Did you know science

99

Stronger force

The magnetic force
is strongest near the
magnet’s poles.

NS

Magnetic field lines ? True or false?

Field lines show where 1. Magnets have two
magnetic forces work around north poles.
the magnet. An object does
not need to touch the magnet 2. If you chop a bar magnet
to be attracted by it. in half it becomes two
more magnets.

3. Aluminum cans will stick
to a magnet.

See pages 132–133 for the answers

100 FORCES AND MOVEMENT

How can I move
something more easily?

Machines help us to move mwTaehaedcSxthgofifiernnrso-eetsmehAwvatgaehpesere.ad
things more easily. A machine
is something that makes a push
or pull bigger, or helps to change
the direction that it acts in.
Levers, pulleys, and gears
are simple machines.

Rope Wheel Load
Fulcrum
Wheel
Load

Pulley Lever

A pulley cuts down the effort it takes to lift Levers make it easier to move things. A small
a heavy weight. The more pulleys you add, push force has a bigger impact at the other
the easier it gets to lift. end of the lever than just lifting would.

101

? True or false? What are some other types
of simple machines?
1. A door handle is an
example of a lever. Screw Wheelbarrow

2. Crows can use levers. A screw changes the direction Most of a wheelbarrow’s load
3. A screw is a simple of a force. It changes a turning is carried by the wheel and
movement into a forward push. As axle. This makes carrying
machine. you turn the screw, it pushes down. heavy loads easier.

See pages 132–133 for the answers

Direction of Cog Axle
rotation Wheel

Gears Wheel and axle

Gears can change the direction and speed A wheel is a turning machine that makes
of a rotation. Turning pedals on a bicycle moving objects along the ground easier.
moves the wheels around using gears. Axles join pairs of wheels together.

102 FORCES AND MOVEMENT cThaGere1wfrC8imra8sats6armlmnbBoyiaenddtnvheeezer.nnintor

What makes Intake
cars go? valve

Most cars use gasoline for
fuel. This is squashed inside
a chamber in the engine.
The fuel is lit and then
explodes, pushing a piston
that rotates a long pole
called a crankshaft. As the
crankshaft turns, it makes the
wheels drive the car forward.

Fuel in

This piston moves down
and fuel and air are sucked
in. This happens once every
time the crankshaft turns.

? Quick quiz Crankshaft Squeeze

1. How many cars currently The crankshaft uses This piston rises,
exist in the world? the up-and-down squashing the fuel and air
movement of the into a really small space.
2. What happens to air and pistons to turn the The air and fuel heat up
fuel when it gets squashed wheels around. as they get squashed.
into a small space?

3. What are gasoline and
diesel made from?

See pages 132–133 for the answers

103

Inside a car

cfTEoahnrrewgsyiatnurmedrsnoaavbnerodetthuhbesasucefarktolwslynoatarfdwtw.thhhFeeeoeeulfslrrso-t.wnohtpeorefolapdecralivrt.ehe car

Engine

Under a car’s
hood

Spark Exhaust Waste out How else can we
plug valve power cars?
When fuel burns,
it releases waste Diesel
products. They
are carbon dioxide Many older cars and some modern
gas, steam, and cars use a fuel called diesel to power
pollution. This the engine.
piston pushes
the waste out into
the exhaust pipe.

Crankshaft
rotation

Spark Electric car

A tiny electrical signal makes a Some modern cars use a combination
spark light the squashed fuel and of fuel and electricity, while others run
air. It explodes, pushing this piston completely on electricity.
down and turning the crankshaft.

104 FORCES AND MOVEMENT sctaosWlynosesswpttmaeisllneuoutdsvnssedptiuloeaaswetudfanoporo.crre

What stops us from
floating away?

There is an invisible force constantly
pulling us down toward the Earth. This
force is called gravity. When we throw a
ball up, it comes down because of gravity.
Gravity stops us from floating into space.

Liftoff

The skateboarder
pushes away from
the ground, pushing
against the force of
gravity to lift off.

Upward force Going up

As the skateboarder moves
into the air, the force of gravity
slows him down until he stops
moving upward.

Where else do we see gravity at work? 105

Solar system Landslides

The planets move in circles Landslides happen on slopes.
around our star, the Sun. They When earth or rocks become
are kept in place by the force unstable, they start to slip and
of gravity. Large objects, such as move down the slope. This
stars, pull smaller objects, such happens because of the
as planets, toward them. pulling force of gravity.

Falling down ? Quick quiz

The skateboarder begins to 1. How does the force of
move downward, speeding gravity change between
up as gravity pulls him down. takeoff and landing?
This is called acceleration.
2. What is it called when
something speeds up?

3. If forces are balanced on
an object, what will it do?

See pages 132–133 for the answers

Gravity Safe landing

The ground stops the
downward acceleration and the
skateboarder lands. He bends
his legs to cushion the upward
force from the ground.

106 FORCES AND MOVEMENT

Propeller engine ? Quick quiz

As the propeller spins, it 1. How does wing shape
pushes air out backward, make airplanes lift up?
faster than when it comes
in. This creates a force 2. What force acts the
called thrust that pushes opposite way to lift?
the airplane forward.
3. What is the job of the
How do planes tail plane?
stay in the air?
See pages 132–133 for the answers
As a plane moves forward, air
rushes over its wings and down
toward the ground. As the plane
gets faster, the downward push of
the air is strong enough to lift the
whole airplane up.

Tail 107

The tail plane works How do rockets fly
like a mini wing. It stops the through the air?
airplane from rotating, keeping
it stable in the air. Jet propulsion

When a rocket takes
off, air rushes out of
the bottom of the
rocket. This pushes
it upward, in the
opposite direction to
the air’s movement.

