77, 78, 113
Pease, Edward 35 Queen of Scots 270, 274
Quicksilver (LNER) 150

316 . INDEX

R San Diego, SDTI Duewag U2 cars 260 Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Stanley, Henry Morton 9
Sandy & Potton Railway, S&PR No.5 Belges (SNCB) Statens Järnvägar (SJ)
R.&W. Hawthorn & Co. 25, 57
Races to the North 61, 62, 95 Shannon 53 Class 40 131 SJ B Class 105
rack-and-pinion system 76 Sankey Viaduct 23 Class 58 130 SJ X2 247
Radstock North Signal Box 300–1 Sans Pareil 17 SNCB 29 198 stations
Ragan, Leslie 128 Sapsan (RZD) 279 SNCB Class 12 151 Paris Métro 106, 107
Rail Diesel Car (RDC) 171 Saxon IV K Class 77 Société Nationale des Chemins de fer refurbished 221
rail zeppelin 158 Saxonia 30, 31 spectacular 280–1
Railmotor & Trailer “set” (GWR) 99, 100 Schienenzeppelin 158 Français (SNCF) 129, 292 steam trains 10–31, 32–57, 58–89, 91–123,
Railroad Standard Time 63 Schubert, Johann 30, 31 SNCF 141R 198
rails 296, 306–7 Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB) SNCF 241P 199 129–57, 169–77, 198–215, 221, 232–5,
railway construction SNCF Class BB 26000 252 268–77
SBB Cargo Bombadier Traxx 253 SNCF Class BB9000 169, 196 cutting-edge 205
Canadian Pacific 74–5 SBB Class Ae8/14 158 SNCF Class C61000 192 Europe’s last gasp 210–11
Eurostar 248–9 SBB Doppelpfeil 159 SNCF Class CC6500 193, 229 golden age 9, 95
tracks 296 Schynige Platte Class He2/2 125 SNCF Class CC7107 169, 196 historic railways 268–9
Trans Australian Railway 238–9 seaside holidays 8 SNCF LGV Sud-Est TGV 247 how steam locomotives work 302–3
Trans-Siberian Railway 122–3 second class 47, 217 SNCF TGV Euroduplex 283 invention of 16
Union Pacific 42–3 Séguin, Marc 13, 28, 29 SNCF TGV P06 283 iron horses 9, 13
Railway Operating Division (ROD) 130 semaphore signals 298–9 SNCF TGV V150 282, 283 and Modernisation Plan 169, 186, 187,
Railway Post Office (RPO) cars 72 Settebello (FS Class ETR) 197 Somme offensive 133 210
Railway Regulation (Gauge) Act (1846) 51 Shanghai songs, trains in 9 replacement of 169, 178–9, 186–7, 252
Railway Regulations Act (1847) 217 SMT/Transrapid 278 “Sous-marin” (submarines) 193 revival of 9, 282
Rainhill Trials 13, 17, 18, 26–7 Transrapid Maglev train 265 Souter, John 62 specialist steam 52, 76–81
Raipur Forest Tramway 84 Shannon (S&PR No. 5) 53 South Africa 56, 57, 83, 147, 194–5, 212 spread across world 35
Rajasthan Tourism Department 254 Shay, Ephraim 113, 121 South African Railway 204, 210, 211, 212 versatile 144–5
Rajputana Malwa Railway 82 Sher-e-Punjab (IR Class WL) 205 SAR Class 15F 147 wheel configuration 297
Rapid Transit Act (US, 1875) 119 Sherwood, James B. 270 SAR Class 25C 205 withdrawal of 221, 222
rapid transit systems 260 Shinkansen trains 221, 228, 230, 246, 278, SAR Class 25NC (“Red Devil”) 204, 205 world steam’s last stand (1940–59) 204–5
Reading Company (Railroad) 144 279, 284 South Carolina Railroad 28, 72 world’s last steam railways 9, 245
Reading MU No. 800 162–5 shipyards 76, 77 South Devon Railway 45 zenith of 129
recycled energy 292 shoe contact 306, 307 South Hetton Coliery, SH Chaldron Wagon Steam Waggon (John Stevens’s) 28–9
“Red Devil” (SAR Class 25NC) 204, 205 shunters 144, 160, 161, 169, 170, 186, 198, 52 Stephenson, George 13, 16, 23, 24, 26, 35,
redbirds 183 210, 305 Southern Belle 277 48, 52, 120
Reko-Wagen (DR) 241 diesel (1940–59) 192–3 Southern Railway (SR) Stephenson, Robert 13, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26,
Renfe Operadora, AVE S-100 246 see also switchers L&B Lew 144–5 302
restaurant cars Shutt End Colliery Railway 17 Merchant Navy Class 270 Stevens, Frederick William 61
The Blue Train 194 Siemens 261, 279 milk tank wagon 143 Stevens, John 28
Palace on Wheels 255, 258 Amtrak Siemens American Cities Sprinter No. 234S crane tank 77 Stirling, Patrick 62
Venice Simplon-Orient Express 270, 274–7 SR Bulleid Light Pacific 198 Stockton & Darlington Railway (S&DR) 13,
revolving disc signals 298 ACS-64 293 SR Class Q1 170 16, 24, 26
Rhaetian Railway (RhB) 252 Desiro Classic 266 SR S15 Class 142 S&DR No. 25 Derwent 52
Riddles, Robert A. 171, 198, 210, 211 Desiro-RUS 267 Southern Railway (SOU) Stourbridge Lion 13, 17
Riggenbach, Niklaus 76 Eurosprinter 266 SR Class Ps-4 134 streamliners
rim brakes 297 ICx 293 see also Norfolk Southern Railway diesel and electric 158–9
Road and Track prints (Juratovic) 157 Inspiro metro concept 293 Soviet Railways (SZD) steam 151–7, 200–3
road transport 236 S200 293 Soviet Class M62 222 streetcars 124
alternatives to 9, 265 Vectron 293 Soviet Class P36 204 style, Art Deco 156, 157
road-rail inspection vehicles 161 Siemens, Werner von 61, 91 Soviet Class VL10 236 subgrade 296
Robert Stephenson & Co. 17, 24, 25, 44, 56 Siemens & Halske 91, 124 Soviet ER200 246 subways see underground railways
Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns 210 signal boxes 300–1 Spain 240, 246, 265 Südbahn Class 23 GKB 671 46
Rocket 13, 16–21, 24, 26–7, 302 signalmen 300 see also Renfe Operadora Sultan (GWR) 50–1
Rocky Mountains 74–5 signals specialist engines 76–7 Sunbeam (Hawthorn) 25
Royal Albert Bridge 48–9 how signals work 298–9 speed superheating 96, 104
Royal Bavarian State Railways 104 mechanical interlocking 35 age of 156–7 Superliners 241
