TIME for Kids G2 Teachers Manual

Happily Ever After

Save the Chimps runs the Florida
sanctuary. This group makes life
happier for chimpanzees. Now the
animals live on 12 islands. The islands
have lots of large trees. Now these
animals are active and happy.

For the first time in their lives, the

chimps have families. They eat three fresh meals ↑ Dr. Carole Noon
started Save the
a day. They gulp down delicious foods like bananas, Chimps in 1997.

apples, pasta, and oatmeal with raisins.

(t) Lynne Sladky/AP Wide World Photos;
(c) Luis M. Alvarez/AP Photo

Oldest Chimps in U.S. Zoos

In the wild, chimps can live to their forties.
They can live even longer in zoos. Take a look.

70 (68) (63) (60)

Age (in years) 60 (54) (52) (50)
50

40

30

20

10

0 Lil Mama Inky Bill Coco Susie Bonnie
Sequoia Portland Sunset Los Angeles
Lion Country Lion Country Park Zoo
Zoo Zoo Zoo
Safari Safari

Chimps in zoos

Issue 4 • 25

“Is Anyone
Out There?”

Scientists
are listening
for sounds in
outer space.

By Kathryn Satterfield

John Todd/AP Photo

Scientists study signals for clues about what happens in space. ↑

In 1870 the telephone was invented. It allowed people

who were far apart to talk to each other. Today Jill
Tarter spends her days listening to signals from outer
space. She is a scientist.

Earth makes many signals every day. They come
from radios, televisions, and cell phones. In the past,
signals from radios couldn’t reach deep into space. Their
frequencies, or number of radio waves, kept them from
traveling far. But tools changed in the 1930s. Since
then, signals have traveled to other stars. Things in
space might give off signals, too. Scientists use tall wires,
called antennas, to “listen” for these signals.

30 • Time For Kids

(bkgd) Masterfile Royalty-FreeCourtesy SETI

A Sound Plan
Tarter’s group also uses radio telescopes. These
giant metal dishes pick up out-of-this-world
sounds. The tools have heard sounds from 800
stars. Scientists studied the sounds. The sounds
did not show signs of life in outer space.

Tarter wanted to study science from an early
age. After 16 years, she still loves her job. “We
may detect a signal at any moment and answer
one of humankind’s oldest questions,” says Tarter.
“Are we alone?” She thinks the answer is no.
There are 100 billion stars in the universe.
So scientists still have plenty to search!

Courtesy Seth Shostak, SETI

↓ Radio telescopes collect data
from radio sources.

↑ Jill Tarter uses a computer
to understand the signals.

Issue 5 • 31

School lunches slim down LWA/Photodisc/Getty Images
to keep kids healthy.

Do you eat sweet treats

at school? If you do, you
probably don’t live in Texas.
In 2004, Texas made new
rules about school snacks.

The Texas government More schools are serving healthful foods.
checked on its students.

It found a big problem. About one third of the state’s

elementary school children weighed too much.

The Texas Department of Agriculture is part
of the state government. It is in charge of school
lunches. It made new rules for healthful eating in
schools. The rules say kids should eat balanced meals.
Kids should also cut back on foods with too much
fat or sugar. Children now eat foods that give them
energy to grow, work, play, and learn.

36 • Time For Kids

New Rules for Dean MacAdam
Vending Machines
The new rules change vending machines Vending machines now
in schools, too. Many foods sold in have more healthful foods.
vending machines have too much
sugar or fat. Now, students cannot buy
unhealthy foods from vending machines
during the school day.

Some Texas schools have changed
their vending machines. Now they sell
healthy foods such as fruit, carrot sticks,
and yogurt. They are helping kids in the
community be healthy!

How Sweet It Is!

Sometimes, sugar is added to food and drinks. But too

much sugar is bad for your health. See how much sugar

is in some foods.

Sugar Added to Food and Drinks

Food or Drink Added Sugar (in teaspoons)

one slice of bread

one cup of chocolate milk

one bar of chocolate

one cup of milk

one fruit drink

Issue 6 • 37

From Seed to Fruit IT Stock Free/Jupiter Images

These steps show how a pumpkin grows. Shmul Thaler/Index Stock

Start with Seeds Ingram Publishing/SuperStock

Seeds go into the soil. Sunny
spots are best. Sunlight helps
pumpkins grow.

Next Come the Sprouts

Small sprouts come up from the
soil. Their roots take in water.
Water and sunlight help sprouts
grow bigger.