Lift Direction of wind psAuhasaprheplaaesnihareisadi’rscpfooawewilldil.nnet.gdoTshains

Flying forces
Pressure fTlyhienrgepalraenfeo:udrrmaga,inliffto, rtcherussat,ctainndg
exerted by on a
slow-moving air weight.

Wings Thrust is the forward Weight Lift Lift is the force that
push of the airplane. lifts the airplane up
The wing shape pushes It is created by air and off the ground. It
the air rushing past rushing away in the is made by the wings
downward. The force of opposite direction. forcing air downward.
air going down pushes the
plane up in the opposite Thrust Drag
direction. This is called lift.
Weight is Drag is the force of
the constant the air slowing down
downward force the airplane. It is the
of gravity acting opposite of thrust.
on the plane.



Our planet

We live on a rocky planet, orbiting a star, in a universe
mostly made of empty space. Earth is the only planet

known to have the perfect conditions for life.

Life below ? True or false? 110 OUR PLANET
ground
1. The Earth’s crust is split
Animals such as into giant jigsaw pieces
centipedes live in that move around.
soil in the crust. They
burrow in the soil, 2. You could dig a hole
mixing it around. into the Earth’s core.

Mantle 3. The Earth’s core is hotter
than the sun.
The thickest layer
is the mantle. It is See pages 132–133 for the answers
made from hot rock.
The upper part is Crust
liquid called magma.
The lower part The crust is the solid
is solid rock. rock layer that makes
up the surface of the
Earth on land and
at the bottom of
the oceans.

aawwnsoeaIafurpetnlhdptealhbepeEe,patshalrietzesh’estchosrikucf isknt.

Outer core What rock is the 111
crust made from?
The outer core is made
from liquid nickel and Granite
iron metal.
The crust under land is mostly made
How from granite. It has mountains, soil,
deep can and buildings on top of it.
a hole get?
Basalt
We can only dig into the top
layer of the Earth—the crust. The thinner crust of the ocean floor is
If we could dig through the mostly made from basalt. It has sand
planet’s layers, we’d travel and sea water on top of it.
through soil, solid rock, hot
rock, liquid metal, then finally Inner core
arrive at the solid metal core
at the center of the Earth. The inner core is made from
hot, solid iron and nickel. It
is squashed into a solid by
all the layers above it.

112 OUR PLANET aetfvhpeeelwarEfystianceaygersgmtehenmraeo’trsinrwom.savpT.eiheelstiees rdiss

Why does the
ground shake?

Huge pieces of rock called plates
make up the surface of the Earth.
These plates move around, and
sometimes get stuck as they try to
move past each other. When rock
moves suddenly, the ground shakes,
creating an earthquake.

? Quick quiz Fault lines

1. Which machines are used Cracks along large areas
to measure earthquakes? of rock are called faults.
They can be massive plate
2. What is the name of the boundaries or smaller
scale used to measure cracks in other places.
earthquakes?

3. What are the three main
ways tectonic plates move?

See pages 132–133 for the answers

Plates pulling BouPnldaateriseTsmyaoprveeeairnseatohsrwef ehpedrlieaffehtrueegnetbwsolaaybussnaotdftrhaoecsrkeiembesoeutnadnadriemso. ve. 113
away from
each other. Tremors occur
where plates
rub against
each other.

Plates push Plates slide
toward past each
each other. other.

Liquid rock One plate is
flows out forced below
between the other.
the plates.
Along
Apart Together

Flexible rock Where do
earthquakes
Rock can stretch and bend happen?
as it moves. Sometimes it
springs back into place, Plate boundaries
making the Earth shake.
Earth’s surface is broken into huge
chunks of rock called tectonic plates.
Most earthquakes happen in places
where the tectonic plates rub together.

114 OUR PLANET

Where does rain
come from?

Water is constantly moving between
the land, rivers, air, and the ocean in
something called the water cycle.
The sun’s heat drives the water cycle.
It makes water from the oceans rise
into the air and eventually fall as rain.

2. Condensation

As it rises, water vapor
starts to cool and begins
to turn back into tiny water
droplets and make clouds.
This is called condensation.

Is all water the same? 1. Evaporation

Fresh water When the sun heats up the water,
it starts to evaporate. This means
Fresh water is the it changes from a liquid to a gas.
water we drink. Rain is The gas is called water vapor.
fresh water. We find it
in lakes, streams,
rivers, underground,
and in ice.

Salt water

Salt water is found
in oceans and seas. It
tastes salty compared
to fresh water. Salt
water makes up
97.5 percent of the
water on planet Earth.

3. Precipitation 115

Rain, snow, or hail fall from ? Picture quiz
the clouds when the tiny
droplets get heavier than What happens when there is
the air around them. This a shortage of water?
is called precipitation.
See pages 132–133 for the answer

4. Runoff

Rainwater trickles into
streams that flow into
rivers, which then carry

the rain toward the sea.

5. Back to the sea

The water returns to the sea,
or is collected in lakes, where
the sun heats it and the whole
cycle begins again.

116 OUR PLANET

Why is planet
Earth blue?

More than two-thirds of the
Earth’s surface is covered in
water, making our planet
look blue from space. The
huge oceans hide deep
trenches, volcanoes, and
mountain ranges. They
are home to a great
variety of living things.