Royal Border Bridge (Northumberland) 26 Radstock North Signal Box 300–1 emphasis on 8, 221 suspended trains 292
Royal Daylight Tank Wagon 99 Silver Fox (LNER) 150 passenger services 1960–79 228–31 Sweden 105, 192, 247
Royal Saxon State Railway 77 Silver Jubilee (LNER) 150 speed records see also Statens Järnvägar (SJ)
Royal Scot Class (LMS) 134 Silver King (LNER) 150 “Bullet Trains” 230 switchers 113, 114–17, 125, 160, 161, 178–81
royal trains 52–3, 82, 276 Silver Link (LNER) 150, 152 diesel 129, 221, 304 see also shunters
Russell Snow Plow Company 68 Silverton Tramway 238 electric 169, 196, 228, 230, 265, 279 Switzerland 61, 76, 95, 125, 158–9, 160,
Russia 61, 83, 112, 113, 122–3, 129, 133, 279 Simplex locomotive 131 Maglev trains 265 196, 252
see also USSR; Soviet railways Simplon Tunnel 95, 140, 141 Mallard 9, 148, 150, 152, 153 early railways 35
Russian E Class 112, 113 Simplon-Orient-Express 140 Races to the North 62 see also Schweizerische Bundesbahnen
Russian O Class 83 Sindh (IR Class YG) 205 Schienenzeppelin 158 (SBB)
Russian Railways, RZD Sapsan 279 Singapore, SMRT North-South Line C151 steam 9, 129, 148, 150, 152, 153, 232 Sydney Railway Co. 56
261 TGV 221, 245, 248, 265, 282, 283
S Sir Roger Lumley (GIPR Class WCP1) 160 “Spider” (Baldwin) 131 T
Skinny Emma (Schlanke Emma) 133 “Spinners” (MR Class 115) 96
safety features 232, 284 Skoda 133, 252 Spirit of Progress (VR) 156 Tahoe (V&TRR No. 20) 82–3
brakes 297 slave units 192 Spooner, G.P. 78 Talgo III 240
mechanical interlocking 35 sleepers 216, 241, 296 Sprague-Thomson electric train 107 Taliesin (FR Single Fairlie) 83
signals 298–9 The Blue Train 194 Sprye, Richard 65 Tanggula Station (Tibet) 280–1
tokens 300 Orient Express 140–1, 270, 276 SS Baikal 123 tankers 146, 147, 216
Palace on Wheels 254–9 standard rail time 63 Tasmanian Government Railway, TGR K
St Pancras International (London) 248, 280–1 snow ploughs Standard steam designs 169
Saint-Étienne & Lyon Railway 28, 29 CP&A Snow Plow 68–71 Stanier, William 134, 142, 151, 170 Class Garratt 121
modified DR V100 225 telegraph system 35, 299

INDEX . 317

TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) 221, 245, 246, underground railways 54–5, 64, 95, 106–7, Vitznau-Rigi Bahn, VRB No. 7 76
248, 265, 278 236, 260, 292–3, 306 VMS Chemnitz tram-train 293
see also cities by name Voith
SNCF LGV Sud-Est TGV 247
SNCF TGV Euroduplex 283 Union Express 194 Gravita 266
SNCF TGV P06 283 Union Pacific Railroad (UP) 35, 42–3, 244 Maxima 267
SNCF TGV V150 282, 283 Vossioh
TGV-PSE 245 UP Challenger CSA-1 Class/CSA-2 Class Eurolight 267
Thalys PBKA 246–7 147 G6 267
Thames Tunnel scheme 48 Wuppertal Schwebebahn train 292
Thatcher Perkins (B&O Class B No. 147) UP Class 4000 “Big Boy” 169, 204–5 Vulcan Foundry 82, 83
37–41 UP GM EMD Class SD60 250–1
The Blue Train 194–5 UP No.119 (1868) 37 W
third class 47, 89, 217 Union Station (Los Angeles) 280–1
third rails 306 United Aircraft Corporation, UAC Turbo wagons
Thomas Viaduct 28 Train 229 1836–69 52–3
Thomason-Houston 124 United Arab Emirates 290 1895–1913 98–9
Tibet 265, 280–1 United Kingdom 13–27, 44–5, 48–55, 62–7, Express Dairy milk tank wagon 143
ticketing 125 freight 1914–39 146–7
Tiger 25 76–81, 95, 96–103, 124–5, 129, 130–1, freight 1940–59 216–17
tilting trains 247, 282 133–9, 142–55, 169, 170–1, 176–7, freight 1960–79 223
time, standard rail 63 186–91, 196–9, 210–1, 216–7, 221, 222, see also brake vans; cabooses
Tipong Colliery Railway 84 228–9, 236–7, 241, 245, 246, 248–53,
“Toads” 146 260–1, 265, 270–7, 282–9 Wapping Tunnel (Liverpool) 23
Todd, Kitson & Laird 25 colonies 56–7 War Department 170
Tõkaidõ Shinkansen line 228, 230, 279 expertise from 46, 56, 82
tokens 300 exports from 24–5, 36, 82, 210 Hunslet Austerity 198
Tolstoy, Leo 9 see also British Railways; rail companies by WD Austerity 171
Tom Thumb 13, 29, 30 name War Department Light Railways 130
Tornado (Peppercorn Class A1) 282 United States 13, 24–5, 28–31, 34–5, 36–43, Wardle, Manning 144
torque converters 305 56, 61, 62–3, 68–73, 60, 95, 108–17, 129, warfare, railways and 9
tracks 130–1, 133, 134, 144, 146–7, 156–9, 161, Warships (BR Class 42) 187
how tracks work 296 168, 169, 170–1, 177, 178–85, 200–4, Watt, James 16
inspection 161 216–7, 221, 228–9, 240–1, 244, 260, 265, Webb, F.W. 62
maintenance 236 292–3 Wehrmacht
third rail 306 electrification 306 Armoured Car 170–1
traffic lights 298–9 financing the railroads 36, 36 Class V36 Shunter 170
train-busters 169 mail trains 72–3 Welsh Highland Railway (WHR), Beyer-
Train Protection Warning System see also Amtrak; rail companies by name Garratt No.138 212–15
(TPWS) 284 United States Army Transportation Corps West Coast Main Line 62
trams (USTAC) 170 Races to the North 62
electric 124, 260–1 USTAC S100 170 “West Country” Class Light Pacific
tram-trains 245, 293 USTAC S160 170 locomotives 198
Trans-Australian Railway 129, 238–9 Universal Exhibition (Paris, 1900) 106 West Germany 169, 192, 193, 210, 223, 228,
Trans-Europ Express (TEE) 169, 193 Universal locomotive types 197, 266 229, 245, 260
Trans-Iranian Railway 177 urban railways 8, 260–1, 265, 292–3 see also Deutsche Bundesbahn
Trans-Mongolian Railway 123 US National Railroad Passenger Corporation West Highland Line 161