Leaves and Flowers

Weeks pass. Leaves grow
on the pumpkin vines.
Then come flowers. One
flower opens at a time.

42 • Time For Kids

Green Pumpkins

Fruits grow on the vines.
They are tiny at first.
Each fruit stays green for
months. The pumpkins
are not yet ripe.

J Douglas Brooks/Port Huron Times Herald/AP Photo

Orange Pumpkins

The fruits take in warmth,
water, and sunlight. Each one
grows big and orange. Now
the pumpkins are ripe!

RVN/Alamy

Pumpkin Plant

Pumpkin plant parts work together to grow more plants.

Flowers make Seeds grow
seeds and fruit. into new plants.

Judith Moffatt Fruit feeds the Leaves take in
seeds and keeps light and turn it
them safe. into food.

Issue 7 • 43

Dinosaur Hunters

Many important fossils have been found This is a model of
the little dinosaur
in the Gobi Desert in China. Paleontologist found inside the
Meng Jin found a fossil of a mammal in the mammal fossil.
Gobi Desert. It was about the size of a cat. These dinosaurs
ate plants. →
The big surprise was what else Meng and
his team found. They found the bones of a AP Photo/Frank Franklin II
young dinosaur inside the
mammal fossil. This discovery
changed how people think of
dinosaurs and mammals.

Scientists used to think
ancient mammals were
not hunters. They thought
these mammals ate
insects and seeds. These
mammals, scientists believed,
were hunted by dinosaurs.
Meng’s discovery showed
that these mammals hunted
dinosaurs and ate them!

A scientist points to dinosaur
bones in the mammal fossil. →

48 • Time For Kids

Mammals that lived 130 million years ago
were not very big. The cat-sized mammal from
China is bigger than other ancient mammals.
The dinosaur found inside the mammal was not
full-grown. As an adult, that dinosaur would be
much bigger than the mammal that ate it!

Grant Delin/Corbis

How Big?

48

36

Height in Inches 24

12

0 Mammal Adult Dinosaur Mike Maydak
8 inches tall 48 inches tall
Young Dinosaur 18 inches long 72 inches long Issue 8 • 49
3 inches tall
5 inches long

These Are

These robots look strange.
But one day, they may work for you!

By Kathryn R. Satterfield

Most people hate cockroaches. Not Roy Ritzmann.

He thinks they are great. “They’re fast,” he says. Ritzmann
is a scientist. He is helping other scientists to build robots.
They are using bugs as models!

Acting Like Animals

Scientists are looking closely at insects, lobsters, and
scorpions. Why? Because they have all the right moves!
Their bodies let them live in different places. Their many
legs help the animals travel easily over bumpy ground.
An insect has antennas and little hairs. These help it
sense changes around it.

↓ Scientists look at Robot V. It moves like a roach.

2000 Peter Menzel/Robosapiens/www.menzelphoto.com

54 • Time For Kids

2000 Peter Menzel/Robosapiens/www.menzelphoto.com ← Scientists studied
real lobsters to build
a RoboLobster.

Scientists are working to build robots with animal-
like parts. The parts would make the robots more
useful. These robots could find people who are trapped
in a building. They could climb, crawl, or swim into
dangerous places.

Creepy, crawly robots may one day help the U.S.
military and NASA. The RoboLobster will search for
underwater weapons called mines. Robots may also
go into space. A robot based on scorpions and roaches
will explore Mars. These ’bots will rock!

Robot Roach Real Roach

Daniel Kingsley, Roger Quinn and Roy Ritzmann/Case Western Reserve University Six legs help Uses sensors to feel.
it move easily.

Moves 5 body lengths in a second. Holt Studios International Ltd/Alamy

Issue 9 • 55

Turtles hatch on beaches around the world.

A big animal crawls out of the sea to lay her

eggs on this beach. Then she uses her two back
flippers to bury the eggs in the sand. This will
hide the eggs and keep them from getting too
warm or too cool. The mother crawls back to
the sea and swims away. She will not be here
when her eggs hatch.

A turtle makes tracks in the sand. →

Huey, George H.H./Animals Animals - Earth Scenes

60 • Time For Kids

Aqua Image/Alamy B Jones & M Shimlock/NHPA

(t to b) Purestock/Alamy, Papilio/Alamy, Thomas Villegas/pumilio.com, Aqua Image/Alamy The eggs hatch. Little turtles crawl to the sea.
For many years they will swim, eat, and grow.
Some will come back to this beach to lay eggs.

