Forsyth, Donelson R. - Group dynamics (2019, Cengage) - libgen.lc

680 NAME INDEX

Sassenberg, K., 79 Sekaquaptewa, D., 250 Simpson, J. A., 437, 477
Sattler, D. N., 426 Seligman, M. E. P., 539 Simpson, L., 556
Saul, J. R., 267 Sell, J., 176, 456 Singer, J. E., 488
Savitsky, K., 421 Semin, G. R., 485, 564 Sivanathan, N., 256
Scarr, H. A., 568 Sensenig, J., 426 Skinner, B. F., 54
Schachter, S., 37, 39, 46, 106, 108, 123, Sergel, S. L., 193, 194, 204, 228 Slater, P. E., 166
Sessa, V. I., 365 Slavson, S. R., 516
148, 215 Seta, C. E., 112, 308, 311 Slim, R., 489
Schaerfl, L. M., 420 Sethna, B. N., 251 Smeesters, D., 416
Schafer, M., 401 Seying, R., 222 Smelser, N. J., 549, 558
Schaubroeck, J., 392 Seymour, W. R., 312 Smith, C. L., 132, 133, 253
Schauer, A. H., 312 Shah, J. Y., 379, 380 Smith, C. M., 136, 255
Scheepers, D., 255 Shannon, J. K., 544 Smith, D. H., 16
Scheeres, J., 263 Shapiro, D. A., 538 Smith, E. R., 123, 132, 133, 208, 284, 333
Schein, E. H., 158, 277 Sharp, L. B., 412 Smith, G., 99
Schelling, T. C., 411 Shaver, P., 65, 69, 100, 107, 429 Smith, H. J., 566
Scheuble, K. J., 531 Shaw, H., 184 Smith, L., 340, 361
Schippers, M. C., 353, 354 Shaw, J. C., 39 Smith, M., 112
Schlenker, D. R., 502 Shaw, M. E., 39, 184, 375 Smith, P. B., 204, 277, 540
Schlenker, B. R., 151, 191, 394 Shaw, L., 89 Smith-Lovin, L., 118, 128, 136
Schlesinger, A. M., Jr., 397 Shaw, M. E., 203 Smithson, M., 249
Schmid, T., 271 Shaw, T. R., 85 Smokowski, P. R., 104
Schmid Mast, M. S., 271 Sheats, P., 12, 167, 168, 522 Smrt, D. L., 317
Schmidt, D. E., 494 Sheatsley, P. B., 108 Sniezek, J. A., 403
Schmidt, L. A., 98, 177 Shebilske, W. L., 531 Snodgrass, J., 483
Schmitt, B. H., 551 Shechter, D., 203 Snow, D. A., 547, 554
Schmitt, D. P., 103 Shechtman, Z., 534, 539, 541 Snyder, C. R., 87
Schmukle, S. C., 115 Sheldon, K., 177 Sobel, R., 145
Schneider, D. J., 461 Shelly, R. K., 183 Socolow, M. J., 574
Schofield, J. W., 467, 473 Shepard, H. A., 143 Solem, A. R., 326
Schoorman, F. D., 363–364 Sherif, C. W., 4, 34, 35, 58, 135, 136, 153, Solomon, S., 494, 495
Schopler, J., 118, 448, 449 Solomon, S. H., 494, 495
Schottenbauer, M., 529 160, 468, 474, 475, 477 Solomon, S. K., 494
Schouten, M. E., 342 Sherman, D. K., 16, 81 Soman, D., 551
Schroeder, H. W., 421, 482 Sherman, G. D., 16, 29 Sommer, K. L., 70, 103
Schuler, R. S., 176 Shils, E., 167 Sommer, R., 495–497, 511
Schulz-Hardt, S., 388 Showers, C. J., 502 Song, H., 69, 423
Schuster, M. A., 108 Shuffler, M. L., 346, 367 Sorrels, J. P., 158
Schutz, W. C., 102, 119, 124 Shure, G. H., 376, 416 Sorrentino, R. M., 272, 274, 401
Schwartz, B., 78, 219, 459, 502 Sias, P. M., 185 Spataro, S. E., 354
Schwartz, J. L. K., 459 Sicoly, E., 421 Spears, R., 90, 200, 251, 571, 574, 578
Schwartz, B., 502 Sidanius, J., 475 Spence, J. T., 278
Schwartz, S. H., 98, 219 Siebold, G. L., 136, 155 Spencer, C. P., 204
Schwarzwald, J., 244, 423 Siegl, E., 65 Spencer, R. W., 199
Schweiger, D. M., 384 Sigall, H., 213 Spisak, B. R., 285
Schweingruber, D., 553 Silbiger, H., 276, 358 Spitz, H. I., 544
Scott, M. B., 499 Silver, W. S., 110, 396, 523 Spivey, R. W., 570
Sculley, J., 419 Silvera, D. H., 540 Spoor, J. R., 54
Seal, D. W., 46 Silverman, P. R., 525 Srivastava, S., 74
Seashore, S. E., 145, 148, 269, 364 Simmel, G., 3 St. Clair, L., 35
Sechrest, L., 255, 491 Simon, A. F., 470 St. John, W., 46, 87
Sedikides, C., 77, 89, 118 Simon, B., 85, 460 Stadulis, R. E., 312
Segal, H. A., 246 Simon, R. J., 223 Stager, S. F., 88
Segal, M. W., 115, 166, 180 Simon, S., 284 Stahelski, A. J., 414, 426
Seger, C. R., 132, 133 Simonton, D. K., 274 Stahl, G. K., 354, 371
Seibold, D. R., 45, 225 Simpson, B., 416

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NAME INDEX 681

Stainton-Rogers, W., 60 Strodtbeck, F. L., 42, 141, 154, 222, 223, Taylor, P. J., 289
Stajkovic, A. D., 131 249, 497 Taylor, R. B., 502
Staley, K., 374 Taylor, S. E., 69, 71, 74, 90, 103, 108,
Stangor, C., 467 Stroebe, M. S., 66
Stanton, N., 341 Stroebe, W., 23, 331, 332 124
Staples, D. S., 363 Stroud, L. R., 74 Teddlie, C., 494
Stapp, J., 83, 209 Strube, M. J., 303, 304 Tedeschi, J. T., 420
Stark, E. M., 317 Stryker, S., 165, 167 Ten Velden, F. S., 208
Starks, T. J., 164 Stuster, J., 483, 513 Teppner, B. J., 245
Stasser, G., 225, 390, 391, 406 Su, S. F., 45 Terry, D. J., 88
Stasson, M. F., 329, 400 Suedfeld, P., 488, 489 Tesser, A., 97, 112
Staub, E., 258, 453, 464 Sugiman, T., 556 Tetlock, P. E., 396, 401
Staw, B. M., 332 Suh, E. M., 82 Thai, Y., 165
Stawiski, S., 358 Sullenberger, C. B., 302, 313, 317 Thayer, A. L., 416, 532
Stech, F. J., 434 Sullivan, L., 488 Thibaut, J. W., 54, 120, 122, 124
Steel, G. D., 489 Sulloway, F. J., 203 Thomas, D. S., 17, 28
Steel, P., 24 Suls, J., 106, 124, 424, 530 Thomas, K. W., 434
Steel, R. P., 176 Sumner, W. G., 458, 476 Thomas, W.I., 17, 28
Steele, C. M., 89 Sun, H., 205 Thomas-Hunt, M. C., 250
Steiger, J. H., 483 Sundstrom, E., 317, 341, 364, 493, 502, Thompson, J. E., 468
Stein, B. D., 276 Thompson, L. L., 208, 431
Steinel, W., 426 504, 507, 511 Thompson, M. E., 258
Steiner, I. D., 33, 320, 322, 326, 327, 332 Sunstein, C. R., 213, 395, 563 Thoreau, H. D., 64, 65
Steinfield, C., 116 Surowiecki, J., 323 Thorngate, W. B., 426
Steinkuehler, C. A., 500 Susarla, A., 565 Thornhill, R., 487
Steinzor, B., 496 Sussman, S., 86 Thrasher, F. M., 499
Stephan, C., 473 Swamidass, P. M., 364 Thurlow, C., 491
Stephan, F. F., 251 Swann, W. B., Jr., 96, 132 Thye, S. R., 133, 134, 153
Stephan, W. G., 251, 467, 470, 473 Swift, E. M., 127, 130, 155, 277 Tiedens, L. Z., 16, 118, 179, 252
Stern, E. K., 243, 376 Syna, H., 436 Tiger, L., 355
Sternberg, R. J., 275, 434, 462 Syroit, J. E., 151 Tilin, F., 141
Stets, J. E., 165 Szymanski, K., 308, 316, 317 Timme, M., 115
Stevens, C. K., 118, 352 Tindale, R. S., 4, 32, 52, 56, 60, 73, 194,
Stevenson, R. J., 486 ’t Hart, P., 46, 405
Stewart, A. J., 566 Tabak, B. A., 437 213, 226, 229, 357, 358, 378, 408
Stewart, G. L., 343 Taggar, S., 341 Titus, L. J., 306, 390, 406
Stewart, P. A., 249 Tajfel, H., 7, 8, 27, 83, 85, 91, 476 Tjosvold, D., 434, 435
Stice, E., 164 Takeda, M. B., 277 Tobin, K., 117
Stiles, W. B., 247, 538 Takezawa, M., 78 Toch, H., 547, 552, 553, 572, 575, 578
Stillwell, A. M., 429 Talley, A. E., 177 Toennies, F., 6
Stinson, D. A., 110 Tal-Or, N., 114 Toguchi, Y., 77, 89
Stogdill, R. M., 271, 274, 275, 293 Tam, T., 467 Tolnay, S. E., 555
Stokes, J. P., 25 Tamura, R., 395 Tolstoy, L., 270
Stokes-Zoota, J. J., 25 Tan, Y., 565 Tomasello, M., 215, 305
Stokols, D., 492 Tanaka, K., 499 Tomic, A., 491
Stone, A. B., 419 Tang, J., 277, 368 Toobin, J., 46
Stoner, J. A., 392 Tang, T. L., 277, 368 Torrance, E. P., 249
Stones, C. R., 46 Tanis, M., 528 Tracey, T. J., 119
Storms, M. D., 312 Taras, V., 24 Travis, L. E., 305, 482
Stotland, E., 17 Tarde, G., 564 Treadwell, T., 555
Stott, C., 555, 571, 574, 578 Tarnow, E., 325 Tredoux, C., 501
Stratenwerth, I., 89 Tarrant, C. M., 220 Tremblay, S., 307
Streufert, S., 447, 454 Tata, J., 217 Triandis, H. C., 76, 80, 81, 92
Strickland, D., 256 Tausch, N., 105 Triplett, N., 23
Taylor, D. A., 505, 534 Tropp, L. R., 85, 467, 469, 470, 477,
Taylor, H., 289
Taylor, H. F., 425 478
Trost, M. R., 198