Trans-Siberian Railway 61, 122–3, 129, 221, see Amtrak Western & Atlantic Railroad, W&A No. 39
245 Ushuaia Station (Tierra del Fuego) 280–1 The General 36
transcontinental railway (USA) 34–5, 42–3 USSR 146, 204, 221, 222, 236, 245 Western Pacific Railroad 43
Transrapid prototype 246 see also Russia; Soviet Railways (SZD) Westinghouse, George 35
trench railways 130, 131 wheels 297
Trenitalia, ETR 500 278 V White Pass & Yukon Route 268
Trevithick, Richard 13, 14–15, 16, 302 Whitelegg, Thomas 99
Triebwagen 124, 160 Vail, Alfred 299 Wilson, E.B. 56
Tsuzumi Gate of Kanazawa Station (Tokyo) Van Horne, William Cornelius 74 Women’s Voluntary Service (WVS) 176–7
280 Vancouver Sky Train RTS ICTS Mark I 260 Wood’s crossbar signal 298
Tube see London Underground Vanguard (BR Class 42) 187 World War I 129–33, 160
tunnels VEB double-deck coach 217 locomotives for 130–1
Bhor Ghat Railway 57 VEB Lokomotivbau Elektrotechnische Werke World War II 9, 133, 151, 168, 169, 170–7,
Box Tunnel (Wiltshire) 48 192, 194, 198
Channel Tunnel 245, 248–9 “Hans Beimler” Hennigsdorf (LEW) 222, Wren (LYR) 77
Connaught Tunnel 75 252 Wuppertal Schwebebahn train 292
London Underground 55
Paris Métro 106 Venice Simplon-Orient Express 140–1, 245, XYZ
Simplon Tunnel 95, 140, 141 265, 276, 277
Spiral Tunnels 74, 75 XE Class 146
and switch to electric engines 306 Ventspils Narrow Gauge Railway 268–9 Zefiro 380 292
Turboliner (Amtrak) 221, 228 Vera Carriage 277 Zena Carriage 277
Turkey 140–1, 170 Victoria, Queen 35, 82 Zola, Émile 9
TVM430 (Transmission Voie Machine) 284 Victoria Falls Bridge 95
Tyne & Wear Metro 261 Victoria Line (London) 237
Victoria Railways (VR), VR “S” Class 156
U Victoria Terminus (Bombay) 61
Vienna, ULF tram 261
ultrasonic testing 236 Virat (IR Class AWE) 171
UN Relief & Rehabilitation Administration 170 Virgin Trains, VT Class 390 Pendolino 282
Virginia & Truckee Railroad, V&TRR No. 20

Tahoe 82–3
Virginia Central Railroad, VC Porter No. 3

178
Virginian Railway, VGN Class SA No. 4

113–7

318 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgments

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Eisenbahnfreunde Rewari Steam Loco Shed PICTURE CREDITS AND
Tony Streeter for all his time, assistance, Traditionsbahnbettiebswerk Northern Railways, Rewari, Haryana - VEHICLE OWNERS
and support throughout the making of Strasssfurt e.V. 123110, India
this book. Guestener Weg, www.rewaristeamloco.com Key to museums/contributors
39418 Strassfurt, Germany With special thanks to Shyam Bihari B&O Railroad Museum (BORM)
General Consultant Tony Streeter is a www.efsft.de Gautam, Sr. Section Engineer, Rewari Didcot Railway Centre (DRC)
journalist and editor who writes across With special thanks to Uwe Hüttner Steam Loco Shed Eisenbahnfreunde
the rail spectrum from steam to modern Traditionsbahnbetriebswerk
railways and international light rail. Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways Ribble Steam Railway Museum Staßfurt e.V. (ETS)
A former long-term editor of UK’s Steam Porthmadog, Chain Caul Road, Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways
Railway Magazine, he has travelled by, LL49 9NF, UK PR2 2PD, UK (FWHR)
and written about, rail in Russia, www.festrail.co.uk www.ribblesteam.org.uk Harzer Schmalspurbahner (HSB)
China, India, Canada, and Eastern With special thanks to Andrew Thomas With special thanks to Howard The National Railway Museum,
and Western Europe. and Chris Parry Fletcher, Terri Hearty, Jayne Waring, India (NRMI)
and Chris Mills The National Railway Museum,
Tony Streeter would like to thank the Hitachi Rail Europe Limited York (NRMY)
many people who assisted in the making 40 Holborn Viaduct, SCMG Enterprises Limited Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, PHMC
of this book, including: Pip Dunn, Peter London, EC1N 2PB, UK The Science Museum, (RMP)
Johnson, Anthony Coulls, Tim Bryan, www.hitachirail-eu.com Exhibition Road, Rewari Steam Loco Shed (RSLS)
Bernd Seiler, Richard Croucher, Paul With special thanks to Daniela Karthaus London, SW7 2DD, UK Ribble Steam Railway (RSR)
Chancellor, Brian Stephenson, Marek With special thanks to Sophia Brothers Virginia Museum of Transportation (VMT)
Ciesielski, Robin Garn, Jacques Daffis, HSB, Harzer Schmalspurbahner and Wendy Burford
Uwe Hüttner, and Peter Weißhahn. Friedrichstrasse 151, (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre;
38855, Wernigerode, Germany The Merchant Navy Locomotive f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top)
The publisher would like to thank the www.hsb-wr.de Preservation Society Ltd
following people for their help with With special thanks to Bernd Seiler (Owners of 35028 Clan Line) 1 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
making the book: Steve Crozier at 12 Inglewood Avenue, Courtesy of RSR / Science Museum
Butterfly Creative Solutions for colour National Railway Museum Camberley, Group. 2-3 Dorling Kindersley: Gary
retouching; Simon Mumford for (NRM York) Surrey, GU15 1RJ, UK Ombler / Courtesy of BORM. 4 Dorling
cartography; Phil Gamble for illustrations; Leeman Road, www.clan-line.org.uk Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
Sonia Charbonnier for technical support; York, YO26 4XJ, UK With special thanks to Mr R.F. NRMY / Science Museum Group.