OTgntthhheuarecalofnrrsuee,ttghwaaaehnored-ltnatifnhbnisvyidaredyp.ossoTlafchoaneerftteathsEhnpcaeesaartoorlhltwenxs’sydoEgoofpaecrthrnethlyhadewtn.oeoSspmcpblearraoeanlnaldketsturho,cesnuee,.samusao,llrye

Arctic Ocean

Atlantic
Ocean

Indian Clouds
Ocean
Images of Earth taken from
Pacific Southern Ocean space show swirling white
Ocean clouds in the atmosphere.

thmtehoaascpuWnerpfewaaenecdhseahmovaofeovfEreVaeertothnhfeu. s 117

? True or false?

1. The largest ocean is
the Atlantic.

2. The deepest part of the
ocean is 7 miles (11 km)
below the surface.

3. During the winter, the
Arctic Ocean is almost
completely covered in ice.

See pages 132–133 for the answers

Pacific Ocean How deep
is the ocean?
The Pacific is the largest ocean
on Earth, coving one-third Sunlight zone
of the planet’s surface.
The sunlight zone
goes from the surface
to around 650 ft
(200 m) deep. It’s a
bright area where we
find coral reefs and
colorful fish.

Twilight zone

The twilight zone
goes from around
650 ft (200 m) to
3,300 ft (1,000 m)
deep. It’s darker than
the sunlight zone.

Midnight zone

The midnight zone
goes from 3,300 ft
(1,000 m) to 13,000 ft
(4,000 m) deep. It is
completely dark apart
from tiny lights made
by sea creatures.

118 OUR PLANET

Where does wind
come from?

The sun heats up the surface of planet Earth.
The land heats up faster than water so
the air above land is warmer than
the air above the sea. Warm air
rises and cooler air sinks.
This movement of air
is called wind.

Weather patterns

CPetsfehauoqonesrluldtefdaeacsscetrauosentiirprhnt,nefaktrmernhosaeoomttrohfvitmiwetthnhheagapeergoedtENiolqneatowuahsrrtaraethsytrho.odwliTarntathnhihresmedeeaswESprwooaiuenurunstdnththd.’s

Cold winds from Direction
the North Pole of Earth’s
move south rotation

Cold winds Earth’s equator Land air
from the
South Pole The warm air above the
move north land rises because it is less
squashed together than
colder air. Warm air floats
above colder air.

119

? Quick quiz How can we keep track
of the wind?
1. Why is the air above land
warmer than the air above Wind sock Anemometer
the sea?
A wind sock is an instrument that An anemometer is a machine that
2. What is the name we give shows the direction the wind is measures wind speed. Little cups
to the fastest type of wind? blowing toward. The hollow tube is catch the wind and spin around.
lifted as the wind blows through it. The faster the wind moves, the
3. What is the scale we Wind socks are used at airports. faster they turn.
measure wind on?

See pages 132–133 for the answers

Flow of air

As the warm air rises, it starts
to cool and form clouds,
which move out to sea.

Sinking air

Cold, wet air sinks because
it is heavier and closer
together than warmer
air. When it meets the
sea it stops sinking.

Sea breeze

Cool air is sucked toward the
land where the warm air has
risen up. This movement is
called the onshore breeze.

120 OUR PLANET Flooding

What’s inside Hurricane winds can create
a hurricane? massive waves that flood
towns on the coast. During
Hurricanes are massive, swirling a hurricane, a month’s worth
storms full of clouds, wind, and of rain can fall in a few hours.
rain. Hurricanes form when
thunderstorms meet over
warm ocean waters. At the
center of a hurricane is a
calm area called the eye
of the storm.

Icy clouds

Clouds overflow from the
center to make a layer of thin,
icy clouds on top. It moves
in the opposite direction
to the clouds underneath.

Ocean waters

Hurricanes occur where seas
are at least 200 ft (60 m) deep
and at least 80°F (27ºC) warm.

How do hurricanes affect us?

Damage

Hurricane winds are so strong
they can blow down buildings
and destroy electricity and water
supplies. This can leave people
without homes, schools, and
places to go to work.

Eye of the storm 121

The air in the center of a Key
hurricane is completely calm.
Warm air
Cold air

Spiral rain clouds

Warm air rises inside the
hurricane, making huge
circles around the center.

Eye wall

The eye wall wraps around the
eye of the storm. The strongest
rain and winds are in the eye wall.

? Quick quiz

1. Why don’t hurricanes form
in polar regions?

Surface winds 2. What part of a hurricane
has the worst weather?
Strong winds blow across the
surface of the ocean, building 3. What speed do winds
up huge waves. Hurricane need to reach for a storm
winds blow at over 73 miles to be called a hurricane?
(120 km) an hour.
See pages 132–133 for the answers

122 OUR PLANET Orbiting
satellite
Where does
planet Earth end?

Planet Earth is protected by layers of
gases called the atmosphere. At around
62 miles (100 km) above sea level, the
Earth’s atmosphere ends and space
begins. This is called the Karman line.

Do other planets have Exosphere
atmospheres?
This is the final layer of the
Jupiter atmosphere, where air
completely runs out to
Jupiter is a planet made from gas. It has a become airless outer space.
thick atmosphere made up of hydrogen,
helium, methane, and ammonia gases. Thermosphere

Mercury This layer is the last one before
the atmosphere fades into
Mercury is a rocky planet with low gravity and space. The Karman line is in
almost no atmosphere. Gases around Mercury this layer. Temperatures can
are blown away by the sun’s solar wind. reach 3,600°F (2,000°C).

? True or false?

1. The atmosphere is held in
place by gravity.

2. Earth is the only planet
with an atmosphere.

3. The stratosphere has
warmer layers higher
up and cooler layers
lower down.

See pages 132–133 for the answers

123

Exosphere
430–6,200 miles
(690–10,000 km)

Mesosphere Thermosphere
53–430 miles
This is the coldest part of (85–695 km)
the Earth’s atmosphere. It
is where meteors break up
before they can hit the Earth.

