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Abercrombie, N. 85 accelerated pluralism 3–5, 33–5, 37, 43, 50, 57; civic 3, 5, 35, 36, 39, 44, 50, 56; commercial 4, 5, 36, 39, 44, 50, 56; and the expansion of PR 13; and lobbying 110–11, 117–18; and manipulative PR 80, 81–2; and the persuasive sphere 153–4; and reforming PR 156 advertising 2, 27–30, 42, 100; and the reform of PR 157–8 Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) 146, 148–9, 157, 158, 163 American PR 7, 24–5, 39–40; internal media 50; and journalism 119–20; and propaganda 64–7, 69, 73–4, 86 APPC (Association of Professional Political Consultants) 115, 161 argument culture 47–50 ASA see Advertising Standards Authority Ashdown, Paddy 18–19 Ashworth Hospital Authority 27 ‘auction house’ model of PR 89–90 Babson, Roger 65 back/front distinction in PR 137–8 Bailey, Ron 20–1 Baistow, T. 119, 121 Baker, Ray Stannard 119–20 Barber, Lynn 31 Barnard, C. 72 Bell, Q. 95–6 Bell, Tim 17, 120 beneficial PR 148–63 benefits of PR 62–4, 73, 103 Bernays, Edward 66, 67–8, 69, 70, 72, 134 Black, S. 76, 94 Blair, Tony 18–19 Boycott, Geoffrey 48 Brady, R. 40, 72 Brebner, J.H. 61, 143 British Council 77 Brown, Gordon 106, 110 Bryant, B. 38 Budgerigar Information Council 93 Burke, Edmund 32 Business Council for Sustainable Development 81 businesses 7, 8, 12–13, 14, 40–1, 43; and American PR 7, 64–5; and the argument culture 47–8; early PR in the UK 77–9; employee communications 51–4, 57; and the expansion of PR 136; and manipulative PR 81, 82; and the media 126 Camelot 22 Campbell, Alastair 18, 120 Carers National Association 27 Carey, A. 71–2 cause-related marketing 93 celebrity PR 3, 4, 11, 19, 31, 43, 46, 56, 128–9, 132; benefits of 63; and the Newszak concept 45 charity fundraisers 39 Chomsky, N. 71 Church of England 1, 17 Cialdini, R. 58, 61 civic pluralism 3, 5, 35, 36, 39, 44, 50, 56 civil society 3, 5, 16, 37, 151; and the argument culture 47–50 Clifford, Max 19, 23, 32, 46, 129 Clinton, Bill 19, 22, 28 commercial pluralism 4, 5, 36, 39, 44, 50, 56 compliance professionals 58, 61–2 consumers and consumerism 4, 8, 36, 42, 43; and markets 90, 98–101, 103 corporate communications manipulation 81–2 Index
194 Index corporate propaganda 71–3, 74 ‘cottage industry’ PR 3, 32, 35, 43, 113, 136, 153 crisis communication management 61 cyber PR 61 Daymon, C. 54 Dickens, Charles 50 Dilenschneider, R. 73 display-for-attention-and-advantage 3, 28, 34, 48, 104 Dolphin, R. 86 Dozier, D. 54 Eastern Europe 40 Editorial Services 77 education: about media literacy 158–9; higher education and PR 11–12, 21, 139–43; in PR and journalism 126–7 Ehling, W. 54 Empire Marketing Board (EMB) 77 employee communications 51–4, 57 environmentalism 36, 37–8, 42; corporate backlash against 81 Ericson, R. 137, 138 Eshun, Ekow 46, 129 ethics and PR 144–7, 157–8 Ewen, P. 18, 31, 65 fair trade 14, 42 Farish, Stephen 23 Field, Frank 18 Field, P. 47 Fifth Estate, PR as the 2, 31, 119, 125, 129 Fill, C. 94, 95, 96 financial journalism 125, 126 financial markets 102 Finer, S.E. 117, 118 Fitzpatrick, K. 12 Franklin, B. 45, 78, 108–9, 110, 126 Frayn, Michael 121 Freud, Matthew 19, 31 Freud, Sigmund 67 Friedenberg, R. 106, 107 Gandy, O. 24, 71, 99, 124 genetically modified (GM) food 14, 42, 48, 111, 117, 155 Goebbels, Joseph 70 Golding, Peter 127 Goldman, E. 28 Gould, Philip 27–8, 120 governments 7, 12–13, 14, 40; and American PR 7, 65–7, 73; early PR in the UK 76–7, 78; and marketing 