Nicola Hodgson for additional text www.nrm.org.uk Abercrombie, Tim Robbins, Peter Starks, 5 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
contributions; Tejaswita Payal, Suparna With special thanks to Chris Hanley and Alan French Courtesy of BORM (bl); Gary Ombler /
Sengupta, Sreshtha Bhattacharya, and Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum
Neha Pande at DK Delhi for editorial National Railway Museum Venice Simplon-Orient-Express Group (br). 6 Dorling Kindersley: Gary
assistance; Neha Sharma, Shruti Singhal, Chanakyapuri, Limited Ombler / Courtesy of Adrian Shooter (bl);
and Upasana Sharma at DK Delhi for New Delhi, 110021, India Shackleton House, Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (br).
design assistance; Joanna Chisholm for With special thanks to Uday Singh Mina, 4, Battle Bridge Lane, 7 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
proofreading; Helen Peters for the index. Director London, SE1 2HP, UK Courtesy of FWHR (bl); Gary Ombler /
The publishers would also like to extend a www.orient-express.com Courtesy of The Merchant Navy
special thanks to contributors Keith Fender Northern Railway With special thanks to Andrew Cook, Locomotive Preservation Society Ltd (br).
and Julian Holland, whose assistance D.R.M. Office, State Entry Road, New Victoria Christie, Jeff Monk, Julian Clark, 8 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
throughout the project was invaluable. Delhi - 110055, India and Pat Thompson Courtesy of BORM (bl); Gary Ombler /
www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum
The Publisher would also like to thank With special thanks to Rajesh Kumar, Sr. Virginia Museum of Transportation Group (br). 9 Dorling Kindersley: Gary
the following museums, companies, and DME/Power/Delhi 303 Norfolk Avenue SW, Ombler / Courtesy of VMT (bl); Gary
individuals for their generosity in allowing Roanoke, VA 24016, US Ombler / Courtesy of Hitachi Rail Europe
Dorling Kindersley access to their railway Palace on Wheels www.vmt.org Ltd (br). 10-11 Dorling Kindersley:
vehicles and equipment for photography: Rajasthan Tourism Development With special thanks to Beverly Fitzpatrick Gary Ombler / Courtesy of NRMY /
Corporation Ltd. and Fran Ferguson Science Museum Group. 12 Getty
8 201, Dampf-Plus GmbH Ground floor, Bikaner House, Images: (c). 13 Corbis: Underwood &
Moosglöckchenweg 10, 80995 München, Pandara Road, New Delhi - 110011, India Underwood (br). TopFoto.co.uk: (ca).
Germany www.rtdc.in 14 Corbis: Heritage Images (tl). Science
www.zugparty.de www.thepalaceonwheels.com & Society Picture Library: Science
With special thanks to Christian Goldschagg With special thanks to Pramod Sharma, Museum (bl). 14-15 Getty Images: SSPL
General Manager, Rajasthan Tourism / National Rail Museum. 16 Dorling
Adrian Shooter Development Corporation Ltd., Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Courtesy
(Owner of DHR B Class No.19 and its and Pradeep Bohra, General Manager, of The Science Museum, London (cl).
carriages) Palace on Wheels Science & Society Picture Library:
National Railway Museum (tr). 16-17
Ashford Depot Railway Board Dorling Kindersley: Mike Dunning /
Station Road, Rail Bhavan, 1, Raisina Road, Courtesy of NRMY (tc). SuperStock:
Ashford, TN23 1EZ, UK New Delhi - 110001, India Science and Society (bc). 17 The
With special thanks to Nigel King and www.indianrailways.gov.in Bridgeman Art Library: Science
Mark Fitzgerald With special thanks to Seema Sharma, Museum, London, UK (cb). Dorling
Director, Information & Publicity, Railway Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Courtesy of
B&O Railroad Museum Board, and Siddharth Singh, Deputy NRMY (br). Science Museum, London :
901, West Pratt Street, Director Public Relations, Railway Board (cr). 18 Dorling Kindersley: Mike
Baltimore, Dunning / Courtesy of NRMY (bc, cr).
MD 21223, US Railway Museum of Pennsylvania, Getty Images: Gallo Images (tl).
www.borail.org PHMC 19 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
With special thanks to David Shackelford, P.O. Box 15, NRMY / Science & Society Picture Library,
Ryan McPherson, and Jane Harper Strasburg, London (tc, tr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy
PA 17579, US of NRMY / Science Museum Group (c).
Didcot Railway Centre www.rrmuseumpa.org 20-21 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler
Didcot Parkway Station, With special thanks to Dodie Robbins, / Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum
Didcot, Oxfordshire, Nicholas Zmijewski, Charles Fox, and Group (all). 22-23 Getty Images: SSPL /
OX11 7NJ, UK Deborah Reddig NRM / Pictorial Collection (c). 24 Getty
www.didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk Images: SSPL / NRM / Pictorial
With special thanks to Roger Orchard, Collection (cra). Milepost: (tc).
Peter Rance, and Frank Dumbleton Smithsonian Institution, Washington,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 319

DC, USA: (bc, cl). 25 Alamy Images: Dorling Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal Railway Centre: (tl). Dorling Print Collector (bl). 141 Alamy Images:
The Art Gallery (cb). colour-rail.com: / Courtesy of NRMI (c). Mary Evans Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy imageBROKER (br); peter jordan (cra).