Stratosphere Karman line Meteors Mesosphere
62 miles (100 km) 30–53 miles
The stratosphere includes the (50–85 km)
ozone layer. The sun’s rays
bounce off the ozone layer,
protecting the Earth.

Rockets Stratosphere
12–30 miles
(20–50 km)
Aircraft

Ozone layer Troposphere
12–18 miles 0–12 miles
(20–30 km) (0–20 km)

Troposphere Hot air
balloon
This layer is where weather
happens. It’s the only layer
where we can naturally breathe.

124 OUR PLANET

Where does the moon go?

The moon takes a month to travel around the
Earth. Depending on where it is on that journey,
different amounts of sunlight are reflected off
the moon’s surface. Sometimes it seems to
disappear altogether. In reality, though, the
moon is always there—we just can’t always
see sunlight reflecting off it.

Which other Light and dark Waning
planets have crescent
moons? The side of the moon facing
the sun is lit up, while the
other side facing away
from the sun is in shadow.

Lunar phases Last quarter

Jupiter The moon appears to
change shape during
Jupiter has 53 moons. One moon, lo, has its monthly journey
many active volcanoes on it. Another, when seen from Earth.
called Europa, is covered in ice!

Saturn oFnrolsyamtehmevEeeamrsrtisohdeo,eewno.tehf e Waning gibbous

Saturn has at least 53 moons. One of its
moons, called Titan, is made from ice and
rock and has a layer of gases around it.

125

Sunlight Reflected light
New moon
The moon doesn’t make
light of its own. It only
reflects the sun’s light.

Orbits
Tisnahmae elEoatoirmpthecma, ltolhevedemsanaorooonrubnoitdr.bAtihttsethsuen
around the Earth.
The moon
orbits the
The Earth Earth.

orbits
the sun.
Waxing
crescent

Sun

Earth and moon
orbits

First quarter

? Picture quiz

Waxing gibbous Who was the first person on
Full moon the moon?

See pages 132–133 for the answer

126 OUR PLANET Too hot

Can we live on The thick, toxic
other planets? atmosphere on Venus
has trapped a lot of
A planet needs the perfect heat, making this the
ingredients and conditions for hottest planet in
life to survive. Ingredients include the solar system.
liquid water, oxygen gas, and
food. Conditions include the
right temperature, protection
from harmful rays, and the
right amount of gravity.

Mercury Venus

Hot and cold

Mercury is too hot for life on
the side that faces the sun and
too cold the other side. It has
no atmosphere.

Sun Mars The red planet

Aaanrloaautymnedor soapfphgelaarsneeeisst. Earth Mars has very little
atmosphere so the sun’s
Perfect conditions heat isn’t trapped by
gases. Instead, it just
Earth has an atmosphere, bounces back into
liquid water, and the right level space, making Mars
of gravity. It’s in the “Goldilocks too cold for life.
zone,” which means it’s not too
hot and not too cold, but just
right for life.

Can distant planets support life? 127

Kepler 186f Kepler 452b

This Earthlike planet has a This planet is close in size to
rocky surface and may have Earth and orbits a star similar to
water on it. But it would take our sun. It is in the “Goldilocks
500 years to get to Kepler 186f, zone” of its solar system, but
even if we could travel at the scientists do not yet know if
speed of light. it has water.

? Quick quiz

Gas giants 1. Which planet used to be
similar to Earth?
The four outer planets
are made from gas 2. Why don’t we travel to
so they don’t have a planets outside of our
solid surface. They solar system?
are so massive that
their gravity would 3. What are planets from
squash us. outside our own solar
system called?

See pages 132–133 for the answers

Jupiter Uranus
Saturn Neptune

128 OUR PLANET

What is space
made from?

Space is mostly a vast, silent,
empty space. It looks dark
because of huge gaps between
objects that give off light, such
as stars. Space is expanding all
the time. We don’t know where
it ends or if it even has an end.

Galaxies

Groups of billions of stars are
called galaxies. Galaxies have
collapsed stars called black
holes at their center.

DSdemcnaaiareekdrnrgemktyisuatepmtstxeboisraeftaldiitnneatdvrsekeparmaancnaienti.ntveMivsriisobaisbnletldeofoefsrnutchebeersgctuayan.nlliceveedrcsdaeallrieskd

Visible matter:
20 percent

Dark matter
and energy:
80 percent

saatIribfardr,yeoirgioitauvhwuctetahocuanuopsclpuhdiaalnodtrcuatherket.eo 129

? True or false?

1. There are more galaxies in
the universe then people
on planet Earth.

2. Our star, the sun, is about
halfway through its life.

3. Space is mainly full of stars.

See pages 132–133 for the answers

How do we
take photos
of space?

Stars Land-based telescopes

There are lots of different It is easier to build and fix telescopes on
types of star. Some are land than in space. Huge telescopes
just being born and some take detailed images of space.
are exploding at the end
of their lives. They shine Hubble Space Telescope
because they burn gases
at hot temperatures. The Hubble Telescope floats in space. It
takes pictures of the universe away from
the light pollution found on Earth.