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682 NAME INDEX

Tschan, F., 380 Van Sell, M., 176 Watson, P. J., 524
Tucker, C. W., 553 Van Tongeren, D. R., 473 Watson, R. I., Jr., 567
Tuckman, B. W., 21, 138, 139, 543 van Uden-Kraan, C. F., 528 Watson, W. E., 329
Turnage, A. K., 430 Van Vianen, A. E. M., 535, 536 Watts, D. J., 565
Turner, A. L., 46, 151, 524, 539, 544 Van Vugt, M., 88, 285, 456 Wayne, S. J., 408
Turner, J. C., 4, 84, 85, 91, 166, 458 Van Zelst, R. H., 145 Waytz, A., 34, 58
Turner, M. E., 231, 401, 402 van Zomeren, M., 151, 578 Weber, B., 328
Turner, R. H., 167, 570, 572 Vandello, J. A., 199, 455 Weber, J. M., 413, 418
Turner, R. N., 471 Vandenberghe, C., 141 Weber, M., 241, 294
Tushman, M., 379 VanLeeuwen, M. D., 308 Webster, D. M., 249, 423
Tversky, A., 376, 379 Varvel, S. J., 110 Wegge, J., 331
Twenge, J. M., 68, 69, 88, 103, 204, Vecchio, R. P., 287 Wegner, D. M., 358, 378
Veitch, R., 486 Weick, M., 255
237 Venkatesh, S., 37, 39, 46, 121 Weigold, M. F., 394
Tyler, T. R., 239–241, 385, 419, Verhofstadt, L. L., 109 Weingart, L. R., 317, 376, 379, 423, 427,
Vescio, T. K., 84
421 Vickery, C. D., 535 435, 438, 442
Vider, S., 559 Weinstein, N., 486
U.S. Senate Select Committee on Vidmar, N., 53, 224, 225, 229 Weiss, J. A., 376
Intelligence, 402 Vincent, C. A., 339 Weiss, J. F., 519
Vinokur, A., 376, 394 Weiss, T., 351
Uchino, B. N., 109 Vinsel, A., 503 Welch, B. K., 401
Ugander, J., 564 Vischer, J. C., 508 Weldon, E., 317, 376, 379, 381
Uglow, J. S., 46 Vohs, K. D., 23 Wells, P. A., 503, 565
Uhl-Bien, M., 290, 291, 293 Voigt, A., 371 Wener, R. E., 492
Ulbig, S. G., 566 Vollrath, D. A., 56, 378 Werko, R., 364
Underwood, B., 465 Volpe, C. E., 83 Werner, C. M., 566
Undre, S., 339 Voss, A., 309 Wesselmann, E. D., 70
Unzueta, M. M., 118 Vroom, V. H., 293, 385 West, B. J., 534
Urban, L. M., 472, 500 Vryan, K. D., 167 Wheelan, S. A., 137, 141, 155
Ury, W., 442 Wheeler, L., 69, 106, 505, 564
Utman, C. H., 313 Wachtler, J., 223, 497 White, B. J., 450
Utz, S., 79 Waddington, D., 571 White, D. R., 135
Uziel, L., 310, 311 Wagner, D. G., 76, 249 White, M. W., 417
Uzzell, D. L., 502 Walder, A. G., 563 White, R., 50
Waldfogel, J., 417 Whitney, D. J., 147, 203
Vaillancourt, T., 248 Walker, C. J., 559 Whittenburg, G. E., 104
Valins, S., 500, 501 Walker, H. A., 277 Whyte, W. F., 37, 39, 58, 60, 499,
Vallacher, R. R., 210 Wall, V. D., Jr., 411, 418
Van de Ven, A. H., 334 Wallach, M. A., 392 501
van de Vijver, F. J. R., 540 Walsh, Y., 565 Wick, D. P., 248
Van de Vliert, E., 487 Walter, J., 461, 566 Wicker, A. W., 507
van der LÖwe, I., 256 Walters, S., 104 Widmeyer, W. N., 350
van der Toorn, J., 239 Walther, E., 251 Wiesenfeld, B. M., 386
Van der Zee, K. I., 17 Wan, C., 16 Wiggins, E. C., 224
van Dijke, M., 247, 257, 258 Wang, A. Y., 431 Wilder, D. A., 201, 468, 470
Van Dyne, L., 120, 357 Wanlass, J., 535 Wildman, J. L., 342
Van Emmerik, I. H., 435 Wann, D. L., 87, 465 Wildschut, T., 448–450, 478
van Ginneken, J., 574 Warner HBO, 131, 140, 144 Wilke, H. A. M., 249
Van Hiel, A., 208 Warr, M., 374 Wilkinson, I., 46
Van Horn, S. M., 532 Warriner, G. K., 241 Wilkinson-Weber, C. M., 46
Van Kleef, G. A., 256, 426, 429 Wasserman, S., 186 Williams, D., 500
van Knippenberg, D., 353, 354 Wasti, S. A., 78 Williams, J., 433
Van Lange, P. A. M., 414, 415, 419 Watson, C., 277 Williams, K. D., 4, 66, 68, 70, 75, 274,
van Mierlo, H., 316 Watson, D., 254
Van Munster, L. M., 413 315, 335
Van Overwalle, F., 378 Willig, C., 60
Van Raalte, J. L., 152 Willis, F. N., 491, 493

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NAME INDEX 683

Willis, H., 458 Worthington, E. L., Jr., 529 Yuan, Y. C., 251, 390, 392
Wills, T. A., 535 Wosniak, S., 99 Yuki, M., 449
Wilpinski, C., 119 Wright, S. S., 86, 469, 477 Yzerbyt, V., 17
Wilson, D. J., 207 Wrightsman, L. S., 228
Winquist, J., 391 Wu, A., 267, 305 Zaccaro, S. J., 146, 271, 287, 347, 359
Winter, D. G., 247, 257, 552 Wundt, W., 32, 58 Zajonc, R. B., 304, 311, 313, 335
Wiseman, R., 170 Wyden, P. H., 373, 408 Zald, M. N., 561, 563
Wit, A., 439 Zander, A. F., 17, 28, 130
Witte, E. H., 327 Yablonsky, L., 499 Zanna, M. P., 199
Wittenbaum, G. M., 51, 390, 391 Yakovleva, M., 364 Zaslow, J., 337
Witty, T. E., 171 Yalom, I. D., 520, 530, 532, 538, 543, Zavalloni, M., 393
Wolf, S., 201, 202 Zeigler, K. R., 101
Wolf, S. T., 449, 450 544 Zeisel, H., 220, 223
Wolfe, D., 17 Yammarino, F. J., 291, 295 Zelikow, P., 46
Wolin, S. S., 571 Yang, D., 437 Zhao, L., 278
Wood, A. M., 203 Yee, N., 144 Zhu, R., 487
Wood, D., 247 Yik, M., 483 Ziller, R. C., 9, 135
Wood, J. V., 203 Yin, R. K., 46, 47, 60 Zimbardo, P. G., 260, 567, 568, 573,
Wood, W., 355 Yohai, S., 494
Woody, E., 252 Yoon, J., 133, 134, 239, 408 577
Woolley, A. W., 351 Yost, J. H., 559 Zimpfer, D. G., 539
Worchel, P., 423 Young, L., 34, 58 Zitek, E. M., 179
Worchel, S., 426, 454, 468, 494 Young, R. D., 88 Zuckerman, C., 391
Worringham, C. J., 305 Young, M. J., 118 Zurcher, L. A., 141, 554
Youngs, G. A., Jr., 258, 429 Zyzniewski, L. E., 147, 421

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Subject Index

Page numbers for definitions are in boldface.