(tc, br). Milepost: Orion Books / Picture Library: (br). Danie van der of DRC (c, cr, bc). 101 Dorling Corbis: Wolfgang Kaehler (tr); Rob Tilley
Blandford / Clifford & Wendy Meadway Merwe: (tl). 58-59 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of (cr). Getty Images: E+ (crb). 142
(ca, clb). 26-27 Corbis: Michael Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (c). 102-103 Dorling Kindersley: Alexander Turnbull Library, National
Nicholson (c). 26 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Adrian Shooter. 60 Science & Society Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (all). Library Of New Zealand, Te Puna
Collection (tl); Michael Nicholson (ftl). Picture Library: NRM / Pictorial 104 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Matauranga o Aotearoa: (cl). colour-
Getty Images: SSPL / NRM / Pictorial Collection (c). 61 Alamy Images: North Courtesy of the DB Museum, Nurnburg, rail.com: (cla). Brian Stephenson/RAS:
Collection (bl). 28 The Bridgeman Art Wind Picture Archives (ca). The Germany (br); Gary Ombler / Courtesy (tr). 142-143 Dorling Kindersley: Gary
Library: Peter Newark American Pictures Bridgeman Art Library: British of the Musee de Chemin de Fer, Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (b).
(cr); National Railway Museum, York, Uk Library, London, UK (br). 62-63 colour- Mulhouse (tc). Getty Images: ND / 143 Didcot Railway Centre: Frank
(tr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / rail.com: (tc). Dorling Kindersley: Roger Viollet (bl). Brian Stephenson/ Dumbleton (c). Dorling Kindersley:
Courtesy of RMP (b). 29 Baltimore and Mike Dunning / Courtesy of NRMY (bc). RAS: (cla). 104-105 Dorling Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (cra).
Ohio Railroad: (bc). Dorling 62 Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cla). John Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cla).
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Whiteley: (crb). 63 Edward Gately: the Musee de Chemin de Fer, Mulhouse 144 colour-rail.com: (cla). Dorling
BORM (cl). Mary Evans Picture (c). 64 colour-rail.com: (tr). Steam (c). 105 colour-rail.com: (bl). Brian Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
Library: (tr). TopFoto.co.uk: ullsteinbild Picture Library: (cl). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (br, tr). 106 Mary RMP (tr, cra); Gary Ombler / Courtesy
(crb). 30 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Stephenson/RAS: (c, clb, bc). 65 Evans Picture Library: Epic / Tallandier of RSR / Science Museum Group (bl).
Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (cl, b). colour-rail.com: (clb, br). Getty (tl); (bl). 106-107 Mary Evans Picture 144-145 Dorling Kindersley: Gary
31 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: (tr). Images: SSPL / National Railway Library: (c). 108 Railroad Museum Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (b).
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Museum (cra). Brian Stephenson/ of Pennsylvania: (tl). Dorling 145 David Wilcock: (c). Dorling
Courtesy of BORM (tl, bl, br). Masterfile: RAS: (cr). TfL from the London Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
(clb). Wikipedia: Urmelbeauftragter (c). Transport Museum collection : (tc, of RMP (c, cr, clb, b). 109-111 Dorling DRC (tl, tr); Deepak Aggarwal / Courtesy
32-33 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler bc). 66-67 Getty Images: SSPL (c). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of NRMI (br). 146 Chris Doering: (cr).
/ Courtesy of BORM. 34 Corbis: Philip 68 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / of RMP (all). 112 Milepost: (tc). Brian Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
Gendreau / Bettmann (c). 35 Getty Courtesy of RMP (c, cr, clb, b). Railroad Stephenson/RAS: (cl). 113 Dorling Courtesy of RMP (tr); Deepak Aggarwal /
Images: De Agostini (br). 36 Corbis: Museum of Pennsylvania: (tl). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Courtesy of RSLS (cla); Gary Ombler /
Bettmann (br). Dorling Kindersley: 69 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / of VMT (tr). Alamy Images: John Courtesy of DRC (bc). 146-147 Dorling
Gary Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (cl, bl). Courtesy of RMP. 70-71 Dorling Wingfield (cb). Milepost: (cr). 114 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
36-37 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Virginia Museum of Transportation: ETS (c); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of RMP
/ Courtesy of BORM. 37 Dorling RMP (all). 72-73 akg-images: Universal (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / (b). 147 Kevin Andrusia: (tl). colour-
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Images Group. 74 4Corners: Damm Courtesy of VMT (c, cr, clb, b). 115-117 rail.com: (cra). Dorling Kindersley:
BORM (t). Golden Spike National Stefan (cl). Getty Images: (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (cl).
Historic Site Promontory Summit, 75 Canadian Pacific Railway: Courtesy of VMT (all). 118-119 Corbis: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of RMP (br). 148
Utah : (bl, br). 38 BORM: (tl). Dorling Canadian Pacific Archives NS.1960a (cr); J. S. Johnston (c). 120 Dorling Getty Images: SSPL / National Railway
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Canadian Pacific Archives NS.12756 Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal / Museum (tl); SSPL / NRM / Pictorial
BORM (c, cr, clb, b). 39 Dorling (crb). Corbis: Wayne Barrett & Anne Courtesy of NRMI (cl); Gary Ombler / Collection (bl). 148-149 Getty Images:
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of McKay / All Canada Photos (tl); Hulton- Courtesy of HSB (c). Peter Johnson: SSPL / National Railway Museum (c).
BORM. 40-41 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Deutsch Collection (cra); Sean Sexton (cr). Milepost: (bc). 121 Brian 150 Brian Stephenson/RAS: (tr, clb).
Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (all). 42 Collection (tr). Glenbow Museum: (br). Stephenson/RAS (tr). Dorling 150-151 Science & Society Picture
Corbis: Steve Crise / Transtock (tl); David 76 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal / Library: National Railway Museum (c).
Pollack (cra). 43 Alamy Images: Niall Courtesy of the Verkehrshaus der Courtesy of NRMI (cl); Gary Ombler / 151 colour-rail.com: (tl). Corbis:
McDiarmid (tl); Visions of Americak LLC Schweiz, Luzern, Switzerland (c); Gary Courtesy of FWHR (cr); Gary Ombler / Hulton-Deutsch Collection (br). Dorling
(br). Corbis: Bettmann (crb, cr); (cra). Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (bl). Courtesy of RMP (br). 122 Corbis: Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
Getty Images: (tr). 44 Mary Evans Milepost: (crb). 77 Brian Stephenson/ Douglas Kirkland (clb). The Library BORM (tr). Garn Collection: Borsig
Picture Library: (cla). 44-45 Dorling RAS: (tr). David Wilcock: (bc). of Congress, Washington DC: (tr). (clb). 152 colour-rail.com: (tl). Dorling
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / www.56thparallel.com/: (cl). 123 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / NRMY /
FWHR (bl); Mike Dunning / Courtesy Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum Alamy Images: Horizons WWP (cl); Science & Society Picture Library, London
of NRMY (bc). 45 The Bridgeman Art Group (tl); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Andrey Semenov (crb). Corbis: (c). Science & Society Picture Library:
Library: Ironbridge Gorge Museum, FWHR (c, cb). 78 Dorling Kindersley: Wolfgang Kaehler (cb). Getty Images: National Railway Museum (cr).