Many Kinds of Eggs

Turtles hatch from eggs, and so do lots of other animals. Look
at these eggs. Would you know what kind of animal laid them?

Egg Animal

Robin

Robin parents make nests for their eggs.
They warm the eggs until they hatch.
Then, they feed the baby birds.

Monarch butterfly

Female butterflies lay eggs on leaves and
fly away. Caterpillars hatch from the eggs.
Later, they become butterflies.

Poison dart frog

Female frogs lay eggs. The males watch the
eggs. Tadpoles hatch from the eggs. They
crawl to their mother’s back. She puts each
one in a small pool of water. Each tadpole
will grow into a frog.

Green Turtle

Female turtles lay eggs on the beach.
They bury them in sand and crawl away.
Baby turtles hatch and crawl to the sea.

Issue 10 • 61

Losing the Lynx

Scientists are working to save these wild cats.

By Andrea DelBanco

Twelve Iberian lynx cubs were born in Doñana National

Park in Spain. The cubs are part of a program to help save

these big cats. Iberian lynx are in danger of disappearing.

In 1900, there were about 100,000 Iberian lynx in Spain
and Portugal. Today, there are fewer than 200. These wild
cats are the most endangered cat in the world.

Joe LeMonnier

Spain

Doñana National Park

Scientists hope this female
lynx will have cubs.

Jose B. Ruiz/Nature Picture Library

66 • Time For Kids

What’s Wrong? OSF/Kemp, R. & J.-Survival/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes

Why are the lynx in danger? They are losing This rare lynx lives in Spain.
their homes. People have built houses, farms,
and roads where the lynx live. The large cats also
can’t find enough food. Lynx eat rabbits. But
most of the rabbits where the lynx stay are gone.
Many lynx began to starve, or go hungry.

Scientists hope more cubs will be born. So
far, about 24 lynx live in Doñana National Park.
People are trying to protect the babies and their
parents. Roads around the park will be closed.
This will keep lynx safe from passing cars.

Big Cats

There are 37 types of wild cats in the world. Many of them
may soon disappear. Here are facts about some of these cats.

Cat Habitat Number in (t to b) Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers;
the World Westend61/Alamy; Thomas & Pat Leeson/Photo
Researchers
Jaguar Mexico, Central and 292
South America

Lion Africa 15,000

Siberian tiger Russia, Asia 500

James Gritz/Photodisc/Getty Images

Issue 11 • 67

New laws are helping Luiz C. Marigo/Peter Arnold, Inc.
to protect sea turtles in Mexico.
↑ Some sea
Thousands of female sea turtles crawl out turtles are safer
in the water.
of the water on La Escobilla Beach in Mexico.
Each one digs a nest in the sand to lay its eggs.
Then it covers the eggs with sand and returns
to the ocean. In 45 days, the babies hatch and
crawl into the water.

These types of sea turtles are called olive
ridleys. Around the world, the number of sea
turtles is decreasing. But the number of olive
ridleys on La Escobilla Beach has gone up. Why?
The turtles can thank a program in Mexico.

Sea turtles are in danger of Olive ridley sea turtles crawl
disappearing. Some have been out of the water to lay eggs. ↓
hurt by pollution. Others have
been caught in fishing nets Adriana Zehbrauskas/Polaris Images
by hunters.

72 • Time For Kids

Adriana Zehbrauskas/Polaris Images Turtle Trouble

↑ Soldiers ask children to be These four types of sea
careful around sea turtle eggs. turtles are in danger of
dying out.
In 1990, Mexico passed a law to
stop sea turtle hunting. Soldiers Leatherbacks are the
watch the beaches to protect sea largest sea turtles.
turtles. People are taught how to One third of them die
help save sea turtles. Now there are every year.↓
about one million olive ridley nests
at La Escobilla Beach. That’s four Jany Sauvanet/Photo Researchers
times as many as there were in 1990.
Hawksbill turtles
This map shows La Escobilla Beach in are hunted for their
Mexico. Can you find it on the map? beautiful shells to
What is the capital city of Mexico? ↓ make jewelry.↓

Charles V. Angelo/
Photo Researchers

Green turtles and
their eggs are eaten
in many areas.↓

Joe LeMonnier Joyce & Frank Burek/Animals
Animals/Earth Scenes

Fewer than 1,000
loggerheads now nest
on Japan’s beaches.↓

Porterfield/Chickering/Photo
Researchers

Issue 12 • 73

Grant Faint/Getty Images It’s Getting
Vario Images/GmbH & Co. KG/Alamy Crowded
Around Here!
78 • Time For Kids
A lot of people have to share
Earth’s resources.