Abdera outbreak, 547 social, 98–99 overhelping, 529–530
Abilene paradox, 398 Approach/inhibition theory, 254–257 ultimate attribution error, 460–461
Acquaintance process, 114 Arab Spring, 546, 562, 563, 576 Audience(s), 550
Acquisitive panics, 556 Arbitration, 437 Authority, 231–238
Actual productivity (AP), 320 Aristotle, 64, 362, 462 group effects, 235–236
Adaptive structures, of teams, 360–361 Artists circle, 94, 105 harm vs. rights, 233–234
Additive tasks, 322 Asch situation, 194–195 prestige and legitimacy, 234–235
Adventure Consultants Guided Assembly bonus effect, 329 proximity and surveillance effects, 234
Associations, 6 Authority matrix model, 343, 344
Expedition, 2 Assumptions, 136–137 Autocratic leaders, 50, 291
Advisory teams, 343 Autocratic leadership, 50, 291–292
Affect, and relational cohesion, 133–134 multicomponent, 136 Autokinetic (self-motion) effect, 160–161
Affiliation, 105–114 multilevel, 136
multimethod, 136–137 B ¼ f (P, E), 35, 480
health and, 109–111 Attachment, 98–100 Babble effect, 276
need for, 101 Attachment style, 99–100 Balance theory, 182
safety in numbers, 108 Attachment theory, 99 Bale’s SYMLOG Model, 170–172
social comparison, 106–108 Attentional processes, and social faciliation, Basking in reflected glory (BIRG), 87
social comparison and the self, Bathsheba syndrome, 257
309 Bazille, Frederic, 94–95, 108, 114, 120
111–114 Attention restoration theory, 484 Beers, Charlotte, 265, 270, 294
social support and, 108–109 Attitude(s), 103–105 Behavioral assimilation, 413–414
stress and, 108–111 Behavioral perspectives on groups, 54–55
Agentic state, 240 prejudice, 461–469 Behaviorism, 54
Aggression Attraction, 114–122 Behavior setting, 506
deindividuation, 566–570 Beliefs about Groups (BAG) scale, 103–104
exclusion and, 71–72 conflict and, 424 Belong/belonging, 109
general aggression model, 453 economics of membership, 120–122
intergroup, 452–454 group-level, 130 identity and, 131–132
temperature and, 486 interpersonal, 128–130 need to, 64–66
Aggressive mobs, 555 principles of, 114–120 Betweenness, SNA, 186
Agreeableness, as personality trait, 95 temperature and, 487 Bias(es)
Alcohol drinking, and norms, 163 Attraction relations, 180–182 confirmation, 388
Alcoholics Anonymous, 526–527, 539 balance theory, 182 correcting, 404
Alive (Read), 157 sociometric differentiation, 180–182 ingroup-outgroup, 88, 458–459
Ambience, 482 Attribution judgmental, 387–389
Amygdala, 98, 215, 255, 412, 464, 493 during conflict, 426 in leadership selection, 277–278
Anonymity, 449–450, 567 fundamental attribution error, 23, 260, shared information, 390–392
Anticonformity (counterconformity), 196
Anxiety, 98–100 426, 460
group attribution error, 460
misattribution, 426

684

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SUBJECT INDEX 685

Big-fish-little-pond effect, 112 Twelve angry men jury, 193 multilevel assumption, 136
Bilateral power tactics, 245 Case studies, 46 multimethod assumption, 136–137
Biological perspectives on groups, 57 primary and secondary forms of, 136
Biology of ostracism, 74–75 advantages and disadvantages, 47 severe initiations and, 150–151
Biopsychosocial (BPS) threat/challenge conducting, 46–47 social, 128–130
Casualty, 540 sources of, 127–137
model, 57 Catharsis, 534 structural, 134–136
Biting mania, 559 Cebrian, Manuel, 31 task, 130–131
Black-sheep effect, 217–218 Celebratory mobs, 554 therapeutic groups and, 532–534
Bona fide groups, 47 Cézanne, Paul, 94–95, 98, 101 trust and, 362–364
Boundaries, and groups, 8–9 Charisma, 241 Cohesive alliance, 361–364
Boundary spanners, 344 Charismatic leadership, 294 Cohesiveness, 15
Bowling Alone (Putnam), 7 Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire, 392 Coleadership, 532
Brainstorming, 330–334 Choreomania, 559 Collaboration, in online groups, 430
Client-centered therapy, 518 Collaborative circles, 94, 105
alternatives to, 333–334 Climato-economic theory, 487 Collective cohesion, 131–132
electronic, 333 Cliques, 180, 181, 187 Collective effervescence, 133
improving, 332 Closed-mindedness, 397 Collective efficacy, 130–131
nominal groups, 330 Closeness, SNA, 186 Collective effort model (CEM),
Brainwashing, 246 Clustering, 209–210
Brainwriting, 332 Clusters, 180 318–319
Brooks, Herb, 127, 130–131, 133, 137, Coaction, 303–304 Collective induction problems, 380
Coalitions, 430 Collective memory, 378–379
139–140, 143, 152–153 Coercion Collective movements, 558–560
Brown v. Board of Education, 467 conflict and, 258 Collective potency, 130–131
Buffering effect, 110 power and, 256–257 Collective rationalization, 397
Bulimia, 164 Coercive power, 239 Collective representations, 33
Bullying, 248 Cognitive-behavioral therapy group(s), Collective(s), 6–7, 547–578
Burns, James McGregor, 266, 294
Bystander effect, 218–220, 219 520–521 of anger, 429–430
Cognitive closure, 402 characteristics of, 547–549
helping and, 218–219 Cognitive dissonance, 149, 214 composition of, 565–566
Cognitive processes, 56 crowds, 552–554
Caillebotte, Gustave, 94, 95, 120 deindividuation theory of, 566–570
Cannibalism, 569 and social faciliation, 309–310 early crowd studies, 6, 21
Carlyle, Thomas, 270 Cohesion, 20, 23 in e-groups, 430
Cascade, 213 emergent norms, 570–571
Cases application, 148–153 examples of, 548, 549, 561
benefits, 361–362 groups and, 572–575
1980 US hockey team, 127 collective, 131–132 mobs, 554–555
Andes rugby team, 157 consequences of, 144–148 theories of, 563–572
Apollo 13 crew, 480 developing, 137–144 Collective self, protecting, 87–89
Arab Spring collective, 546 emotional, 132–134 Collective self-esteem, 86
Bay of Pigs planners, 373 entitativity and, 131 Collectivism, 63, 76
Bus group, 515 explaining initiations, 148–153 conflict, 412, 438
Charlotte Beers, 265 group dynamics and influence, core features of, 76
Flight crew of 1549, 302 cultural differences, 487
Impressionists, 94 145–146 individualism and, 75–83
Jobs vs. Sculley, 410 group productivity, 146–148 Collectivists, 80–81
MIT red ballon search team, 31 groupthink and, 399–400, 401 Common ingroup identity model, 470
Mountain Medical surgery team, 339 hazing, 151–153 Common knowledge effect, 390
Mt. Everest expedition, 2 initiations and commitment, 149–151 Communal relationships, 77
Peak search and rescue, 63 member satisfaction and adjustment,
People’s Temple, 231
Robbers Cave Experiment, 445 144–145
multicomponent assumption, 136