Telford, Shropshire, UK (tr). Brian Gary Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (c, cr, UIG (tr, ca). Mary Evans Picture 153 Alamy Images: i4images rm (tr).
Stephenson/RAS: (ca). Dorling clb, b). Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Library: Illustrated London News (cr); Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Railways: Andrew Thomas (tl). 79 Imagno (br, cra). 124 Stephen Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum
NRMY / Science Museum Group (cl); Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Middleton: (cl). Siemens AG, Group (tl). 154-155 Dorling Kindersley:
Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (cr). 46 Courtesy of FWHR. 80-81 Dorling Munich/Berlin: (tr, cb). 124-125 Gary Ombler / Courtesy of NRMY /
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Dorling Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Science Museum Group (all). 156 colour-
Courtesy of the Verkehrshaus der of FWHR (all). 82 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of NRMY (bc). 125 Alamy rail.com: (ca). Milepost: (bc). 156-157
Schweiz, Luzern, Switzerland (c). Tobias Deepak Aggarwal / Courtesy of NRMI Images: David Askham (cr). Dorling colour-rail.com. 157 Canada Science
Koehler: (tr). Alex Leroy: (bl). 46-47 (cl, bl). 82-83 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy &Technology Museum: (tl). Dorling
Dorling Kindersley: (bc). 47 Alamy Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Adrian of BORM (tl, tr). 126-127 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
Images: Didier Zylberyng (tc). Getty Shooter (t); Gary Ombler / Courtesy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (cra); Gary Ombler / Courtesy
Images: SSPL (cra). Verkehrsmuseum of RMP (c). 83 colour-rail.com: (cr). DRC. 128 Corbis: David Pollack (c). 129 of RMP (crb). PROV: (tr). The Library
Dresden: (cl). 48 Alamy Images: Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Dorling Kindersley: Baltimore and of Congress, Washington DC: (br). 158
Pictorial Press Ltd (bl). Getty Images: Courtesy of FWHR (ca). Keith Fender: Ohio Railroad (ca). Getty Images: SSPL akg-images: ullstein bild / ullstein - Jaffø
SSPL / Science Museum (tl). 48-49 (cl). Milepost: (br). 84-89 Dorling (br). 130 Brian Stephenson/RAS: A.W. (cla). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler
Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (c). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Croughton (cl, tc). David Wilcock: (bl). / Courtesy of the Verkehrshaus der
50 Alamy Images: ImagesEurope (cb). of Adrian Shooter (all). 90-91 Getty 130-131 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Schweiz, Luzern, Switzerland (tr). Mary
Didcot Railway Centre: (cl). 50-51 Images: Imagno / Hulton Archive (c). Ombler / Courtesy of HSB. 131 Evans Picture Library: Sueddeutsche
Steam Picture Library: (tc). 51 Dorling 92-93 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Milepost: (cra). Brian Stephenson/ Zeitung Photo (bc, br). Steam Picture
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Ombler / Courtesy of NRMY / Science RAS: C.R.L. Coles (br); (tc, cr). 132-133 Library: (cb). 158-159 Dorling
DRC (bl). Mary Evans Picture Library: Museum Group. 94 Mary Evans Getty Images: UIG (c). 132 Archives Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
(ca). Science & Society Picture Picture Library: (c). 95 akg-images: New Zealand: (cla). 134 Dorling the Musee de Chemin de Fer, Mulhouse
Library: NRM / Pictorial Collection (br). (br). Mary Evans Picture Library: (ca). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy (c). 159 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). Dorling
Steam Picture Library: (clb). 52 96 colour-rail.com: (tc, bl). Brian of RMP (bl). Getty Images: SSPL / Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
Dorling Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Stephenson/RAS: (c). 97 Milepost: National Railway Museum (br). RMP (tr). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (br).
Courtesy of NRMY (bc). Getty Images: (cra, tc, cb). Brian Stephenson/RAS: Milepost: (tr). 134-135 Dorling 160 Dorling Kindersley: Deepak
(cla). 52-53 Dorling Kindersley: Mike (bl). 98 TfL from the London Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Aggarwal / Courtesy of NRMI (cl); Gary
Dunning / Courtesy of NRMY (bc). Transport Museum collection : (tr). DRC. 135 Brian Stephenson/RAS: F.R. Ombler / Courtesy of ETS (crb); Gary
Science & Society Picture Library: David Wilcock: (cla). Dorling Hebron (tl); T.G. Hepburn (tr). Dorling Ombler / Courtesy of HSB (br). 160-161
NRM / Pictorial Collection (tc). 53 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / of DRC (bc). 98-99 Dorling Kindersley: DRC (cr). 136 Didcot Railway Centre: Courtesy of the Verkehrshaus der Schweiz,
Courtesy of DRC (c); Gary Ombler / Gary Ombler / Courtesy of NRMY / Bill Turner (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Luzern, Switzerland. 161 Dorling
Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum Science Museum Group (b). 99 Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (c, cr, Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy
Group (b). 54-55 Alamy Images: The Milepost: (tr). Brian Stephenson/ clb, b). 137-139 Dorling Kindersley: of RMP (tr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
Keasbury-Gordon Photograph Archive RAS: (cr). David Wilcock: (ca). Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (all). BORM (br); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
(c). 56 akg-images: (tr). NSW Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / 140 Corbis: Chris Hellier (cr); Claude HSB (cr). Keith Fender: (bl). Brian
Government State Records: (cla). 57 Courtesy of DRC (bl, br). 100 Didcot Salhani / Sygma (ca). Getty Images: Stephenson/RAS: T.G. Hepburn (cb).

320 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

162 Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania: Courtesy of RSLS (tc). Milepost: (c). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Grimm (bc); Eddie Linssen (clb). Corbis:
(tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / 205 Dorling Kindersley: Deepak Transrapid, Lathen, Germany (bl). Massimo Borchi / Atlantide Phototravel
Courtesy of RMP (c, cr, b). 163-165 Aggarwal / Courtesy of RSLS (tl, c). 246-247 colour-rail.com: (c). TopFoto. (crb); Wu Hong / EPA (tc); Jon Hicks (ca);
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Milepost: (crb). 206 Aditya Kaushal: co.uk: RIA Novosti (tc). 247 Keith Ricky Leaver / Loop Images (cra).