96; New Labour 1, 18–19, 28, 108–9; and regulation of PR 162, 163 Grant, M. 28, 37, 84, 120 Greenpeace 26, 32, 48 Greenwood, J. 115 Greer, Germaine 3 Gregory, A. 52 Grierson, John 77, 84 ‘grumble’ culture 48–9 Grunig, J. 12, 53, 54, 70, 74, 83, 86, 134, 142 Habermas, J. 66, 68, 150, 151, 152 Hague, William 18 Harris, T. 95, 96 Harrison, S. 50, 52, 76, 93, 123, 125, 144, 146 Haywood, R. 94 Hehir, Peter 23 Herman, E. 71 Hilton, Anthony 126 Hodgson, Godfrey 121 Holbrook, T. 106 Holtz, S. 119 Holub, R. 71 House of Lords 1; PR peers 17–18 Hunt, T. 12, 53, 70, 74, 86, 142 Ingham, Sir Bernard 120, 154, 161 insiders’ views on PR 33 internal reforms 156–8 Internet 110, 130 IPR (Institute of Public Relations) 33, 34, 59–60, 115, 121, 143 Jensen, J. 58, 157 Jones, Nicholas 106, 108, 109 journalism 2, 4, 11, 15, 29–30, 60, 119–32; American PR 119–20; attitudes to PR 121–2, 123–5, 132; and the persuasive sphere 151; PR expansion into 125–7; and reform of PR 150, 158, 162; relations with PR 129–31, 132, 136; and spin doctors 9, 109–10; and technical changes 44–5 Jowett, G. 83–4, 97 Korten, D. 73 Kotler, P. 94–5, 101 Kumar, K. 37 Lancaster, Graham 33, 42, 92 Langer, J. 127 Lasswell, H. 67 Lawrence, Doreen 22
Index 195 Le Bon, Gustave 66 Lee, Ivy 24, 67, 68–9, 70, 72, 134 Lerbinger, D. 52 L’Etang, J. 76, 78, 111, 142 Lewinsky, Monica 22, 110 Lewis, Simon 17, 33, 146 ‘lifestyle concept’ 91 Lippmann, Walter 66, 67, 71, 120, 154, 160 lobbying 8–9, 14–15, 23–4, 32, 104, 105, 110–17, 118; by individuals 113; case against 112–13; case for 111–12, 114; and constitutional devolution 111; and GM food 155; and the ‘grumble’ culture 49; intrastate 115–16; and manipulative PR 80, 82; professional 113; reform and regulation 114–17, 146, 161 lying, PR as 138 McAlpine, Alistair 80 Machiavellian marketing 23 McNair, B. 66, 105, 106, 108 McSmith, A. 108 magazines, corporate 45–6 Major, John 22 Mallinson, W. 73 Managing Communication in a Changing World 33 Mandelson, Peter 18, 27, 108, 120, 155 manipulative PR 60, 79–83, 83–4, 87, 88, 89, 148, 150 ‘manufacturing consent’ thesis 71 Marchand, R. 50, 72 markets 4, 7–8, 15, 88–103; and accelerated pluralism 35; ‘auction house’ model 89–90; benefits of 62–3, 73; and communications 96–101; financial markets 102; free markets 90–1; and individuals 88; and the media 124; relationships 93–6; see also MPR (marketing PR) Martin, J. 53 Maude, Francis 18 Mayer, Martin 100 media 4, 5, 7, 15, 28–30, 44–6, 56–7, 88, 89, 119–32; and the argument culture 47–9; benefits of 63, 73; internal media 50–4; new media technologies 44, 56; news management 25–6, 30; and politics 109–10; PR-isation of the 9, 120, 122–5, 131, 132, 141, 160; proposal for Independent Press Authority 161, 163; and the regulation of PR 159–60, 161–3; tabloids and PR 127– 9; see also celebrity PR; journalism Michie, D. 12, 44, 79–80, 81, 100, 121 Miller, C. 49 Miller, G. 56, 98 mixed motive PR 55–6, 57 Moloney, K. 137–8, 140, 141 Monarchy 1, 17 Moore, J. 96 Moore, S. 31, 83, 101 MPR (marketing PR) 7, 8, 90–3, 96, 97, 98–102, 103; and advertising 157–8 Muggeridge, Malcolm 121, 122 national lottery 22, 42 Nelson, J. 73 neo-liberal paradigm 36, 39, 41 New Labour government 1, 18–19, 108–9 news management 25–6, 30; and politics 108; soft news 128 newspapers; and celebrity PR 19; criticism of PR in 30; and the ‘grumble’ culture 48–9; and ‘manufactured’ news 123; and media training 126 Newszak thesis 45 Nolan Committee (report on standards