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686 SUBJECT INDEX

Communication Compresence, 306–307 Conversion, 411
of anger, 429–430 Confirmation bias, 388 Conversion (private acceptance), 195
babble effect, 276 Conflict (in groups), 410–443; see also Conversion theory, 205
coding systems of, 41–43, 170–172
conflict and, 410, 427–429 Intergroup conflict comparison process, 205–206
disagreement, 424, causes of, 411–424 of minority influence, 205–206
discussion, 377–382 coercion and, 258 validation process, 205–206
of inclusion and exclusion, 67–68 competition and, 411–412 Cooperation
in juries, 222 cooperation and, 438 collectivism, 76
in noisy environments, 486–488 cultural differences, 438 creating, 76–79
meetings and, 382 escalation, 424–431 hierarchies, 251–252
negotiation, 431–433 group development and, 533 individualism, 76
networks, 182–184 negotiation and, 427, 431–433 social goals, 78–79
nonverbal, 221, 247, 251, 462, 492 norms and, 454–455 social obligations, 77–78
in online groups and teams, 251, 363 regulatory norms and, 430 social relations, 77
out-of-the-loop, 67 resolution, 431–438 Coordinated interaction, 358–360
power and, 247, 251 social justice and, 431 action processes, 359
problems, 377, 380–382 social value orientation, 414–416 interpersonal processes, 360
reactions to deviants, 216–217 soft and hard power tactics, 431–432 transition processes, 359–360
relationship and task, 41–43 task vs. process, 422–423, 438–439 Correlation, dynamic social impact theory,
rumors, 558–559 value of, 423, 438–439
self-disclosure, 534 Conflict resolution, 431–438 210
shared information bias, 390–391 emotions and, 429–430, 437 Correlational studies, 46, 47–50, 49
skill, 352 negotiation, 431–433
Steinzor effect, 496–497 styles of, 434–435 advantages and disadvantages, 49–50
supportive, 534–535 third parties and, 437–438 conducting, 48–49
vocalizations of crowds, 554 Conformity, 194; see also Social influence reference group, 48
across cultures and eras, 204 Correlation coefficients, 48
Communication networks, 182–183 across people, 202 Corruptive effects of dominance, 451
centralization and performance, 184 across the sexes, 202–204 Court cases
chain network, 183 independence and, 194–196 Apodaca vs. Oregon, 224–225
circle network, 183–184 majority influence, 194–204 Brown v. Board of Education, 467
comcon network, 183 minority influence, 194, 205–210 Ham v. S. Carolina, 225
pinwheel network, 184 in newly formed groups, 197–202 Terry Nichols and the Oklahoma City
wheel network, 183 and online groups, 200
and situational characteristics, 199 bombing, 221
Communication norms, 160 types of, 195 Williams v. Florida, 224
Communication relations, 182–185 Congregations, 6, 11, 13, 19, 231 Covert observation, 37
Comparison level (CL), 121–122 Congruence (or uniformity), 195 Crane, Riley, 31
Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt), Conjunction error, 389 Crazes, 560
Conjunctive tasks, 326–328, 327 Creative intelligence, 275
121–122 Conscientiousness, as personality trait, 95 Crew resource management (CRM), 325
Compatibility Consolidation, dynamic social impact Cross-categorization, 472
Cross-cuing, 378–379
interchange, 119 theory, 209 Cross-functional teams, 344–345
originator, 119 Contact cultures, 491 Crowding, 492
Compensatory tasks, 322–326 Contact hypothesis, 466 Crowd(s), 552–554
intellective and judgmental tasks, 326 Contagion, 563–565 collectives, 6, 21
swarm intelligence, 323–324 Contingency theory, 287–289, 288 density, 492
wisdom of the crowd effect, 323 Continuing diversity, dynamic social neuropsychology of, 493
Competition, 411, 447–451 personal space and, 489–492
Complementarity principle, 118–119 impact theory, 210 safety, 557–558
Compliance (or acquiescence), 195 Convergence theory, 565–566 sex differences and, 491
Composition, 8 stampedes, 558–560

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SUBJECT INDEX 687

Crowdsourcing, 355 Degrees of separation, 66 Double-standard thinking, 458–459
Crowd stampedes, 555–557 Dehumanization, 464 Downward social comparison, 111–112
Crowd turbulence, 556 Deindividuation, 566–570 Drive theory, 307
Crutchfield situation, 198 Delphi technique, 334 Dual concern model, 434
Cults, 23, 259 Democratic leaders, 50, 291 Dual process theories of influence, 212
Culture, 487 Democratic leadership, 291–292 Dunbar number, 11, 455
Density, 187, 492 Durkheim, Émile, 132–133
contact and noncontact, 491 Density-intensity hypothesis, 494 Dynamic role theories, 169–170
Hofstede’s dimensions of, 24 Dependent variables, 51 Dynamic social impact theory, 208–210
honor, dignity, and face, 454–455 Descriptive norms, 158
intergroup conflict, 454–455 Destructive obedience, 259–260 clustering, 209–210
perceptions of groups, 17 Diffuse status characteristics, 249–250 consolidation, 209
temperature and, 487 Diffusion of responsibility, 219–220, 568 continuing diversity, 210
Cutting off reflected failure (CORFing), 87 Directional (Up–Down) effects, commu- correlation, 210
Cyberostracism, 70 Dynamogenic factors, 303
nication networks, 184–185 Dysfunctional postdecision tendencies, 387
Dark Triad (DT), 274 Direct power tactics, 245
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Direct processes, cognitive responses, 213 Eating, in groups, 311–312
Discontinuity effect, 447–448 Eating disorders, 164
Projects Agency), 31, 38 Discretionary task, 328 Educational settings
Darwin, Charles, 72 Discussion, 377–382
Decategorization, 470 cooperative classrooms, 417, 474
Decisional biases collective memory processes, 378–379 jigsaw learning groups, 473–474
difficulty of, 380–382 psychoeducational groups, 522–525
group polarization, 392–395 error detection and correction, 380 social facilitation in, 312–313
judgmental biases, 387–389 information exchange, 379 Egocentrism, 421
shared information bias, 390–392 processing information, 379–380 Egoistic deprivation, 566
Decision making Disjunctive tasks, 324–325 Elaboration principle, 115–117, 116
defective, 399 Dissent Electronic brainstorming (EBS), 333
delegating in, 384 decision rules and, 208 Electronic performance monitoring
discussion, 377–382 dissonance and, 214
group polarization, 392–395 rejection and, 423 (EPM), 312
groups and, 381–382 social identity and, 218 Emergent groups, 14–15
groupthink, 395–405 Dissenters, diligence of, 208 Emergent norm theory, 570–571
implementation, 384–387 Dissonance, 149, 214 Emotional cohesion, 132–134, 133
judgmental biases, 387–389 Distinctiveness, optimal, 82–83
meetings and, 382 Distraction–conflict theory, 309 affect and relational cohesion, 133–134
orientation, 375–377 Distributive justice, 384, 419 group-level emotions, 133
process, 373–387 Distributive negotiation, 431 Emotional intelligence, 274–275
shared information bias, 390–392 Divergence, 175 Emotional loneliness, 65–66
social decision scheme, 383 Diversity Emotional support, 109
statisticized decisions, 383 categories and types of, 353 Emotion(s), 54
stress and, 400 designing for, 354 anger, 422, 429–430, 453, 555
techniques, 404–405 leaders, 277 arousal and, 568–569
unanimous decisions, 384 studies of team, 353–354 catharsis, 534–535
voting and, 383–384 team performance and, 352–353 celebratory crowds, 554–555
Decisions teams, 352–354 conflict and, 429–430, 437
plurality, 383–384 Divisible tasks, 322 environments and, 482–483
sharing, 384 Dominance fear, 449
statisticized, 383 hierarchies, 251–252 greed, 412, 449
unanimous, 384 territorial disputes and, 504 group hate, 462–464
Deep roles, 170 Dominant responses, 304 group-level, 133
Degas, Edgar, 94, 120–122 Double minorities, 217 intergroup contact, 461–462, 467
Degree centrality, 186 moods and conflict, 424
neural mechanisms, 493