Courtesy of RMP (all). 166-167 Dorling https://www.flickr.com/ Fender: (tr, bc). Milepost: Brian 282 Alamy Images: Avpics (bl). colour-
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of photos/45613074@N06/: (tl). Dorling Solomon (cra, cla). 248 Alamy Images: rail.com: (c). Keith Fender: (tr). 283
ETS. 168 Corbis: Swim Ink 2, LLC / Fred Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal / Malcolm Case-Green (cra); Lordprice Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
Chance (c). 169 Corbis: Bettmann (cr); Courtesy of RSLS (c, cr, clb, b). 207-209 Collection (c). Daniel Minaca: (bl). 249 Courtesy of Hitachi Rail Europe Ltd (b).
PoodlesRock (ca). 170 colour-rail.com: Dorling Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal Alamy Images: qaphotos.com (cr, fcr, Keith Fender: (tc). Getty Images:
(cla). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cl, cb). / Courtesy of RSLS (all). 210 Milepost: crb). Corbis: Ian Cumming / Design Pics Gamma-Rapho (cb). Brian Stephenson/
Wikipedia: Hans-Peter Scholz (bl). 170- (cra). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cla, cb). (tr); PictureNet (br). 250-251 colour- RAS. 284 Alamy Images: Maurice
171 Alamy Images: jozef sedmak (bc). 211 Brian Stephenson/RAS: (tr). rail.com: Bob Sweet (c). 250 colour- Savage (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / rail.com: Bob Sweet (c). Keith Fender: Ombler / Courtesy of Hitachi Rail Europe
Courtesy of ETS (tc). 171 colour-rail. Courtesy of HSB (ca); Gary Ombler / (tr). Milepost: (cl). 251 colour-rail. Ltd (c, cr, b). 285-289 Dorling
com: (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Courtesy of FWHR (c). 212 Ffestiniog & com: (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (tr); Deepak Welsh Highland Railways: Andrew Ombler / Courtesy of HSB (cr).Keith Hitachi Rail Europe Ltd (all). 290-291
Aggarwal / Courtesy of RSLS (br). Getty Thomas (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Fender: (cra). 252 Alamy Images: Alamy Images: John Kellerman (c).
Images: SSPL (cla). 172 Brian Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (c, cr, b). Prisma Bildagentur AG (bl). Dorling 292 Bombardier Transportation: (cla,
Stephenson/RAS: (tl). Dorling 213-215 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy c). Vossloh AG: (br). Chris Wallace:
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (all). 216 of ETS (cla). Keith Fender: (tr, cr). (tr). 293 Keith Fender: (cla, cra).
of ETS (c, cr, clb, b). 173-175 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Milepost: Brian Solomon (cl). 252-253 Siemens AG, Munich/Berlin: (cr, br,
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Courtesy of DRC (tr, clb); Gary Ombler / Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / bl). Vossloh AG: (tc). 294-295 Dorling
of ETS (all). 176-177 Corbis: Hulton- Courtesy of VMT (cla); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DB Schenker (b). 253 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
Deutsch Collection (c). 178 Dorling Courtesy of RMP (bc). 216-217 Dorling colour-rail.com: (tl); Bob Sweet (cla). DRC. 296 Dorling Kindersley: (bc);
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Keith Fender: (crb). 254 Alamy Mike Dunning / Courtesy of The Science
of VMT (tl, cl). 178-179 Dorling ETS. 217 Garn Collection: (tc). Dorling Images: Caro (c); Indiapicture (cr). Museum, London (bl). 297 Dorling
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy
RMP (b). Ted Ellis: (tc). 179 Dorling VMT (cla); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of / Courtesy of Safdarjung Railway Station of RMP (cr/rim brake). 299 Dorling
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (r, cr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy (crb, b). www.palaceonwheels.net: Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Courtesy of
BORM (tr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of of BORM (br). 218-219 Dorling (tl). 255-259 Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (fcl, c, cl).
VMT (cr). 180 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Deepak Aggarwal / Courtesy of Getty Images: falcon0125 (cb). 300-301
Ombler / Courtesy of RMP (cl); Gary of NRMY / Science Museum Group. 220 Safdarjung Railway Station (all). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
Ombler / Courtesy of VMT (bl). 180-181 Getty Images: SSPL (c). 221 Alamy 260 Alamy Images: Gunter Marx (tr). Courtesy of DRC (all). 302 Corbis: Scott
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Images: Everett Collection Historical Keith Fender: (cl). Brian Stephenson/ Warren / Aurora Photos (bl). 302-303
Courtesy of BORM (t, c); Gary Ombler / (bc). Getty Images: Sankei Archive (cr). RAS: (cr). 260-261 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: Mike Dunning /
Courtesy of VMT (b). 182 Courtesy of 222 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Mike Dunning (bc). Courtesy of NRMY (c). 303 Dorling
Norfolk & Western Historical Society Courtesy of ETS (cl). Keith Fender: (c, Milepost: Brian Solomon (c). 261 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
(NWHS Collection): (tl). Dorling cra, tc). 222-223 Dorling Kindersley: colour-rail.com: (tl); Bob Sweet (cr). NRMY / Science Museum Group (t).
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Gary Ombler / Courtesy of the Museum Keith Fender: (cra). 262-263 Dorling 305 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler /
VMT (c, cr, clb, b). 183-185 Dorling of Transportation, St Louis, Missouri (bc). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Courtesy of VMT (tr); Dorling
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of 223 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Hitachi Rail Europe Ltd. 264 Alamy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of
VMT (all). 186 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of BORM (t, br). Keith Images: Raga Jose Fuste / Prisma HSB (cr). 307 Alamy Images: Maurice
Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (cl); Fender: (cra). Brian Stephenson/RAS: Bildagentur AG (c). 265 Imaginechina: Savage (tr)
Gary Ombler / Courtesy of RSR / Science (cl). 224 Harzer Schmalspurbahnen: Ren yuming (cr). With thanks to
Museum Group (bl). 186-187 Dorling (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Venice Simplon-Orient Express All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Courtesy of HSB (c, cr, b). 225-227 Limited www.orientexpress.com: For further information see: www.