How do people Capsule 130 OUR PLANET
travel into space?
The Soyuz capsule protects
People first started traveling into space astronauts from the sun’s
in the 1960s. They traveled in space rays and from heat that
rockets and later space shuttles. Earth’s is made when the rocket
gravity pulls things down, so a space passes quickly through
rocket needs to be powerful enough the Earth’s atmosphere.
to escape gravity.
Rocket power
What do people do Inside the capsule
in space? The rocket lifts the
The rocket takes up to three capsule into space and
Fix satellites astronauts and supplies to the then separates from it
International Space Station. and returns to Earth.
There are thousands Astronauts need to take food, Meanwhile, the capsule
of satellites traveling water, and air with them. keeps traveling in space.
around the Earth. They
help us to predict the
weather and send
phone, TV, and
GPS signals.

Experiments

Astronauts visit the
International Space
Station, a huge space
craft that was built in
space. They live there
for months and do
science experiments.

Gantry arms Boosters ast“rToshtnaearuwstaomirldoer.a”ns

Gantry arms support the Strap-on boosters power ? Quick quiz
rocket and hold it upright the rocket for liftoff. Gas
before launch. They release shoots out of the bottom 1. Why is space food
the rocket during liftoff. and the rocket is propelled usually dry?
upward. The boosters
fall away later. 2. What was the first
animal in space?
Space suits
3. Why do rockets have
Sotprthaepureyomatssmtc.ipeed.IceteAhtrksaaaesttspeuhsnppraeeocasbecitanoehisrdcetuhriyinabteffocirtetoad,nxmrsyetrorieaeehdptsmateorthemooxepcyftougraleillgkedsewnhpothaaafioncrsdewptraaitcvhee.l to be so powerful?

Backpack Gold visor See pages 132–133 for the answers
Microphone

Jet Backpack
thrusters remote-
Warm control unit
Strong
underwear fiberglass
outer layer

131

132

Answers

Page 7 1) False. Biology Page 25 1) False. Some Page 41 1) 22 bones. 2) The layer of your skin is replaced
is the study of living things. mammals live in the sea. hands. 3) Over 400 joints. every month. 2) True. 3) False.
2) True. 2) False. Mammals are the A group of tiny cuts is called
Page 10 1) False. Giant only animals that have fur Page 43 1) True. 2) True. a graze.
tortoises can live for over on their bodies. 3) True. 3) False. Muscles only pull,
200 years, but ocean quahogs, Page 27 1) False. Female lions they can’t push. Page 55 1) White blood
(a type of shellfish) can live do most of the hunting. 2) True. cells. 2) Tonsils catch and fight
for 500 years. 2) True. 3) False. There are no wild lions Page 45 1) The oxygen germs that enter the mouth.
3) True. in Australia—most live in Africa. we need comes from 3) Saliva kills germs.
Page 13 Invertebrates. Page 29 1) True. 2) True. plants. 2) 23,000.
Page 15 1) True. 2) False. 3) True. 3) The trachea. Page 59 1) The neutron.
Bacteria come in three shapes. Page 31 1) False. Penguins 2) Nuclear energy.
3) False. There are 100,000 live in the Antarctic, not the Page 47 1) True. 2) False. 3) Molecules.
bacteria on every 0.15 sq in Arctic. 2) True. 3) False. Polar Blood cells are made inside
(sq cm) of your skin. bears live in the Arctic. bones. 3) True. Page 60 1) Solidifying.
Page 17 1) True. 2) False. Page 32 1) Fossils are very 2) A solid. 3) Mercury.
Plants need light to grow. rare because most dead Page 48 1) Muscles in the
3) True. dinosaurs were eaten or intestines move the food Page 63 1) No, salt water
Page 19 1) True. 2) True. rotted away. 2) Yes, they can along by squeezing it. can be deadly for humans
3) False. Spiders have tiny be preserved inside amber, 2) Sugar. 3) It takes to drink. 2) No, the water in
hairlike hooks on their feet. which comes from tree sap. one-to-three days for food rivers and lakes is fresh water.
Page 21 1) False. Most adult 3) Coprolites. to pass all the way through 3) Evaporation.
insects have wings, spiders Page 37 1) Red blood cells. the body.
don’t. 2) True. 3) True. 2) The digestive system. Page 65 Rust is formed.
Page 23 The ostrich. 3) The skin. Page 51 1) Memories are
stored and useless information Page 66 1) True. 2) False.
is deleted. 2) Two hemispheres. Under 20 percent of our
3) Ancient Egyptians removed plastic is recycled. 3) True.
the brain by pulling it out
through the nose. Page 69 1) True. 2) True.
3) False. All fireworks use
Page 39 1) True. 2) True. 3) True. Page 53 1) False. The top chemical reactions.

133

Page 71 1) True. 2) True. 3) True. to negative charges. engine. 3) Gasoline and diesel. 3) The Beaufort scale.