Blink your eyes. In that time, three people

were born. Blink again. That’s another three
people! Every minute there are 184 more
people. Every hour there are 11,040 more.
Every day 264,960 people are added to the
total. That makes 97 million more people
on Earth every year.

By 2007 the total number of people on
Earth was six and a half billion. A stack of
6 billion pennies would be 5,000 miles high!

Growing Pains

Earth has a limited amount of natural
resources. People need these resources to live.
Water covers most of Earth. But less than 1
percent of it can be used for drinking and
washing. One of every 13 people around the
world does not have enough clean water.

Food is a problem too. One Making Sure
of every 7 people in the world There’s Enough
does not get enough to eat. to Go Around
Why? As cities grow bigger,
farmland vanishes. Buildings Can six and a half billion people
and roads take its place. There figure out how to share and
is less room to grow food, and save Earth’s resources? Bill Ryan
there are more people to feed. of the United Nations thinks so.
He believes young people
Every person alive uses will change the world.
Earth’s resources. Some use “There are more
more than others. Using less young people alive
and wasting less are ways to now than at any
conserve resources. other time,”
he says.

Diane Macdonald/Stockbyte/Getty Images

The U.S. Population Over Time

This time line shows the population, or number of people,
in the United States from 1800 to 2000. What happened
to the population?

5,308,483 people 76,212,168 people 281,421,906 people

23,191,876 people 151,325,798 people

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Issue 13 • 79

Windy Weather

You can’t see air, but when the
wind blows you can feel it.
Wind is air on the move!

When the wind starts blowing ↑ It’s hard to hold an umbrella Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images
in a windy rainstorm.Colin Braley/Reuters America
hard, it often means the weather is
changing. A summer rainstorm can
bring fast winds. A hurricane is a
dangerous kind of summer storm.
Its fast winds can uproot trees and
destroy houses. Hurricane winds
move 75 to 155 miles per hour.
This is faster than a speeding car!

← Hurricane winds
can bend trees.
These storms can
bring heavy rains
that cause floods.

84 • Time For Kids

A winter storm with Michael S. Yamashita/Corbis
heavy snow and strong
winds is called a blizzard. ↑ Blowing snow makes it hard
Blizzard winds move to see in a blizzard.
25 miles an hour or more.
A tornado can pick up trees and cars.
A tornado is another It can tear the roof off of a house. ↓
kind of dangerous
windstorm. The funnel
of spinning wind acts like a
vacuum cleaner. Tornado
winds can blow between
40 and 379 miles an hour.

C.Lloyd/Weatherstock

Issue 14 • 85

Florence Stratton liked to hear people’s The Gilbert Papers, MS 159/Tyrrell Historical Library

stories. She wrote down stories told by
pioneers and Native Americans. These folk
tales tell us what people thought long ago.

The Tejas were among the first people of ↑ Florence Stratton was a
Texas. Stratton published their stories in a journalist. Few women
book, When The Storm God Rides. People worked for newspapers or
wrote books at the time.

liked the book so much, it became a school Berniece Burrough/Courtesy The
book for children in Texas! Internet Sacred Texts Archive

Time Line of a Story Teller 1936 When The
Storm God Rides
was published.

1883 Florence Stratton
was born.

1850 1875 1900 1925 1950

1907 She became 1938 Stratton died.
a reporter at the
Beaumont Journal.

© 2008/The Beaumont Enterprise 1928 She began writing
a weekly column for the
Beaumont Enterprise.

90 • Time For Kids

Folk tales were often used to explain
how things happen. Stratton wrote down
this Tejas tale about Spanish moss.

How the North Wind Nancy Tripp/Dreamstime.com
Lost His Hair

The South Wind was a young man. He lived with the

Tejas by the Gulf of Mexico. He blew warm air.

The North Wind was an old man with long, gray
hair. He blew cold air. He visited the Gulf in winter.
Sometimes he brought snow.

One spring, the old North Wind would not leave
the Gulf. He kept South Wind away. It was cold.

The South Wind was tired of being kept Berniece Burrough/Courtesy The Internet Sacred Texts Archive
away. He fought with the North Wind.
The South Wind pulled out some of North
Wind’s long, gray hair during the fight.
The North Wind flew away.

The South Wind was so happy he had
won, he began dancing. As he danced, the
North Wind’s hair fell on trees. Today,
we call it Spanish moss. It still grows on
many trees in the Gulf.

Issue 15 • 91