DRC (t); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of RSR / Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / (bc). 266 Keith Fender: (cla, bc, tr). dkimages.com
Science Museum Group (c). 187 colour- Courtesy of HSB (all). 228 Amtrak: 266-267 Craig Walker. 267 Keith
rail.com: (cra). Keith Fender: (br). Amtrak History and Archives (bl). Fender: (br, cb). Siemens AG, Images on title, contents, and
Brian Stephenson/RAS: (bl, cb). colour-rail.com: (tr). Getty Images: Munich/Berlin: (tc). Vossloh AG: (cr, introduction
188 colour-rail.com: (tl). Dorling UIG (cl). 228-229 Alamy Images: Craig bl). 268 Alamy Images: Degas Jean- page 1 Deltic prototype
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Yates T (bc). 229 Keith Fender: (br). Pierre / Hemis.fr (tc); Didier Zylberyng pages 2-3 B&O Class B No. 147 Thatcher
RSR / Science Museum Group (c, cr, clb, Roger Lalonde: (cr). Brian (cb); Lemaire Stéphane / Hemis.fr (crb). Perkins
b). 189-191 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Stephenson/RAS: (cra). 230-231 Corbis: Walter Bibikow / JAI (tr); Luke page 4 Rocket
Ombler / Courtesy of RSR / Science Corbis: José Fuste Raga (c). 232 Roger Macgregor / Reuters (bc); Scott S. page 5 B&O Class B No. 147 Thatcher
Museum Group (all). 192 colour-rail. Bastin: (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Warren / National Geographic Society Perkins (bl), LNER No. 4468 Mallard (br)
com: (bc). Milepost: (clb). 192-193 Ombler / Courtesy of Dampf-Plus GmbH (cl); Arnd Wiegmann / Reuters (cr). page 6 DHR B Class No. 19 (bl),
Marek Ciesielski: (bc). Keith Fender: (c, cr, clb, b). 233-235 Dorling Getty Images: David Boyer / National King Class No. 6023 King Edward II (br)
(tc). 193 colour-rail.com: (cra). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Geographic (bl). 268-269 Alamy page 7 NG G16 Beyer-Garratt No. 138
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of of Dampf-Plus GmbH (all). 236 Keith Images: Aigars Reinholds (bc). (bl), Merchant Navy Class No. 35028
the DB Museum, Nurnburg, Germany Fender: (cra). TopFoto.co.uk: RIA 269 Alamy Images: David Lyons (tl). Clan Line (br)
(tr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of ETS (br). Novosti (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Dorling Kindersley: Christopher Pillitz page 8 B&O Class B No. 147 Thatcher
Keith Fender: (clb). 194 The Blue Ombler / Courtesy of RSR / Science (br). Tony Streeter: (tr). 270 Dorling Perkins (bl), LNER No. 4468 Mallard (br)
Train: (cra, c). Corbis: Prisma Museum Group (tr, cla); Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of page 9 N&W GP9 Class No. 521 (bl),
Bildagentur AG (bl). 195 Alamy Images: Courtesy of ETS (bl). 237 colour-rail. The Merchant Navy Locomotive Hitachi Javelin No. 395 017 (br)
Art Directors & TRIP (tr); Nioreon (crb); com: (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Preservation Society Ltd (c, crb); Sharon
Gabbro (fcra); Pete Titmuss (cra); Stock Ombler / Courtesy of ETS(tr, b). TfL Spencer / Courtesy of Venice Simplon Images on chapter opener pages
Connection Blue (fcrb). Corbis: Eric from the London Transport Museum Orient Express Ltd (bc). Peter Starks: pages 10-11 1804–1838 Rocket
Nathan / Loop Images (cr); Brian A. collection : (ca). 238 Courtesy of the (tl, cra). 271-273 Dorling Kindersley: pages 32-33 1839–1869 B&O Class B
Vikander (br). 196 Dorling Kindersley: James Northfield Heritage Art Trust Gary Ombler / Courtesy of The Merchant No. 147 Thatcher Perkins
Gary Ombler / Courtesy of the Musee de ©. Amanda Slater: (cl). 239 Alamy Navy Locomotive Preservation Society pages 58-59 1870–1894 DHR B Class
Chemin de Fer, Mulhouse. Keith Images: age fotostock (crb); Eric Nathan Ltd (all). 274-277 Dorling Kindersley: No. 19
Fender: (cla). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (br); Robert Harding Picture Library Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Venice pages 92-93 1895–1913 NER Class X1
(tr). 197 colour-rail.com: (tr, cr). Brian (cra). National Railway Museum Simplon Orient Express Ltd (all). 278 No. 66 Aerolite
Stephenson/RAS: (br). 198 Brian Australia: (ftr). Great Southern Rail: Keith Fender: (c, tr). Imaginechina: pages 126-127 1914–1939 King Class
Stephenson/RAS: (tr, crb, bl). Dorling (cr, cl). National Archives of Gao yuwen (crb). Milepost: (bl). 279 No. 6023 King Edward II
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Australia: (tr). 240 Keith Fender: (tr, Alamy Images: Susan Isakson (tc); Iain pages 166-167 1940–1959 DR No.52.8184-5
RSR / Science Museum Group (cl). 199 br). Charles P Friel: (ca). Mirko Masterton (cr). Japan National pages 218-219 1960–1979 JR West
colour-rail.com: (tc, cla). Milepost: Schmidt: (bl). 240-241 Dorling Tourism Organization : Awajiya (br). Shinkansen Series 0 22-141
(bc). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cra). 200 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Ilya Semenoff: (bl). 280 Alamy pages 242-243 1980–1999 DB Schenker
Virginia Museum of Transportation: of RMP (c). 241 Keith Fender: (tl, tr). Images: Richard Bradley (bc). Corbis: Class 92 92042
(tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Don Oltmann: (bc). 242-243 Dorling Franck Guiziou / Hemis (clb); Topic pages 262-263 After 2000 Hitachi Javelin
Courtesy of VMT (c, cr, clb, b). 201-203 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Photo Agency (bl). 280-281 Alamy No. 395 017
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / DB Schenker. 244 Michael Rhodes: (c). Images: Axel Schmies / Novarc Images pages 294-295 How Railways Work
Courtesy of VMT (all). 204 Dorling 245 Eurostar: (bc). Keith Fender: (cr). (tc); Neil Setchfield (bc). 281 Alamy Radstock North Signal Box at Didcot
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of 246 Alamy Images: Robert Harding Images: Angelo Cavalli (br); Paul Railway Centre
VMT (tr, crb); Deepak Aggarwal / Picture Library (br). Dorling Springett 06 (tr); Michele and Tom