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688 SUBJECT INDEX

Emotion(s) (continued) Exclusion Functional role theories, 167
in online groups, 430 and aggression, 71–72 Fundamental attribution error (FAE), 23,
and power, 254–255 reactions to, 68
260, 426, 460
Empathy, and power, 255–256 Expectancy violations theory, 492 Fundamental Interpersonal Relations
Encounter group(s), 522 Expectation-states theory, 249
Endurance, 146, 488 Experience sampling, 98 Orientation (FIRO), 102
Entitativity, 16 Experiential learning theory, 523
Experiment, 50 Gangs, 121, 455, 499, 501
Campbell’s theory of, 16, 17 Experimental studies, 46, 50–51 General aggression model, 453
cohesion and, 131 General mental ability (GMA), 274
Entrapment, 398 advantages, 51 Generational paradigm, 161
Environment(s) conducting experiments, 50–51 Gesellschaften, 6
ambient, 481–489 disadvantages, 51 Gestalt group therapy, 519
behavior settings, 506 Expert power, 241 Glass ceiling, 277
crowded, 489–494 Extended contact hypothesis, 469 Global Leadership and Organizational
extreme and unusual, 488–489, 505–506 Extraversion, 95
location, 497–506 as personality trait, 95 Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE)
personal space, 489–492 Extreme and unusual environments, project, 280–282
restorative effects of, 484 Goal-path clarification, 375–376
seating, 495–497 488–489, 505–506 Goals, 13–14
sick building syndrome, 560 clarification, 375–376
workspaces, 506–510 Facebook, 3, 7, 31, 160, 471, 546, 562 social loafing and, 316–317
Equality norm, 79 Fads, 560 superordinate, 467–468
Equifinality, 128 False consensus effect, 212 Goal-striving, and power, 255
Equilibrium model of communication, Faultlines, 353 Goffman, Erving, 167
Festinger’s theory of social comparison, 106 Going Solo (Klinenberg), 99
492 Field theory, 35 Google, 362
Equilibrium model of group development, Fight-or-flight response, 68–69 Great leader theory, 270
Fischbeck, Frank, 8 Groom, Mike, 9
143 Five-factor model (FFM) of personality, 95 Group(s), 3
Equity and equality, sex differences, Five-stage model of group development, behavioral perspectives on, 54–55
beliefs about, 103–104
420–421 138 cautious shifts in, 392–393
Equity norm, 79 Flash mob(s), 554–555 characteristics of, 8–17
Error detection, in information, 380 Focus theory of normative conduct, cognitive perspectives on, 56–57
Escape panics, 556 defining, 3–5
Essentialism, 17 214–215 development, stages of, 22
Ethic(s) “Folk psychology,” 32 fourfold taxonomy of, 5
Followers, 294 interdisciplinary interest in, 26
of group research, 52–53 Followership theory, 293–294 motivational perspectives on, 53–54
and power, 257 Foot-in-the-door technique, 245 polarization in, 393–394
Ethnocentrism, 458 Forgiveness, 436–437 reality of, 34–35
Ethnographic research, 39 Formation risky shifts in, 392
Evaluation apprehension, 331 scientific study of, 32–36
Evaluation apprehension theory, 308 affiliation, 105–114 systems perspectives on, 55–56
Evidence-based treatment, 536 attraction, 114–122 value of, 25–26
Evidence-driven jurors, 220 joining groups, 94–105 varieties of, 5–8
Evolution social movements, 560–563 Group attachment styles, 100
cheater (free-rider) detection, 419 Founded groups, 15 Group attraction, 150–151
Dunbar number, 11, 455 Framing theory, 563 Group attribution error, 460
intergroup conflict and, 455–457 Fraternal deprivation, 566 Group-centrism, 402
mismatch hypothesis, 285 Free riding, 316, 418–419 Group cohesion, 15; see cohesion
psychology and, 72 Freud, Sigmund, 169–170
theory, 72–73, 284–285 Friend or foe, 416–417
Exchange relationships, 77 Frustration-aggression hypothesis, 453

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SUBJECT INDEX 689

Group composition, 416, 424 Groupthink, 47, 395–405 Home field advantage, 502
Group creativity, 330–334 alternative models, 402–403 Homophily, 117–118, 182
Group culture, 77 causes of, 399–400 Humanistic group, 518–519
Group development cohesion and, 399–400, 401 Human nature
emergence of, 400–402
course of conflict in groups, 410–411 preventing, 403–405 herd instinct, 72–73
cycles of, 142–144 structural faults and, 401 inclusion and, 72–75
five stages of, 137–142 symptoms of, 396–399 sociometer theory, 73–74
stages of self-disclosure, 534 Human Relations Area Files, 456
theories of, 137 Hall, Rob, 2, 3, 13 Hung juries, 222
therapeutic groups and, 533 Hansen, Douglas, 2, 17
Tuckman’s theory of, 137–142, 533–534 Hard power tactics, 243, 245 Identifiability, and social loafing, 316
Group dynamics, 18 Hare Krishna, 40 Identification, 84–85
cohesion and, 145–146 Harley-Davidson Motor Company, 364
dynamic group processes, 17–19 Harris, Andrew, 2 and powerholder, 258–259
interdisciplinary nature of, 25, 26 Hatfield and McCoy feud, 454 social, 85
process and progress over time, 19–21 Hawthorne effect, 39–40 Identity, 63; see also Social identity
research methods in, 46–53 Hazing, 151–153 belonging and, 131–132
subjective group dynamics, 217 increasing, within group, 318
topics in the field of, 20–21 bonding and dependence, 151 personal, 80, 83–90
Group ecology, 481 commitment, 152 self and, 85
Group fallacy, 33 dominance, 151–152 social, 80, 83–90
Group-level analysis, 33 effective, 152 social identity theory and, 282
Group-level attraction, 130 groups and, 152–153 territorial displays and, 502–503
Group-level emotions, 133 tradition, 152 therapeutic groups and, 529
Group mind (collective consciousness), Head-of-the-table effect, 497 Identity affirmation approach, 572
Health Identity fusion theory, 132
33–34 affiliation and, 109–111 Idiosyncrasy credits, 207
Group polarization, 392–395, 393 alcohol use and groups, 526–527 I’d Rather Be in Charge (Beers), 294
crowd safety, 557–558 Illusion of group productivity, 331–332
causes of, 394–395 eating disorders, 164 Illusion of invulnerability, 396
consequences of, 395 heat and, 486 Illusion of unanimity, 397
discontinuity and, 448–450 interpersonal approaches to, 519–520 Illusion of morality, 396–397
Group potency, 131 noise and, 486 Implicit Association Test, 459
Group Process and Productivity (Steiner), norms and, 163–164 Implicit influence, 211–212
psychogenic illnesses, 559–560 Implicit leadership theories (ILTs), 278–279
320 psychotherapy and, 536–541 across cultures, 280–282
Group productivity, 146–148, 314–334, territoriality and, 505–506 biases and, 280
Helping Impressionists, 94
494–495, 507–508; see also bystander effect and, 218–219 Inclusion and exclusion, 63, 66–72
Performance in crowds, 575 aggression and, 71–72
Group psychoanalysis, 517–518 overhelping, 529–530 biology of, 74–75
Group-reference effect, 56 in therapeutic groups, 535 fight-or-flight response, 68–69
Group research Herd instinct, 72–73 human nature and, 72–75
ethics of, 52–53 Heuristics, 213 isolation and, 63–75
issues and implications, 51–52 Hidden profile problem, 390 ostracism, 66–68
selecting a method, 52 Hierarchy of needs, 54 reactions to, 68
Group socialization, 172–175 Hofstede’s theory of culture, 24 tend-and-befriend response, 69–71
defined, 172 Holacracy, 345 Inclusion–exclusion continuum, 67
newcomers’ role, 174–175 Holes, 187 Indegree, 186
resocialization, 175 Home advantage, 501 Independence (dissent), 195
role transitions, 175 Independent variable, 50
theory, 173–174
Group space, 499–500
Group structure, 12; see also Structure

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690 SUBJECT INDEX

Indirect power tactics, 245 group attribution error, 460 John Birch Society, 40
Indirect processes, cognitive responses, 213 implicit, 459 Joining groups, 94–105
Individualism, 24, 63, 76 ingroup-outgroup, 458 Jones, Jim, 231, 260
linguistic, 459 Jonson, Ben, 341
collectivism and, 75–83 outgroup homogeneity, 459–460 Judgmental biases, 387–389
conflict, 412, 438 stereotypes, 461–462
core features of, 76 ultimate attribution error, 460–461 decisional sin, 387–388
cultural differences, 487 Intergroup conflict, 411, 445–475 restoring rationality, 388–389
Individualists, 80–81 categorization and, 457–458, 465–466, Judgmental tasks, 326
Individual-level analysis, 33 Juries, 220–226
Individual mobility, 90 470–473 dynamics, 220–223
Influence causes of, 445–446, 447–457 effectiveness, 223–224
application, 220–226 collectivism and, 438 improving, 224–226
consistency and, 206–207 discontinuity effect and, 448–450 minority influence in, 221–222
implicit, 211–212 intergroup biases, 457–466 procedural innovations, 225
informational, 212–213 moral exclusion and, 464 racial differences and, 223
interpersonal, 215–218 relative deprivation and, 566 sex and, 223
majority, 194–204 resolution of, 466–475 size, 224
minority, 194, 205–210 Robbers Cave study of, 445–475 socioeconomic status and, 222–223
normative, 213–215 Interlocking interdependence, 357–358 story model, 220
ostracism and, 216–217 shared mental models, 357–358 unanimity, 224–225
power and, 255 transactive memory systems, 358 voir dire, 225–226
sources of group, 210–220 Intermember relations, 178–185
Information attraction relations, 180–182 Keech, Marion, 150
error detection and correction, 380 communication relations, 182–185 Keeping Together in Time (McNeill), 134
exchange, 379 status relations, 178–180 Kennedy, J. F., 373–405, 480
processing, 379–380 Internalization of norms, 159 Kennedy, R., 399
Informational influence, 212–213, 391 Interpersonal attraction, 128–130 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 205
Informational power, 241–243 Interpersonal complementarity hypothesis, Kitty Genovese, 218
Informational support, 109 Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs), 350
Information saturation, 184 252
Ingroup-outgroup bias, 88, 458–459 Interpersonal group psychotherapy, 519–520 collective intelligence, 351
Injuctive norms, 158–159 Interpersonal influence, 215–218 interpersonal skills, 351–352
Input-process-output (I-P-O) models, Interpersonal learning group(s), 516 task-specific proficiencies, 350–351
Interpersonal liability, shyness as, 99 Köhler effect, 327–328
55–56, 346–347, 567 Interpersonal rejection, 217 Krakauer, Jon, 9, 17, 489
Institutional Review Board (IRB), 53 Interpersonal trust, 362–363 Ku Klux Klan, 68, 561
Instrumental support, 109 Interpersonal zones, 490–491
Integrative negotiation, 431 Interrater reliability, 43 Laissez-faire leaders, 50, 291
Intellective tasks, 326 Interrole conflict, 176 Law of effect, 54
Interactional approach, leadership, 271 Interviews, 44 Law of small numbers, 460
Interactionism, 35 Intimacy, need for, 101 Law of triviality, 377
Interactionist teories, 167–169 Intragroup conflict, 411 Leader Match, 288–289
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA), 41–42, Intrarole conflict, 176 Leader–member exchange theory (LMX
Introverts, 97
166, 359 Iron law of oligarchy, 252 theory), 289–291
Interchange compatibility, 119 Isolation Leader prototypes; see Implicit leadership
Interdependence, 11
effects of, 483 theories (ILTs)
groups, 11–12 and inclusion, 63–75 Leaders, 271
teams and, 341
Intergroup biases, 457–466 Jigsaw method, 483 autocratic, 50
dehumanization, 464–465 Jobs, Steve, 410, 411, 412–413, 417, 419–431 charismatic, 284
exclusion and, 462–465 creative intelligence, 275
Dark Triad (DT), 274