Page 75 1) The sun. Page 88 1) True. 2) True. Page 105 1) It doesn’t Page 121 1) Hurricanes
2) Renewable energy. 3) False. Hamster wheels change—gravity is a constant need warm, moist air to
3) Nuclear energy. are not connected force. 2) Acceleration. develop. 2) The eye wall.
to generators. 3) The object will move at 3) Winds need to reach
Page 77 A shadow is an a constant speed or stay still. at least 73 mph (120 kph)
area where light is blocked Page 90 1) Fossil fuels. to be called a hurricane.
from reflecting off a surface 2) Deep underground. Page 106 1) The wing shape
by an object in the way of 3) A mine. pushes the air downward. Page 122 1) True. 2) False.
the light. 2) Weight. 3) The tail plane Other planets, such as
Page 95 1) True. 2) True. keeps the plane stable. Jupiter and Mercury, have
Page 79 1) Yes, sound can 3) False. When forces are an atmosphere. 3) True.
travel through solids, liquids, balanced, an object stays Page 110 1) True. 2) False.
and gases. 2) The bee’s at rest, or if it is moving, We can only dig into the top Page 125 Neil Armstrong.
wings are vibrating, it keeps moving at a layer of the Earth—the crust.
making a buzzing sound. constant speed. 3) True. Page 127 1) Venus.
3) The voice box. 2) Other planets outside of
Page 97 1) True. 2) True. Page 112 1) Seismometers. our solar system are too far
Page 81 1) Radiation. 3) True. 2) The Richter scale. away for us to travel to.
2) Conduction. 3) Apart, together, 3) Exoplanets.
3) It has melted. Page 99 1) False. Magnets and along.
have one north pole and one Page 129 1) True. 2) True.
Page 83 1) Conductors. south pole. 2) True. 3) False. Page 115 A drought. 3) False. Space is mainly empty.
2) Moving charged particles Aluminum is not magnetic.
called electrons. 3) Static Page 117 1) False. The Page 131 1) Space food is dry
electricity. Page 101 1) True. 2) False. largest ocean is the Pacific. so it can last a long time. The
Crows cannot use levers. 2) True. 3) True. water is added back into it in
Page 85 A fuse. 3) True. space. 2) The Russian space
Page 119 1) Land heats dog, Laika. 3) Rockets have to
Page 87 1) True. 2) True. Page 102 1) Over a billion. up quicker than water. be powerful so they can escape
3) False. Positive charges stick 2) An internal combustion 2) A hurricane. the Earth’s gravity.

134 Questions

Quiz your 1. What is
friends! the name
of the
Who knows the most about chemical
science? Test your friends in our
stomach
and family with these that kills
tricky questions. See germs?
pages 136–137 for
6. In which state do
the answers. materials have particles
that are close together

and in straight lines?

9. What kind of
electricity makes our
hair stand on end?

135

3. What is the top layer 4. What is the
of the skin called? smallest living
thing on Earth?

. What are feathers made of?
2. How many 5
different life stages 14. How much of the Earth
does a butterfly
go through?
7. What is
the force that 8. What is litmus
pulls us toward paper used for?

the Earth?

10. How many 11. What is the name
times does the for a mixture of two
heart pump or more metals?
per minute?
’s surface is covered in water?
12. How fast must
a rocket travel to

escape Earth’s
gravity?

13. Where
does air enter

our body?

136

Answers

1. Hydrochloric acid

2. Four: egg, chrysalis,
pupa, butterfly

6. Solid

12. 25,000 mph
(40,000 kph)—
that’s 125 times
faster than a
race car!

137

3. The epidermis

4. Bacteria

5. Keratin—the
same material that

fingernails are
made of.

7. Gravity

n alloy 8. Litmus paper is used 9. Static
to test how acid or electricity
alkaline a liquid is.
11. A
10. The heart pumps blood
around 80 times per minute.

14. Over two-thirds

13. Through our
mouth and nose

138

Glossary

Absorption Bacteria Circulatory Force
When something Tiny living things The system in the Push or pull that
takes in another that can be found body made up of causes things to
substance, for everywhere on Earth the heart and start moving, to
example, when a blood vessels move faster, change
sponge absorbs liquid Boundary direction, slow down,
The point where Conduction or stop moving
Adaption one area ends and When heat transfers
Way in which an another begins between two things Fracture
animal or plant A broken bone
becomes better Camouflage Convection
suited to its habitat Colors or patterns When heat is Friction
that help something transfered by the Force created when
Amphibians appear to blend in movement of fluids two surfaces rub
Cold-blooded with its environment or slide against
vertebrates that start Diaphragm each other
life in water before Capillaries Muscle that moves
moving between Tiny blood vessel up and down to Fuel
land and water carrying blood through control how much Substance that is
when grown the tissues from air is in your lungs burned to create
arteries to veins heat or power
Archaeologist Evaporation
Someone who looks Cardiac When a liquid is Inhale
for and studies ancient Of, or near, the heart heated and changes To breathe in
places and objects into a gas or vapor
Cells Invertebrate
Arteries Tiny parts of the body Exhale Animal that does not
Tubes that carry blood that carry out different To breathe out have a backbone
rich in oxygen from the jobs, such as fighting
heart to the tissues infection Extracting Keratin
To take something A substance
Arthropods Cerebrum away from found in shells,
Group of vertebrates Part of the brain something else claws, and skin
with a tough outer involved in activities
skeleton and a body such as thinking, Filtration Lunar
divided into segments memory, movement, When a liquid or Of the moon
and sensation gas is passed through
Atoms something to remove Malleable
Smallest part of Chrysalis small particles An object or
something that Hard casing a butterfly material that can
can take part in a wraps itself in during Fluid be shaped without
chemical reaction metamorphosis A gas or liquid breaking

139

Mammals Nerve Pressure Vapor
Warm-blooded Long string of Weight or force Extremely small
vertebrate animals neurons carrying that is created drops of liquid
that have skin covered impulses between the when something
in hair and feed their brain, the spinal cord, is pressed against Veins
young milk and parts of the body something else Blood vessels that
carry blood from the
Material Neutron Radiation tissues toward
Substance that can A particle that The transfer of the heart
be used to make has no charge energy through
things. It can be waves or particles. Vertebrate
natural or made Nuclear For example, heat Animal that has
by humans Being, or talking from the sun a backbone
about, the nucleus warming our faces
Metamorphosis of an atom Vibration
Process by which Reptiles Moving backward
some animals transform Nucleus Cold-blooded and forward small
themselves into a The central and most vertebrates with amounts very quickly
different form from important part of an scaly skin that usually
birth to adulthood atom or cell reproduce by
laying eggs
Minerals Orbit
Natural substances that Path an object Solar
grow in crystals, such takes when traveling Word used to relate
as salt. All rocks are around another to the sun and
made from minerals object when pulled its energy
by its gravity
Molecules Spectrum
Group of atoms Oxygen Range of
bonded together Gas in the something, for
atmosphere example, the range
Mucus that supports life of colors in a rainbow
A thick, sticky
substance that Particles Streamlined
protects the nose, Extremely small Something smooth
lungs, and intestines parts of a solid, that air can easily
liquid, or gas pass over
Muscle
Material in the Photosynthesis Telescope
body that contracts Process that green Instrument used
(shortens) to allow plants use to make to look at distant
movement food from sunlight objects