in public life) 114–15, 117 O’Donnell, V. 83–4, 97 Olasky, M. 71 O’Shaughnessy, N. 84 Oxford University 1–2, 17 Packard, V. 28, 72, 145 ‘personal kit’ PR 32, 35, 43, 113, 153 persuasion: and markets 98; and PR theory 54–6, 58 persuasive sphere 150–6 pervasiveness of PR 2–3, 7, 13 Pick, Frank 120 Pimlott, J. 24, 72, 134 pluralism: souring of 5, 47–50; strengthening public and group 7; see also accelerated pluralism policing and PR 137 political economy 15–16, 59; benefits of PR 63 politics 7, 8–9, 13, 88, 89, 104–18; and accelerated pluralism 35; benefits of 62–3, 73, 105–6; and the ‘grumble’ culture 49–50; and mass democracy 104–5; and persuasion 104, 105; and the persuasive sphere 151;
196 Index politics (cont’d) and public opinion 104; and reform of PR 162, 163; and tabloid journalism 127; Thatcherism 41; see also lobbying; spin doctors PR: budgets 2, 42; continued expansion of 135–7; defining 5–6, 22, 59–62; numbers employed in 2, 20, 44; recruitment into 137; turnover 20, 25 PRCA (Public Relations Consultants’ Association) 20, 115, 161 pressure, cause and interest groups 4, 6, 37–9; benefits of PR 62–3; and the ‘grumble’ culture 49; internal media 50; and manipulative PR 81–2; and the persuasive sphere 155 promotional culture 57 promotional mind-set 35–7 propaganda: and American PR 64–7, 69, 73–4, 86; corporate 71–3, 74; and early UK PR 75–9, 84–5, 87, 142; and manipulative PR 60, 79–83, 83– 4, 87, 88, 89, 148, 150; PR as 1, 7, 13, 56, 60, 67–73, 83–7, 134; and reform of PR 148, 150; response to the charge of 85–6 public sphere 66, 150, 151, 152 radio 28–9, 44 Rampton, S. 71, 112–13, 125, 131, 159, 160 reform of PR 12–14, 148–63; agenda 161–3; internal reforms 156–8; and the media 159–60; and the persuasive sphere 150–6 Reich, R. 136 reputation of PR 10–12, 21–5, 88, 133– 47; as a career choice 11, 21, 137; charge of low reputation 1, 6, 10–11, 14, 22–5, 133–4, 147; ethics and regulation 144–7; and higher education 11–12, 21, 139–43; and PR as work 137–9; quest for professional status 143–4; and sought outcomes 134–5 retail markets 8, 96 Robins, K. 80 Rosenbaum, M. 107 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 37 Schlesinger, P. 105, 130 Schnattschneider, E. 110, 112 Seib, P. 12 Shell 26, 32, 42, 48, 79 ‘shoot the messenger’ behaviour 112 Sighele, S. 66 Smith, Delia 92 social effects of PR 13–14 Sperber, N. 52 spin doctors 9, 11, 18, 22, 104, 105, 114, 117; as folk devils 106–10 Sproule, J. 72, 141, 149 stakeholding, and the persuasive sphere 153 Stauber, J. 71, 112–13, 125, 131, 159, 160 Stonewall 38 Strategic Communications Management: Making Public Relations Work 24 Susskind, L. 47 Swampy 38 Tallents, Sir Stephen 77, 120 Tannen, D. 47, 48, 49, 50 Tarrow, S. 34 Tedlow, R. 65, 69, 72, 121, 129, 149 television 28, 44; and the ‘grumble’ culture 48; PR sitcoms 2, 18; televising the Downing Street press briefings 109–10 Thomas, C. 115 Thorson, E. 96 trade unions and PR 40–1, 50, 53, 71–2 Trotter, Wilfred 66 TUC (Trades Union Congress) 26–7 Tumber, H. 105, 130, 160 Tutt, B. 107 Tye, L. 68, 125 United States see American PR voluntary organisations 6, 11, 27, 35, 37–9, 43; history of 34; and the media 160 Vonnegut, Kurt 24 Wallas, G. 66 Webster, F. 24 Wells, H.G. 153 Wernick, A. 57 West, R. 100, 111, 121–2, 134, 159 Whelan, Charlie 106, 110 Williams, F. 78 Wilson, Harold 105 women: employed in PR 11, 138–9; PR for the ordination of 14, 17 Woodward, Louise 19, 48 Wragg, D. 94 Wright, D. 144–5