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SUBJECT INDEX 691

Leaders (continued) contagious, 66 harm vs. rights, 233–234
democratic, 50 emotional, 65–66 prestige and legitimacy, 234–235
effectiveness, 285–296 social, 65–66 proximity and surveillance effects, 234
emotional intelligence, 274–275 Lovell, J., 480, 486, 489, 490, 498, 512 Mimicry, 211, 564
expertise, 275–276 Lucifer effect, 260 Mindguards, 397–399
gender of, 277–278 Lynch mob(s), 555, 571 Mindlessness, 211–212
general mental ability, 274 Minimal intergroup situation, 83
laissez-faire, 50 Machiavellianism, 274 Minimax principle, 119–120
personality, 273 Madan, Anmol, 31 Minority influence, 194, 205–210
physical appearances, 276–277 Majority influence, 194 conversion theory of, 205–206
practical intelligence, 275 idiosyncrasy credit, 207
relationship-oriented, 283 conformity across contexts, 197–202 informational influence, 213
role of, 268–270 conformity amomg people/groups, in juries, 221–222
task-oriented, 283 predicting, 206–208
traits, 271–276 202–204 Mismatch hypothesis, 284–285
conformity and independence, 194–196 MIT, 36
Leadership, 265 conformity or independence, 196 Mixed-motive situation, 412–413
autocratic vs. democratic, 291–292 Management teams, 342–343 Mob(s), 554–555, 572
defined, 266–268 Manager-led team, 344 Monet, Claude, 94–97, 99, 100, 102, 106,
dominance and, 284 Manet, Edouard, 94, 100, 114, 120
emergence, 270–271, 272, 278–285 Marx, Groucho, 119 108, 111, 114, 120
goal-oriented process, 267–268 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, 54 Moral exclusion, 464
heat-of-the-table effect, 497 Mass delusion, 559–560 Motivation, 53
influence process, 266 Maximizing tasks, 322
personality and, 273 Mayo, Elton, 40 group, 130
reciprocal and copperative relationship, Measurement, 37–46 misperceiving, 426
266–267 observation, 37–43 mixed-motive situation, 412–413
relationship, 268, 269 self-report, 43–46 social faciliation and, 307–308
sex differences in, 270 Mediator, 437 and social identity, 86–90
shared, 292–293 Meetings Motivational perspectives on groups, 53–54
shared (distributed), 533 communication and, 382 Mount Everest, 489
task, 268, 269 decision making and, 382 Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ),
theories, 282–285 egocentric behavior and, 382
in therapeutic groups, 531–532 interruptions and, 382 295, 296
transformational, 294–295 low engagement and, 382 Multilevel perspective, 35–36, 482–483
negative attitudes and emotions, 382 Multiteam systems (MTSs), 345–346
Leadership emergence, 521 poor planning, 381 Myth of the madding crowd (McPhail),
Leadership Grid, 285–286 Memberships
Leadership labyrinth, 277 economics of, 120–122 573–575
Leadership substitutes theory, 269–270 group, 10–11
Least Preferred Coworker Scale (LPC), Men Nanba, Yasuko, 2
bonding in teams, 354–355 Narcissism, 274
288, 290 groups and, 102–103 National Training Laboratory (NTL), 167,
Le Bon, Gustave, 32 teams and, 354–356
Legitimate power, 240–241 Mental model, 357 522
Levels of analysis, 33 Mental models, 484 National Transportation Safety Board
Lewin, Kurt, 22, 50 Mentor, 176
Metacontrast principle, 84 (NTSB), 325
field theory, 35 Methol, Liliana, 165–166 Need for affiliation, 101
and interactionism, 35 Milgram’s studies of obedience, 231–238 Need for intimacy, 101
law of change, 515 challenges and replications, 236–238 Need for power, 101–102
LGBTQ persons, 7 group effects, 235–236 Need to belong, 64–66
Linguistic intergroup bias, 459
Loneliness, 65 social and emotional loneliness, 65–66
solitude and social isolation, 64–65
strength of, 64
Need to Belong Scale (NTB Scale), 64

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692 SUBJECT INDEX

Negative reciprocity, 119 reliability of, 43 Participant observation, 37–39
Negotiation, 431 structuring, 41–43 Participation theories, 291–294
validity of, 43 Party of One (Rufus), 99
impact of anger on, 429–430 Occupy Wall Street, 560, 562 Peak Search and Rescue, 63
integrative, 431 ODDI process model, 374–375, 378 Pecking order, 247
Neuroimaging research, 74–75 Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide, 265 Pentland, Alex “Sandy,” 31
Neurological processes Old sergeant syndrome, 145 People’s Temple Full Gospel Church, 231
biopsychosocial model, 28–29 Online groups, 40, 116 Performance
conflict, 412 and conformity, 200
conformity, 215 disinhibition, 430 circumplex model of group tasks, 13–14
inclusion and exclusion, 74–76 smart mobs, 562 cognitive overload and, 483–484
interpersonal distance, 493 virtual intergroup contact, 471 composition and, 8
moral exclusion, 464 yelling in, 430 free riding, 419
oxytocin, 57, 74 Online ostracism, 70 group creativity, 330–334
social facilitation, 307 Online teams, 363 home advantage, 501–502
Neuroticism, 95 Open groups, 8 in overcrowded situations, 494–495
Nichols, Terry, 221 Openness to experience, as personality productivity losses, 314
“Noise Tolerance” test, 71 Ringelmann effect, 313–315
Nominal groups, 330 trait, 95 social facilitation, 303–313
Nominal group technique (NGT), Optimal distinctiveness, 82–83 social loafing, 313–319
Optimal distinctiveness theory, 82–83 staffing and, 507–508
333–334 Optimizing tasks, 322 working in groups, 320–330
Nonconformity, 195–196 Organizational citizenship behaviors, 290– Personal conflict, 423
Nondominant responses, 304 Personal identity, 80, 83–90
Nonhuman groups 291 Personality, 95
Organizational contexts five-factor model (FFM) of, 95
howler monkeys, 499 and joining groups, 565–566
Nonrational power tactics, 245 noise in the workplace, 488 leaders, 273
Nonverbal communication distance, 492 office design, 508–509 leadership and, 273
Normative influence, 213–215, 391 territoriality in, 503–504 self-esteem, 417, 465–466
Normative model of decision making, 385 Organizational trust model, 363–364 social dominance orientation, 451
Norm of reciprocity, 77, 413 Orientation process, 375–377 social faciliation and, 310
Norm(s), 12, 158–164 Originator compatibility, 119 social value orientation and, 414–416
Ostraca, 66 Personality–group fit, 97
application, 162–164 Ostracism, 66, 66–68, 216–217 Personality traits, 95–97
characteristics and varieties of, 162 biology of, 74–75 agreeableness, 95
development of, 12, 159–163 humans and, 67 conscientiousness, 95
distributive, 419–420 online, 70 extraversion, 95
emergent, 570–571 reflective stage, 68 joiners and loners, 95–97
intergroup conflict, 454–455, 467 reflexive stage, 68 neuroticism, 95
internalization of, 159 resignation stage, 68 openness to experience, 95
in online groups, 430 temporal need-threat model of, 68 Personal space, 490
social dilemmas and, 417–418 Outdegree, 186 Person–role conflict, 177
transmission of, 161–162 Outgroup homogeneity bias, 460 Persuasive arguments, 394
Overhelping, 540 Pickard, Galen, 31
Obedience, 232 Overload, 483 Pissarro, Camille, 94, 98, 120
to authority, 231–238 Overt observation, 37 Planned dissolution, 141
destructive, 259–260 Planned groups, 13–14
Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 146 Planning fallacy, 376–377
Observational learning, 530–531 Pan, Wei, 31 Pluralistic ignorance, 163
Observation, 37–43 Panic(s), 555–557 Plurality decisions, 383–384
Paradigm, 32
covert, 37 Parkinson’s Law, 377
defined, 37
overt, 37
participant, 37–39