140

Index

A atoms 58–59 carbon dioxide 16 colors 76–77
axes 100 carnivores 24 compasses 98
absorption 77 axles 101 cars 102–103 condensation 114,
acceleration 95, 105 cartilage 53
acids 70–71 B caterpillars 29 119
adaptions 30–31 cells 14, 36, 37 conduction 80
air 10 bacteria 14–15 contagious diseases
barbs 22 nerve cells 37, 51
breathing 44–45 basalt 111 red blood cells 46, 55
airflow bats 79 convection 81
batteries 84 53 cooling 80–81
planes 106–107 Benz, Carl 103 skin cells 39 copper 65
winds 118–119 biceps 42, 43 white blood cells 46, coprolites 33
alloys 65 biology 6 core, Earth’s 111
aluminum 64 birds 13, 22–23 52, 53, 54 crankshafts 102,
alveoli 44 blood 44, 49 centipedes 110
amphibians 12 central nervous 103
anemometers 119 circulation 46–47 crust, Earth’s 110
anglerfish 11 healing 52, 53 system 50 cuts 52–53
animals 12–13 blowholes 45 cheetahs 24, 95
adaptions 30–31 body segments 20–21 chemical energy 75 D
basic needs 10–11 bones 40–41 chemical reactions
food chain 26–27 fractures 53 dark matter 128
fur 24–25 boundaries, plate 113 68–69 Darwin, Charles 30
oceans 117 brain 50–51 chemistry 6 defibrillators 86
prehistoric 32–33 brass 65 chinchillas 25 dermis 38
speed 95 breathing 44–45 chocolate 60–61 diaphragm 44–45
underground 110 butterflies 28–29 chrysalises 28–29 diesel 103
apples 69 circuits 84–85 digestive system 37
arachnids 20–21 C circulatory system dinosaurs 32–33
arctic hares 25 display 22
arteries 47 camouflage 22, 25 46–47 distillation 62, 63
astronauts 130–131 carbohydrates 49 claws 27 dolphins 45, 79
atmosphere 116, carbon 90 clots 52, 53 drag 107
122–123 clouds 83, 115, 116, dynamo generators

120–121 88–89
coal 90–91
color blindness 76

141

E F G Hubble Space
Telescope 129
ears 78–79 fault lines 112 galaxies 128
Earth 108–123 feathers 22–23 gases 60–61 human body 34–55
femur 40 hurricanes 120–121
atmosphere 122–123 fibrin 53 natural gas 91
composition of filtering 63 gasoline 67, 102 I
fingerprints 39 gears 101
110–111 fireworks 68–69 generators 75 insects 20–21, 28–29
life on 126 fish 12, 45, 117 germs 38, 46, 52, 54 International Space
magnetic field 98 flight gills 45
oceans 116–117 glaciers 61 Station 130
weather 114–121 birds 22–23 glucose 16 intestines 48, 49, 54
earthquakes 112–113 planes 106–107 gold 65 invertebrates 13
eggs floods 121 “Goldilocks zone” Irish elks 31
butterflies 28 food 11, 75, 126 iron 64, 65, 69, 111
spiders 21 digestive system 126, 127
electric cars 103 gooseberries 70 J
electrical circuits 84–85 48–49 granite 111
electricity 75, 82–83 food chain 26 gravity 74, 104–105, jet propulsion 107
electromagnets 88–89 footprints, dinosaurs’ joints 41, 43
electrons 58, 83, 86–87 107, 122 Jupiter 122, 124, 126
energy 72–91 33 gunpowder 69
forms of 74–75 forces 6, 92–107 K
epidermis 38 fossils 32–33 H
esophagus 48 fractures 53 Karman line 122
evaporation 62, 114 fresh water 114 hair Kepler 186f 127
exercise 43 friction 96–97 human 24, 25, 39 Kepler 452b 127
exhaust pipes 103 frogs 28 polar bears 30 keratin 23, 39
exosphere 122, 123 fruits and vegetables
eye of the storm 120–121 healing 52–53 L
eyes 49 hearing 78–79
humans 55 fuels heart 43, 46–47 lakes 115
polar bears 30 heat 80–81 landslides 105
spiders 20 cars 102–103 hedgehogs 25 lava 80
fungi 13, 14 hemispheres, brain 51 laws of motion 94–95
fur 24–25, 31 hooks 18, 19, 22