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SUBJECT INDEX 693

Political opportunity theory, 562 Prototype-matching hypothesis, 279–280 Relationship role, 166
Positive orientation, 310 Prototypicality, 282 Relative deprivation, 566
Potential productivity (PP), 320 Proximity principle, 114–115, 116 Reliability, 43
Power; see also specific types of power Psychoanalytic approaches, 517–518
Psychodrama, 519 interrater, 43
authority, 231–238 Psychoeducational groups, 522–525 of observations, 43
bases of, 238–243 Psychogenic illness, 559–560 of self-report measures, 45–46
of commitment, 245–246 Psychological safety, 362 Remote Associates Test (RAT), 309–310
conflict and control, 421–422, 426–429 Psychology of Crowds (Le Bon), 32 Renoir, Auguste, 94–95, 106, 108, 111,
intergroup dominance, 450–452 Psychopathy, 274
metamorphic effects of, 231, 253–261 Public goods dilemma, 418–419 114
Milgram’s studies of obedience, Punctuated equilibrium models, 143 Replacement hypothesis, 170
Research Center for Group Dynamics,
231–238 Qualitative study, 41
need for, 101–102 Quality circles (QCs), 368 522
negative effects, 255–257 Quantitative study, 41 Research methods, 46–53
paradoxical effects of, 254 Questionnaires, 44
positive effects, 254–255 Queueing effect, 557 case studies, 46–47
priming, 253–254 Queue(s), 6, 550–552 correlational studies, 47–50
reactions to use of, 257–260 Quiet (Cain), 99 experimental studies, 50–51
social dominance orientation and, studying groups, 51–53
Race riots, 555 Resocialization, 175
450–452 Rahwan, Iyad, 31 Resource mobilization theory, 563
social justice and, 419–420 Rational power tactics, 245 Responsibility
social status and, 246–253 Reactance, 425–426 conflict and, 421
tactics, 426–427 Read, Pier Paul, 157 deindividuation and, 567–568
unilateral and bilateral, 428 Realistic group conflict theory, 447 self-serving attributions, 421
Power bases, 238–243 Reality of groups, 34–35 unpacking effect, 421
Power Distance Index (PDI), 24 Real teams model, 360 Revolutionary coalition, 258
Power tactics, 243–246 Recategorization, 470–472, 471 Reward power, 238–239
types, 243–245 Reciprocity, 12 Ringelmann effect, 313–315, 314
Practical intelligence, 275 Riot(s), 555
Prejudice(s) in groups, 180 Risk-taking, and power, 255
intergroup contact and, 469–470 intergroup conflict and, 454 Risky-shift effect, 392
scapegoat theory of, 453 negative and positive, 413–414, 420–421 The Rite of Spring (Stravinsky), 205
social dominance orientation and, norm of, 77 Robbers Cave experiment, 447
overmatching and undermatching, 429 Role(s), 12, 164–178
450–452 retaliation as, 429 ambiguity, 176
social facilitation and, 310–311 rough and exact, 429 group socialization, 172–175
Premature termination, 539–540 social justice, 419–420 social, 164–166
Prescriptive norms, 158 Reciprocity principle, 119 stress, 175–178, 487
Primary groups, 5–6 Red Balloon Challenge Team, 31 theories, 166–172
Prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG), 412–416, Reference group, 48 transitions, 175
Referent power, 241 well-being and, 177–178
448 Relational cohesion, and affect, 133–134 Role conflict, 176–177
Privacy, 502–503 Relational cohesion theory, 133 Role differentiation, 165
Procedural justice, 385, 419–420 Relationality, 103 Role enactment, 167
Process Church of the Final Judgement, 40 Relationship interaction, 10, 41; see also Role fit, 177
Process conflict (procedural), 423 Role incongruity, 283
Process debriefing group(s), 523–525 socioemotional interaction Role sending, 167
Process loss, 320 Relationship leadership, 268, 269, 283 Role-taking, 169
Production blocking, 330–331 Relationship maintenance norms, 160 Romance of leadership, 268
Project teams, 343 Romance of teams, 342
Proscriptive norms, 158 Rose, Reginald, 194, 204
Protestant Ethic Scale, 317

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694 SUBJECT INDEX

Rumors, 558–559 influence in juries, 223–224 Social categorization, 84
Russell, Bertrand, 238 joining groups, 102–103 Social category, 7–8
leadership effectiveness, 296 Social cognition
Scapegoat theory, 453 leadership emergence, 277–278
Schadenfreude, 465 leadership style, 270 intergroup perceptions, 458–459
Scientology, 40 personal space, 491–492 nonconscious reactions to settings, 506
Sculley, John, 410, 411, 412–413, 417, power tactics, 245 overload, 483–484
preference for a leader, 271 sereotyped thinking, 472–473
419–426, 431 reactions to ostracism, 70–71 shared mental models, 484
SEALAB, 488 rejection by outgroups, 456 stereotypes, 461
Seating, 495–497 relationality, 102–103 uncertainty, 425–426
Second Life, 471, 500 seating preferences, 496 Social cohesion, 128–130
Self social dominance orientation group-level attraction, 130
social support, 109 interpersonal attraction, 128–130
awareness and deindividuation, 569–570 teams and, 354–356 Social comparison, 106, 394
disclosure, 534 testosterone, 248 affiliation and, 106–108
evaluating, 86–87 Shackleton, E., 146, 488 downward, 111–112
identity, 572 Shared information bias, 390, 390–392 polarization and, 394-395
and identity, 85 avoiding, 391–392 and the self, 111–114
inclusion of the group in, 85 causes of, 390–391 therapeutic groups, 529–530
insight, 535–536 common knowledge effect, 390 upward, 111–112
personal identity, 80 hidden profile problem, 390 Social comparison orientation, 113
social comparison and, 111–114 Shared leadership, 292–293 Social comparison theory, 212
social identity, 80 Shared mental models, 357–358 Social compensation, 318
Self-censorship, 397 Shyness, 98 Social creativity, 88
Self-designing teams, 344 as interpersonal liability, 99 Social decision scheme, 383
Self-disclosure, 534 Sick building syndrome, 560 Social diffusion, 564–565
Self-esteem Similarity principle, 117–118 Social dilemma, 417–418
collective, 86 Simpatico, 221 Social dominance theory, 450
cooperative classrooms, 417 Sins of commission, 387–388 Social exchange theories, 54
intergroup rejection and, 465–466 Sins of imprecision, 387–388 Social exclusion, 75
Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model, Sins of omission, 387–388 Social facilitation, 303–313
Sisley, Alfred, 94–94, 102, 111 causes of, 306–310
112–114 Situational approach, leadership, 271 coaction, audiences, and inconsistencies,
Self-governing teams, 344 Situational leadership® theory, 286–287
Self-managing teams, 343–344 Size 303–304
Self-organizing groups, 15 coalitions and subgrouping, 430–431 conclusions and applications, 310–313
Self-presentation, 167 crowd formation and, 552 in educational settings, 312–313
Self-presentation theory, 308 deindividuation and, 568 empirical demonstrations of, 305
Self-reference effect, 56 groups, 9–10 prejudices and, 310–311
Self-report, 43–46 groups and collectives, 547 Triplett’s early study of, 303
Self-report measures, 44 restrictions in automobiles, 484 Zajonc’s resolution, 304
staffing and performance, 507–508 Social group, 6
reliability of, 45–46 Skiles, J. B., 302–303, 307, 308, 320, Social (secondary) groups, 6
validity of, 45–46 Social identification, 85
Self-satisfaction, and power, 256 324–325, 330 Social identity, 7, 80, 83–90, 394–395
Self-serving biases, 421 Smart mob(s), 562 collective movements and, 571–572
Self-stereotyping (autostereotyping), 84, 84 Social anxiety, 98–99 dissent and, 218
Semester at Sea, 515, 516, 520 Social anxiety disorder (SAD), 99 evaluating the self, 86–87
Severe initiations, 150–151 Social brain hypothesis, 11 intergroup conflict, 458, 465
Sex differences Social capital, 7 motivation and, 86–90
bonding in teams, 355 protecting the collective self, 87–89
bullying, 248–249
conformity, 202–204