142 mesosphere 123 O plastic 66–67
metals 64–65, 111 platelets 53
leaves 17 metamorphosis oceans 115, 116–117, plates, tectonic
legs 120
28–29 112–113
cheetahs 95 microorganisms 14 oil polar bears 30–31
human 40 microscopes 14 crude 66, 91 poles
spiders 20, 21 mixtures, separating refining 67
lemon juice 70–71 Earth’s 118
levers 100 63 orbits 124–125 magnetic 98–99
life 6, 8–33 mobile phones 85 organs 36, 37 poop 33, 48, 49
basic needs 10–11 molecules 59 oxygen 16, 44, 47 positive charge 87
on other planets the moon 124–125 potential energy 74
mouth 48 P predators 26–27
126–127 movement 6, 92–107 prey 26–27
lift 106, 107 Pacific Ocean 117 prisms 77
lightbulbs 84–85 human body 42–43 paleontologists 32 propellers 106
lightning 82, 83, 86 machines 100–101 particle accelerators 58 proteins 49
limpets 18 movement energy particles 60, 61 protons 58, 59
lions 26–27 74, 75 paws pulleys 100
liquids 60–61 MRI scanners 88 pulling 94, 98, 104–105
lunar phases 124 mucus 55 lions 27 pushing 94–95, 98
lungs 43, 44–45, 47, 55 muscles 42–43, 44, 45 polar bears 31
cardiac 46–47 peacocks 22 R
M cells 37 pelvis 40
penguins 95 radiation 81
machines 100–101 N pH scale 70 rain 114–115
Maglev trains 98 photocopiers 86 rainbow colors 77
magma 110 nails 39 photosynthesis 16 reflection 77
magnetic fields 98–99 naphtha 67 physics 6 reptiles 13
magnets 88–89, 98–99 negative charge 87 pistons 102, 103 rib cage 41, 44–45
mammals 12, 24–25 Neptune 127 planes 106–107 rivers 115
mantle, Earth’s 110 nerves 50 planets rockets 107, 130–131
material world 56–71 atmospheres 122 rocks 110–111,
materials 7 cells 37, 51 gravity 105
medicine 55 neutrons 58, 59 life on 126–127 112–113
melanin 38 Newton, Isaac 94 moons 124 roots 16, 17
melting 60–61 noses plankton 66, 91 rust 69
mercury (metal) 64 plants 13, 16–17
Mercury (planet) human 44 sticky 18–19
polar bears 30
122, 126 nuclear energy 58, 75

O
HH

S space T 143
nature of 128–129
salt 62–63 sound in 78 tadpoles 28 W
salt flats 62 travel in 130–131 tap shoes 97
saltwater 62–63, 114 tardigrades 11 waste, body 49
satellites 122, 130 space suits 131 tears 55 water
Saturn 124, 127 spark plugs 103 teeth, carnivores’ 24, 27
scabs 52, 53 speed 94–95, 104 telescopes 129 breathing under 45
science 6–7 spiders 20–21 television 85 on Earth 116–117
scrap metal 88 spine 41 temperatures 126 energy 74, 75, 82
screws 101 spongy bone 40 tendons 43 hearing under 79
seeds 16, 17 stamina 43 thermosphere 122, 123 and life 10
senses stars 129 thrust 106, 107 molecules 59
states, changing 60–61 tissues 36 three forms of 61
brain 50 static electricity 82, 83, tomatoes, canned 71 vapor 63
hearing 77–78 tongues water cycle 114–115
sight 76–77 86–87 weather 118–121
smell 30 steel 65 butterflies 29 webs, spiders’ 21
sharks 45 stem cells 37 lions 27 weight 107
shelter 11 stems 17 triceps 42, 43 whales 25, 45
shoots 16 stickiness 18–19 troposphere 123 wheelbarrows 101
sickness 54–55 stomach 48, 55 tires 97 wheels 101
sieving 63 storms 120–121 whiskers 25
sight 76–77 streamlining 95 UV wind 118–119
silk 21 the sun energy 82
skateboarding 104–105 universe 128–129 hurricanes 120–121
skeleton 40–41 energy 74, 81 Uranus 127 seed dispersal 17
skin 38–39 harmful rays 126 vaccines 55 wing “eyes” 29
healing 52–53 planetary orbits valves 47 wings
skis 97 veins 46, 47 birds 22–23
skull 41 105, 125 Venus 117, 126 planes 106, 107
slowing down 94, 96 water cycle 114 vibrations 78 wires 84
solar energy 82 wind 118 vinegar 71 woolly mammoths 31
solar system 105 sundew plants 19 viruses 14 wounds 52–53
solids 60–61 sunlight 11, 16, 17, 76, visible spectrum 76
sound waves 78–79 124, 125 volcanoes 61, XYZ
sourness 70–71 surfaces, friction 96
survival 10–11 80, 116 X-rays 40
switches 84 zebras 26–27
systems, body 36, 37

Acknowledgments

DORLING KINDERSLEY would like to thank Caroline Hunt for proofreading, Dreamstime.com: Eugenesergeev (ca). 66-67 Getty Images: Wakila.
and Helen Peters for the index. We would also like to thank Rhys Maddox, 68-69 Dreamstime.com: Dmitry Islentyev (b). 69 Dreamstime.com:
Alex Bailey, Scott Biggs, Rose McCloskey of the Fulbridge Academy Staff Artem Gorohov / Agorohov (cla). 70-71 Dreamstime.com: Maglara
for consulting, and Dr Alec Bennett FRMetS, CMet for his help on the (b). 72 Dreamstime.com: Lkordela (t). 72-73 iStockphoto.com:
wind and hurricane pages. KeithSzafranski (b). 73 123RF.com: jezper (t). 74 iStockphoto.com:
KeithSzafranski. 75 Dreamstime.com: Lkordela (cra); Meryll (cr). 76
Ttohereppurobdliushceertwheoiur lpdhloikteogtoratphhasn:k the following for their kind permission Alamy Stock Photo: Prisma Archivo (clb). Getty Images: mfto (cb). 79
Depositphotos Inc: phakimata (r). iStockphoto.com: marshalgonz (cb).
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