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SUBJECT INDEX 695

Social identity (continued) need for intimacy, 101 affiliation and, 108–109
protecting the personal self, 89–90 need for power, 101–102 belonging, 109
relative deprivation, 566 Social movement(s), 105, 560–563 emotional support, 109
social loafing and, 318 Arab Spring, 546 informational support, 109
stereotype verification and threat, 89 joining, 560–561, 565–566 instrumental support, 109
ubiquity model and, 402–403 smart mobs and, 562 meaning, 109
theories of, 561–563 support groups, 516–527, 534
Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Social network analysis (SNA), 44–45, 185 Social surrogates, 98
Effects (SIDE), 200, 571 applying, 187–188 Social trap (or commons dilemma), 418
groups in, 187 Social tuning, 159–160
Social identity theory, 83–86, 87, 282, 465 individuals in, 186 Social values orientation (SVO), 414–416
identity, 282 mapping social network, 185–187 Socioemotional interaction, 10; see also
intergroup situations and, 282 Social networking, 564
prototypicality, 282 Social network(s), 9 relationship interaction
mass delusions and, 559–560 Sociofugal spaces, 495
Social impact theory, 201–202 Social norms, 158–159 Sociogram, 44
Social influence, 193; see also Influence descriptive norms, 158 Sociometer theory, 73–74
injuctive norms, 158–159 Sociometric differentiation, 180–182
black-sheep effect and, 217–218 prescriptive norms, 158 Sociometry, 44
bystander effect and, 219–220 proscriptive norms, 158 Sociopetal spaces, 495
delayed, 206 Social obligations, 77–78 Soft power tactics, 243, 245
dissent and, 208 Social orientation theory, 310 Solitude, 64–65
dynamic social impact theory, 208–210 Social perception Solo status, 250–251
idiosyncrasy credits, 207 misperception during conflict, 433–434 Specific status characteristics, 249
implicit influence, 211–212 during social conflict, 416 Spiral model of conflict intensification, 454
informational influence, 212–213 social warmth, 487 Spontaneous dissolution, 141
interpersonal influence, 215–218 Social power, 231 Sports fans, 455, 555
interpersonal rejection, 217 in groups, 238–246 Sports Illustrated, 127
majority influence, 194–204 power bases, 238–243 Staffing theory, 507–508
minority influence, 194, 205–210 Social relations, 4–5, 77 Statisticized decisions, 383
normative influence, 213–215 communal relationships, 77 Status; see Social status
ostracism and, 216–217 exchange relationships, 77 Status differentiation, 179
social identity, 218 norm of reciprocity, 77 Status generalization, 250
social impact theory, 201–202 Social roles, 164–166 Status rank, 179–180
sources, 210–220 Social role theory, 282–283 Status relations, 178–180
Social isolation, 64–65 Social self, 79–83 Steinzor effect, 497
Social justice, 384–386 categories of information in, 79 Stereotype content model, 461
conflict and, 419–420, 431 cultural differences, 81–82 Stereotype(s), 8, 461, 472–473
intergroup conflict and, 447–449, 450 individualists and collectivists, 80–81
moral exclusion and, 464–465 and optimal distinctiveness, 82–83 threat, 89
social movements and, 546, 560–561 Social status verification, 89
Social learning, 530–532 achieving, 249–251 Stereotype threat, 89
Social learning theory, 530 claiming, 247–248 Stereotyping, 397
Social loafing, 313–319, 314 hierarchies and stability, 251–253 Story model, 220
causes of, 315–318 personal space and, 491 Strategic anticonformity (devil’s advocate),
collective effort model, 318–319 power and, 246–253
cures for, 315–318 seating choices and, 497 196
Ringelmann effect, 313–315, 314 signaling, 247 Stravinsky, Igor, 205
Social loneliness, 65–66 territoriality and, 503–504 Street Corner Society (Whyte), 37, 38
Social matching effect, 331 Social support, 108 Stress, 485
Social motivation, 100–102, 313–318
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations affiliation and, 108–111
cognitive overload, 483–484
Orientation (FIRO), 102 environmental stressors, 485–489
need for affiliation, 101

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696 SUBJECT INDEX

Stress (continued) Task demands, 320–322, 321 Theories of group development, 137
group-level responses to, 109 Task interaction, 10, 42 Theory of national cultures, 24
overcrowding, 489–494 Task leadership, 268, 269 Therapeutic factor(s), 527–536
physiological reactions to, 492–493 Task role, 165 Therapeutic group(s), 516–544
role, 487 Team(s), 340
therapeutic treatments for, 516–544 Alcoholics Anonymous, 526–527, 539
adaptive structures, 360–361 cognitive-behavioral, 520–521
Strong situations, conformity in, 198 building, 347–356 cross-cultural complexities and, 540–541
Structural cohesion, 134–136 cohesive alliance, 361–364 effectiveness of, 536–541
Structure, 12–13, 156–191 compelling purpose, 360 humanistic, 518–519
composition, 348–350 interpersonal learning groups, 521–525
balance theory, 182 conflict in, 435–436, 438–439 leadership in, 531–532, 538
communication networks, 182–184 coordinated interaction, 358–360 participant’s appraisals, 539
formal and informal, 187–188 designing team settings, 509–510 process debriefing groups, 523–525
indexes, 186–187 diversity, 352–354 psychoanalytic, 517–518
intermember relations, 178–185 evaluating, 364 social learning in, 530–532
norms, 158–164 in extreme environments, 488–489 support, 525
of queues and crowds, 553–554 heterogeneously gendered, 355–356 types of, 516–517
roles, 164–178 importance of, 341–342 “They Saw a Game” (Hastorf and Cantril),
Structured observational methods, 41 innovations, 366–367
Subjective group dynamics, 217 interlocking interdependence, 357–358 41
Successive-stage models, 137 knowledge, skills, and abilities, 350–352 Third places, 500
Sucker effect, 316 learning, 365–366 Thomas Theorem, 17
Sullenberger, C. B., 302–303, 307, 308, mental models, 484 Thoreau, Henry David, 64
orientation, 350 Tit for tat (TFT), 436
313, 317, 320, 324–326, 330, 337 performance, 364–368, 483 Tolkien, J. R. R., 105
Sunk cost, 398 process, 356–364 Tolstoy, Leo, 270–271
Superordinate goal, 467 productivity, 365 Tragedy of the commons, 418
Support group(s), 516–527, 534 shared mental models, 484 Training group or T-group, 521–522
Swigert, J., 480, 489, 498 situational support and, 367–368 Transactional leadership, 294
Synergy, 328 success of, 364–365 Transactive memory systems, 358, 378
systems model of, 346–347 Transference, 517
strong, 329–330 varieties of, 342–346 Transformational leadership, 294–295
weak, 329–330 working in, 339–347
Synomorphy, 506–507 Team building, 367 measuring, 295
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Team player(s) vs. transactional leadership, 294
composition of team and, 348–350 Trend, 560
Groups (SYMLOG) Model, 43, personality traits, 348 Triplett, Norman, 23, 303
170–172 team orientation and, 350 Trucking game experiment, 427
Systems perspectives on groups, 55–56 Team training, 367 Trust
Systems theory, 55 Teamwork, 340 cohesion and, 362–364
Tend-and-befriend response, 69–71 interpersonal, 362–363
Tahrir Square, 546, 547, 555, 558, 562, 571 Territoriality, 497–506, 498 online team and, 363
Task(s) functions of, 500–501 Tulipomania, 559
groups, 499–502 Twelve Angry Men (Rose), 194, 195, 201,
circumplex model, 13 home advantage, 501–502
complexity and performance, 339–340 member, 502–504 204, 222
demands, 320–321 third places, 500 Twitter, 31
intellective and judgmental, 326 types, 498 Two-factor model of leadership,
interdependency, 508–509 Terror management theory (TMT), 283–284
Steiner’s taxonomy of tasks, 321–327 T-groups, 521–522 268–269
task and process conflict, 423
Task cohesion, 130–131 Ubiquity model, 402–403
collective efficacy and potency, 130–131 Ultimate attribution error, 460
group motivation, 130 Ultimatum game, 78
Task conflict, 422

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SUBJECT INDEX 697

Unanimity, 197–198 Virtual contact hypothesis, 471 Williams v. Florida, 224
decisions and, 384 Vladimir’s choice, 451 Wisdom of the crowd effect, 323
juries, 224–225 Voir dire, 225–226 Workshops, 522–523
Völkerpsychologie (Wundt), 32 Work teams, 342
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), 24 World of Warcraft, 37, 500
Unilateral power tactics, 245 The Warcraft Civilization (Bainbridge), 40 Wosniak, Steve, 99
Unitary tasks, 322 Warren Harding Effect, 280
Upward social comparison, 111–112 Washington, Jack, 259 Yanomamö, 454
U.S. Olympic hockey team, 127 Weak situations, conformity in, 198
Weathers, Beck, 8, 9 Zappos, 345
Validity, 43 Werther syndrome, 559 Zeitgeist theory, 270–271
of observations, 43 Western Electric Company, 40 Zilstein, Gregor, 106–107
of self-report measures, 45–46 Wikipedia, 430 Zoot suit riots, 547

Vietnam War, 47

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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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